A PEACE TO END ALL PEACE? ISSUES LEFT UNRESOLVED AT VERSAILLES Poles, “Czechoslovaks”,...
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Transcript of A PEACE TO END ALL PEACE? ISSUES LEFT UNRESOLVED AT VERSAILLES Poles, “Czechoslovaks”,...
A PEACE TO END ALL PEACE?ISSUES LEFT UNRESOLVED AT VERSAILLES
Poles, “Czechoslovaks”, “Yugoslavs”, Lithuanians, Latvians, & Estonians gained national self-determination, but NOT the Irish, Ukrainians, Kurds, Arabs, Indians, or Africans.
The status of the Soviet regime was determined through the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
Poland’s eastern border was determined through the Russo-Polish War of 1920-21.
Italian nationalist volunteers seized Fiume in September 1919; their Free State of Fiume merged with Italy in 1924.
The borders of Turkey were only defined in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922.
Hopes for the spread of democracy were disappointed.
Sir William Orpen, “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors,
Versailles, 28 June 1919”
Delegation of French wounded at the signing ceremony for the Treaty of Versailles
European language
groups, 1910
European borders, 1922
“Red Parliament! Vote Social
Democratic” (Budapest, 1919)
Bela Kun led theSoviet Republic of
Hungaryfrom March to August
1919
Hungarian nationalist poster from
1919: The red worker
is horrified because his uprising has
smashed Hungary to
pieces
Admiral Miklos Horthy,
“Regent” of Hungary,
1919-1944
The Russian Civil War, 1918-
1920:France
intervened from Odessa; Britain from Murmansk & Archangel; Japan & the USA from
Vladivostok
“Be Vigilant!”(1920):
The threats include
capitalist minions in
Finnland and the Baltic
Republics and Ukrainian
nationalists
Field Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, Polish chief of state, 1918-
1922; dictator, 1926-1935
Polish peasants with their scythes volunteer tofight in the Russo-Polish War, 1920
The front line in the Soviet-Polish War in June 1920,at the height of Polish success
Gabriele d’Annunzio, the Italian poet and war hero who led volunteers into Fiume in September 1919, the first
“Duce”
Benito Mussolini(1883-1945):
school teacher,revolutionary
Marxist, editor of the main
Italian Socialist newspaper, 1912-15.
Mussolini as a volunteer in the
Italian army, 1917.He founded an interventionist
newspaper in 1915 and then served
bravely at the front for nine months.
A modern reenactment of a procession of lictors,who carried before the ancient consuls of Rome the
fasces that symbolized their authority.
In Italian fascio can refer to a bundle of sticks or a band of men.
Fascist Black Shirts March on Rome, October 1922
Mussolini served as Prime
Minister of Italy, 1922-43, and suppressed all other parties in
1924/25.He advocated
rule by the “aristocracy of the trenches.”
LORD KITCHENER SEEKS A NEW “KHALIF” AMONG THE HASHEMITES OF MECCA
Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca since 1908, self-proclaimed King of the Hejaz, 1917-24
Faisal bin al Hussein, elected King of Syria in 1920; appointed King of Iraq, 1921-33
Abdullah bin al-Hussein, Emir of Transjordania, 1921-46, then King of Jordan, 1946-49
See Israel-Arab Reader, pp. 11-12.
Lt. Col. T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) and “Emir Faisal’s camel-mounted irregulars” (photos in the British
press, 1917)
The British military commander of Jerusalem, Borton Pasha, on December 11, 1917
Emir Faisal’s delegation to Versailles (with T.E. Lawrence)
Why did Faisal seek agreement with the Zionists?See Israel-Arab Reader, pp. 17-20.
Theodor Herzl at the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903 and his famous book published in 1896, The Jewish
State
See Israel-Arab Reader, pp. 9-10.
ZIONISTS IN THE BRITISH CABINET?
Arthur James Balfour: PM 1902-
05; Foreign Secretary 1916-19
Balfour’s advisor, Leopold Amery, became Colonial Secretary, 1924-
29: “I was keen on an advance into Palestine on military grounds, and
the idea of establishing in Palestine a prosperous community bound to
Britain by ties of gratitude and interest naturally appealed to me. I
already had doubts as to the permanence of our protectorate in
Egypt.”
See Israel-Arab Reader, p. 16.
THE BALFOUR DECLARATION(from a letter of November 2, 1917, by Foreign
Secretary Balfour to Lord Rothschild and the Zionist Federation)
“His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
The Sykes-Picot
Agreement of 1916,
which conflicted
with Britain’s promises to
the Hashemite
Arabs in 1915 and the Balfour
Declaration of 1917
Prime Minister Venizelos and “Megali Hellas” (1920):Lloyd George encouraged the Greeks to seize
Constantinople
General Mustapha Kemal
at Gallipoli in 1915,
later known as “Kemal Ataturk”
Turkish cavalry moves toward the front in theGreco-Turkish War of 1919-1922--- 1.5 million Greeks
fled Asia Minor, & 500,000 Muslims fled Greece
The Partition of the Ottoman Empire
Abdulaziz ibn Saud (1876-1953), of the “Wahabi” sect of Islam, meanwhile ignored the British as he gained control of the Arabian peninsula by 1925
THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY
1918/19: Lenin imposes one-party state with powerful secret police in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (which formed the USSR in 1922).1919: Military dictatorship in Hungary under Horthy.1922: Fascists come to power in Italy and by 1925 suppress all other parties.1923: General Primo de Rivera dissolves Spanish parliament and rules in the name of King Alfonso XIII.1926: Pilsudski imposes strong-man rule in Poland and suppresses parliament in 1929.1929: King Alexander I of Yugoslavia suppresses parliament and imposes royal dictatorship.1931: Military leaders gain power in Japan. 1933: Nazi seizure of power in Germany
King Alexander I ofYugoslavia (r. 1921-34),
who imposed royal dictatorship in 1929
Assassinated by a Croatian separatist in
Marseilles, 1934
Czechoslovakia was the only successful new democracy (the arrival of Thomas Masaryk in Prague, December 21,
1918)
Already by 1922, it was clear that only the green countries supported the Versailles settlement