A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

75
A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN TEROPONG ARTICLES OF KOMPAS’ NEWSPAPER By NUR IZMA RACHMIATI 107026001265 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAHJAKARTA 2011

Transcript of A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

Page 1: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH

LOANWORDS IN TEROPONG ARTICLES OF KOMPAS’

NEWSPAPER

By

NUR IZMA RACHMIATI

107026001265

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2011

Page 2: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

i

ABSTRACT

Nur Izma Rachmiati, A Phonemic and Graphemic Change of English Loanwords

in Teropong Articles of Kompas’ Newspaper. Thesis: Letters and Humanities

Faculty. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011.

In this research, the writer discussed the change process of phonemic and

graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

Teropong articles contains of science and technology development.

Due to some reasons, the first is that most of the Indonesian words used

are loanwords, second is that Kompas’ is a great leading newspaper in Indonesia,

and third that science and technology issues has been an interesting issue to

discuss.

In this research, the writer uses a descriptive qualitative method. The

data were taken from the articles of Teropong in Kompas’ on August 16 2011

edition. From the findings, the writer found that there are 50 loanwords in the

articles of Teropong in Kompas’ newspaper. The thesis examines the change

process of loanwords from the source language into the recipient language at

phonemic and graphemic. At phoneme level, the writer discusses the conditioning

of the English loans that are subjected to as a result of the phonetic asymmetry

between Bahasa Indonesia and English both of consonants, vowels, and

diphthongs that made appropriate with recipient language system because the

phonemes in English and Bahasa Indonesia basically are different. At grapheme

level, the writer discusses that the change of spelling system in Bahasa Indonesia

which is adapted from foreign language both grapheme, double consonants, and

consonant clusters.

Thus, it can be concluded that borrowing is not coincidental and

unstructured process but usually deliberate, purposeful and systematic.

Page 3: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

ii

APPROVEMENT

A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH

LOANWORDS IN TEROPONG ARTICLES OF KOMPAS’

NEWSPAPER

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

NUR IZMA RACHMIATI

107026001265

Approved by:

Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd

Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2011

Page 4: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Nur Izma Rachmiati

NIM : 107026001265

Title : A Phonemic and Graphemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong

Articles of Kompas’ Newspaper

The thesis entitled has been defended before the Letter and Humanities

Faculty’s Examination Committee on August 16, 2011. It has already been

accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, August 16, 2011

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair Person)

19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary)

19781003 200112 2 002

3. Dr. Frans Sayogie, M.Pd (Advisor)

19700310 200003 1 002

4. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed (Examiner I)

150 181 922

5. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner II)

19650919 200003 1 002

Page 5: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, August , 2011

Nur Izma Rachmiati

Page 6: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Alhamdulillahi robbil alamin, all praise and thanks are given to Allah

SWT, for guiding the writer amazingly and mysteriously during the process of

this research. Greeting and invocation are presented to Prophet Muhammad SAW,

who has guided humanity to the right path blessed by the Lord.

The writer would like to give her sincerest gratitude to her beloved

parents, her brothers and her sisters for their endless, silent prayer and who always

accompany her with love and attention. It makes the writer realize that she would

have never finished her study without their support.

This work could not be completed without a great deal of help from

many people, especially Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd, the writer’s thesis advisor on

writing this thesis. The deepest gratitude for his guidance, helpful correction,

patient, cooperation, time, and kindness until this thesis completed.

The writer also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the

individuals for helping her in finishing this thesis and for their contribution in the

process of writing until it had become a complete work. They are as follows:

1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.

2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and

Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters.

3. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching her many

things during study.

Page 7: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

vi

4. All the librarians and the Academic staff of Adab and Humanities

Faculty and State Islamic University.

5. The writer’s dearest ‘Muhammad Lazuardi Ramadhan’ for giving

support, motivation, and accompanies her in bad and good times.

6. The writer’s friends: Dewi Permata Sari, Esa Yolanda Putri, Putri

Martanti, Yasir Mubarok, Sangkawentar, Nurul Laily. M., Astriadi, and

Cici Puput Lestari for the wonderful friendship and for the help in the

process of writing; Egi Imam, Aslam, Piscessius and Darwis for

laughing and every funny things they brought.

7. The writer’s friends in English Letters Department, especially in

Linguistics class. Thanks for giving her unforgettable friendship.

8. All the people who have helped the writer during the process of

conducting this research whose names are not mentioned here.

May Allah SWT, The Almighty and The Merciful, bless them all. The writer

realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and

criticisms will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.

Jakarta, August 20, 2011

The writer

Page 8: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT ............................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION ............................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Research ............................................................. 1

B. Focus of the Research ....................................................................... 6

C. Research Questions ........................................................................... 6

D. Significance of the Research ............................................................. 7

E. Research Methodology...................................................................... 7

1. Objective of the Research .................................................... 7

2. Method of the Research ........................................................ 7

3. Unit of Analysis .................................................................... 8

4. Instrument of the Research.................................................... 8

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 9

A. Loanwords ......................................................................................... 9

1. The Definition of Loanwords ............................................... 9

2. Kinds of Borrowings ............................................................ 10

3. The Limits of Loanwords ..................................................... 10

4. The Form of Loanwords ....................................................... 13

Page 9: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

viii

B. Phonological Change ........................................................................ 21

1. Phonemic .............................................................................. 22

2. Phonotactics ......................................................................... 33

C. Types of Phonological Change ........................................................ 34

1. Assimilation ......................................................................... 34

2. Sound Change ...................................................................... 36

D. Graphemes......................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ....................................................... 39

A. Data Description................................................................................ 39

B. Data Analysis .................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................. 62

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 62

B. Suggestion ......................................................................................... 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 64

APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 67

Page 10: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Language is a system of communication that plays an important role in all

aspects of human life. It is the most effective tool of communication for people.

Language makes people understandable of what other people mean. Without

language, the world cannot develop normally. People also use language to express

their thought, feeling, and everything in their mind. In society, a language that

people use in speaking is really affected by the situation around. Wardhaugh has

defined language itself as “a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication”.1

Language is also a meaning of communication in our social order. The

application of Bahasa Indonesia, whether as a way of communication use in

radio, broadcasting, television, or newspaper, may put in the place that is used

widely in our country. In addition, Badudu states that language has its own

characteristic in the community, so the language of newspaper which is short,

simple, understandable, solid, and interesting.2 He proposes that press as a

meaning of mass communication has a big responsibility in the establishment of

language.

1 Ronald Wardhaugh, Introduction to Linguistics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,

1972), p. 3 2 Rosihan Anwar, Bahasa Jurnalistik Indonesia dan Komposisi (Yogyakarta: Media Abadi, 2004),

p. 4

Page 11: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

2

The use of language in magazines, newspaper, and other mass media is called

press.3 In an Indonesian newspaper as one of mass media, there are many words

either initially from Indonesian language or other language. They often emerge in

every issue such as economics, politics, social, science and technology, opinion,

and cultural issues. The use of language in mass media such as press, radio,

television, has greater influence toward people‟s speaking habit in society. The

newspaper is reader„s digest. The society read newspaper to follow up the issues

that happened surrounding. Newspaper can be found in every type of our society

which has different social classes, whether it is upper class, middle class, or lower

class.

Marcelino (1993) in his article quotes the statement from Alisjahbana who

stated that more than 321.000 of modern terms of foreign language have been

drafted into Indonesian terminology and used in the school, parliament, and the

mass media.4 Thus the words borrowed from another language are loanwords. A

language may borrow some words from other language to fulfill the needs in

extending the vocabularies in one field or to enrich the vocabulary to be able to

get along with development of technology, information and the rapid

communication in the Globalization Era.

Actually, there are lots of other reasons or motivations in borrowing English

terms such as needs, prestige and so on. Frans van Coestsem says about

motivation in accommodate borrowing terms as follows:

3 Haris Sumadiria, Jurnalistik Indonesia (Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2006), p. 53

4 M. Marcellino, Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Barat di Bahasa Indonesia: Suatu Telaah Antardisiplin

in: Harimurti Kridalaksana, (eds.), Penyelidikan Bahasa dan Perkembangan Wawasannya II,

(Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia, 1993), p. 205

Page 12: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

3

“Meanwhile a speaker‟s accommodation in his speech maybe is motivated by

either prestige or need, or combination of two. So, prestige is as a motivation and

not a result. A speaker using borrowed words maybe is motivated to do so by

need, but nonetheless derive prestige from this situation. On the other hand, a

speaker using borrowed words maybe motivated to do so by prestige, while such a

usage is rejected as pretentious by another speaker”.5

A strong influence about the introduction of western language, especially

English, in modern sectors has caused the uses of vocabulary from foreign

language into Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, having these foreign loanwords is a

very common thing to do in Indonesian mass media.

Kompas is the most widely read newspaper in Indonesia. Published by

Kompas-Gramedia Group Publishing since June 28, 1965, it has a reputation in

Indonesia for high-quality writing and investigative journalism. It is written in

Indonesian.6 Kompas newspaper has been the great leading newspaper that

published nationally and read nationwide by many people in Indonesia.

In this newspaper, there are a lot of rubrics such as Business, Opinions,

Teropong, and etc. In this research, the writer decided to use the articles in

Teropong of Kompas’ newspaper. Teropong articles contains of science and

technology development.

Science and technology has recently become an interesting issue in the

Indonesian society. To add when reading that articles, the writer found out that

many of the words that are written are commonly loanwords from English, such

as teknologi, telekomunikasi, internet, etc. To conclude, due to some reasons, first

is that most of Indonesian words used are loanword, second is that Kompas is the

5 Frans van Coetsem, Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact

(Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1988), p. 14 6 Eberhard Ojong, Kompas Background, Accessed on August 19, 2011. http://powercx.com/

ojong/?p=53, p.1

Page 13: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

4

great leading newspaper in Indonesia, and third that science and technology has

been an interesting issue to discuss.

Transferring some word from English into Bahasa Indonesia needs some

process to make it suits with Bahasa Indonesia system. The first thing to do in

analyzing is the sound of it. The sound of language expressions consist of

phonemic; such as the form of consonant, vowel and diphthong formation, and

also grapheme in the spelling of Bahasa Indonesia.

In phonology, there are phonemes, phones, and allophones as a phonological

unit. Moreover, the rules of phonology either in English or Bahasa Indonesia are

different, so when some language borrows the words from the other, they adapt it

in phonological or morphological modification. The loanword will be changed

based on the rule and habit in the recipient language, for example: teknologi, it is

derived from English “technology”7. The word “technology” /tek'nɒləʤi/

8

becomes teknologi /téknologi/ in Bahasa Indonesia, there is a replacement of

phonemes /ʤ/ to phoneme /g/.

In its development, Bahasa Indonesia has been influenced by some

languages. Based on the standard of its integration, the absorption of foreign terms

in Bahasa Indonesia can be categorized into three major categories.9 First, the

element that is absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia is no longer needed to change the

spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc.

7 J.S. Badudu, Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Third Edition. (Jakarta:

Kompas, 2007), p. 344 8 A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Sixth Edition. Ed. Sally Wehmeir (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 1388 9 Frans Sayogie, et al., Kata Serapan Bahasa Inggris dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Laporan

Penelitian UIN Jakarta, 2009), p. 61

Page 14: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

5

Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into the

Bahasa Indonesia, such as reshuffle, shuttle cock, and long march. These

elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows

foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing

rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the form can still be compared with

its Indonesian original form.

In addition, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia as the standard in Bahasa

Indonesia organizes spelling rules that occurs to loanwords from foreign language

based on its graphemes. There are differences between phonemes and graphemes.

If people talk about phonemes, they were talking about the sound; when they talk

about the letter, it was graphemes. Grapheme is the overall of letters or

combination of letter that represent phonemes. Basically, Bahasa Indonesia has

different spelling system with English language, both phonemically and

graphemically. Some of the rules that are grapheme c, before vowels a, u, or o, is

changed into grapheme k, grapheme f does not change, ph is changed into

grapheme f.10

In Kompas’ Teropong articles, there are many of graphemes from English

loanwords is changed into Bahasa Indonesia based on the adjustment of spelling

and pronunciation in Bahasa Indonesia system, such as the word kabin from

English word cabin. Grapheme c is changed into k in Bahasa Indonesia when it is

put before vowel a and it‟s pronounced as /k/.

10

Hasan Alwi, et.al, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Second Edition (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka

Jakarta, 1988), pp. 397-400

Page 15: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

6

Marcellino (1993) mentioned that there are four linguistic factors that

influence the use of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia vocabulary.11

First is filling

the non-existence lexicons in Bahasa Indonesia. Second is giving the accurate

meanings in the semantic field, this means that it replaces the Indonesian word

itself. Third is filling the specific needs of a register. The last is having the

adaptability with system of Bahasa Indonesia.

The fourth factor, which has been mentioned above, related to the

phonological and morphological system of English loanwords in Bahasa

Indonesia. Therefore, the writer as a student of English Letters is interested in

analyzing phonemic and graphemic change from English into Bahasa Indonesia

and process of change of those loanwords that are used in Teropong articles of

Kompas’ newspaper. In this research the writer uses phonological phonemes and

graphemes theory.

B. Focus of the Research

As mentioned above, the writer will focus the research on the change process

phonemes and graphemes of the loanwords from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

Here the writer tries to analyze it in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

C. Research Question

According to the focus of the study, there is a question will be discussed,

how is the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in

Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper?

11

M. Marcellino, (1993), op.cit. p. 206

Page 16: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

7

D. Significance of the Study

Through the research, the writer hopes that this thesis will be a good

reference for other students, especially students of English Letters Department of

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, who are interested in doing a further

research on the same topic. In addition, from the analysis of phonemic and

graphemic change of English loanwords in this research, the writer hopes that it

would give Indonesians as the owners of Bahasa Indonesia and the users of

English in general, a better understanding about the spelling of loanwords

especially that come from English, in Bahasa Indonesia vocabulary. The last but

not least, the writer hopes this study will give contribution in the scientific

development of the study of borrowing words in Bahasa Indonesia.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

The objective of the research is to know the change process of phonemic and

graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

2. Method of the Research

In this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method that explains

the change process of phonemic and graphemic of English loanwords in Teropong

articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

3. Unit of Analysis

The unit of this research is the word chosen in two articles of Teropong in

Kompas’ newspaper, 16 August 2011 edition. They are;

a. Telekomunikasi; Sebuah Dunia yang Bergerak Cepat

b. Kornea Mata Pun Perlu Bernapas

Page 17: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

8

4. Instrument of the Research

The writer uses herself as a main instrument by reading and marking the

loanwords from English that are changed in Teropong articles of Kompas’

newspaper. The writer also uses some references as a reference for research

support.

The books that the writer uses as the references are:

a. Dictionary of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (fourth edition) by

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2008) in order to see the phonetic

transcription of Bahasa Indonesia.

b. Dictionary of Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

(third edition) by J.S. Badudu (2007) to check the loanwords in the source

language.

c. Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary by A S Hornby (2000) to find out

the phonetic transcription in source language.

d. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (second edition) by Hasan Alwi , et

al to find out the rules of Indonesian spelling system.

Then, the writer divided the data into two parts, they are phonemic and

graphemic. The data tabulated to make easier to analyze.

Page 18: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

9

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Loan words

1. The Definition of Loanwords

Loanwords are words borrowed from one language to another. Words are

generally loaned when two different cultures come into contact with each other.

This might be because of immigration, trade, fashions or foods, the arts,

technologies, or wars. Robins (1980) has pointed out that:

“Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the speakers

different languages, this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of

words from other languages to refer to things, processes, and ways of behavior,

organization, or thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or

convenient in their own language hitherto. Some of the foreign words so used by

individual speakers pass into general currency in the language, being altered in

pronunciation in the process in the direction of the sounds and phonological

patterns of the language acquiring them. These are known as loan words.”12

Loan words also called as borrowings. In one of his early works Haugen

(1950) defined borrowing as the attempted reproduction in one language of

patterns previously found in another language.13

Winfred says, “The study of

variations in languages as speakers of one language adopt elements of another or

as speakers of one dialect take on forms of another. The process of introducing

such elements is known as borrowing”.14

12

R. H Robins, General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey (New York: Longman Group Ltd,

1980) p. 235 13

Kombe Sure, Grammatical and Phonological Integration of English Loanwords into Dholu, In

Journal of Multilinguial and Multicultural Development 1993. Edited by Professor John Edwards

(Frankfurt: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1993), p. 330 14

Winfred P. Lehmann, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, Inc., 1962), Second Edition, p. 3

Page 19: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

10

2. Kinds of Borrowings

According to Bloomfield the adoption of the features that differ from those of

the main tradition, is linguistic borrowing. Within the sphere of borrowing, he

distinguishes into cultural borrowing, and intimate borrowing.15

a. Cultural Borrowing

Cultural borrowing is where the borrowed features come from the different

language. Cultural borrowing comes from trade activity, science and technology,

and religion. English and Arabic are the languages that have cultural borrowing in

Bahasa Indonesia. It borrows the English are in terms of science and technology,

and Arabic in terms of religion. The words internet, plaza, and artikel come from

English loanwords. The words sholat, saum, wudhu come from Arabic loanwords.

b. Intimate Borrowing

Intimate borrowing occurs when two languages are spoken in what is

topographically and politically a single community.16

Conquest and migration are

the cause of intimate borrowing. Dutch and Chinese are the example of languages

in intimate borrowing. Dutch loanwords are borrowed because of conquest. Much

of the words are used in government terms, such as bursa, pensiun, and Parlemen.

Chinese loanwords are borrowed because of migration. Much of the words are

found in culinary terms, such as capcay, bakso, and somay.

3. The Limits of Loanwords

In language development, Bahasa Indonesia got some influences from other

languages such as Dutch, Spain, Arabic, French, and especially English.

15

Leonard Bloomfield, Language. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1933), p. 444 16

Ibid, p. 461

Page 20: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

11

Jespersen defines that:

“When in two languages we find no trace of exchange of loan-words, one way or

another, we are safe to infer that two nations have had nothing to do with each

other. But if they have been in contact, the number of loan-words and still more

the quality of the loan-words, if rightly interpreted will inform us of their

reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in

ideas and in what domains of human activity each has been superior to the

other.”17

Hence, the borrowing that has occurred between Bahasa Indonesia and

English reflects the cultural and social interactions between Bahasa Indonesia and

English.

Any prolonged cultural contact, especially with speakers of a language who

enjoy political power or prestige in any sphere, leads to a considerable amount of

borrowing of vocabulary from that language in spheres concerned.18

Normally,

loan words are assimilated to the phonetic sound classes and the phonological

patterns of the borrowing language, the original consonants and vowels being

replaced by consonants and vowels as close to them as are available. Thereafter,

synchronically as opposed to historically, they are no longer recognizable by their

form as loans.

However, in certain cases words continue to be recognized and treated as

foreign in origin, and attempts are made to pronounce them as such, English

coupon and restaurant, when pronounced with a final nasalized vowel, and rouge

and garage, when pronounced with final /ʒ/, which does not occur finally except

in a few loans. There is a tendency for doublets of such words to appear,

17

Kombe Sure (1993), op.cit. pp. 331-332 18

R. H Robins (1980), op.cit. p. 235

Page 21: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

12

assimilated and unassimilated, depending on the attitude or background of the

speaker.19

Historically, loan words occurred by audio, it means by sense of hearing: a

stranger said these loan words and then Indonesian people imitate it, according to

what they heard. Because of English phonological system is different with Bahasa

Indonesia system, so the imitations of their speech sounds based on the ability of

tongue to pronounce it. Thus Dutch domme krach when pronounced as dongkrak,

Sanskrit utpatti pronounced as upeti, Arabic mudharat pronounced as melarat,

Portuguese almari as lemari, and English real estate pronounced as realestat.

The use of real estate is caused by Indonesian people thought that there are no

equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia for its word. It is some common case if

there are no equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia for some foreign words, so that

Indonesian people refer to pronounce real estate into realestat. The word realestat

is commonly used by Indonesian people who work on the field of

entrepreneurship or industrial sector. Basically, the changing form caused by the

lenition of phonemes /e/ in the end of words, such as accurate, chocolate, and

dictates which is pronounced with akurat, coklat and diktat.

In such case, word realestat when it is used in a living environment,

Indonesian people must transform it into a word which is fulfilled the rules of

Indonesian form. For example:

Realestat Sukamenak not Sukamenak Realestat20

19

Ibid, pp. 236-237 20

Frans Sayogie, et al. (2009), op.cit. pp. 32-35

Page 22: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

13

Based on the restrictions above, it can be seen that the loanwords is the

process of borrowing from another language and more less adapted to loan the

rules of language.

4. The Form of Loanwords

Based on the level of its integration in the absorption of Bahasa Indonesia, it

can be divides into three major categories.21

First, the element that is no longer is

needed to change the spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the

foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, as like

shuttle cock, real estate. These elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context,

but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both

of the pronunciation and writing rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the

form can still be compared with its Indonesian original form. It can be divided

into three groups, they are:

a. Adjustment of Spelling

In this case, sought for foreign language spelling is changed as needed, so

Indonesian form can be compared to its original form. For example, synonym

becomes sinonim, ecology becomes ekologi, and syllabus becomes silabus.

The rules of foreign terms absorption in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:22

If ae unvaried with e, does not change

aerobe aerob

aerolit aerolit

aerosol aerosol

21

Ibid, p. 61 22

Hasan Alwi, et.al, (1988), op.cit. pp. 396-399

Page 23: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

14

If ae varies with e, become e

anaemia anemia

haematite hematit

haemoglobin hemoglobin

ai does not change

caisson kaison

tailer trailer

au does not change

autotrophe autotrof

caustic kaustik

hydraulic hidraulik

c before vowels /a/, o, u, or the consonant, is changed into k

calomel kalomel

vocal vokal

construction konstruksi

cubic kubik

classification klasifikasi

c before vowels e, i, oe, and y, is changed into phoneme s

central sentral

circulation sirkulasi

coelom selom

cylinder silinder

cc before vowels o, u or the consonant, is changed into k

accommodation akomodasi

acculturation akulturasi

acclimatization aklimatisasi

cc before vowels e or i is changed into ks

accent aksen

accessory aksesori

vaccine vaksin

Page 24: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

15

ch and cch before vowels a, o, or the consonant, are changed into k

charisma karisma

cholera kolera

chromosome kromosom

technique teknik

saccharin sakarin

ch when its pronunciation is /c/, is changed into c

charter carter

check cek

China Cina

ch when its pronunciation is /s/ or /sy/, is changed into s

echelon eselon

chiffon sifon

machine mesin

e does not change when it appears before consonants

atmosphere atmosfer

system sistem

synthesis sintesis

e which is not pronounced is released

phoneme fonem

sulphite sulfit

zygote zigot

ea does not change

idealist idealis

oleander oleander

realist realis

ea when its pronunciation is /i/, is changed into i

team tim

ei does not change

eicosane eikosan

eidetic eidetik

Page 25: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

16

pleistocene pleistosen

eo does not change

geometry geometri

stereo stereo

zeolite zeolit

eu does not change

eugenol eugenol

euphony eufoni

neutron neutron

f does not change

factor faktor

fossil fosil

infuse infus

g does not change

energy energi

gene gen

geology geologi

gh is changed into phoneme /g/ when it appears before vowels

sorghum sorgum

i does not change when appears at the beginning of a word before a vowel

iambus iambus

ion ion

iota iota

ie does not change when its pronunciation is /i/

hierarchy hierarki

patient pasien

variety varietas

iu does not change

calsium kalsium

premium premium

stadium stadium

Page 26: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

17

ng does not change

congress kongres

contingent kontingen

linguistics linguistik

oi does not change

exploitation eksploitasi

oo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is /u/.

cartoon kartun

pool pul

proof pruf

oo (double vowels) does not change

coordination koordinasi

oolite oolit

zoology zoologi

uo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is /u/.

contour kontur

coupon kupon

group grup

route rute

ph is changed into f

phase fase

physiology fisiologi

spectograph spektograf

ps does not change

pseudo pseudo

psychiatry psikiatri

psychosomatic psikosomatik

pt does not change

pteridology pteridologi

pterosaur pterosaur

ptyalin ptialin

Page 27: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

18

q is changed into k

aquarium akuarium

frequency frekuensi

quantity kuantitas

rh is changed into phoneme /r/

rhapsody rapsodi

rhetoric retorik

rhombus rombus

sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant, is changed into sk

scandium skandium

scotopia skotopia

sc before vowels e, i, and y, is changed into phoneme s

scenography senografi

scintilation sintilasi

scyphistome sifistoma

sch before vowels, is changed into sk

schema skema

schizophrenia skizofrenia

scholastic skolastik

t is changed into s, when it appears before vowel i, and its pronunciation is /s/

action aksi

ratio rasio

th is changed into t

orthography ortografi

theocracy teokrasi

thiopental tiopental

u does not change

institute institut

structure struktur

unit unit

Page 28: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

19

ua does not change

adequate adekuat

aquarium akuarium

quantum kuantum

ue does not change

consequent konsekuen

duet duet

questionnaire kuesioner

ui does not change

conduite konsuite

equinox ekuinoks

uo does not change

fluorescent fluoresen

quorum kuorum

quota kuota

uu is changed into phoneme /u/

continuum kontinum

prematuur prematur

vacuum vakum

v does not change

television televisi

vitamin vitamin

vocal vokal

x does not change when it appears at the beginning of word

xanthate xantat

xenon xenon

xylophone xilofon

x at the other position, is changed into ks

executive eksekutif

latex lateks

taxi taksi

Page 29: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

20

xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks

exception eksepsi

excision eksisi

excitation eksistasi

xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk

excavation ekskavasi

excommunication ekskomunikasi

excursive ekskursif

y, when its pronunciation is /y/, does not change

yangonin yangonin

yoga yoga

yuccaganin yukaganin

y is changed into i when its pronunciation is /i/

synonym sinonim

ecology ekologi

syllabus silabus

z does not change

zenith zenit

zirconium zirkonium

zodiac zodiak

Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are

consonants which can make difference in meaning.

accu aki

effect efek

commission komisi

solfeggio solfegio

b. Adjustment of Consonant Clusters

The adjustment of consonant clusters are not translated and accepted into

Bahasa Indonesia, if possible to maintain its visual form. For example:

Page 30: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

21

bl- blastula becomes bl- blastula

cl- clinic kl- klinik

-ck block -k blok

c. Adjustment Affixes

The adjustment of Affixes can be classified in two groups; adjustment of

suffix, and adjustment of prefix. The adjustment of suffix is absorbed into

Bahasa Indonesia as a part of full words. The words such as standardisasi,

implementasi and objektif are full absorbed, instead of standar, implemen, and

objek. The adjustment of prefix is derived from Indo-European languages that can

be considered in the terminology if Bahasa Indonesia after adjustment of spelling,

as follows: aberration become aberasi, anemia become anemia.

B. Phonological Change

Phonological change is taught in historical linguistics, the histories of specific

languages, phonetics and phonology. Phonological change can be called sound

change. Sound change is any appearance of a new phenomenon in the phonetics

or phonological structure of a language.23

The phonological change of English

loanwords into Bahasa Indonesia because English and Bahasa Indonesia have the

different language system. Before the writer discusses a much deeper about the

language system in English and Bahasa Indonesia, here is the definition about

phonology broadly and narrowly according to Roger Lass, as follow:

“Phonology, broadly speaking, is that sub-discipline within linguistics

concerned with the sounds of language. More narrowly, phonology proper is

concerned with the function, behavior, and organization of sounds as linguistic

23

Roger lass, Phonology, An Introduction to Basic Concepts (Melbourne: Cambridge Textbooks

in Linguistics, 1984), p. 315

Page 31: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

22

item; as opposed to phonetics which is a rather more „neutral‟ study of the sounds

themselves as phenomena in the physical world, and the physiological,

anatomical, neurological, and psychological properties of the human beings that

make them”.24

“Phonology … is used in two ways-as the mental representation of linguistic

knowledge and the description of this knowledge… refers either to the

representation of the sounds and sound patterns in a speaker‟s grammar or the

study of the sound pattern in a language or in a human language in general”.25

In

phonological studies, they are called phone, phoneme and morpheme. The phone

is any sound produced by the human vocal apparatus and audible to the ear.26

Sapir says in the physical world the native speaker and hearer actualize

and are sensitive to sounds, but what they feel themselves to be pronouncing and

hearing is “phonemes”.27

The phoneme is a class of sounds that are slightly

different, yet all of which pass for the same when received by the hearer.28

In

other word phoneme is a sound. For example: the word “sing” consist of four

units of sound, s-i-n-g. These units of sound called phoneme. If i replaced by o, so

the word sing will change to be song. Then people know the sound i and o can

differentiate meaning. And then the morpheme is the unit of spoken speech that

can convey meaning.29

24

Ibid, p. 1 25

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman, an Introduction to Language. Sixth Edition. (Fort

Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), p. 253 26

Nelson Brooks, Language and Language Learning Theory and Practice (USA: Harcourt, Brace

& World Inc., 1964), p. 26 27

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman (1998), op.cit. p. 254 28

Nelson Brooks (1964), loc.cit. 29

Ibid. p. 29

Page 32: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

23

1. Phonemic

Phonemic is that part of linguistics analysis which concerns itself with the

isolation, description, and analysis of the distribution of these minimum units of

sound feature.30

a) Consonant

Consonants are produced by stopping or obstructing this flow of air.31

They

are classified according to voicing, aspiration, nasal or oral sounds, places of

articulation and manner of articulation. Voicing is whether the vocal cords vibrate

or not. It can be classified as either voiceless (vl) or voiced (vd). Voiceless is if

the vocal cords are apart when the airstream is pushed from the lungs, the air is

not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the supra-glottal cavities. If

the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them

to vibrate, this sounds is called voiced sounds.32

1) Place of Articulation

Place of articulation is the part that touched or approached by articulators.33

Bilabial: articulated by two lips (e.g. /p/, /m/, /b/).

Labio-dental: articulated by the lower lip and upper front teeth (e.g. /f/, /v/).

Dental: articulated by the tip of the tongue on the back of the upper front teeth

(e.g. /θ/, /ð/).

Alveolar: articulated by the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge (e.g. /n/, /s/).

30

Ernst Pulgram, Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Washington DC: Georgetown

University Press, 1954), p.19 31

Norman C. Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar. Third Ed (New York: Holt, Reinhart

and Winston, 1977), p. 23 32

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman (1998), op. cit, p. 225 33

Hasan Alwi, et.al, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Third Edition (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka

Jakarta, 2003), p. 51

Page 33: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

24

Post-alveolar (or palato-alveolar): the tongue blade articulates with the alveolar

ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate (e.g. /ʃ/, /ʒ/,

/tʃ/, and / ʤ/).

Retroflex: the tongue tip articulates with the back of the alveolar ridge (e.g. /ɽ/)

Palatal: articulated by the front of the tongue against the hard palate (e.g. /j/).

Velar: articulated by the back of the tongue against the central and forward part

of the soft palate (e.g. /g/, /k/).

Glottal or laryngeal: articulated by the glottis (e.g. /h/).

2) Manner of Articulation

Manner of Articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it travels from

the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose.34

Aspirated sounds are produced because of an extra puff of air is produced.

Un-aspirated sounds are produced when the vocal cords vibrating as soon as the

lips are opened.

Stops are produced when the sounds are stopped completely in the oral cavity.

Fricative sounds are produced by an obstruction of the air stream causing audible

friction.

Affricative sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a

slow release of the closure characteristic of fricative.

Oral sounds are produced with the velum up, blocking the air from escaping

through the nose.

Nasal sounds are produced with the velum is lowered, air escape through the nose

as well as the mouth.

34

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman (1998), loc.cit.

Page 34: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

25

Liquid sounds are produced with some obstruction of the air stream in the mouth,

but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction.

Glides / Semi-vowels are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstreams

in the mouth.

(a) English Consonant Phonemes

English has twenty four consonant phonemes. There are six stops, nine

fricatives, two affricatives, three nasals, one lateral, and three glides. Except for

the glottal stop, all of the stops are either voiced or voiceless. The same is true for

the fricatives, except /h/. The affricatives also come in voiced-voiceless pairs. All

of the nasals are voiced and so are laterals and glides. All of these consonants can

be seen in Table 1 below.

Table 1. English Consonant Phonemes35

Bilabial Labio-

dental

Inter-

dental

Alveolar Alveo-

palatal

Velar Glottal

Stops

vl

vd

p

b

t

d

k

g

Fricatives

vl

vd

f

v

θ

ð

s

z

š (ʃ)*

ž (ʒ)*

h

Affricatives

vl

vd

č (ʧ)*

Ĵ (ʤ)*36

Nasals m n ŋ

Lateral l

Glides r w

35

Norman C. Stageberg, (1977), op.cit. p. 27 36

*Daniel Jones, An Outline of English Phonetic, Revised Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1972), p. viii

Page 35: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

26

(b) Bahasa Indonesia Consonant Phonemes

Bahasa Indonesia has twenty two consonant phonemes. There are six stops,

two affricates, six fricatives, four nasals, on e vibrate, one lateral, and two semi-

vowels. Same with English consonant, except for the glottal stop, all of the stops

are either voiced or voiceless. The same is true for the fricatives, except /h/. The

affricatives also come in voiced-voiceless pairs. All of the nasals are voiced and

so are vibrate, lateral and semi-vowels. All of these consonants can be seen in

Table 2 below.

Table 2. Bahasa Indonesia Consonant Phonemes37

Manner of Articulation

Place of Articulation

Bilabial Labio-

dental

Dental /

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops voiceless

voiced

p

b

t

d

k

g

Affricates voiceless

voiced

c

j

Fricatives voiceless

voiced

f s

z

š x h

Nasals voiced m n ń N

Vibrate voiced r

Lateral voiced l

Semi-Vowels voiced w y

Those Bahasa Indonesia consonants are similar with English consonants,

but there are some English consonants that do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /θ/,

/ð/, /ʃ/, /v/, and /ʒ/.

37

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p.66

Page 36: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

27

b) Vowels

Vowels are produced by a continuous air stream and all are voiced.38

Norman

C. Stageberg makes four statements about vowel as follow:

1. Vowels are oral sounds. In some dialects and its certain contexts vowels may

become partially nasal, but normally they are orals, not nasals.

2. Vowels are voiced.

3. Vowels are characterized by a free flow of air through the oral cavity.

4. The distinguishing features of the different vowels are determined largely by

tongue position.39

(a) English Vowel Phonemes

English has twelve vowels. They are four high vowels, five middle vowels

and three low vowels. All of these vowels are represented in Chart 1 below.

Front

Central

Back

r

High

o

u

Mid

n

d

e

Low

d

Chart 1. English Vowel Phonemes40

38

Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics. (Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Jakarta,

2006), p. 37 39

Norman. C. Stageberg (1977), op.cit. p.12 40

Daniel Jones (1972), op.cit. p. 64

Page 37: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

28

(b) Bahasa Indonesia Vowel Phonemes

Bahasa Indonesia has six vowel phonemes; they are /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /u/, /o/. It

explained that Bahasa Indonesia has two high vowels, three medium vowels, and

one low vowel. Phoneme /i/ and /u/ are high vowels; phoneme /e/, /ə/, and /o/ are

medium vowels; and phoneme /a/ is low vowel. All of these vowels are

represented in Chart 2 below.

Front Central Back

High

Mid

Low

Chart 2. Bahasa Indonesia Vowel Phonemes

Those Bahasa Indonesia vowels can placed in initial, middle, and final

position.

Table. 3

Phoneme Initial Middle Final

/i/ ikan pintu api

/e/ ekor bebek sore

/ə/ emas geger tante

/a/ anak rames kota

/u/ unggas gunting batu

/o/ obat balon bakso

Page 38: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

29

Phoneme /ə/ in final word only exist from the loanwords such as in tante,

orde, kode, mode, and brigade, because all vowels can placed in any position of

syllable, such as phoneme /a/, which can placed in initial, middle, or final. 41

Some vowels of Bahasa Indonesia have each allophone or variant, as

follows:42

Table 4. Allophone in Bahasa Indonesia

Those Bahasa Indonesia vowels are similar with English vowels but there is

any English vowel that does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /æ/.

c) Clusters and Diphthongs

A basic understanding of clusters and diphthongs are the same. The difference

is that the clusters associated with consonants, whereas the diphthongs with

vowel. Consonant cluster is a combination of two or more consonants included in

the same of syllable.43

Richard and Schmidt explained that consonant cluster is a

sequence of two or more consonants at the beginning of a syllable (e.g. /splæʃ/ in

41

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. pp. 56-58 42

Ibid. p. 62 43

Ibid, p. 27

Phoneme Allophone Example

/i/ [i] [tari], [gigi]

[I] [tarIkh], [gigIh]

/e/ [e] [lele], [sore]

[ɛ] [bɛbɛk], [nɛnɛk]

/u/ [u] [bau], [cucu]

[U] [daUn], [rapUh]

/o/ [o] [toko], [soto]

[ɔ] [tɔkɔh], [pɔhɔn]

/ə/ [ə] [əmas], [kodə]

/a/ [a] [ada], [mudah]

Page 39: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

30

splash) or the end of a syllable (e.g. /sts/ in tests).44

If the combined consonants

were in two syllables, the combined it's not called clusters.

Bahasa Indonesia has no consonants cluster in the end of a word, except in

loaned word form. As many other words, Bahasa Indonesia use the loan-form in

daily communication with some vowel addition or delete some consonant, such as

mars and lift in which pronounced with mares and lif.

In the word korps, this word ends with a consonant group: /rps/. This

consonant group is called consonant cluster.

Two consonant clusters are common in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:

44

Jack C. Richard, et al, Longman: Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics,

(London: Pearson Education Limited, 2002), p. 110

/mp/ empat, pimpin, tampuk /rn/ warna, purnama, ternak

/mb/ ambil, gambar, ambang /rl/ perlu, kerling, kerlip

/nt/ untuk, ganti, pintu /rt/ arti, serta, harta

/nd/ indah, pendek, pandang /rk/ terka, perkara, murka

/ňc/ lancar, kunci, kencang /rs/ bersih, kursi, gersang

/ňj/ janji, banjir, panjang /rc/ percaya, karcis, percik

/ŋk/ engkau, mungkin, bungkuk /st/ pasti, kusta, dusta

/ŋg/ angguk, tinggi,tanggung /sl/ asli, tuslah, beslit, beslah

/ŋs/ bangsa, angsa, mangsa /kt/ waktu, dokter, bukti

/ns/ insan, insang, lensa /ks/ paksa, laksana, saksama

/rb/ kerbau, korban, terbang /kb/ akbar, makbul

/rd/ merdeka, merdu, kerdil /kd/ takdir

Page 40: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

31

From the pattern of syllables and consonant cluster above, it can be concluded

that consonant clusters which is not include of these groups will be strange to our

ears. Words such as rafka and atdun, that is strange to hear for us, because the

/ňš/ munsyi /kn/ laknat, makna, yakni

/rg/ harga, pergi, sorga /kl/ takluk, maklum, taklimat

/rj/ kerja, terjang, sarjana /kr/ makruf, takrif

/rm/ permata, cermin, derma /ky/ rakyat

/kw/ dakwa, dakwah, takwa /mr/ jamrut

/pt/ sapta, optik, baptis /ml/ jumlah, imla

/ht/ sejahtera, tahta, bahtera /lm/ ilmu, gulma, palma

/hk/ bahkan /gn/ signal, kognitif

/hš/ dahsyat /np/ tanpa

/hb/ sahbandar, tahbis /rh/ gerhana, durhaka

/hl/ ahli, mahligai, tahlil /sb/ asbak, asbes, tasbih

/hy/ sembahyang /sp/ puspa, puspita, aspirasi, aspal

/hw/ bahwa, syahwat /sm/ basmi, asmara, resmi

/sh/ mashur /km/ sukma, nikmat

/ls/ palsu, pulsa, filsafat, balsam /bd/ sabda, abdi

/lj/ salju, aljabar /gm/ magma, dogma

/lt/ sultan, salto, simultan /hd/ syahdan, syahdu

Page 41: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

32

consonant cluster /fk/ and /td/ do not exist in our consonant cluster although the

consonant /f/, /k/, /t/, and /d/ are phonemes in Bahasa Indonesia.45

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman define diphthongs are as a sequence of

two sounds, vowel, and glides.46

Further, it consists of a vowel plus a glide that

occurs in the same syllable, the tongue moving smoothly from one position to the

other without hiatus47

as in clown [klaʊn], bear [beər], and toy [tɔɪ]. English has

several diphthongs, there are [aɪ],[ɛɪ], [əƱ], [ɔə], [ɪə], [aƱ], [ɔɪ], [ɛə], [Ʊə]. On

the other hand, Bahasa Indonesia has several diphthongs, such as /ay/, /aw/, and

/oy/.48

Those diphthongs are phonemic and not similar with vowel. Both vowels in

diphthongs symbolized that a vowel cannot separate each other, that‟s different

with two vowels which stand together. For example, /ai/ in /gulai/ “diberi gula”

that consist of two vowels, /a/ and /i/, but in diphthong /ay/ in sungai consist of

one vowel.

Meanwhile, diphthong /ey/ which written in /ei/ appeared when some foreign

come to Bahasa Indonesia. This diphthong often mixed with /ay/ in certain words.

For example:

/surfey/ survei - /surfay/ survai

/səprey/ seprei - /səpray/ seprai

Those Bahasa Indonesia diphthongs are similar with English but there are

some English diphthongs that do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia: /eɪ/, /ou/, /ɪə/,

/uə/, and /ɔə/.

45

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. pp. 77-79 46

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (1998), op.cit. p. 236 47

Norman C. Stageberg (1977), op.cit. p. 21 48

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p.62

Page 42: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

33

2. Phonotactics

In every language there are restrictions on the kinds of sounds and sound

sequences possible in different positions in words (particularly at the beginning

and end), restrictions on possible combinations of sounds are known as

phonotactics constraints.49

Languages generally prefer Consonant (C) first, Vowel

(V) second type syllable structure, but not all languages allow a syllable more

than one consonant. For instance, English allows up to three consonants at the

beginning – CCCV(C) and the first consonant is always /s/ as in strike, scream,

spray, split, squadron, and skewer50

and has a wide variety of types: 51

1. V „oh‟

2. VC „at‟

3. VCC „ask‟

4. VCCC „asked‟

5. CCV „flew‟

6. CCVC „flute‟

7. CCVCC „flutes‟

8. CCVCCC „crafts‟

9. CCCV „spree‟

10. CCCVC „spleen‟

11. CCCVCC „strength‟

12. CCCVCCC „strengths‟

A syllable in Bahasa Indonesia, consist of a vowel plus the immediately

preceding consonant. There are syllables in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:52

1. V a-mal, su-a-tu, tu-a

2. VC ar-ti, ber-il-mu, ka-il

49

Carol Jean Godby, Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language, (Ohio:

Advocate Publishing Group, 1982), p. 107 50

Kushartanti, et al. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia

Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 165 51

Carol Jean Godby (1982), loc.cit. 52

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p. 77

Page 43: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

34

3. CV pa-sar, sar-ja-na, war-ga

4. CVC kar-tu, pin-tu, sur-ga

5. CVCC teks-til, kon-teks-tu-al, mo-dern

6. CVCCC korps

7. CCV slo-gan, dra-ma, ko-pra

8. CCVC trak-tor, a-trak-si, kon-trak

9. CCCV stra-tegi, stra-ta

10. CCCVC struk-tur, in-struk-si

11. CCVCC kom-pleks

Indonesian word formed from the combination of various syllable such as

listed above. Because of the rather complex syllable as found in the number 5

through to 11 are basically derived from foreign words, many people slipped

phoneme /ə/ to separate two consonants that contiguous, such as slogan, strika

and prangko each of them has changed into selogan, setrika, and perangko.

C. Types of Phonological Change

1. Assimilation

Assimilation defined as the phonetic process by one speech sound comes to

resemble or become identical with a neighboring sound between words or within a

word.53

In assimilation process, there are some consonants assimilates with vowel

features, vowel assimilates with consonant features, consonant assimilates with

consonant features, and vowel assimilates with vowel features.

a) Consonant assimilates with vowel features

act /æk/ to be action / æk /

consume /kən'sju:m / to be konsumsi

The citation from act is / æk /. Let us take act, with its final /t/, and suffix

–ion is added, the /t/ becomes /s/, thus action.

53

Norman. C. Stageberg (1977), op.cit. p. 30

Page 44: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

35

b) Vowel assimilates with consonant features

see /si:/ to be seen /si:n/

capacity /kə′pæsəti/ to be kapasitas

Vowel is used to nasalize phonetically when it juxtaposes with nasal

consonant, this process as in the form see /si:/, with its final /i:/, and nasal

consonant /n/ is added. Then it becomes seen /si:n/.

c) Consonant assimilates with consonant features

news /nuz/ to be newspaper /nuspepər/

chronic /krɑ:nӀk/ to be kronis

The citation from of news is /nuz/ or /nӀuz/. Let us take news, with its final

/z/, and add paper to it. Now the voiced /z/ is juxtaposed to the voiceless /p/ of

paper. So the voiced /z/ changes to a voiceless /s/ in newspaper /nuspepər/.

d) Vowel assimilates with vowel features

foot /fʊt/ to be feet /fi:t/

The vowel of one syllable may become more like the vowel of some other

syllable. So, we can distinguish vowel harmony and umlauting. According to

Sanford A. Schane, vowel harmony is a case in which vowels agree in certain

features. (Harmoni vokal ialah keadaan vokal-vokal yang bersesuaian dalam ciri-

ciri tertentu) this process as in the example above and it often occurs in irregular

plurals. Besides that, umlaut is back vowels are fronted before certain suffixes

containing a high front vowel. (Umlaut ialah vokal belakang didepankan sebelum

sufiks tertentu yang berisi vokal tinggi depan).54

54

Sanford A. Schane, Fonologi Generatif, Penerjemah, Kenjtanawati Gunawan (Jakarta: Summer

Institute of Linguistics, 1992), p. 53

Page 45: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

36

2. Sound Change

Campbell has defined several types of sound changes of loanwords, among

which are following. Deletions that consist of Syncope, and Apocope; Insertions

that consist of Prosthesis, Epenthesis, and Paragoge; and Metathesis.55

a) Deletions

Syncope is the loss (deletion) of a vowel from the interior of a word (not

initially or finally). E.g. rocket becomes roket.

Apocope refers to the loss (apocopation, deletion) of a sound, usually a

vowel, at the end of a word. E.g. artist becomes artis.

b) Insertions

Prothesis is a kind of epenthesis in which a sound is inserted at the

beginning of a word. E.g. phone becomes telepon.

Epenthesis is the insertion of an extra consonant within a word. E.g.

apartment becomes apartemen.

Paragogue is adds a sound (usually a vowel) to the end of a word. E.g.

fact becomes fakta.

c) Metathesis is the transposition of sounds; it is a change in which sounds

exchange positions with one another within a word. E.g. variable becomes

variabel.

D. Graphemes

Grapheme is the overall of letters or combination of letter that represent

phonemes. Grapheme f represent fan, ph represent photo, and gh represent cough,

55

Lyle Campbell, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Second Edition, (Edinburgh

University Press, 2004). pp. 33-39

Page 46: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

37

is a grapheme with three variants or allograph. Soenjono Djarwowidjojo states

that an ideal writing system is that the relationship between graphemes and

phonemes that one-on-one.56

It means each phoneme is represented by one

grapheme with one variant.

There are differences between phonemes and graphemes. If we talk about

phonemes, we were talking about the sound; when we talk about the letter, it was

graphemes. Grapheme is written between the two brackets <...>.57

It is true that

often the written representations of these two concepts together. For example, to

represent objects that used to sit, we write kursi and said it was /kursi/ - in the

terms of grapheme there are five units, in the terms of phonemes there are also

five units. However, in one-on-one like that does not always be found. Grapheme

<e>, for example, can represent the phoneme /e/ as in sore and phoneme /ə/ as in

besar. Conversely, the phoneme /f/ can also represent by two different graphemes:

fajar, visa. Phoneme /ŋ/ is expressed by two letters, i.e., n and g, two letters that

form one grapheme <ng>.

Before the enactment of EYD, Bahasa Indonesia has some of each phoneme

that represent by more than one grapheme. People used to write the word baca

and baju with tj and dj - batja and badju, moreover, t, d and i are three graphemes

that stand alone. Now, phoneme /c/ and /j/ respectively have been represented by

one grapheme, <c> and <j>. People still have <ng> that represents one phoneme

/N/.

56

Soenjono Djarwowidjojo, Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia,(Jakarta:

Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005), p. 298 57

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p. 27

Page 47: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

38

This is different with English. It could be argued that English is a language

that disorganized in spelling and pronunciation. In this language, a grapheme can

be represented by several kinds of allograph or variant. For example, phoneme /k/,

can be represented by eleven allograph: c-cash, cc- account, cch- bacchanal, ck-

back, ch- character, cq- acquaint, cque- sacque, cu- biscuit, k- keep, q- barbeque,

and qu- liquor. Conversely, one grapheme can represent some phonemes.

Grapheme <gh> can represent phoneme /f/, as in rough, /p/ as in hiccough, and /g/

as in ghost.

Page 48: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

39

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this description of the data, the writer discusses about the change process

of phonemes and graphemes of English loanwords in Teropong articles of

Kompas’ newspaper.

From that newspaper, the writer found the English loanwords of Teropong

articles up to 50 words. To make easier to analyze, the writer tabulated the data of

English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia which is taken from Teropong articles of

Kompas’ newspaper, August 2011 edition.

The tabulated data are described in table. 5 below:

Table. 5 Data of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.

No English Bahasa Indonesia

1. application aplikasi

2. bacteria bakteri

3. cabin kabin

4. canal kanal

5. cellular seluler

6. China Cina

7. computer komputer

8. commercial komersial

9. condition kondisi

Page 49: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

40

10. consumer konsumen

11. contact kontak

12. design desain

13. director direktur

14. doctor dokter

15. effect efek

16. evolution evolusi

17. faculty fakultas

18. film film

19. frequency frekuensi

20. general jendral

21. information informasi

22. institute institut

23. interactive interaktif

24. lens lensa

25. local lokal

26. manager manajer

27. maximal maksimal

28. modem modem

29. multimedia multimedia

30. operator operator

31. oxygen oksigen

32. permanent permanen

Page 50: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

41

33. potency potensi

34. producer produsen

35. public publik

36. quality kualitas

37. relative relatif

38. reporter reporter

39. satellite satelit

40. senior senior

41. specialist spesialis

42. spectrum spektrum

43. station stasiun

44. strategy strategi

45. team tim

46. technology teknologi

47. telecommunication telekomunikasi

48. telephone telepon

49. television televisi

50. video video

The writer divided her analysis into two parts; they are the changes processes

of English loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper both of

phonemically and graphemically.

Page 51: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

42

1. Phonemic

The corpus for phonemic change is derived from Teropong articles in

Kompas’ newspaper, 16 August 2011 edition. As comparison, the writer also uses

an Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary by Hornby, to find the phonetic

transcription of English word.

Table 6. Data of Phonemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper.58

No English

Sound Change Bahasa Indonesia

Word Sound Word Sound

1. technology /tek’nɒləʤi/

/ʤ/→/g/

teknologi /téknologi/

2. strategy /’strætəʤɪ/ strategi /stratégi/

3. design /di'zain/

/z/→/s/

desain /désain/

4. lens /lenz/ lensa /lénsa/

5. general /’ʤenrəl/ adding /d/ jenderal /jenderal/

6. producer /prə'dju:sə(r) /dju/→/du/ produsen /produsén/

7. computer /kəm’pju:tə(r)/ /pju/→/pu/ komputer /komputer/

8. telecommunication /͵telɪkə’mju:nɪkeɪʃn/ /mju/→/mu/ telekomunikasi /télékomunikasi/

9. consumer /kən’sju:mə(r)/ /sju/→/su/ konsumen /konsumén/

10. institute /ɪnstɪtju:t/ /tju/→/tu/ institut /institut/

11. bacteria /bæk'tɪəriə/

/æ/→/a/

bakteri /baktéri/

12. contact /'kɒntækt/ kontak /kontak/

13. satellite /'sætəlait/ satelit /satelit/

14. application /æplɪ'keɪʃn/ aplikasi /aplikasi/

15. faculty /'fækltɪ/ fakultas /fakultas/

58

Phoneme /é/ in Bahasa Indonesia is read /e/ and phoneme /e/ in Bahasa Indonesia is read /ə/.

Page 52: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

43

16. cabin /'kæbɪn/ kabin /kabin/

17. manager /'mæniʤə(r)/ manajer /manajer/

18. interactive /ɪntər'æktiv/ interaktif /interaktif/

19. canal /kə'næl/

/ə/→/a/

kanal /kanal/

20. China /'ʧainə/ Cina /cina/

21. multimedia /mlti'mi:diə/ multimedia /multimédia/

22. relative /'relətiv/ relatif /relatif/

23. station /steɪʃn/

/ei/→/a/

stasiun /stasiun/

24. information /ɪnfə'meɪʃn/ informasi /informasi/

25. potency /pə'tenʃi/

/ə/→/o/

potensi /potensi/

26. commercial /kə'mɜ:ʃl/ komersial /komersial/

27 condition /kən'dɪʃn/ kondisi /kondisi/

28. evolution /i:və'luʃn/ evolusi /évolusi/

29. operator /͵ɒpə'retə(r)/ operator /operator/

30. senior /si:niə(r)/ senior /senior/

31. quality /'kwɒləti/

/ə/→/i/

kualitas /kualitas/

32. specialist /'speʃəlɪst/ spesialis /spésialis/

33. permanent /'pɜ:mənənt/

/ə/→/e/

permanen /permanén/

34. cellular /'seljələ(r)/ seluler /sélulér/

35. doctor /'dɒktə(r)/ dokter /dokter/

36. frequency /'fri:kwənsi/ frekuensi /frékuénsi/

37. spectrum /'spektrəm/

/ə/→/u/

spektrum /spéktrum/

38. director /də'rektə(r) direktur /diréktur/

Page 53: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

44

39. modem /'məʊdəm/

/əʊ/→/o/

modem /modem/

40. video /vɪdiəʊ/ video /vidéo/

42. effect /ɪ'fekt/

/i/→/e/

efek /éfék/

43. television /'telɪvɪӡn/ televisi /televisi/

44. reporter /rɪpɔ:tər/ /ɔ:/→/o/ reporter /réporter/

45. public /pblɪc/ //→/u/ publik /publik/

46. telephone /'telɪfoʊn/ /oʊ/→/o/ telepon /télépon/

47. local /'ləʊkl/

adding /a/

lokal /lokal/

48. maximal /mæksɪml/ maksimal /maksimal/

49. film /fɪlm/ no phonemic

change

film /film/

50. team /tɪm/ tim /tim/

2. Graphemic

In analyzing the change process of graphemes in English loanwords into

Bahasa Indonesia, the writer uses Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia by Hasan

Alwi to see the rules of Indonesian spelling systems. The writer divided

graphemic analysis into two parts; they are pure phonological adaptation and

syllabic adaptation.

a) Pure Phonological Adaptation

Table 7. Data of Graphemic Change of English Loanwords in Teropong articles of Kompas’ newspaper

No English Graphemic Change Bahasa Indonesia

1. cabin

<c> → <k>

kabin

2. canal kanal

3. computer komputer

Page 54: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

45

4. consumer konsumen

5. contact kontak

6. interactive interaktif

7. local lokal

8. director direktur

9. doctor dokter

10. public publik

11. China <ch> → <c> Cina

12. technology <ch> → <k> teknologi

13. potency

<c> → <s>

potensi

14. producer produsen

15. team <ea> → <i> tim

16. modem

<e> does not change

modem

17. design desain

18. operator operator

19. reporter reporter

20. bacteria bakteri

21. relative relatif

22. senior senior

23. institute

<e> is released

institut

24. satellite satelit

25. telephone telepon

26. faculty <f> does not change fakultas

Page 55: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

46

27. film film

28. information informasi

29. general

<g> → <j>

jendral

30. manager manajer

31. frequency

<q> → <k>

frekuensi

32. quality kualitas

33. condition

<t> → <s>

kondisi

34. evolution evolusi

35. station stasiun

36. multimedia

<u> does not change

multimedia

37. spectrum spektrum

38. video

<v> does not change

video

39. television televisi

40. maximal

<x> → <ks>

maksimal

41. oxygen oksigen

42. strategy <y> → <i> strategi

b) Syllabic Adaptation

43. commercial

double consonant

become single

consonant

komersial

44. cellular seluler

45. effect efek

46. telecommunication telekomunikasi

47. application aplikasi

Page 56: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

47

48. lens a syllabic become

disyllabic lensa

49. permanent consonant inhibitory

at the end of

consonant cluster is

disappear

permanen

50. specialist spesialis

B. Data Analysis

1. Phonemic Analysis

Sudarno states that actually there is no phoneme in two languages which is

exactly same.59

There must be the differences between the phonemes in both

languages. So in this research, the writer writes the same meaning in English and

Bahasa Indonesia has those phonemes.

In this section, the writer uses phonemic analysis that divided it into consonant

and vowel analysis.

a) The Process of Phonological Change Phonemically for Consonant

1) Consonant Replacement

English Loanwords Consonant Change

a) /di'zain/ /désain/ /z/ → /s/

b) /lenz/ /lénsa/ /z/ → /s/

In those words above, the voiced alveolar sibilant /z/ changes to the voiceless

alveolar /s/ because in Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme /z/ has an

allophone which is only are in the first syllable.60 In (a) and (b) examples, /di'zain/,

and /lenz/, the phoneme /z/ is in the second syllable so that it must be changed to

59

Sudarno, Kata Serapan dari Bahasa Arab, (Jakarta: Arikha Medika Cipta, 1992), p. 61 60

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p. 73

Page 57: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

48

be /s/. In Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme /s/ has an allophone which can

be put in the first or the second of syllable.

[z] → [s]

Phoneme /z/ changes to be phoneme /s/ when it is put in the middle and in the last

syllable, except in the first syllable.

English Loanwords Consonant Change

a) /tek'nɒləʤi/ /téknologi/ /ʤ/ → /g/

b) /'strætəʤɪ/ /stratégi/ /ʤ/ → /g/

In the data above, voiced affricative consonant /ʤ/ is replaced with voiced stop

consonant /g/ and is added by vowel /i/. This matter occurs because in Bahasa

Indonesia system phoneme /g/ only has an allophone which can be put in the first

syllable. At the end of syllable or word, the pronunciation of grapheme <g> is

[k>]. However, if that word ends with the grapheme <g> followed by suffix that

begin with a vowel, the grapheme <g> will pronounced as [g].61

[ʤ] → [g]

Phoneme /ʤ/ in English or /j/ in Bahasa Indonesia changes to be phoneme /g/

when it is put in the last syllable and followed by suffix that begin with a vowel.

2) Consonant Addition

English Loanwords Consonant Change

/'ʤenrəl/ /jenderal/ adding /d/

61

Ibid

Page 58: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

49

From the data above, there is an addition of voiced consonant on those

loanwords. It usually occurs in changes from other language likes Dutch, emmer

becomes ember. It is clear that the situation correlated with two consonants in

Bahasa Indonesia which does not allow the glides to occur in nasal compound,

and sequence of two consonants that divided from /nr/ is not a group of consonant

cluster in Bahasa Indonesia system.

3) Consonant Omission

English Loanwords Consonant Change

a) /prə'dju:sə(r) /produsér/ /dju/ → du/

b) /kəm'pju:tə(r)/ /komputər/ /pju/ → /pu/

c) /͵telɪkə'mju:nɪkeɪʃn/ /télékomunikasi/ /mju/ → /mu/

d) /kən'sju:mə(r)/ /konsumén/ /sju/ → /su/

e) /ɪnstɪtju:t/ /institut/ /tju/ → /tu/

From the data above, it can be seen that a consonant system has the

consonant clusters.62

Bahasa Indonesia and English language systems has the

differences of consonant sequence, in (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) /dju/, /pju/, /mju/,

/sju/, /tju/. Phoneme /j/ is deleted because there is a rule in Bahasa Indonesia that

the phoneme /j/ palatal affricative cannot appear after phoneme dental stop /d/,

bilabial stop /p/, bilabial nasal /m/, dental fricative /s/, and dental stop /t/ because

all language have constraints on the permitted sequences of two phonemes. 63

[dju, pju, mju, sju, tju] → [du, pu, mu, su, tu]

62

Ibid. p. 78 63

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman (1998), op.cit. p. 270

Page 59: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

50

The consonant sequences /dju, pju, mju, sju, tju/ changes to be /du, pu, mu, su,

tu/ because those consonant sequences cannot be accepted in Bahasa Indonesia

system.

a) The Process of Phonological Change Phonemically for Vowel.

1) Vowel Replacement.

English Loanwords Vowel Change

a) /'sætəlait/ /satelit/ /æ/ → /a/

b) /kə'næl/ /kanal/ /ə/ → /a/

c) /steɪʃn/ /stasiun/ /ei/ → /a/

d) /pə'tenʃi/ /potensi/ /ə/ → /o/

e) /'seljələ(r)/ /sélulér/ /ə/ → /e/

f) /'kwɒləti/

g) /məʊdəm/

/kualitas/

/modem/

/ə/ → /i/

/əʊ/ → /o/

h) /'telɪvɪӡn/

i) /rɪpɔ:tər/

/televisi/

/réporter/

/i/ → /e/

/ɔ:/ → /o/

j) /pblɪc/ /publik/ // → /u/

k) /'telɪfoʊn/ /télépon/ /oʊ/ → /o/

English language has no more phonemes than Bahasa Indonesia. It can be

seen that Bahasa Indonesia does not have low-front and low-back vowels. So, the

replacement of English vowels into Bahasa Indonesia vowels is a common

phenomenon. Like the data (a) above, low-front vowel /æ/ and diphthong that is

not in Bahasa Indonesia such as (c), /ei/ is usually replaced by low-central vowel

/a/. Whereas in the second case in (b), vowel mid-central vowel /ə/ is replace by

Page 60: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

51

low-central vowel /a/. Moreover, (d) and (i), the replacement of mid-central /ə/

and low-back rounded /ɔ/ are replaced often by mid-back vowel /o/, then the

diphthong which is not in Bahasa Indonesia, such as data (g) and (i), /əʊ/ and /oʊ/

are replaced also by mid-back /o/.

The other case, (e), is the replacement of mid-central vowel /ə/ to be mid-front

vowel /é/ in Bahasa Indonesia, (h), is replacement of high-front vowel /ɪ/ to be

mid-front vowel /e/ and then (i), is replacement of lower mid-central // is changed

by high-back vowel /u/ in Bahasa Indonesia.

The vowel replacement occurs because English has no more phonemes than

Bahasa Indonesia. So, when there is no Bahasa Indonesia phoneme which exactly

same with English, Bahasa Indonesia system will replace the phoneme with other

phoneme which is similar.

/æ/

/a/ /ə/

/ei/

/əʊ/

/o/ /ə/

/ɔ:/

[æ, ə, ei] → [a]

The vowel /æ, ə/ and diphthong /ei/ become vowel /a/ because Bahasa

Indoneia does not have those phonemes or Bahasa Indonesia system does not

accept those phonemes occur in that vowel sequence.

[ə, əʊ, ɔ:] → [o]

Page 61: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

52

The vowels /ə/, /ɔ:/ and diphthong /əʊ/ become vowel /o/ because Bahasa

Indonesia does not have those phonemes or Bahasa Indonesia system does not

accept those phonemes occur in that vowel sequences.

2) Vowel Addition

English Loanwords Vowel Change

a) /mæksɪml/ /maksimal/ adding /a/

It can be seen that /mæksɪml/ changed to be /maksimal/, there is a process of

adding a new phoneme /a/ because Bahasa Indonesia does not have the phonetic

cluster in the last syllable so the loanwords which have that feature usually will be

adapted by inserting vowel in pronunciation or deleting one of the consonants.64

Bahasa Indonesia system often adds a vowel in a process of adaptation the

loanwords in order to solve the syllable pattern or following consonant which

Bahasa Indonesia system does not have. Such as the examples above, there is

adding vowel /a/.

2. Graphemic Analysis

Before a word or term is received in a language, shall first be adjusted are

rules and regulations. English phoneme does not have characteristics in common

with Bahasa Indonesia phoneme; need some adjustments to get the nearest sound

form in accordance with phonological system of Bahasa Indonesia. Adjustment of

foreign sounds with changes based on phonological system of a language is called

pure phonological adaptation.

64

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p. 77

Page 62: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

53

In principle, graphemes can represent a phoneme or more.65

The same thing

happened in English language. English grapheme is not only that represents a

sound, but also some sounds. Not a few grapheme also which became the basis of

how an element adapted, especially if the sound or the element not have

characteristics in common with Bahasa Indonesia phonemes.

a. Pure Phonological Adaptation

Pure phonological adaptation occurs only in English phonemes contained in the

phonological system of Bahasa Indonesia. This adjustment is generally carried

out based on pronunciation, while writing adjusted to the rules of spelling in

Bahasa Indonesia. If the adjustment occurs by its spelling rule often this is due to

avoid a homonym, perhaps also because the structure of morphology is less

appropriate.

1) Grapheme c

Grapheme c before vowel a, u, o, i, and k, in native language is pronounced as

/k/, adapted as k in Bahasa Indonesia. Phoneme /k/ in Bahasa Indonesia has three

allophone which are first allophone at the beginning of syllable whereas second

and third allophone at the end of syllable.

English Bahasa Indonesia

c

canal

k

kanal

computer komputer

consumer konsumen

local lokal

director direktur

public publik

65 Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, (2005), op.cit, p. 298

Page 63: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

54

In another position, if grapheme c before vowel e and consonant y is

pronounce as /s/ in native language and adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as s.

English Bahasa Indonesia

c potency

s potensi

producer produsen

In Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme /s/ has an allophone which can be

put in the first or the second of syllable.66

This adjustment is based on the

pronunciation.

2) Grapheme ch

Grapheme ch adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as /c/ if it’s pronounced as /c/ in

native language.

English Bahasa Indonesia

ch China c Cina

The pronunciation of grapheme ch before consonant is pronounced as /k/ in

Bahasa Indonesia which is adapted as k.

English Bahasa Indonesia

ch technology k teknologi

From the data above, it can be seen that the words which follows ch when it’s

pronounced as /c/ in native language it will adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as /c/

and in addition, if grapheme ch is in front of consonant n and it’s pronounced as

/k/, it will be adapted as /k/ in Bahasa Indonesia. From the data above, it can be

concluded that this adjustment is based on the pronunciation.

66

Hasan Alwi, et.al (2003), op.cit. p. 73

Page 64: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

55

3) Grapheme ea

Grapheme ea which is a basic element of a word, adapted into Bahasa

Indonesia as /i/ if it’s pronounce is /i/ in native language. This adjustment is based

on the pronunciation.

English Bahasa Indonesia

ea team i tim

4) Grapheme e

English grapheme e does not change in Bahasa Indonesia when it appears

before consonant. From the data below, it can be seen that grapheme e before

consonant m, r, p, n so it does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. It can be

concluded this adjustment happened based on the written.

English Bahasa Indonesia

e

modem

e

modem

operator operator

reporter reporter

senior senior

In daily used, people can find some words that are written and pronounced

as in language source. Usually those words are common terms used in nearly all

the world.

In other case, grapheme e which is not pronounced in language source,

that is released in Bahasa Indonesia. This adjustment based on the pronunciation.

English Bahasa Indonesia

e

institute

-

institut

satellite satelit

telephone telepon

Page 65: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

56

5) Grapheme f

The process of adaptation rather than elements of English had just occurred.

This process was known long before the known of Bahasa Indonesia presence,

when it was still known Malay language because the relationship with the English

already established several centuries earlier.

Phoneme /f/ does not change in Bahasa Indonesia because there are foreign

words or terms that have this phoneme can be confused with other forms which

are well known, such as: faktor, fatal and fanatik. Phoneme /f/ is also acceptable

for not occur homophones. As a result, many words or terms that have been

adapted into /p/ return to /p/ as in his native language. This change occurs in EYD

with the inauguration, which was inaugurated /f/ as a phoneme. So, phoneme /p/ is

changes into /f/ in Bahasa Indonesia as a loaned phoneme. It can be found in the

form of twins.

English Bahasa Indonesia

f

film

f

film

faculty fakultas

information informasi

Phoneme /f/ has one allophone, that is [f] which can be put in the first or

second of syllable.67

From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment

is based on the written.

6) Grapheme g

Grapheme g in English language is not pronounced same as in Bahasa

Indonesia. In English, grapheme g is pronounced as /ʤ/, but in Bahasa Indonesia

67

Ibid.

Page 66: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

57

as /j/. Phoneme /j/ in Bahasa Indonesia has one allophone and only can be put at

the beginning position of some loanwords, /j/ at the end of syllable, it pronounced

as [j] or changed to [t].

English Bahasa Indonesia

g general

j jendral

manager manajer

From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the

pronunciation.

7) Grapheme q

Grapheme q in English loanwords is changed into k in Bahasa Indonesia when

that position of grapheme before vowel u.

English Bahasa Indonesia

q frequency

k frekuensi

quality kualitas

From the data above, it can be seen that grapheme q is adapted as /k/ in

Bahasa Indonesia and it appears at the first and second syllable. It can be

concluded that this adjustment is based on pronunciation.

8) Grapheme t

English Bahasa Indonesia

t evolution

s evolusi

station stasiun

From the data above, it can be seen that grapheme t in English is changed into

/s/ in Bahasa Indonesia when it appears before vowel i, and it’s pronounced as /s/.

It can be concluded that that this adjustment is based on pronunciation.

Page 67: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

58

9) Grapheme u

English grapheme u that is pronounced as /u/ is adapted in Bahasa Indonesia

as /u/. This happens because Bahasa Indonesia did not know phoneme /u/, so this

grapheme which become the base of its adaptation.

English Bahasa Indonesia

u multimedia

u multimedia

spectrum spektrum

From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the

written.

10) Grapheme v

Grapheme v in English loanwords does not change in Bahasa Indonesia

because that consonant does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia system. Bahasa

Indonesia know grapheme v only due to contact with Western society. This

adjustment based on the written.

English Bahasa Indonesia

v video

v video

television televisi

11) Grapheme x

English grapheme x is in Bahasa Indonesia is generally adapted into

Indonesian exact in two ways. If this grapheme occupies a beginning of word, it

does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. If the grapheme x in middle position

between two vowels or at the end of syllables, it will be pronounced as /ks/ in

Bahasa Indonesia;

Page 68: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

59

English Bahasa Indonesia

x maximal

ks maksimal

oxygen oksigen

From the data above it can be seen that the words which the grapheme x is

adapted to Bahasa Indonesia as /ks/ when it appears in the middle position

between two vowels or at the end of syllables. It can be concluded that this

adjustment is based on the written.

12) Grapheme y

English grapheme y is in Bahasa Indonesia is generally adapted into

Indonesian exact in two ways as such as grapheme x. If this grapheme is

pronounced as /y/, it does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, grapheme

y will changed into i in Bahasa Indonesia if it’s pronounced as /i/, and this

adjustment happens in the pronunciation.

English Bahasa Indonesia

y strategy i strategi

b. Syllabic Adaptation

Adjustment of sound does not happen on a particular phoneme. The

adjustment is also found in syllables. It is called adjustment syllabic. This

adjustment occurred because English syllable structure is different with the form

of grammar in Bahasa Indonesia. From the data, the writer found that three

changes process of adaptation syllabic, they are as follows:

1) Double consonants become single consonant.

Bahasa Indonesia has no double consonant. Therefore, all the words or

terms that have double consonant from source language are adapted into a single

consonant in Bahasa Indonesia.

Page 69: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

60

English Bahasa Indonesia

ll cellular l seluler

ff effect f efek

mm commercial

m komersial

telecommunication telekomunikasi

pp application p aplikasi

From the data above, it can be seen that English words has double

consonant. Double consonant, ll, ff, mm and pp changed into single consonant l, f,

m, and p after adapted into Bahasa Indonesia.

2) A syllabic become disyllabic of words.

A basic word in Bahasa Indonesia, as well as basic word in other nation

language in Indonesia, generally occur of two syllables, otherwise in English can

be found in many words with a syllabic. If these forms absorbed, usually will be

disyllabic words as a basic word in Indonesia in general. Many words of a syllabic

become disyllabic, but not all was adjusted through the same process because of

the original form was not the same too.

A syllabic word becomes disyllabic because of paragogue symptoms, a

process of adding a sound at the end of a word without changing the meaning of

that word.68

The addition of this phoneme is not bound by certain rules because not all of a

syllabic word will be adjusted and not all of a syllabic word gets the addition with

this way. The words that get a change due to of paragogue symptom are;

Additional Phoneme /a/

68

Lyle Campbell (2004), op.cit. p. 37

Page 70: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

61

English Bahasa Indonesia

-ns lens -nsa lensa

3) Consonant inhibitory at the end of consonant clusters pasca vocal is

disappear.

Most of consonant clusters pasca vocal in English terminated by the inhibition

consonant beside of consonant shift and nasal. Otherwise, Bahasa Indonesia has

no consonants cluster in the end of a word, except in loaned word form. In Bahasa

Indonesia structure system; there are no consonant clusters moreover pasca vocal

consonant clusters especially if the end of consonant that consonant clusters is

dental inhibition consonant. If the terms that absorbed on this type of cluster

usually the inhibition consonant is deleted.

English Bahasa Indonesia

-st specialist -s spelialis

-nt permanent -n permanen

In the words or terms of syllabic, consonant clusters at the end of pasca vocal

usually does not change and lost, even sometimes get the addition. Generally,

these words are international terms that entered after a lot of Indonesian people

get an education. This led to the disyllabic clusters term pasca vocal to maintain

its inhibitory consonant.

English Bahasa Indonesia

-lm film -lm film

Page 71: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

62

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

From the analysis of the change processes of phonemic and graphemic of

English loanwords in Terpong articles of Kompas’ newspaper, it can be concluded

that Bahasa Indonesia or any language will not be able to escape the influence of

foreign languages. Even absorption of foreign language into the part that is crucial

for the continuity of each language and also Bahasa Indonesia, which took many

vocabularies of English as the terminologies.

The term taken from foreign languages can be the basic form or derivative

form. In principle, the singular form is selected, except if the context was in the

plural form. The selection is made by considering, (1) the context of the situation

and the context of its sentence, (2) ease of learning the language, (3) practicality

in reciting accordance with the existing sound, both consonants and vowels, in

Bahasa Indonesia.

Introduction of foreign terms, which is international, through the process of

absorption can considered if one or more of the following conditions are fulfilled,

there are (a) the term absorption suitable chosen because its connotation, for

example atom fixed atom not zarah or butiran, (b) absorption of the selected term

is shorter if compared with its Indonesian translation, for example elusion become

elusi not pembilaslesapan, (c) absorption of the shorter selected term can be easier

the achievement of an agreement if too many synonyms in Bahasa Indonesia

term, for example aromatic become aromatik not harum, sedap, or wangi.

Page 72: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

63

Based on the level of its integration into Bahasa Indonesia, absorption can be

divided into three major categories. First, the element that has long been absorbed

into Bahasa Indonesia is no longer need to be changed spelling, such as trailer,

audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully

absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, as like shuttle cock, real estate. These elements

are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows foreign

ways. Third, the foreign elements which are pronunciation and writing rules

adapted to Bahasa Indonesia. In this case, sought for foreign language spelling is

changed as needed, so Indonesian form can be compared to its original form.

B. Suggestion

The writer would like to suggest the users of Bahasa Indonesia to always pay

attention about the changes of loanwords, especially of phonological, that must be

adjusted with guidelines for the establishment of terms and guidelines spelling in

Bahasa Indonesia. This is needed to have uniformity in using Bahasa Indonesia

and a foreign language which is loaned, especially English.

In addition, the writer also suggests for students of English Letters who are

interested in studying the change process of phonemes and grapheme of English

loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia, they can study further about the subject by using

any kind of references, which support that matter.

Finally, the writer hopes that the study will be useful for the writer herself and

other readers for future improvement of studying phonological change of English

loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia.

Page 73: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

64

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwi, Hasan, et.al. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, Second Edition. Jakarta:

Balai Pustaka Jakarta, 1988.

______________ Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, Third Edition. Jakarta: Balai

Pustaka Jakarta, 2003.

Anwar, Rosihan. Bahasa Jurnalistik Indonesia dan Komposisi.Yogyakarta: Media

Abadi, 2004.

Badudu, J.S. Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Third

Edition. Jakarta: Penerbit Kompas, 2007.

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1933.

Brooks, Nelson. Language and Language: Learning Theory and Practice. USA:

Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1964.

Campbell, Lyle. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Second Edition. Edinburgh

University Press, 2004.

Coetsem, Frans Van. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language

Contact. Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1988.

Djarwowidjojo, Soenjono. Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia.

Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005.

Farkhan, Muhammad. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian

UIN Jakarta, 2006.

Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language: Sixth Edition.

Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

Godby, Carol Jean. Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language.

Ohio: Advocate Publishing Group, 1982.

Page 74: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

65

Hornby, A S. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Sixth Edition. Ed. Sally

Wehmeier, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003

Jones, Daniel. An Outline of English Phonetic, Revised Edition. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Kushartanti, et al. Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: PT

Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005.

Lass, Roger. Phonology, an Introduction to Basic Concepts. Melbourne: Cambridge

Textbooks in Linguistics. 1984.

Lehmann, P. Winfred P. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, Second Edition.

New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1962.

Marcellino, M. “Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Barat di Bahasa Indonesia: Suatu Telaah

antardisiplin in Harimurti Kridalaksana (eds.). Penyelidikan Bahasa dan

Perkembangan Wawasannya II, Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia,

1993.

Pulgram, Ernst. Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Washington DC:

Georgetown University Press, 1954.

Richard, C. Jack, et al. Longman: Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied

Linguistics. London: Pearson Education Limited, 2002.

Robins, R.H. General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey. New York: Longman

Group Ltd, 1989.

Sayogie, Frans, et al. Kata Serapan Bahasa Inggris dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:

Laporan Penelitian UIN Jakarta, 2009.

Schane, A. Sanford. Fonologi Generatif, Translator, Kenjtanawati Gunawan. Jakarta:

Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992.

Stageberg, C. Norman. An Introductory English Grammar, Third Edition. New York:

Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1977.

Sudarno. Kata Serapan dari Bahasa Arab. Jakarta: Arikha Medika Cipta, 1992.

Sumadiria, Haris. Jurnalistik Indonesia. Bandung : Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2006.

Page 75: A PHONEMIC AND GRAPHEMIC CHANGE OF ENGLISH …

66

Sure, Kombe. Grammatical and Phonological Integration of English Loanwords into

Dholu, In Journal of Multilinguial and Multicultural Development 1993.

Edited by Professor John Edwards Frankfurt: Multilingual Matters Ltd,

1993.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. Introduction to Linguistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 1972.

Website:

Ojong, Eberhard . Kompas Background, Accessed on August 19, 2011.

http://powercx.com/ojong/?p=53