A predictive model for assessment of stream health in the Darwin-Daly region of the Northern

Territory using mostly genus level data.

P.L. Dostine

Report 42/2004D Natural Resource Management

Conservation and Natural Resources PO Box 30 Palmerston NT 0831

CONTENTS Summary 3 Reference site selection procedures 3 Timing of sample collection 4 Laboratory analyses of macroinvertebrate samples 5 Model construction methods 6 Model assessment 13 Conclusions 15 References 15 Appendices 16

2

Summary This report details the methods and results of a project to construct a predictive model for the ecological assessment of stream and river condition in the Darwin-Daly region of the Northern Territory. The Darwin-Daly region comprises the catchments of the Mary, Adelaide, Finniss and Daly Rivers as well as several smaller rivers draining into Darwin harbour. The region includes two major population centres (Darwin and Katherine) and an area with high potential for agricultural development and catchment disturbance (Daly-Douglas area). The model was developed from samples of macroinvertebrates collected over several years in the early Dry season from channel edge habitat, using data at predominantly genus level (83% of taxa). Macroinvertebrate samples were preserved in the field and sorted in the laboratory using standard protocols. The sorting procedure employed a box-type sub-sampler and channelled sorting tray to randomly select at least 200 organisms. Specimens were identified to genus using regional taxonomic keys and/or taxonomic specialists. The raw data was culled by random sampling to provide a sample of 200. The final dataset comprised 117 reference individual sites and 198 taxa. All taxa were retained in the dataset. Classification of presence/absence data identified seven discrete groups. Overall these groups do not show strong geographic patterning, though some groups are geographically confined e.g. group 2 (15 sites) is mostly confined to the Mary River; group 3 (14 sites) is mostly confined to the lower Daly River; and group 7 (5 sites) is confined to the upper Adelaide/upper Finniss area. This lack of strong geographic patterning is not a surprising result given the lack of steep altitudinal and climatic gradients in the region. Twenty-five habitat variables were used in Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis to discriminate between classification groups. There were seven significant predictor variables: (i) distance from source; (ii) average habitat current velocity; (iii) standard deviation of elevation in adjacent DEM grid cells; (iv) the area of riparian rainforest within a radius of 100 m from the site; (v) stream order; (vi) alkalinity; and (vii) average stream width. The re-substitution error was 0.3868, and the cross-validation error was 0.5621. These and other model parameters are summarised in Table 1. Reference site selection procedures The stream reference dataset includes samples from sites collected during the Australian Rivers Assessment System (AUSRIVAS) program and the First National Assessment of River Health (FNARH) stages 1 and 2 of the Monitoring River Health program in the Northern Territory; from sampling conducted by an NHT funded project on water quality monitoring in the Mary River catchment; and on-going water quality monitoring program in catchments draining into Darwin Harbour. Samples were collected within five river basins (Table 2). Figure 1 shows the distribution of reference sites in the Darwin-Daly region. The model was generated using data from 117 sites. All sites were considered to be in good ecological condition following subjective assessment of the level of catchment disturbance due to land clearing, pastoralism, mining contamination and suburban development.

3

Region Darwin-Daly region, NT Taxonomic level Genus (83% all taxa) Model type Early Dry season, channel edge habitat Number of reference sites 117 Number of reference samples 117 Collection date of reference data 1996 18 1997 1 1998 19 1999 20 2000 47 2001 8 2002 4 Number of taxa 198 Number of reference site groups 7 Number of predictor variables 7 Distance from source (km) Standard deviation of elevation Average current velocity Alkalinity Stream width Area of riparian rainforest within 100 m radius from site Stream order Band width 0.27 Band thresholds A 1.14 B 0.85 C 0.57 D 0.29 Cross-validation error rate 0.5621 Resubstitution error rate 0.3868 Table 1. Summary of data input and model parameters for Darwin-Daly genus model.

River basin Reference sites Adelaide River 6 Darwin catchments 8 Finniss River 19 Mary River 34 Katherine-Daly River 50

Table 2. Distribution of reference sites. Timing of sample collection Samples were collected in the early dry season over seven years from 1996 to 2002. Most (>73%) were collected in the three year period from 1998 to 2000. Samples were collected from early May to mid-August, however, most (>70%) were collected over a six week period from late June to early August (Table 3). Over 80% of samples were collected by the end of July. Stream flows at this time are low and declining from the high and variable flows of the previous wet season.

4

Date 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total % tot Cum

% tot 6-10 May 2 2 1.7 1.7 11-15 May 1 1 0.9 2.6 16-20 May 2.6 21-25 May 2 1 3 2.6 5.1 26-30 May 1 2 3 2.6 7.7 31 May-4 Jun 1 3 4 3.4 11.1 5-9 Jun 4 3 3 10 8.5 19.7 10-14 Jun 1 1 2 1.7 21.4 15-19 Jun 1 2 3 2.6 23.9 20-24 Jun 4 5 1 2 12 10.3 34.2 25-29 Jun 2 3 2 7 6.0 40.2 30 Jun-4 Jul 3 2 5 4.3 44.4 5-9 Jul 1 9 3 13 11.1 55.6 10-14 Jul 3 1 2 6 5.1 60.7 15-19 Jul 1 8 9 7.7 68.4 20-24 Jul 3 3 2.6 70.9 25-29 Jul 2 7 1 4 14 12.0 82.9 30 Jul-3 Aug 2 11 13 11.1 94.0 4-8 Aug 3 3 2.6 96.6 9-13 Aug 1 2 3 2.6 99.1 14-18 Aug 1 1 0.9 100 Total 18 1 19 20 47 8 4 117 Table 3. Number of samples collected in five day periods in each of years 1996-2002. Laboratory analyses of macroinvertebrate samples Laboratory procedures followed methods previously reported for NT AUSRIVAS model development (Dostine 2001) with the following differences. Samples were washed under tap water in a 500 μm sieve, rather than a 250 μm sieve. Sieved macroinvertebrate samples were sub-sampled using a box-type sub-sampler. Cells from the sub-sampler were randomly selected and sorted for macroinvertebrates until the cumulative total exceeded 200 animals and the last cell was completely sorted. Microcrustacea including copepods, ostracods and cladocerans were not included in the tally. A sample of individuals of large taxa present in the sample were collected and tallied separately as “extras” but were not included in analyses. For several samples, particularly in the Mary River NHT project (Schultz et al. 2002), the cumulative tally exceeded 400 animals. Data from these, and all other samples, were randomly sub-sampled to give a total of 200 animals using the following procedure. All individuals in each sample were arranged serially by taxa code number in the computer spreadsheet MS Excel. Some organisms which could not be identified to genus were deleted (generally some pupal Chironomidae, and some larval Coleoptera). The remainder were allocated a randomly generated number and sorted: the first 200 animals were regarded as the final sample for that site. Samples were identified as far as possible to the level of genus. A number of groups including chironomids and adult beetles were identified to species or species-type, however only genus level data were used in analyses. All chironomids were identified by P. Dostine; most beetles (except elmids) were identified by Dr Chris Watts (South Australian Museum); and most hydracarinids were identified by Dr Jane Growns. Elmid beetles were identified by Ms Alena Glaister (Monash University). All other material was identified by P. Dostine, or by Cyrus Edwards under close supervision of P. Dostine. There was a QA/QC program for samples from the Mary River catchment. This is not reported here.

5

Model construction methods The NT genus model was constructed by Ms Amara Barlow of the Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology (CRCFE) at the University of Canberra under the supervision of Richard Norris. All model outputs reported here were derived by analyses conducted by the CRCFE. Data formatting

The raw data was checked for missing values and inappropriate variables. A total of 117 sites and 198 macroinvertebrate taxa were used in model construction. Total site taxa richness ranged from 22-61 taxa. Relative abundance data (i.e. number per 200 organisms) were transformed to presence/absence data. Macroinvertebrate taxa used in the model are listed in Appendix 1. Taxa codes are derived from the freshwater taxa code system developed by Dr John Dean.

Rare taxa

Rare taxa are generally removed from AUSRIVAS models. All taxa were retained for the NT genus level model.

Classification Site groups based on similarity of macroinvertebrate composition, were determined using cluster analysis in the PC-ORD multivariate analysis package, version 4.20 (McCune and Mefford, 1999). The Bray-Curtis distance measure and the agglomerative clustering technique, flexible Unweighted Pair-Group arithMetic Averaging (UPGMA), were used to form reference site groupings. The classifications were viewed as dendrograms allowing the fusion level, which divides sites into groups, to be selected. A beta value of -0.1 was used, as recommended for flexible UPGMA classifications (Belbin and McDonald, 1993) (Figure 2). The 117 reference sites were classified into seven groups. Overall, there is no strong geographic patterning in the distribution of site groups (Table 4). Group 1 (30 sites) includes sites from all 5 river basin areas but predominantly from the Daly and Finniss Rivers. Group 2 (15 sites) includes sites from 3 river basins but mostly from the Mary River. Group 3 (14 sites) includes sites mainly from the lower Daly River area. Group 4 (11 sites) includes few sites from the Daly, Mary and Darwin catchments. Group 5 (33 sites) is dominated by sites from the Mary River. Group 6 (9 sites) is a small group with 3 sites from the Daly River tributary, the Douglas River. Group 7 (5 sites) is a small group with 2 sites from the Finniss River and 3 sites from the Adelaide River. Site AD13 was classified as an outlier related to groups 5 and 6. It is included in group 6 in the table below. The sites used in the classification and their final group membership are listed in Appendix 2. The distribution of reference sites within each classification group are shown in Figure 1.

6

Figure 1. Location of Darwin-Daly region; location of reference sites within Darwin-Daly region; and location of classifications groups 1-7.

7

Figure 1 (cont). Location of Darwin-Daly region; location of reference sites within Darwin-Daly region; and location of classifications groups 1-7.

8

Distance (Objective Function) 0.027 2.521 5.016 7.510 10.004 |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Information remaining (%) 100.000 75.000 50.000 25.000 0.000 |-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ AD02 1 -----------------|------| DA05 1 ---------|-------| |-------------------| DA15 1 ---------| | | AD11 1 -------------------|----| | DA10 1 --|----------------| | FN07 1 --| |---| DA12 1 ------------------|---------------| | | DA29 1 ------------------| |-| | | DA13 1 --------------------|-------------| |-| | | FN22 1 --------------------| | | | || DA49 1 ------------|-----------------------| |-----| || DA57 1 ------------| | || FN04 1 --------------------------------------| ||--| DA14 1 ------------------------------------------------|| | DA24 1 -------|-------------------| | | DW37 1 -------| |---------------------| | DW43 1 ---------------------------| |----| DA20 1 -------|-----------------| | | DA46 1 -------| |---------------| | | DA21 1 -----------|-------------| | | | DA22 1 -----------| | | | DA43 1 ---|------------| |----------| | FN06 1 ---| |------| | | FN14 1 ----------------| |----| | | DW49 1 -------|------| | | | | FN01 1 -------| |--------| |------------| | DW50 1 -----|--------| | | DW51 1 -----| | |-| DW48 1 -------------------|--------| | | MA15 1 -------------------| | | DA18 2 ----|----| | | MA11 2 ----| |-----------| | | MA30 2 ---------| |----| | | FN03 2 -----------|---------| |------------| | | MA17 2 -----------| | |----------| | | MA10 2 --------------------------| | | | | MA24 2 ---------------------|-----------------| |--| | | MA26 2 ---|-----------------| | | | | MA28 2 ---| | |---| | MA14 2 --------------------------------------------------| | | DA40 2 -------------------------------|--------------| | | DA47 2 ----|--------------------------| |------| |-| MA35 2 ----| | | | DA50 2 -----------------------|----------------------| | | FN11 2 -----------------------| | | DA01 3 ---------------|-----------------| | | DA32 3 ---------------| | | | DA07 3 -------------|| |--------------| | | DA30 3 |------------||-----------| | | | | DA59 3 | | | | | | | DA08 3 |-------------| |------| | | | DA27 3 | | |-------| | | DA09 3 ------|-------------------| | | | | DA58 3 ------| | | | | DA17 3 -------------|----------------| | | | | FN13 3 -------------| |--------| | | | | DA52 3 ----------------------|-------| |--------| |--| | FN02 3 ----------------------| | | | DA28 3 ---------------------------------------| | | DA39 4 ---------------------------------|-----------------| | | DA41 4 ---------------------------------| | | | DA48 4 --------|-------------| | | | DW39 4 -----|--| | |----| | DW42 4 -|---| |------| | |-| DW45 4 -| | | | | | DA54 4 |---------------------| |-------------| | | | DA56 4 | | |-------| | | MC03 4 -----------------------------| | | | MA12 4 -|-----------------------------------------| | |

9

MA33 4 -| | | AD13 6 ----------------------------------------------------------| | | DA03 5 -------------|----------------| | | | DW31 5 --|----------| |------| | | | DW36 5 --| | | | | | DA04 5 -----------------|------------| | | | | DA31 5 -|---------------| |--| | | | FN12 5 -| | | | | | DA11 5 --------|-----------------------| | | | | | DA42 5 --------| |----| | | | | DA38 5 --|--------| | | | | | DA44 5 --| |--------------------| | | | | MA34 5 -----------| |----| | | | DA45 5 -----| | | | | | MA21 5 | |-----------| | | | | | MA23 5 |----| |---------| | | | | | MA32 5 | | | | | |--| | DW40 5 |----------------| | | | | | MA18 5 | |------------| | | | MA29 5 |-----| | | | | MA31 5 | |-------------| | |-| | | MC06 5 ------| |------| | | | | MC04 5 --------------------| | | | | MA01 5 ---|------------| | | | | MA02 5 ---| |-------| | | | | MA09 5 -|--| | | | | | | MA19 5 || |-----------| |------| | |------| | | MA22 5 | | | | | | | | | MA20 5 ----| | |-------------| | | | | MA07 5 ------------------------| | | | | | MA08 5 ------|-----| | | | | | MA27 5 ------| |------------------| | | | | MA13 5 ------------| | |---| | DA35 5 -----------------------------------|-----------| | | MA25 5 -----------------------------------| | | DA37 6 ------------------|----------------| | | MA16 6 ------------------| | | | DA51 6 ----------| |------| | | DA55 6 | |----| | | | | DA53 6 ----------| |-------------------| |-----------| | DA60 6 ---------------| | | FN24 6 ---------|--------------------------------| | FN26 6AD06 7 ----------|-------------------------------| |

---------| |

AD14 7 ----------| |--------------------| AD10 7 ----------------------------|--------| | FN23 7 ----------------------------| |----| FN09 7 -------------------------------------| Figure 2. Dendrogram of UPGMA classification of presence-absence macroinvertebrate data from 117 reference sites in Darwin-Daly region showing group numbers.

10

Group # sites Daly Mary Finniss Adelaide Darwin

1 30 15 1 10 2 2 2 15 4 9 2 0 0 3 14 12 0 2 0 0 4 11 5 3 0 0 3 5 33 9 20 1 0 3 6 9 5 1 2 1 0 7 5 0 0 2 3 0

Table 4. Distribution of reference sites in each classification group by river basin. The mean number of taxa per classification group ranged from 34.8 to 42.8. Within classification groups there was substantial variability in the number of taxa (Table 5).

Group Mean number taxa Range of no. taxa per group

1 42.8 26-612 39.3 29-583 38.4 34-514 34.8 22-415 36.9 26-526 34.9 28-507 36.6 33-42

Table 5. Mean number of taxa and range of number of taxa per classification group.

Discriminant function analysis The reference site groups from the UPGMA classification were entered as a variable into the reference habitat data set and a stepwise Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis (MDFA) performed to select the predictor variables used in the AUSRIVAS model. The Stepwise MDFA was performed in the SAS statistical package version 6.12 (SAS Institute 1995). This procedure selected a subset of habitat variables that best discriminated among the groups of sites formed from the faunal classifications. The stepwise procedure included habitat variables one at a time, selecting at each step the variables that gave the best group discrimination. At each step of the analysis the significance of variables already included were checked and variables that were no longer significant were removed. The significance levels for variables to enter and be retained by the stepwise MDFA both were set at 0.05. The subsets of habitat variables from the Stepwise MDFA were tested in a MDFA to predict the probabilities of group membership for a reference site. Biased discriminations were avoided by using the cross-validation option that predicts group membership of each site separately. The subsets of habitat variables obtained from the stepwise MDFA are used as predictor variables for the AUSRIVAS model under construction. The predictor variables and the reference site invertebrate-classification form the foundation of AUSRIVAS, allowing predictions of the taxa expected at new “test” sites. Discriminant Function analyses were repeated using several versions of the habitat data to consider the effects of log transformation, the effects of merging classification groups (3 and 4; 5 and 6) and the effect of including or excluding the outlier site AD13. Outputs from each of these options are presented in Table 6.

11

Option Model

Res

ubst

itutio

n er

ror

Cro

ss-

valid

atio

n er

ror

Ban

d w

idth

Inte

rcep

t

Slop

e

R2

1 5 groups, log variables, AD13 excluded

0.3394 0.3727 0.34 5.06 0.77 0.057

2 7 groups, untransformed variables, AD13 excluded

0.3931 0.5585 0.29 -0.53 1.05 0.322

3 6 groups, untransformed variables, AD13 excluded

0.3662 0.5665 0.3 -0.77 1.06 0.302

4 7 groups, log variables, AD13 excluded

0.3496 0.5464 0.29 -0.82 1.06 0.328

5 7 groups, untransformed variables, AD13 included in group 5

0.3912 0.5607 0.29 -0.56 1.05 0.325

6 7 groups, log variables, AD13 included in group 5

0.3274 0.4787 0.32 -1.35 1.08 0.308

7 7 groups, log variables, AD13 included in group 6

0.3832 0.5323 0.29 -1.56 1.09 0.317

8 7 groups, untransformed variables, AD13 included in group 6

0.3868 0.5621 0.27 -1.33 1.09 0.333

Table 6. Re-substitution and cross-validation errors, band width and regression results for eight model options. Model options were assessed by considering re-substitution and cross-validation errors, band width, and the terms of the regression equation between observed and derived expected values. After consulting senior CRCFE staff model option 8 was selected primarily due to the relatively high R2 value and the relatively small band-width. The value of the misclassification error is not critical because AUSRIVAS uses all the probabilities of a site belonging to each group for site predictions, rather than the allocation to a single group as performed by the cross-validation procedure. Thus, sites with an affinity for two or more groups can be misclassified but still provide adequate predictions for a model. Predictor variables for the NT genus model are presented in Table 7. The list of habitat variables used in the MDFA is presented in Appendix 2. Means and standard deviations for predictor variables for each classification group are presented in Figure 3 and Table 8. The distribution of reference sites by river basin and mean site characteristics for each classification group are summarised in Table 9.

Predictor variable code Description and units

DFS Distance from source (kilometres)

STORDER Stream order

STREAMWIDTH Average stream width of the reach

ALKALINITY Alkalinity (Ca CO3 derived in the laboratory)

AVVELOCITY Average water velocity (metres/second)

SDVTOP Standard Deviation DEM Window of 5x5 cell window (derived from GIS coverage – standard deviation of elevations from 25 cells centred on collecting site derived from digital elevation model)

RIP100 Area of riparian rainforest within 100 m radius of site

12

Table 7. Predictor variables determined by MDFA for Darwin-Daly genus model.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mean 49.7 45.3 295.2 65.7 73.8 80.7 38.1 DFS Std dev 55.1 44.5 189.9 118.9 55.9 70.8 28.8 Mean 4.4 4.9 6.0 4.2 5.3 4.8 3.8 STORDER Std dev 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.3 Mean 19.2 9.5 36.5 14.4 12.5 9.4 15.9 STREAM

WIDTH Std dev 18.9 4.9 24.1 17.4 7.3 4.3 10.3 Mean 70.0 90.2 248.2 92.1 36.2 144.4 74.0 ALKALINITY Std dev 113.9 148.7 71.2 131.2 52.6 98.6 50.0 Mean 0.007 0.016 0.047 0.038 0.074 0.150 0 000 AVVELOCITY Std dev 0.034 0.024 0.052 0.060 0.070 0.054 0.000 Mean 6.8 1.7 2.9 1.8 2.4 3.7 1.1 SDVTOP Std dev 7.1 0.8 2.0 1.1 1.9 4.6 0.9 Mean 0.0009 0.0016 0.0037 0.0006 0.0020 0.0040 0.0014 RIP100 Std dev 0.0015 0.0018 0.0018 0.0014 0.0024 0.0018 0.0019

Table 8. Means and standard deviations for seven predictor variables for each classification group.

Group No. Distribution Site characteristics

1 30 Daly (15), Finniss (10) High SDVTOP 2 15 Mary (9) AVGWID mean 9.5 m 3 14 Daly (12) High DSTSRC, STRORD, RIP100, AVGWID, ALKNTY 4 11 Daly (5), Mary (3), Darwin (3) Low RIP100 5 33 Daly (9), Mary (20) Low ALKNTY, medium AVGVEL 6 9 Daly (5) (Douglas (3)) AVGWID mean 9.4 m, high AVGVEL, medium

SDVTOP, high RIP100 7 5 Adelaide (3), Finniss (2) STRORD mean 3.8, low SDVTOP, AVGVEL zero

Table 9. Number of reference sites in each classification group, distribution by river basin and characteristic features of each classification group. Model assessment The band distribution O/E values of reference sites for the model is 72.7% (85) in band A, 17.9% (21) in band X and 7.7% (9) in band B. When setting the O/E taxa bands only the O/E taxa range between the 10th and 90th percentile from the population of reference sites used to create the model is considered as equivalent to reference condition. A disproportionately high number of sites were classified as X (above reference condition). Two sites (DA40 and FN14) were designated as being out of the range of the model. The assessment of reference–test sites identified 1 site (DA40) as outside the experience of the model, 11 sites in band A and 3 sites in band X (Appendix 5). Three sites have been sampled on either 3 or 4 occasions between 1995 and 1999. OE50 values for these sites are shown in Table 10. Site 1995 1996 1998 1999DA03 1.13 1.08 1.08DA04 1.18 1.12 1.14 1.02DA11 1.14 1.05 1.01 1.07Table 10. OE50 values for three sites sampled on at least three occasions.

13

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3 4 5 6 70.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 70.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

Group number

Group number

Group number

Group number

Group number

Group number

Group number

Dis

tanc

e fro

m s

ourc

e (k

ms)

Stre

am o

rder

Aver

age

wid

th (m

)Al

kalin

ity

Aver

age

velo

city

(m/s

)St

d de

v el

evat

ion

Are

a rip

aria

n ra

info

rest

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 3. Mean values and standard deviations for seven predictor variables by classification group. (a) Distance from source; (b) stream order; (c) average stream width; (d) alkalinity; (e) average velocity; (f) standard deviation elevation; (g) area of riparian rainforest with 100 m radius.

14

Conclusions

A predictive model based on macroinvertebrate composition has been developed for assessment of stream and river condition in the Darwin-Daly region of the Northern Territory. Data used for model construction was predominantly at the level of genus. Previous models developed by the NT AUSRIVAS program have used family level data and sites across the Top End of the Northern Territory. Genus level data would provide better discrimination between site groups and potentially better models, though these issues are yet to be addressed.

The model is based on data from 117 sites from channel edge habitats from the early Dry season. Macroinvertebrate data for each sample were standardised through random deletion (or in some cases additional sampling) to provide a total of 200 specimens. Data from large organisms not included in the random sorting process (classified as “extras”) were not included in analyses. Most samples were collected during a six-week period from late June to early August.

Classification of presence-absence data identified seven groups of sites. Site groups do not have strong geographic patterning, and are distributed across catchments within the model area. Most predictor variables refer to position within the catchment and other landscape characteristics. Fine-scale predictor variables were generally unavailable for assessment, or were considered to be subject due to unacceptable biases.

The model yielded satisfactory results for “reference-test” sites. Eleven of fifteen reference-test sites (73%) were correctly identified as in reference condition. Three of the remaining four sites were marginally above the band threshold and were classified as above reference condition (band X). The model has been applied to derive a relationship between catchment disturbance (%catchment cleared) (Townsend et al. 2004) and had been applied in the routine annual assessment of stream health in the catchments of the Darwin harbour area.

References

Belbin, L. and McDonald, C. (1993). Comparing three classification strategies for use in ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4: 341-348.

Dostine, P. (2001). Australia-wide assessment of river health. Northern Territory program. Final report. Report to Environment Australia.

McCune, B. and Mefford, M. (1999). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Version 4.20. Mjm Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.

Schultz, T.J., Townsend, S.A., Edwards, C.A. and Dostine, P.L. (2002). Water quality monitoring in the Mary River catchment. Tech. Report 42/2002. Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Darwin, NT.

Townsend, S.A., Dostine, P.L. Dixon, I., Karfs, R. and Douglas, M.M. (2004). The response of stream macro-invertebrate communities to catchment clearing and riparian condition in the Darwin region (tropical Australia). Proceedings of the 4th Australian Stream Management Conference (in press).

15

Appendices

Appendix 1. List of taxa used in development of NT genus-level model.

Taxa code Taxa name Family code Family name II999999 Nematoda II999999 Nematoda KG010199 Notopala KG019999 Viviparidae KG040299 Thiara KG049999 Thiaridae KG060199 Ferrissia KG069999 Ancylidae KG070799 Gyraulus KG079999 Planorbidae KP010499 Velesunio KP019999 Hyriidae KP020199 Corbiculina KP029999 Corbiculidae KP039999 Sphaeriidae KP039999 Sphaeriidae LH999999 Hirudinea LH999999 Hirudinea LO089999 Enchytraeidae LO089999 Enchytraeidae LO999999 Oligochaeta LO999999 Oligochaeta MM0506Q1 Pseudohydryphantes MM059999 Hydryphantidae MM070199 Hydrodroma MM079999 Hydrodromidae MM080399 Rutacarus MM089999 Anisitsiellidae MM090199 Flabellifrontipoda MM099999 Oxidae MM090299 Frontipoda MM099999 Oxidae MM090399 Oxus MM099999 Oxidae MM100199 Monatractides MM109999 Torrenticolidae MM120199 Limnesia MM129999 Limnesiidae MM150399 Australiobates MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM150599 Caenobates MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM150699 Coaustraliobates MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM150899 Procorticacarus MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM151099 Dropursa MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM151399 Hygrobates MM159999 Hygrobatidae MM160299 Koenikea MM169999 Unionicolidae MM160399 Neumania MM169999 Unionicolidae MM160599 Recifella MM169999 Unionicolidae MM160699 Unionicola MM169999 Unionicolidae MM170299 Australotiphys MM179999 Pionidae MM190199 Albia MM199999 Aturidae MM190299 Austraturus MM199999 Aturidae MM190399 Axonopsella MM199999 Aturidae MM190499 Azugatrurus MM199999 Aturidae MM190699 Cabellaturus MM199999 Aturidae MM190899 Melanaturus MM199999 Aturidae MM191199 Twarntaturus MM199999 Aturidae MM1999Q3 Thryptaturus MM199999 Aturidae MM200199 Momoniella MM209999 Momoniidae MM210199 Gretacarus MM219999 Mideopsidae MM249999 Halacaridae MM249999 Halacaridae MM279999 Wheenyoides/Wheenyella MM279999 Wettinidae MM9999A1 Oribatida MM9999A1 Oribatida MM9999A2 Mesostigmata MM9999A2 Mesostigmata MM9999A3 Trombidioidea MM9999A3 Trombidioidea MM9999Q1 Hydrozetes MM9999A1 Oribatida OR059999 Eophreatoicus OR059999 Phreatoicidae OT010399 Caridina OT019999 Atyidae OT010401 Caridinides OT019999 Atyidae OT020199 Macrobrachium OT029999 Palaemonidae

16

QA999999 Collembola QA999999 Collembola QC059999 Carabidae QC059999 Carabidae QC080199 Canthydrus QC089999 Noteridae QC080399 Neohydrocoptus QC089999 Noteridae QC080499 Notomicrus QC089999 Noteridae QC090199 Laccophilus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC090399 Hydrovatus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC090499 Hyphydrus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC090699 Bidessodes QC099999 Dytiscidae QC090899 Clypeodytes QC099999 Dytiscidae QC090999 Hydroglyphus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC091001 Limbodessus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC091799 Tiporus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC091899 Sternopriscus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC092699 Batrachomatus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC092799 Copelatus QC099999 Dytiscidae QC093799 Leiodytes QC099999 Dytiscidae QC100399 Dineutes QC109999 Gyrinidae QC110199 Georissus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC110499 Berosus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC110799 Regimbartia QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC110899 Amphiops QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC110999 Paranacaena QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC111199 Enochrus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC111299 Helochares QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC111699 Paracymus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC111999 Sternolophus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC112599 Psalitrus QC119999 Hydrophilidae QC130199 Hydraena QC139999 Hydraenidae QC130399 Ochthebius QC139999 Hydraenidae QC189999 Staphylinidae QC189999 Staphylinidae QC20999I Scirtid unid (larva) QC209999 Scirtidae QC340199 Austrolimnius QC349999 Elmidae QC340599 Coxelmis QC349999 Elmidae QC3408P1 Potamophilinus QC349999 Elmidae QC3411G1 Graphelmis QC349999 Elmidae QC359999 Limnichidae QC359999 Limnichidae QCAO0199 Hydrochus QCAO9999 Hydrochidae QD019999 Tipulidae QD019999 Tipulidae QD079999 Culicidae QD079999 Culicidae QD0999I1 Ceratopogoninae QD099999 Ceratopogonidae QD0999I7 Forcipomyinae QD099999 Ceratopogonidae QD109999 Simuliidae QD109999 Simuliidae QD129999 Psychodidae QD129999 Psychodidae QD239999 Tabanidae QD239999 Tabanidae QD249999 Stratiomyidae QD249999 Stratiomyidae QD359999 Empididae QD359999 Empididae QD369999 Dolichopodidae QD369999 Dolichopodidae QD459999 Sciomyzidae QD459999 Sciomyzidae QDAA0299 Aphroteniella QDAA9999 Aphroteniinae QDAE0199 Clinotanypus QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE0299 Coelopynia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE0499 Fittkauimyia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE0699 Djalmabatista QDAE9999 Tanypodinae

17

QDAE0899 Procladius QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1199 Ablabesmyia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1299 Paramerina QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1499 Thienemannimyia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1699 Nilotanypus QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1799 Larsia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAE1899 ?Telmatopelopia QDAE9999 Tanypodinae QDAF0199 Rheocricotopus QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF0399 Parakiefferiella QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF0499 Nanocladius QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF0699 Corynoneura QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF0799 Thienemanniella QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF1199 Parametriocnemus QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF1599 Cricotopus QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF99Q1 Orthoclad L1 QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAF99Q2 Orthoclad L2 QDAF9999 Orthocladiinae QDAG0199 Riethia QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0199 Stempellinella QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0299 Stempellina QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0399 Cladotanytarsus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0499 Tanytarsus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0599 Neozavrelia QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0699 Paratanytarsus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAH0799 Rheotanytarus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0299 Stenochironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0499 Chironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0599 Xenochironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0699 Dicrotendipes QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0799 Kiefferulus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0899 Polypedilum QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI0999 Zavreliella QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1099 Paratendipes QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1199 Microtendipes QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1399 Skusella QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1499 Conochironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1899 Robackia QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI1999 Cryptochironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI2199 Microchironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI2299 Cladopelma QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI2399 Harnischia QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAI2599 Parachironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q1 nr Paracladopelma QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q2 ?Paratanytarsus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q3 ?Skusella QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q4 ?Stictochironomus QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q5 Unk genus ? (Cranston) QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q6 Unk genus K1 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q7 Unk genus D1 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99Q8 Unk genus D2 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99R3 Unk genus D6 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99R4 Unk genus D8 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QDAJ99R5 Unk genus D9 QDAJ9999 Chironominae QE020299 Cloeon QE029999 Baetidae QE020399 Centroptilum QE029999 Baetidae

18

QE0299Q1 Baetid genus B QE029999 Baetidae QE060199 Atalophlebia QE069999 Leptophlebiidae QE061599 Thraulus QE069999 Leptophlebiidae QE0699B4 Gen V sp AV1 QE069999 Leptophlebiidae QE080199 Tasmanocoenis QE089999 Caenidae QE080202 Wundacaenis QE089999 Caenidae QH529999 Mesoveliidae QH529999 Mesoveliidae QH539999 Hebridae QH539999 Hebridae QH549999 Hydrometridae QH549999 Hydrometridae QH569999 Veliidae QH569999 Veliidae QH579999 Gerridae QH579999 Gerridae QH639999 Ochteridae QH639999 Ochteridae QH649999 Gelastocoridae QH649999 Gelastocoridae QH659999 Corixidae QH659999 Corixidae QH660199 Naucoris QH669999 Naucoridae QH679999 Notonectidae QH679999 Notonectidae QH689999 Pleidae QH689999 Pleidae QL019999 Pyralidae QL019999 Pyralidae QN059999 Sisyriidae QN059999 Sisyriidae QO130199 Antipodogomphus QO139999 Gomphidae QO130499 Austrogomphus QO139999 Gomphidae QO220199 Ictinogomphus QO139999 Gomphidae QO999997 Zygoptera QO999997 Zygoptera QO999998 Anisoptera QO999998 Anisoptera QT030499 Hellyethira QT039999 Hydroptilidae QT030599 Hydroptila QT039999 Hydroptilidae QT030999 Orthotrichia QT039999 Hydroptilidae QT040199 Chimarra QT049999 Philopotamidae QT060599 Cheumatopsyche QT069999 Hydropsychidae QT070399 Paranyctiophylax QT079999 Polycentropodidae QT070499 Plectrocnemia QT079999 Polycentropodidae QT070599 Polyplectropus QT079999 Polycentropodidae QT080499 Ecnomus QT089999 Ecnomidae QT0899A1 Ecnomina QT089999 Ecnomidae QT170199 Helicopsyche QT179999 Helicopsychidae QT240199 Anisocentropus QT249999 Calamoceratidae QT250799 Oecetis QT259999 Leptoceridae QT251099 Triaenodes QT259999 Leptoceridae QT251199 Triplectides QT259999 Leptoceridae QT260101 Hyalopsyche QT269999 Dipseudopsidae

19

Appendix 2. Sites used in model construction and their group membership as determined by UPGMA classification of macroinvertebrate presence-absence data.

Site Group # taxa # individuals Latitude LongitudeAD02 1 61 200 -13.4258 131.0865 AD11 1 42 200 -13.0852 131.2403 DA05 1 49 200 -14.7573 131.5946 DA10 1 56 200 -13.7858 131.3628 DA12 1 43 200 -14.1665 132.0725 DA13 1 38 200 -13.9654 131.6953 DA14 1 39 200 -13.744 131.5722 DA15 1 58 200 -13.8403 131.1485 DA20 1 47 200 -14.1602 132.7092 DA21 1 38 200 -13.7646 133.0852 DA22 1 43 200 -13.6847 133.2085 DA24 1 38 200 -13.543 133.2282 DA29 1 34 200 -14.462 132.2567 DA43 1 53 200 -13.4157 133.1895 DA46 1 41 200 -13.879 132.7812 DA49 1 43 200 -14.6686 131.6827 DA57 1 38 200 -13.8128 131.3427 DW37 1 44 200 -12.831 130.9087 DW43 1 30 200 -12.4623 131.0856 DW48 1 39 200 -13.0766 130.699 DW49 1 45 200 -13.1151 130.7862 DW50 1 39 200 -13.0935 130.7833 DW51 1 44 200 -13.1229 130.6667 FN01 1 46 200 -13.2519 130.7427 FN04 1 43 200 -13.2805 130.7044 FN06 1 42 200 -13.4057 130.7883 FN07 1 50 200 -13.281 130.7033 FN14 1 41 200 -13.1636 130.6835 FN22 1 34 200 -13.0027 131.0297 MA15 1 26 200 -13.5411 132.209 DA18 2 47 200 -14.2335 130.9142 DA40 2 31 200 -14.9261 131.8775 DA47 2 36 200 -13.659 131.4003 DA50 2 35 200 -14.0767 131.8144 FN03 2 58 200 -13.4823 130.805 FN11 2 39 200 -13.05 130.9947 MA10 2 46 200 -13.5279 132.05 MA11 2 38 200 -13.4795 132.0201 MA14 2 34 200 -13.5281 132.0621 MA17 2 41 200 -13.3383 131.9487 MA24 2 42 200 -13.5968 132.2081 MA26 2 41 200 -13.6362 132.3004 MA28 2 38 200 -13.5797 132.2465 MA30 2 35 200 -13.2733 131.9114 MA35 2 29 200 -12.8052 131.6587 DA01 3 36 200 -14.3627 131.5567 DA07 3 38 200 -13.8615 131.0741 DA08 3 45 200 -13.8135 130.7148 DA09 3 35 200 -14.0708 131.2517

20

DA17 3 34 200 -13.745 131.0972 DA27 3 51 200 -14.1048 131.274 DA28 3 34 200 -14.4363 132.2768 DA30 3 34 200 -14.519 132.194 DA32 3 40 200 -14.6525 132.0185 DA52 3 39 200 -13.7873 131.2971 DA58 3 37 200 -13.862 131.1855 DA59 3 36 200 -13.9998 131.231 FN02 3 37 200 -13.5386 130.8669 FN13 3 41 200 -13.022 130.9512 DA39 4 22 200 -14.1119 131.7888 DA41 4 36 200 -14.702 132.071 DA48 4 41 200 -14.624 132.594 DA54 4 39 200 -14.186 131.3938 DA56 4 41 200 -13.8095 131.3412 DW39 4 40 200 -12.6435 131.095 DW42 4 36 200 -12.5554 131.1379 DW45 4 35 200 -12.5266 131.1233 MA12 4 38 200 -13.6836 132.0213 MA33 4 30 200 -12.7227 131.7423 MC03 4 25 200 -13.6762 131.7322 DA03 5 46 200 -14.3252 132.4128 DA04 5 44 200 -14.3007 132.4186 DA11 5 40 200 -14.187 132.1718 DA31 5 43 200 -14.3747 132.3873 DA35 5 45 200 -14.0112 132.7438 DA38 5 29 200 -14.2942 131.8692 DA42 5 33 200 -13.6758 133.2122 DA44 5 40 200 -13.6482 132.9668 DA45 5 31 200 -13.7197 132.9005 DW31 5 40 200 -12.7094 131.0034 DW36 5 52 200 -12.8005 130.9199 DW40 5 33 200 -12.6133 131.0805 FN12 5 37 200 -12.913 130.715 MA01 5 42 200 -13.6794 131.9801 MA02 5 36 200 -13.5973 132.2096 MA07 5 41 200 -13.6352 131.9968 MA08 5 31 200 -13.5287 132.0498 MA09 5 35 200 -13.5271 132.0487 MA13 5 26 200 -13.5982 132.1326 MA18 5 40 200 -13.3461 131.9593 MA19 5 36 200 -13.3477 131.9559 MA20 5 28 200 -13.3327 131.9386 MA21 5 34 200 -13.3265 131.9397 MA22 5 38 200 -13.4832 132.0221 MA23 5 33 200 -13.474 132.0213 MA25 5 39 200 -13.6382 132.312 MA27 5 35 200 -13.6423 132.3087 MA29 5 42 200 -12.9249 131.6868 MA31 5 38 200 -13.2157 131.8984 MA32 5 30 200 -13.1557 131.8716 MA34 5 33 200 -12.8128 131.604 MC04 5 32 200 -13.5321 131.7038 MC06 5 36 200 -13.2653 131.7115

21

AD13 6 50 200 -13.3508 131.1355 DA37 6 32 200 -14.5482 132.1295 DA51 6 34 200 -13.79 131.3524 DA53 6 33 200 -13.7892 131.2983 DA55 6 39 200 -14.1377 131.4227 DA60 6 32 200 -13.7808 131.3853 FN24 6 30 200 -12.9725 130.9525 FN26 6 28 200 -12.9698 130.9502 MA16 6 36 200 -13.5307 132.0613 AD06 7 42 200 -13.0787 131.2507 AD10 7 35 200 -13.2052 131.1547 AD14 7 38 200 -13.184 131.21 FN09 7 33 200 -13.2297 130.9492 FN23 7 35 200 -12.9892 131.0265

22

Appendix 3. Predictive variables used in Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis.

Code Variable description LATUDE Latitude LNGUDE Longitude DAYNUM Day number from 1 Jan DSTSRC Distance from source CATARE Catchment area LOGCAT Log catchment area STRORD Stream order AVGWID Average stream width ALKNTY Alkalinity AVGVEL Average velocity SDVTOP Standard deviation of elevation RNGTOP Range of elevation ELVATN Elevation RIP100 Area of riparian rainforest in 100m radius of site SPR100 Area of spring rainforest in 100m radius of site TOT100 Total rainforest in 100m radius of site RIP250 Riparian rainforest in 250m radius of site SPR250 Spring rainforest in 250m radius of site TOT250 Total rainforest in 250m radius of site RIP500 Riparian rainforest in 500m radius of site SPR500 Spring rainforest in 500m radius of site TOT500 Total rainforest of 500m radius of site RIP1000 Riparian rainforest in 1000m radius of site SPR1000 Spring rainforest in 1000m radius of site TOT1000 Total rainforest of 1000m radius of site

23

Appendix 4. Outputs from NT Darwin-Daly genus model for reference site data from CRCFE analyses. NTE50 number of taxa predicted to occur with 50% probability; NTC50 number of taxa predicted to occur with 50% probability actually collected; OE50 ratio of observed/expected.

Site NTE50 NTC50 OE50 Band DW43 19.6 14 0.71 B MA33 20.5 15 0.73 B DA39 18.7 14 0.75 B DA17 20.6 16 0.78 B MA15 23.4 19 0.81 B DA14 24.1 20 0.83 B DW50 20.5 17 0.83 B MA27 21.5 18 0.84 B DA28 21.5 18 0.84 B MA16 20.9 18 0.86 A FN11 22.1 19 0.86 A MA08 22.0 19 0.86 A DA09 26.4 23 0.87 A MA14 20.7 18 0.87 A FN04 21.8 19 0.87 A MA20 21.3 19 0.89 A DA38 21.2 19 0.90 A MA13 22.2 20 0.90 A DA40 21.0 19 0.90 Out of range DA45 20.9 19 0.91 A AD06 19.8 18 0.91 A DA29 23.0 21 0.91 A DW40 19.7 18 0.91 A FN24 19.5 18 0.92 A DA42 21.7 20 0.92 A FN26 22.7 21 0.93 A DW48 22.5 21 0.93 A MA25 20.3 19 0.94 A MC03 19.2 18 0.94 A FN14 23.4 22 0.94 Out of range MA32 22.3 21 0.94 A FN06 21.2 20 0.95 A - Attention DA01 26.4 25 0.95 A MA07 22.2 21 0.95 A MA19 21.1 20 0.95 A DA13 22.1 21 0.95 A MA26 21.9 21 0.96 A FN02 19.7 19 0.97 A DA37 22.6 22 0.97 A DA60 22.6 22 0.97 A DA30 22.5 22 0.98 A DA54 26.4 26 0.98 A DW49 19.2 19 0.99 A AD14 19.2 19 0.99 A AD11 21.1 21 0.99 A DW51 24.1 24 1.00 A MA34 22.1 22 1.00 A DA41 21.0 21 1.00 A FN22 22.0 22 1.00 A

24

MC04 21.0 21 1.00 A MA28 18.9 19 1.00 A MA35 20.9 21 1.00 A DA21 20.9 21 1.01 A DW37 20.8 21 1.01 A AD13 18.8 19 1.01 A DA46 20.8 21 1.01 A DW39 18.8 19 1.01 A MC06 20.8 21 1.01 A DA05 23.7 24 1.01 A MA09 22.7 23 1.01 A AD10 20.7 21 1.01 A DA53 22.6 23 1.02 A DW45 18.6 19 1.02 A DW42 18.6 19 1.02 A DA58 26.4 27 1.02 A DA59 26.4 27 1.02 A DA04 19.6 20 1.02 A DA52 20.5 21 1.02 A DA32 26.3 27 1.03 A FN12 21.4 22 1.03 A DA50 21.4 22 1.03 A DA35 22.3 23 1.03 A MA24 22.3 23 1.03 A MA10 21.2 22 1.04 A DA47 19.2 20 1.04 A MA23 22.0 23 1.04 A FN23 21.9 23 1.05 A MA11 20.7 22 1.06 A DA49 22.6 24 1.06 A MA30 20.7 22 1.06 A DA11 21.5 23 1.07 A FN01 23.2 25 1.08 A DW36 21.3 23 1.08 A DA03 22.2 24 1.08 A MA17 21.1 23 1.09 A DA15 21.0 23 1.09 A DA22 21.0 23 1.09 A DA07 26.4 29 1.10 A FN13 20.0 22 1.10 A MA12 20.9 23 1.10 A DA57 20.9 23 1.10 A MA01 21.7 24 1.11 A DA43 20.7 23 1.11 A FN09 19.8 22 1.11 A MA02 21.3 24 1.13 A DA20 20.4 23 1.13 A DA24 20.9 24 1.15 X MA31 20.8 24 1.16 X MA18 19.8 23 1.16 X DA12 22.3 26 1.17 X MA21 22.2 26 1.17 X DA08 26.4 31 1.17 X – AttentionDA31 21.8 26 1.19 X

25

DA51 22.6 27 1.19 X DA44 22.5 27 1.20 X MA29 21.3 26 1.22 X DA56 21.0 26 1.24 X FN07 19.9 25 1.26 X DA48 21.5 27 1.26 X DA10 19.8 25 1.26 X DA55 21.3 27 1.27 X MA22 22.9 29 1.27 X AD02 21.3 27 1.27 X DW31 21.0 27 1.28 X DA27 26.4 34 1.29 X FN03 20.1 27 1.34 X DA18 21.3 29 1.36 X

26

Appendix 5. Outputs for NT Darwin-Daly genus model for reference-test sites.

Site NTE50 NTC50 OE50 Band DA01 26.4 24 0.91 A DA40 21.8 20 0.92 Out of rangeDA05 23.7 22 0.93 A DA21 21.1 20 0.95 A DA22 21.1 21 1.00 A DA11 (98) 21.8 22 1.01 A DA11 (96) 21.0 22 1.05 A AD02 21.7 23 1.06 A DA03 (99) 21.3 23 1.08 A DA04 (96) 19.6 22 1.12 A DA03 (96) 22.2 25 1.13 A DA04 (98) 18.5 21 1.14 A DA11 (95) 21.0 24 1.14 X FN04 20.8 24 1.15 X DA04 (95) 20.4 24 1.18 X

27