A Presentation on History A Presentation on History of Bangladeshof Bangladesh

From 6-points to the From 6-points to the Liberation War in 1971Liberation War in 1971

•Presented by :Presented by :

• 1) Manzur-ul-karim 1) Manzur-ul-karim Shovon(Raz)Shovon(Raz)

• 2)Zakaria-bin-Haque(Shuvo)2)Zakaria-bin-Haque(Shuvo)

• 3)Saidul Islam. 3)Saidul Islam.

PrefacePreface

• After the birth of Pakistan we saw a huge After the birth of Pakistan we saw a huge discrimination between the East and the discrimination between the East and the West part. First of all the West Pakistanis West part. First of all the West Pakistanis tried to establish ‘ Urdu’ as the only one tried to establish ‘ Urdu’ as the only one state language. But after a bloody state language. But after a bloody protestation of our people we succeed to protestation of our people we succeed to establish Bengali as second state language establish Bengali as second state language of Pakistan.of Pakistan.

• There were some other discriminations too… There were some other discriminations too…

Discriminations Between East Discriminations Between East and West Pakistanand West Pakistan

• 1. The bureaucrats were at the centre of all 1. The bureaucrats were at the centre of all administrative power since the emergence administrative power since the emergence of Pakistan. The representation of East of Pakistan. The representation of East Pakistan in the bureaucracy was very Pakistan in the bureaucracy was very nominal. Out of 42,000 officers in the nominal. Out of 42,000 officers in the central government in 1956, the number of central government in 1956, the number of people from East Pakistan was only 2900. people from East Pakistan was only 2900.

• 2. The proportion of East Pakistanis in the 2. The proportion of East Pakistanis in the foreign services in 1962 was 20.8%foreign services in 1962 was 20.8%

• 3.The ratio of East and West 3.The ratio of East and West Pakistanis among the officers of Pakistanis among the officers of defense services was 10:90.defense services was 10:90.

• 4. It was observed in the field of 4. It was observed in the field of education that whereas West education that whereas West Pakistan was allocated Rupees 1530 Pakistan was allocated Rupees 1530 crore during 1948-55, East Pakistan crore during 1948-55, East Pakistan was sanctioned 240 crore rupees.was sanctioned 240 crore rupees.

•

• 5. During the period of 1948-55 only 10% 5. During the period of 1948-55 only 10% of total expenditure of the central of total expenditure of the central government were spent in East Pakistan.government were spent in East Pakistan.

• 6.Rupees 3,000 million were spent for the 6.Rupees 3,000 million were spent for the development of Islamabad until 1967, the development of Islamabad until 1967, the amount spent for development of Dhaka amount spent for development of Dhaka was only Rupees 250 million.was only Rupees 250 million.

Etc.Etc.

• In this way demand for autonomy of In this way demand for autonomy of East Pakistan became stronger due to East Pakistan became stronger due to discriminations between East and West discriminations between East and West Pakistan.Pakistan.

• As a result Awami League leader Sheikh As a result Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman raised 6-point charter Mujibur Rahman raised 6-point charter of demands for autonomy of East of demands for autonomy of East Pakistan at a convention of opposition Pakistan at a convention of opposition leaders in Lahore on 5-6 February 1966.leaders in Lahore on 5-6 February 1966.

Six pointsSix points

• The six points are:The six points are:• 1. The constitution should provide for a 1. The constitution should provide for a

Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.franchise.

• 2. The federal government should deal with 2. The federal government should deal with only two subjects : Defense and Foreign only two subjects : Defense and Foreign Affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall Affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states be vested in the federating states

• 3. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for 3. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced ; or if this is not two wings should be introduced ; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan

• 4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall 4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal be vested in the federating units and the federal centre will have no such power. The federation will be centre will have no such power. The federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures expenditures

• 5. There should be two separate accounts for 5. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings ; the foreign exchange requirements of wings ; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries links with foreign countries

• 6. East Pakistan should have a separate 6. East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary force militia or paramilitary force

The Agartala Conspiracy The Agartala Conspiracy Case. Case. • Though 6-points were rejected by the Though 6-points were rejected by the

opposition leaders, Sheikh Mujib started opposition leaders, Sheikh Mujib started campaign for realizing the 6-points. As campaign for realizing the 6-points. As there was unprecedented public baking in there was unprecedented public baking in support of the 6-points the regime arrested support of the 6-points the regime arrested Mujib under the security law on 8 May 1966.Mujib under the security law on 8 May 1966.

• To detach Mujib and the Awami League To detach Mujib and the Awami League from the general masses the government from the general masses the government discovered a conspiracy on 6 January 1968. discovered a conspiracy on 6 January 1968.

• This conspiracy was dubbed as the This conspiracy was dubbed as the ‘Agartala Conspiracy’. Sheikh Mujib ‘Agartala Conspiracy’. Sheikh Mujib and 29 others were arrested on and 29 others were arrested on charge of involvement in the charge of involvement in the conspiracy. conspiracy.

Mass upsurge of 1969Mass upsurge of 1969

• In protest of the Agartala Conspiracy case In protest of the Agartala Conspiracy case strike was observed throughout East strike was observed throughout East Pakistan on 29 January. Awami League, Pakistan on 29 January. Awami League, NAP(Wali), Council Muslim League, Jamaate NAP(Wali), Council Muslim League, Jamaate Islami etc made an alliance to conduct Islami etc made an alliance to conduct strike. strike.

• Meanwhile a ‘Student Action Committee’ Meanwhile a ‘Student Action Committee’ was formed jointly by Chatra League and was formed jointly by Chatra League and Chatra Union in January 1969. They Chatra Union in January 1969. They announced the 11-point demand. announced the 11-point demand.

• The 6-point demand was incorporated in The 6-point demand was incorporated in the 11-point demand. Besides, other the 11-point demand. Besides, other demands relevant for the Bengalee demands relevant for the Bengalee middle class, peasants and labourers middle class, peasants and labourers were also included. As a result, 11-points were also included. As a result, 11-points received massive public support in East received massive public support in East Pakistan. The movement intensified due Pakistan. The movement intensified due to the participation of working class. The to the participation of working class. The govt. failed to contain the movement govt. failed to contain the movement with aid of police,EPR and army. with aid of police,EPR and army.

• When student leader M. Asaduzzaman When student leader M. Asaduzzaman embraced martyrdom in police firing on embraced martyrdom in police firing on 20 January 1969, the situation went 20 January 1969, the situation went beyond the control. Around 100 East beyond the control. Around 100 East Pakistanis were killed in the movement. Pakistanis were killed in the movement. The movement reached its peak when The movement reached its peak when the Proctor of Rajshahi University Dr. the Proctor of Rajshahi University Dr. Mohammad Shamsuzzoha was killed by Mohammad Shamsuzzoha was killed by Pakistani military on February 1969.Pakistani military on February 1969.

• The govt. withdrew the Agartala The govt. withdrew the Agartala Conspiracy case on 22 February 1969 Conspiracy case on 22 February 1969 and was forced to release Sheikh Mujib.and was forced to release Sheikh Mujib.

• Meanwhile, the movement intensified Meanwhile, the movement intensified in West Pakistan. In this situation, Ayub in West Pakistan. In this situation, Ayub Khan handed over power to the than Khan handed over power to the than Army chief, General Mohammad Yahya Army chief, General Mohammad Yahya Khan on 24 March 1969. Khan on 24 March 1969.

Election 1970Election 1970

• President Yahya Khan declared that elections to the President Yahya Khan declared that elections to the Nation Assembly would be held on 7 December Nation Assembly would be held on 7 December 1970 and to the Provincial Assembly on 17 1970 and to the Provincial Assembly on 17 December. December.

• The election saw the Awami League winning The election saw the Awami League winning absolute majority by capturing 167 out of 169 seats absolute majority by capturing 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan. PPP won 88 out of 144 National in East Pakistan. PPP won 88 out of 144 National Assembly seats in West Pakistan.Assembly seats in West Pakistan.

• In the election for East Pakistan Provincial In the election for East Pakistan Provincial Assembly, The Awami League won 288 out of 300 Assembly, The Awami League won 288 out of 300 seats.seats.

• Then Yahya Khan announced on 14 February that Then Yahya Khan announced on 14 February that the session of the National Assembly would the session of the National Assembly would commence in Dhaka on 3commence in Dhaka on 3rdrd March 1971. March 1971.

• But Bhutto refused to join that and that is But Bhutto refused to join that and that is why Yahya Khan postponed the session. why Yahya Khan postponed the session.

• The people of East Pakistan erupted in anger The people of East Pakistan erupted in anger at this and Mujib called ‘Hartal’ in Dhaka on at this and Mujib called ‘Hartal’ in Dhaka on 22ndnd March and throughout the province next March and throughout the province next day. All governmental activities came to a day. All governmental activities came to a halt.halt.

• An announcement titled ‘Declaration and An announcement titled ‘Declaration and programme for independent and sovereign programme for independent and sovereign Bangladesh’ was made by East Pakistan Bangladesh’ was made by East Pakistan Chatra League on 3Chatra League on 3rdrd March 1971. March 1971.

• Yahya Khan again summoned the session of the National Yahya Khan again summoned the session of the National Assembly on 25Assembly on 25thth March at Dhaka. March at Dhaka.

• But in his speech delivered on 7But in his speech delivered on 7thth March at Dhaka March at Dhaka Racecourse Maidan, Sheikh Mujib put forward for Racecourse Maidan, Sheikh Mujib put forward for preconditions for joining the session of National Assembly- preconditions for joining the session of National Assembly-

• (a) Martial law would have to be lifted immediately, (a) Martial law would have to be lifted immediately, • (b) The military has to return to the barracks. (b) The military has to return to the barracks. • (c) Investigations have to be made regarding loss of (c) Investigations have to be made regarding loss of

lives,lives,• (d) Power has to be handed over to the party having (d) Power has to be handed over to the party having

absolute majority before the commencement of the absolute majority before the commencement of the National Assembly. National Assembly.

• Yahya Khan arrived at Dhaka on 15Yahya Khan arrived at Dhaka on 15thth March March and held talks with Mujib up to 24and held talks with Mujib up to 24thth March. March.

• Bhutto arrived at Dhaka on 21Bhutto arrived at Dhaka on 21stst March to March to join the talks.join the talks.

• Yahya khan was in fact killing time in the Yahya khan was in fact killing time in the name of talks; meanwhile, he was bringing name of talks; meanwhile, he was bringing in military equipment and soldiers from in military equipment and soldiers from West Pakistan. At last, after all preparations West Pakistan. At last, after all preparations were complete, the Pakistani Army carried were complete, the Pakistani Army carried out a genocide in Dhaka on the night of 25out a genocide in Dhaka on the night of 25thth March 1971 and killed many innocent March 1971 and killed many innocent Bengalese. Bengalese.

Liberation War of 1971Liberation War of 1971

• In protest against these brutal killings, the In protest against these brutal killings, the liberation war of Bangladesh was started on 26liberation war of Bangladesh was started on 26thth March after the declaration of independence March after the declaration of independence made by Shaeikh Mujib on 26made by Shaeikh Mujib on 26thth and Major Zia on and Major Zia on 2727thth March 1971. March 1971.

• On 10 April,1971 the leaders of Awami League On 10 April,1971 the leaders of Awami League formed the government-in-exile headed by formed the government-in-exile headed by Sheikh Mujib as the President, Syed Nazrul Islam Sheikh Mujib as the President, Syed Nazrul Islam and Tajuddin Ahmed took the charge of Vice-and Tajuddin Ahmed took the charge of Vice-president and Prime Minister respectively. president and Prime Minister respectively.

• On 17On 17thth April the government-in-exile took oath at April the government-in-exile took oath at Baidyanathtala under Meherpur district.Baidyanathtala under Meherpur district.

Formation of Mukti BahiniFormation of Mukti Bahini

• The Mukti Bahini was formed headed by Colonel The Mukti Bahini was formed headed by Colonel Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani.Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani.

• People of different classes jointed the Mukti Bahini.People of different classes jointed the Mukti Bahini.• The Mukti Bahini started to attack Pakistani Army through The Mukti Bahini started to attack Pakistani Army through

guerrilla warfare.guerrilla warfare.• Besides Mukti Bahini, many other forces were organized Besides Mukti Bahini, many other forces were organized

such as Kader Bahini of Tangail, Latif Mirza Bahini of such as Kader Bahini of Tangail, Latif Mirza Bahini of Sirajganj, Akbor Hossain Bahini of Jhinaidah, Hemayet Sirajganj, Akbor Hossain Bahini of Jhinaidah, Hemayet Bahini of Faridpur etc. Bahini of Faridpur etc.

• Another Bahini named as Mujib Bahini was organised in Another Bahini named as Mujib Bahini was organised in India with the active assistance of Major General Oban of India with the active assistance of Major General Oban of the Indian army an expert on guerilla warfare. Mujib Bahini the Indian army an expert on guerilla warfare. Mujib Bahini was trained at Dehradun. Student leaders sheikh fazlul haq was trained at Dehradun. Student leaders sheikh fazlul haq mani, Tofael Ahmed, Abdur Razzak and Sirajul Alam Khan mani, Tofael Ahmed, Abdur Razzak and Sirajul Alam Khan were organisers of this Bahini.were organisers of this Bahini.

Mukti Bahini cinsisted of the regular (East Bengal Mukti Bahini cinsisted of the regular (East Bengal Regiment and EPR) and irregular (people’s force) Regiment and EPR) and irregular (people’s force) forces.forces.

The regular force were engaged in fighting The regular force were engaged in fighting conventional way.conventional way.

The conventional forces were Z-force, S-force, K-The conventional forces were Z-force, S-force, K-force.force.

Bangladesh Air force was created on 28Bangladesh Air force was created on 28thth September September and Navy was established on 9and Navy was established on 9thth November. November.

Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors during the Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors during the war.war.

The Joint Command And The Joint Command And Achieving Independence. Achieving Independence. • The joint command of the Mukti Bahini and Indian The joint command of the Mukti Bahini and Indian

army was underway from November 1971.army was underway from November 1971.• Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the chief Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the chief

of staff of the Eastern front of Indian army, of staff of the Eastern front of Indian army, became the commander of the join forces.became the commander of the join forces.

• The joint command started operation from the The joint command started operation from the evening of 3evening of 3rdrd December 1971. December 1971.

• The Mukti Bahini and Indian army continued The Mukti Bahini and Indian army continued advancing inside Bangladesh and the defeat and advancing inside Bangladesh and the defeat and surrender of Pakistani army became a matter of surrender of Pakistani army became a matter of time. time.

• The Indian troops and freedom fighters of No.11 sector The Indian troops and freedom fighters of No.11 sector reached Tongi on 14reached Tongi on 14thth December and Savar in the morning December and Savar in the morning of 16of 16thth December. December.

• Major General Jamshed, commander 36Major General Jamshed, commander 36thth division of division of Pakistan army, received Major General Nagra at Mirpur Pakistan army, received Major General Nagra at Mirpur Bridge near Dhaka.Bridge near Dhaka.

• The Mukti Bahini and the Indian army entered Dhaka city at The Mukti Bahini and the Indian army entered Dhaka city at 10:10 a.m.10:10 a.m.

• At last, Lieutenant General Niazi signed the instrument of At last, Lieutenant General Niazi signed the instrument of surrender at the Suhrawardy Uddyan at 5:01 p.m. on 16surrender at the Suhrawardy Uddyan at 5:01 p.m. on 16thth December 1971.December 1971.

• Lieutenant General Aurora and his staff. Group Lieutenant General Aurora and his staff. Group Captain AK Khandaker, Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain AK Khandaker, Deputy Chief of Staff, Bangladesh Forces represented the Mukti Bahini. Bangladesh Forces represented the Mukti Bahini.

• Thus a new country called Thus a new country called Bangladesh emerged in the world Bangladesh emerged in the world map after the sacrifice of 30 lakhs map after the sacrifice of 30 lakhs lives in a bloody war.lives in a bloody war.

• THANK YOU THANK YOU

GenocideGenocide

• No definite survey has yet been made to ascertain the No definite survey has yet been made to ascertain the exact number of people killed by the Pakistan army. exact number of people killed by the Pakistan army. Immediately after the War of Liberation, it was estimated to Immediately after the War of Liberation, it was estimated to be as high as three million. The genocide committed by the be as high as three million. The genocide committed by the Pakistan army is one of the worst holocausts in world Pakistan army is one of the worst holocausts in world history. history.

• The indefitite postponement of the scheduled National The indefitite postponement of the scheduled National Assembly (due to be held on 3 March 1971 at Dhaka) and Assembly (due to be held on 3 March 1971 at Dhaka) and the failure of the military government of General Yahiya to the failure of the military government of General Yahiya to transfer power to the elected representatives led to transfer power to the elected representatives led to widespread public resentment in East Pakistan. Protest widespread public resentment in East Pakistan. Protest demonstrations were held in Dhaka, Chittagong and most demonstrations were held in Dhaka, Chittagong and most other cities. The army resorted to open fire on other cities. The army resorted to open fire on demonstrating crowds in different cities and towns. The civil demonstrating crowds in different cities and towns. The civil disobedience movement was organised all over the disobedience movement was organised all over the country. The government lost grip on the administration. country. The government lost grip on the administration.

• Genocide started with the army crackdown at Genocide started with the army crackdown at midnight of 25 March 1971. The army midnight of 25 March 1971. The army cordoned Peelkhana, the headquarters of the cordoned Peelkhana, the headquarters of the east pakistan rifles (EPR), Rajarbagh police east pakistan rifles (EPR), Rajarbagh police barracks, and the Ansar headquarters at barracks, and the Ansar headquarters at Khilgaon. More than 800 EPR men were first Khilgaon. More than 800 EPR men were first disarmed and arrested, and many of them disarmed and arrested, and many of them were brutally killed. A few hundred of them, were brutally killed. A few hundred of them, however, managed to escape and later joined however, managed to escape and later joined the liberation forces the liberation forces

• Pakistani forces surrounded Dhaka city with tanks and Pakistani forces surrounded Dhaka city with tanks and other military vehicles. Truck loads of army men spread out other military vehicles. Truck loads of army men spread out through the city streets for stamping out all civil resistance. through the city streets for stamping out all civil resistance. At midnight, the Dhaka University halls of residences and At midnight, the Dhaka University halls of residences and staff quarters were attacked with tanks and armoured staff quarters were attacked with tanks and armoured vehicles. A number of teachers, students and officials were vehicles. A number of teachers, students and officials were killed. Many buildings including some newspaper offices killed. Many buildings including some newspaper offices were battered with mortar shells. Many people were burnt were battered with mortar shells. Many people were burnt alive in the houses set on fire. Various parts of old Dhaka, alive in the houses set on fire. Various parts of old Dhaka, including Hindu majority Mahallas such as Shankhari Patti including Hindu majority Mahallas such as Shankhari Patti and Tantibazar came under mortar shells. Hundreds of and Tantibazar came under mortar shells. Hundreds of inmates were gunned down. It was estimated that more inmates were gunned down. It was estimated that more than 50,000 men, women and children were killed in than 50,000 men, women and children were killed in Dhaka, Chittagong, Jessore, Mymensingh, Kushtia and other Dhaka, Chittagong, Jessore, Mymensingh, Kushtia and other cities within the first three days of the genocide beginning cities within the first three days of the genocide beginning from 25 March 1971. This was termed as Operation Searc from 25 March 1971. This was termed as Operation Searc

• Soon the Pakistan army spread out into the remotest parts Soon the Pakistan army spread out into the remotest parts of the country. In retaliation the Bangali nationalists began of the country. In retaliation the Bangali nationalists began to organise resistance with effect from 26 March following to organise resistance with effect from 26 March following the declaration of independence of Bangladesh. This further the declaration of independence of Bangladesh. This further intensified the military action of Pakistan government. In intensified the military action of Pakistan government. In effect, the Pakistan army started an undeclared war against effect, the Pakistan army started an undeclared war against the unarmed civilians of Bangladesh. The Pakistan armed the unarmed civilians of Bangladesh. The Pakistan armed forces used warplanes and gunships to contain the forces used warplanes and gunships to contain the nationalist forces. Men, women and children of hundreds of nationalist forces. Men, women and children of hundreds of villages, cities, and towns were killed and maimed villages, cities, and towns were killed and maimed indiscriminately. Arsoning, raping and looting knew no limit. indiscriminately. Arsoning, raping and looting knew no limit. Out of fear and intimidation millions of Bangalis left their Out of fear and intimidation millions of Bangalis left their home and took shelter in various refugee camps set up by home and took shelter in various refugee camps set up by the Government of India along the border areas the Government of India along the border areas

• In containing the freedom fighters the Pakistan government In containing the freedom fighters the Pakistan government had raised paramilitary forces with the designations of had raised paramilitary forces with the designations of razakarrazakar, al-badr, al-badr and and al-shams al-shams.. These forces joined the army These forces joined the army in killing and terrorising the people. Many people, including in killing and terrorising the people. Many people, including intellectuals of the country were lifted by them for intellectuals of the country were lifted by them for interrogation and only a few of them returned home. All interrogation and only a few of them returned home. All these savageries were resorted to for exterminating the these savageries were resorted to for exterminating the mukti bahinimukti bahini and their supporters. No international action and their supporters. No international action was taken against the perpetrators of this most barbarous was taken against the perpetrators of this most barbarous genocide according to UNO convention on genocide and the genocide according to UNO convention on genocide and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The genocide Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The genocide continued till the surrender of the Pakistan army on 16 continued till the surrender of the Pakistan army on 16 December 1971 December 1971

Al BadarAl Badar

• Al-BadrAl-Badr a paramilitary force formed during the liberation war a paramilitary force formed during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971 under the patronage of Pakistan of Bangladesh in 1971 under the patronage of Pakistan government which was aimed at creating public opinion in government which was aimed at creating public opinion in favour of the integrity of Pakistan and also imparting active favour of the integrity of Pakistan and also imparting active assistance to the occupation army in East Pakistan. assistance to the occupation army in East Pakistan.

• Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 with the spirit and Al-Badr was constituted in September 1971 with the spirit and zeal of the zeal of the mujahidsmujahids of the historic battle of Badr under the of the historic battle of Badr under the auspices of General Niazi, chief of the eastern command of the auspices of General Niazi, chief of the eastern command of the Pakistan army. The Pakistan army had to provide security Pakistan army. The Pakistan army had to provide security support to the cadres of al-Badr. The razakarsupport to the cadres of al-Badr. The razakar force formed force formed earlier aimed at opposing the freedom fighters while al-Badr's earlier aimed at opposing the freedom fighters while al-Badr's objective was to create panic among the people by political objective was to create panic among the people by political murder. The members of Al-Badr are alleged to have been murder. The members of Al-Badr are alleged to have been involved in the murder of distinguished intellectuals at involved in the murder of distinguished intellectuals at Rayerbazar Rayerbazar badhya-bhumibadhya-bhumi (place of execution) in Dhaka. Al- (place of execution) in Dhaka. Al-Badr as a force disintegrated with the surrender of the Pak-Badr as a force disintegrated with the surrender of the Pak-army on 16 December 1971army on 16 December 1971

RazakarRazakar

• RazakarRazakar a paramilitary force formed at Pakistan a paramilitary force formed at Pakistan government initiative to assist it and to resist the freedom government initiative to assist it and to resist the freedom fighters during the war of liberation in 1971. fighters during the war of liberation in 1971. RazakarRazakar is a is a Persian term meaning 'volunteers'. At the time of partition Persian term meaning 'volunteers'. At the time of partition of India in 1947, Nizam of Hydrabad, having been unwilling of India in 1947, Nizam of Hydrabad, having been unwilling to the annexation of his kingdom to India, formed a to the annexation of his kingdom to India, formed a volunteer corps named 'Razakar' for resisting the entry of volunteer corps named 'Razakar' for resisting the entry of the Indian army into his kingdom. the Indian army into his kingdom.

• During the liberation war in 1971 Razakar force was formed During the liberation war in 1971 Razakar force was formed by Pakistan government in the model of the Razakar of by Pakistan government in the model of the Razakar of Hydrabad. It was constituted in the month of May with an Hydrabad. It was constituted in the month of May with an enrolment of 96 loyalist activists in the Ansar camp at Khan enrolment of 96 loyalist activists in the Ansar camp at Khan Jahan Ali Road in Khulna. This force was subsequently Jahan Ali Road in Khulna. This force was subsequently formed in different parts of East Pakistanformed in different parts of East Pakistan

• At the initial stage, the razakars were subordinate to the At the initial stage, the razakars were subordinate to the local peace committees. By the promulgation of East local peace committees. By the promulgation of East Pakistan Razakar Ordinance on 1 June 1971, General tikka Pakistan Razakar Ordinance on 1 June 1971, General tikka khan converted the Ansars into Razakars who were khan converted the Ansars into Razakars who were recognised as the members of the Pakistan army through recognised as the members of the Pakistan army through an ordinance of the Ministry of Defence promulgated on 7 an ordinance of the Ministry of Defence promulgated on 7 September.September.

• The tenure of the primary training of the Razakars was 15 The tenure of the primary training of the Razakars was 15 days. General ameer abdullah khan niazi, chief of the days. General ameer abdullah khan niazi, chief of the eastern command of the Pakistan army, took salute at the eastern command of the Pakistan army, took salute at the closing parade at Savar on 27 November 1971 on closing parade at Savar on 27 November 1971 on completion of the training of the first batch of the company completion of the training of the first batch of the company commanders of Razakar force. Subsequently, the Razakar commanders of Razakar force. Subsequently, the Razakar force was elevated to the status of a separate directorate. force was elevated to the status of a separate directorate. The Razakar force disintegrated with the surrender of the The Razakar force disintegrated with the surrender of the Pakistan army on 16 December 1971Pakistan army on 16 December 1971

AL ShamsAL Shams

• Al-ShamsAl-Shams a paramilitary force formed a paramilitary force formed under the patronage of the Pakistan under the patronage of the Pakistan government to assist the occupation army government to assist the occupation army in East Pakistan during the liberation war of in East Pakistan during the liberation war of 1971. The name 'Al-Shams' is derived from 1971. The name 'Al-Shams' is derived from an Arabic term which literally means 'the an Arabic term which literally means 'the sun'. Al-Shams was constituted from among sun'. Al-Shams was constituted from among the followers of extreme rightist political the followers of extreme rightist political parties. The force disintegrated with the parties. The force disintegrated with the surrender of the Pak-army on 16 December surrender of the Pak-army on 16 December 1971 1971