A practicalapproach to 3Rs policy
Transcript of A practicalapproach to 3Rs policy
Adrian Smith, Norecopa, Norway
National Consensus Platform for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of Animal Experiments
http://norecopa.no/Brno
A practical approach
to 3Rs policy
AnimalModelsforHumanDiseases:BestPracticesforinvivoresearchBrno,6-7June2016
Industry
GovernmentResearch
Animalwelfare
www.ecopa.eu
European Consensus-Platform for Alternatives
ecopa supports the establishment of National Consensus Platforms (NCPs) where all 4 stakeholders are equally represented:
Norecopa is a member of ecopa
The Three RsThe result of a national survey of animal experimentation where the degree ofinhumanity was assessed.
• ReplacementMethods which replace or avoid the use of animalsAbsolute replacement (non-sentient animals) or relative replacement (e.g. cellcultures)
• ReductionMethodstomaximise bestquality andprecise information fromtheminimumnumber ofanimals - better experimental designandstatistical analysis
• RefinementMethodstoimprove experimental procedures,andother factors such ashousing andcare,toreduce suffering andimprovewelfare throughout the animals’lives
’Thegreatest scientific achievements havealways been the mosthumane’– awin-win situation foranimals andscientists
www.frame.org.uk/tag/russell-and-burch
Content
A few words on practical ethics and animal welfareThe 3Rs in practiceQuality assurance in animal studies
Planning (including literature searches)Conducting experimentsReporting animal experiments
Guidelines and other 3R resourcesCultures of Care and Challenge
Practical ethics behind the 3Rs
The paradox of “inverse veterinary medicine”SpeciesismWhat is the animal really experiencing?Weaknesses in animals as research models
History repeats itself when developing new models
GMO & GMM, nude mice, minipigs, isolators, IVC racks,cleaner fish, zebrafish
Two sets of “guidelines” emerge, that address very different questions:
• Wow that was cool, how do you do it?• Hmm, should we really be doing this?
The first group are more technical specifications than guidelines in the 3R sense…
The second set tend to be running fast in an attempt to catch up with the first set.
Reporting
Literaturesearch
Planning
ResearchIdentify and ensure the quality of (at least) the critical points in the
experiment:critical for animal welfare and scientific value
What is an alternative?
A method without the use of animals that gives the same answers as an animal experiment.
Are these alternatives?
• Cell cultures• Use of bacteria to test carcinogenicity• Chemical analysis of biologically active compounds
N.B. Animal experiments are usually needed to develop and validate alternatives.
Replacement alternatives
3D modelsAudiovisual aidsComputer simulationsMannekins, simulators, robotsQSAR (Quantitative Analysis of Structure/Activity Relationships)Cell and tissue cultures, organoids, organ perfusion
High Throughput Screening (HTS), organs-on-a-chipBiochemical & immunological methods (RIA, ELISA) Hybrid DNA technique, GMMTrials on “lower” organismsAcute experiments (terminal anaesthesia)Trials on dead animalsTrials on humans (microdosing and medical imaging)Synthesis of new evidence from experiments that have already been
performed
Organoids
e.g.Mini-liversDr Meritxell Huch,CambridgeUniversity
Adultmousestemcellsexpandintofullyfunctioning3Dlivertissue.
Cellsfromonemousecouldbeusedtotest1000drugcompoundstotreatliverdisease,andreduceanimalusebyupto50,000.
http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/mini-livers-show-promise-reduce-animal-use-science
• Charts,slides,manuals• Models,simulators,mannekins• Computerprograms&CD-ROM• Films,video• Virtualreality• Ethicallysourcedcadavers• Experiments onhumans,meatproducers,
slaughterhousematerial, invitro tissue&plants• Preservedmaterial(formalin,latex)
• Replacementwithatheoreticalsession• Animals intheirnaturalsettingorinbriefperiodsof
captivity• Animals inneedofclinicalveterinarycare• Researchanimalsthatwillbeusedanyway• Surplusbreedersfromlabanimalsuppliers
Alternativesineducationandtraining
The potential for 3R alternatives cannot be evaluated until the objective of the study is known.
This applies to all use of animals in research, testing, education and training
e.g. Possible objectives in education & training:
• Teaching and practising:- laboratory skills- general animal handling skills- preparation-specific animal skills
• imparting good ethical thinking• new knowledge and reinforcing existing• data handling skills• experimental design skills• communication skills (oral, written)• groupwork• staff-student interaction
AJ Smith & K Smith, 2004
Guidelines for humane education: Alternatives to the use of animals in
teaching and trainingProceedings of the 4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal
Use in the Life Sciences, New Orleans, August 2002.
http://www.atla.org.uk/wp-content/plugins/s2member-files/32_S1a_3_Plenary_specialcontribution.pdf
(log-inrequired,pages16-26)
2) Reduction alternatives
A good statistician is the lab animal’s best friend.
Combined with methods to reduce background “noise”.
http://norecopa.no/norecopa/vedlegg/Berdoy-handout.pdf
Sources of background “noise”:
• Age, sex, weight• Stress, subclinical disease• Room temperature, animal cage• Environmental “enrichment”• Temporal differences between treatments• Climatic factors• Position of cage in the room• Experimenter• Animal Technician (weekend workers)• and many more
FRAMETrainingSchools
Portugal,30March-1April2015Norway,February2016
www.frame.org.uk/training-schools
NC3Rswebsite
http://nc3rs.org.uk/experimental-design
Guidelines fortheDesignandStatisticalAnalysisofExperimentsUsingLaboratoryAnimalshttp://ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/4/244.full
NC3RsExperimentalDesignAssistant(EDA)http://nc3rs.org.uk/experimental-design-assistant-eda
TextBase
http://norecopa.no/textbasehttp://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book242188?siteId=sage-uk&prodTypes=any&q=9781853155130
3) Refinement alternatives
”Simple” techniques?
Are they feasible? e.g. intramuscular injections
Photo:NMBU
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/01/12/flipper-bands-impair-penguin-survival-and-breeding-success/#.VLU6_8Y7_wo
Photo:colourbox.com
Photo:T.Poppe,NMBU
”Simple” identification methods?Do they affect the animal?
Inacrossoverstudy,eightNewZealandWhiterabbitseachunderwentfourdifferenttreatmentsofactualorshameartattooing,withandwithoutpriorapplicationofatopicallocalanaesthetic(lidocaine/prilocaine).Changesinimmediatebehaviour,heartrate,arterialbloodpressure,serumcorticosteroneconcentrations,facialexpressionandhomepenbehaviourswereassessed.ChangesinfacialexpressionwereexaminedtodeveloptheRabbitGrimaceScaleinordertoassessacutepain.TattooingwithoutEMLAcreamresultedinsignificantlygreaterstrugglingbehaviourandvocalisation,greaterfacialexpressionscoresofpain,higherpeakheartrate,aswellashighersystolicandmeanarterialbloodpressurecomparedtoallothertreatments.PhysiologicalandbehaviouralchangesfollowingtattooingwithEMLAcreamweresimilartothoseinanimalsreceivingshamtattooswithorwithoutEMLAcream.Behaviouralchanges1hourpost-treatmentwereminimalwithnopainbehavioursidentifiableinanygroup.Serumcorticosteroneresponsesdidnotdifferbetweenshamandtattootreatments.ConclusionsEartattooingcausestransientandpotentiallyseverepaininrabbits,whichisalmostcompletelypreventedbypriorapplicationoflocalanaestheticcream.TheRabbitGrimaceScaledevelopedappearstobeareliableandaccuratewaytoassessacutepaininrabbits.
GrimaceScales
PLoSONE,2012,7(9):e44437.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044437
Thelonely mouse
Malemice housed singly develop symptomswhich would becharacterised as
depression inhumans.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111065
photo:colourbox.com
”Contingent suffering”indirect suffering
fearboredomtransportstress
http://www.tecniplast.it/usermedia/us/3-5LTankwithFish-small.jpg
Zebrafish?
AlternativesinproductionoflabanimalsDirectiveArticle18:
MemberStatesshallfacilitate,whereappropriate,theestablishmentofprogrammesforthesharingoforgansandtissues ofanimalskilled.
AninternationalworkshopintheNetherlands”Bredbutnotused”.2012:579,338animalsusedinprocedures524,735animalsbredbutnotused
J-BPrins&CHendriksen,9thWorldCongressonAlternativesandAnimalUse,Prague,August2014
J-BPrins&CHendriksen,9thWorldCongressonAlternativesandAnimalUse,Prague,August2014
Causing factors: Survey 2011 by NVWA
y Max 5% illness, microbial status, …
y 38% unsuitable genotype
y 23.3% wrong sex
y 21.6% age (discrepancy between production and demand)
y 13.5% surplus breeding (not longer suitable for experimental purposes)
Quality assurance at all levels of the animal facility.For example:
• SOPs describing good techniques, carried out by competent operators• Checklist (“contract”) between researcher and the facility• The AAALAC Program Description template* as an overall performance
checklist• Institutional policies on animal care and use• Animal environment, housing and management• Veterinary care• Physical plant
• A Master Plan as a weekly checklist for the whole facility during the year
*https://www.aaalac.org/programdesc/index.cfm
www.aaalac.org
Reporting
Literaturesearch
Planning
Research
Report (at least) the critical points in the experiment:critical for animal welfare and scientific value – otherwise other people will
repeat your mistakes!
Reporting has historically been poor:
Jane Smith et al. (1997): 149 papers in 8 journals from 1990-1991:
Parameters not mentioned:
Number of animals: 30%
How the animals were killed: 45%
Sex 28% Room temperature 72%
Age 52% Relative humidity 89%
Weight 71% Photoperiod 72%
Source 53% Number of animals/cage 73%
Many journals now offer supplementary online space
(generally unlimited) where more information about
the methods and results can be posted.
And most people have access to a website where this
could be posted...
SCID-Humiceimmunizedwithapneumococcalvaccineproducespecifichumanantibodiesandshowincreased
resistancetoinfection.
photo: NMBUhttp://www.theodora.com/rodent_laboratory/blood_collection.html
Saphenous vein puncture for
blood samplingof the mouse,rat,hamster,
gerbil,guinea-pig,
ferret andmink
and it does not have to be in a high-impact journal.
A useful additional (but largely unknown) tool…Carol M. Newton (1925-2014)
The three S’s
• Good Science• Good Sense*• Good Sensibilities*
*We can do this ourselves without scientific literature!
CarolMNewton,quoted inRowsell HC(1977):TheEthics of Biomedical Experimentation inTheFutureof Animals,Cells,Models,andSystemsinResearch,Development,Education,andTesting pp.267-281,NationalAcademy of Sciences,Washington,D.C.,ISBN0-309-02603-2.
NationalLibraryofMedicine
Criticalanthropomorphism:=empathy + objective,knowledge-basedconsiderationofwhatislikelytobesignificanttotheanimal
Smith AJ & Hawkins P (submitted) The Three S’s of Carol Newton
A Culture of Care
All about
• Attitude• Not just lip-service, but actually implemented• Commitment to continual improvement• Constant challenge of the way things are done• Everyone involved and having responsibility• Education in 3R alternatives from the day staff join• Finding the time to discuss the present situation and
possible 3R solutions• Transparency – involve all stakeholders
http://ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/1/3.full
https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/creating-culture-care
A Culture of Challenge
’because we’ve always done it that way...’
Choose the acceptable, not the accepted
Think ”3R-Alternatives” at all stages
• Breeding• Transport• Acclimation• Procedures, e.g. choice of
• dose• method of administration• methods of data collection (blood sampling, body temperature,
heart rate, blood pressure etc.)• Pilot studies
ConsultthetechniciansfromDay1:• theyknowthepossibilities(andlimitations)intheanimalfacility• theyoftenpossessalargerangeofpracticalskillsandaregoodatlateral
thinking• theyknowtheanimalsbest• theanimalsknowthembest
Focus on Alternatives (FoA)
A consortium of UK animal welfareorganisations
http://norecopa.no/media/6663/earlyplanningposter.pdf
and
http://norecopa.no/media/6672/
investigationposter.pdf
Reporting
Literaturesearch
Planning
ResearchCorrect literature searches are a vital part of
the work to advance the 3Rs
Are scientists good at looking for alternatives?
• Bibliographic databases are often not used adequately (poor overlapping)• Too few scientists are aware of the specialist databases on alternatives• Scientists rarely use ”3R” words when they write titles/abstracts/keywordsfor their papers• This is a major problem because we have no single ”Journal ofAlternatives”
AliceTillema,Radboud University:Howtoconstructaliteraturesearch
http://norecopa.no/how-to-construct-a-literature-search.pdf
The Internet doesn’t give us everything we need to know on alternatives
colourbox.com
The Surface Web
The Deep (Invisible) Web
TheSurfaceWebisusefulfor
• Searchingforaspecificdocumentwhichweknowexists• Lookingforastarting-pointforinformationonaspecifictopic• Finding”greyliterature”(e.g.unpublishedreports)
TheDeepWeb
ManythousandtimeslargerthantheSurfaceWeb,materialmaybe:
• Encrypted• Registration/subscription• Password-protecteddatabases• Notformattedfor,oraccessibleby,standardsearch
enginese.g.textinimageorvideofiles• Materialoncompanyintranets
colourbox.com
Contents
• DataRetrievalProcedures(basicprinciples)
• Check-listforsearchingforinformationonalternativemethods
• Tablescomparingthefeaturesof• Databases• Journals• Organisations
Contents
SevenGoldenStepstoSuccessfulSearching
1. Clearlydefineandbeawareofyourspecificinformationneed2. Identifythefundamentalcomponentsofyourscientific
approach3. Choosethemostappropriateinformationresources4. Compile relevantandnecessarysearchterms5. Startyoursearchwithasimplequeryina3Rsspecificcontext6. Limitsearchresultsfrommoreextensiveresources7. Broadenthesearchhorizon
Archiveyoursearches soyoucandocumentthemandavoidrepeatingthem
http://norecopa.no/search?q=bloodsampling%20mouse
Archivekeydocuments youretrieve,e.g.inMendeley
Searchstrategiesinanutshell
•Definethesearchaswellaspossible•Identifysynonymsand3Rterms•Remember thedifferences betweenBritish&AmericanEnglish•Useseveraldatabases(littleoverlapping)•Learnthedifferences betweenthesearchengines(readthe
instructions!)•GetusedtousingBooleanlogicandcheckwhichtermsaresupported
bythesearchengine•Learnhowtoexpand/narrowyoursearch•Lookforcorearticlesandkeyauthors•Use thepossibilitiesontheInternet togetintouchwiththebest
research labs
colourbox.com
Some search guides:
The EURL ECVAM search guide (2013):http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/the-eurl-ecvam-search-guide-pbLBN124391
CCAC Three Rs Search Guide:http://3rs.ccac.ca/en/searches-and-animal-index/guide
AltWeb: A step-by-step approach to an alternatives search:http://altweb.jhsph.edu/resources/searchalt/index.html
UC Davis guide to bibliographic databases for alternatives searching:http://lib.ucdavis.edu/dept/animalalternatives/databaseapproach.php
IMPI I3R working party report on Searching for 3Rs Information – Published Literature Sources (2002):http://www.impi.org.uk/i3r_v2_jul2002.pdf
Sources of 3R resources
• National 3R centres
• 3R congress proceedings
• Guidelines papers
• Databases
• Journals
• Discussion groups
• Training schools
Centresgivinginformationonalternatives
UCCAAUniversity of CaliforniaCenter for Animal Alternatives
www.lib.ucdavis.edu/dept/animalalternatives
awic.nal.usda.gov
1996:2ndWorldCongressonAlternativesandAnimalUseintheLifeSciences,Utrecht
1997: Altweb (Alternatives to animals on the web)
http://altweb.jhsph.edu
Theworldcongressesonthe3Rsareimportant3R-driversanddisseminatorsofinformation:
wc9prague.org891abstracts,49countries,1000participants
(thenextoneisinSeptember2017inSeattle)
Expert Working Group report on severity classification
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/report_ewg.pdf
Guidance on the severity classification ofprocedures involving fish
Report fromaWorking Groupconvened byNorecopa
DesignedtobeasupplementtotheEUWorkingGroupreportonthesamesubject,whichmostrelevantfor
traditional labanimals(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/
pdf/report_ewg.pdf)
PHawkins,NDennison,GGoodman,SHetherington,SLlywelyn-Jones,KRyderandAJSmith
Laboratory Animals, 45: 219-224, 2011www.norecopa.no/categories
Guidelines bleeding mice
Auto-complete function:
Synonym list:Bleeding, bloodsampling, blood sampling, venepuncture,blood collection, phlebotomy
Search engine
https://kmonadollaraday.fil es.w ordpr ess. com/2011/03/i nformation-sil os.j pg
Ourvision:Toaiddisseminationof3Rresourcesbetweenthedifferentscientificfields
Therearelotsofplatforms...
...butarethereenoughtrains?
Norecopa aimstobeafasttraintoglobal3Rresources
Photo: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-engla nd-london-35882068http://www.london-gifts. co.uk
Thankstoourmainsponsors:
• Standing Committee on Business Affairs, Norwegian Parliament• Ministries of Agriculture and Fisheries• Novo Nordisk• Nordic Society Against Painful Experiments• Scottish Accreditation Board• Dag S. Stiansen Foundation• Laboratory Animals Ltd.• Norwegian Research Council
FundingoftheNORINAdatabase1991-2016:
NordicSocietyAgainstPainfulExperiments,DagS.Stiansen Foundation,TheNorwegianResearchCouncil,theNorwegianSchoolofVeterinaryScience,LaboratoryAnimalsLtd.,RSPCA,UFAW,AstraZeneca,SolvayPharmaceuticals,theSwedishFundforResearchwithoutAnimalExperiments,NorwegianFederationforAnimalProtection,Allkopi,TheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates,St.AndrewAnimalFund,MicrosurgicalDevelopmentsFoundation,AAALACInternational,LASA,NEAVS,AmershamHealth