a r m a o epidmiolo Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & g h y P … · 2019. 2. 15. · depressed...
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Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000e101 Open Access Editorial Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety Lu et al., Adv Pharmacoepidem Drug Safety 2012, 1:1 During the early 1990s, emergence of patients’ suicide receiving antidepressant, especially in children was reported [1]. By enter into this millennium, the US and European regulatory agencies began implementing verification programs to assess the influence on suicidal behavior from the use of antidepressants such as SSRIs [2- 4], drug’s safety in patients has renewed as a criteria indispensable for approving or withdrawing a new drug. Just following this dilemma, we hypothesized that human’s genetic makeup might affect the occurrence of suicide in patients receiving antidepressants [5]. Now many reports support the argument that human’s genetic makeup also decides antidepressant-induced suicide [6,7]. e question is how to pinpoint genetic involvement in antidepressant-induced suicide. ere are many controversial in solving this technical problem. Whether the Score Systems are Scientific Since the real successful suicide rate in patients is very small, it impedes the genetic study of the relationship between suicide and antidepressant intake. More recently, new studies are focusing on the relationship between suicidal ideation score systems and genetic variations in patients [8]. ese types of studies can accumulate more statistical data but decrease the objectivity in explaining genetic involvement. Many factors can challenge suicidal ideation score systems. However, most of our clinical data are based on suicidal ideation system. e obvious drawback of present suicidal or other neural studies is that we do not know the scientific values of score system—Are the current score systems scientific and quantifiable? Whether the score systems are biased between individuals? e negative answer we can draw from current system, especially suicidal ideation score systems. In the future, we ought to improve these systems or change our focus into new way. E.g. suicidal ideation score system is a subjective score systems of somewhat insane person to give. Can we use some score systems made by psychiatry practitioners, e.g. madness score systems. e average of two systems can be used in statistical analysis. We can compare genetic statistical data from these two parallel systems to draw some useful conclusions. In the future, can we get genetic information from optogenetics study (inserted a gene for a light-activated protein) to probe how brain work change by antidepressants in mice or other animals? ese sets of data may be better used as statistical analysis and quantifications. e optogenes we used in studies may be the genes of biomedical importance or preliminary screened of positive related in clinics. e more new genes we investigate, the more knowledge and understanding we can expect from the study. Whether there is Overlap between Different Genetic Locations in Drug Toxicity Occurrence In our opinions, future genetic or chemical structural studies of drug toxicities shall be focused on finding the overlaps of different chemical structures on producing same type of toxicities or more genetic location variants overlapping in producing one type of toxicities. We believe these researches have high scientific values and they can be useful in drug design, drug approval or withdrawal and drug manufacture and prescribing [9]. Is it Related with Genome’s ‘Dark Matter’? We now know that protein-coding regions accounted for just 1.5% of the genome. Could the rest of our DNA really just be junk? [10]. Are the repetitive “junk” DNA or epigenetic systems related with drug- induced neural toxicity? is is a novel question needs to be answered. References 1. Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO (1990) Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 147: 207-210. 2. Check E (2004) Drug suicide risks prompt call for FDA action. Nature 427: 474. 3. Holden C (2004) FDA weighs suicide risk in children on antidepressants. Science 303: 745. 4. Rubino A, Roskell N, Tennis P, Mines D, Weich S, et al. (2007) Risk of suicide during treatment with venlafaxine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and dothiepin: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 334: 242. 5. Lu DY, Lu TR, Ding J (2007) May genetic factors play a role in the risk of antidepressant-induced suicide. Med Hypotheses 69: 1380-1381. 6. Brent D, Melhem N, Turecki G (2010) Pharmacogenomics of suicidal events. Pharmacogenomics 11: 793-807. 7. Lu DY, Lu TR (2011) Importance of genomic studies for drug withdrawal with mental illness. Drug Therapy Studies 1: e11. 8. Laje G, Allen AS, Akula N, Manji H, John Rush A, et al. (2009) Genome-wide association study of suicidal ideation emerging during citalopram treatment of depressed outpatients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 19: 666-674. 9. Lu da Y, Lu TR, Zhu PP (2010) Undesired neural side-effects of a drug, a chemical and genetic interrelated problem. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 10: 108-112. 10. Pennisi E (2010) Shining a light on the genome’s ‘dark matter’. Science 330: 1614. *Corresponding author: Da-Yong Lu, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China, E-mail: [email protected] Received February 06, 2012; Accepted February 06, 2012; Published February 10, 2012 Citation: Lu DY, Lu TR, Zhu PP (2012) How can we Pinpoint Genetic Involvement in Antidepressant-Induced Suicide?. Adv Pharmacoepidem Drug Safety 1:e101. doi:10.4172/2167-1052.1000e101 Copyright: © 2012 Lu DY et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. How can we Pinpoint Genetic Involvement in Antidepressant-Induced Suicide? Da-Yong Lu* 1 , Ting-Ren Lu 2 and Peng-Peng Zhu 3 1 School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China 2 College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China 3 Cellular Neurology Unit, NINDS, National Institute of Health, USA DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000e101 A d v a n c e s i n P h a r m a c o e p i d e m i o l o g y & D r u g S a f e t ISSN: 2167-1052 Adv Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, an open access journal ISSN: 2167-1052
Transcript of a r m a o epidmiolo Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & g h y P … · 2019. 2. 15. · depressed...
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Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000e101
Open AccessEditorial
Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety
Lu et al., Adv Pharmacoepidem Drug Safety 2012, 1:1
During the early 1990s, emergence of patients’ suicide receiving antidepressant, especially in children was reported [1]. By enter into this millennium, the US and European regulatory agencies began implementing verification programs to assess the influence on suicidal behavior from the use of antidepressants such as SSRIs [2-4], drug’s safety in patients has renewed as a criteria indispensable for approving or withdrawing a new drug. Just following this dilemma, we hypothesized that human’s genetic makeup might affect the occurrence of suicide in patients receiving antidepressants [5]. Now many reports support the argument that human’s genetic makeup also decides antidepressant-induced suicide [6,7]. The question is how to pinpoint genetic involvement in antidepressant-induced suicide. There are many controversial in solving this technical problem.
Whether the Score Systems are ScientificSince the real successful suicide rate in patients is very small,
it impedes the genetic study of the relationship between suicide and antidepressant intake. More recently, new studies are focusing on the relationship between suicidal ideation score systems and genetic variations in patients [8]. These types of studies can accumulate more statistical data but decrease the objectivity in explaining genetic involvement. Many factors can challenge suicidal ideation score systems. However, most of our clinical data are based on suicidal ideation system. The obvious drawback of present suicidal or other neural studies is that we do not know the scientific values of score system—Are the current score systems scientific and quantifiable? Whether the score systems are biased between individuals? The negative answer we can draw from current system, especially suicidal ideation score systems. In the future, we ought to improve these systems or change our focus into new way. E.g. suicidal ideation score system is a subjective score systems of somewhat insane person to give. Can we use some score systems made by psychiatry practitioners, e.g. madness score systems. The average of two systems can be used in statistical analysis. We can compare genetic statistical data from these two parallel systems to draw some useful conclusions.
In the future, can we get genetic information from optogenetics study (inserted a gene for a light-activated protein) to probe how brain work change by antidepressants in mice or other animals? These sets of data may be better used as statistical analysis and quantifications. The optogenes we used in studies may be the genes of biomedical importance or preliminary screened of positive related in clinics. The more new genes we investigate, the more knowledge and understanding we can expect from the study.
Whether there is Overlap between Different Genetic Locations in Drug Toxicity Occurrence
In our opinions, future genetic or chemical structural studies of drug toxicities shall be focused on finding the overlaps of different chemical
structures on producing same type of toxicities or more genetic location variants overlapping in producing one type of toxicities. We believe these researches have high scientific values and they can be useful in drug design, drug approval or withdrawal and drug manufacture and prescribing [9].
Is it Related with Genome’s ‘Dark Matter’?We now know that protein-coding regions accounted for just 1.5%
of the genome. Could the rest of our DNA really just be junk? [10]. Are the repetitive “junk” DNA or epigenetic systems related with drug-induced neural toxicity? This is a novel question needs to be answered.
References
1. Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO (1990) Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 147: 207-210.
2. Check E (2004) Drug suicide risks prompt call for FDA action. Nature 427: 474.
3. Holden C (2004) FDA weighs suicide risk in children on antidepressants. Science 303: 745.
4. Rubino A, Roskell N, Tennis P, Mines D, Weich S, et al. (2007) Risk of suicide during treatment with venlafaxine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and dothiepin: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 334: 242.
5. Lu DY, Lu TR, Ding J (2007) May genetic factors play a role in the risk of antidepressant-induced suicide. Med Hypotheses 69: 1380-1381.
6. Brent D, Melhem N, Turecki G (2010) Pharmacogenomics of suicidal events. Pharmacogenomics 11: 793-807.
7. Lu DY, Lu TR (2011) Importance of genomic studies for drug withdrawal with mental illness. Drug Therapy Studies 1: e11.
8. Laje G, Allen AS, Akula N, Manji H, John Rush A, et al. (2009) Genome-wide association study of suicidal ideation emerging during citalopram treatment of depressed outpatients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 19: 666-674.
9. Lu da Y, Lu TR, Zhu PP (2010) Undesired neural side-effects of a drug, a chemical and genetic interrelated problem. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 10: 108-112.
10. Pennisi E (2010) Shining a light on the genome’s ‘dark matter’. Science 330: 1614.
*Corresponding author: Da-Yong Lu, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China, E-mail: [email protected]
Received February 06, 2012; Accepted February 06, 2012; Published February 10, 2012
Citation: Lu DY, Lu TR, Zhu PP (2012) How can we Pinpoint Genetic Involvement in Antidepressant-Induced Suicide?. Adv Pharmacoepidem Drug Safety 1:e101. doi:10.4172/2167-1052.1000e101
Copyright: © 2012 Lu DY et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
How can we Pinpoint Genetic Involvement in Antidepressant-Induced Suicide?Da-Yong Lu*1, Ting-Ren Lu2 and Peng-Peng Zhu3
1School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China2College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China3Cellular Neurology Unit, NINDS, National Institute of Health, USA
DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000e101
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ISSN: 2167-1052
Adv Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, an open access journal ISSN: 2167-1052
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2301661http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14765156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764841http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164297http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17513058http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504254http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19724244http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518727http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163986
TitleCorresponding authorWhether the Score Systems are ScientificWhether there is Overlap between Different GeneticLocations in Drug Toxicity OccurrenceIs it Related with Genome’s ‘Dark Matter’?References
