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S.No. Title Page No.

I Introduction of the centre : 2

II Weather conditions during the year and deviation

from the normal

: 2

III Staff positon and Expenditure statement : 3

IV Executive Summary:Year- 2014 : 4-10

V Results of practical utility : 10-11

VI Recommendations passed on to state package of

practice for inclusion

: 11

A Research achievement- 2014 ( Net work) : 13-44

B (Station) : 45-51

Miocrobiology : 52-63

Management of problematic Weeds : 64

On Form Research : 65-67

TSP Programme : 68-88

List of publication : 91-93

List of training/awareness campaign : 94

Linkages and collaboration : 97102

Meteorological data, 2014 as annexture : 1

CONTENTS

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ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON WEED MANAGEMENT

I. Introduction of the centre:

1. Project Title : AICRP- Weed Management

2. Sanction No. : F. No.3-4/96 – AFC Dated 16.2.2000

3. Reporting period : January to December -2014

4. Report No. : Fifteenth

5. Date of start : April 1, 1995.

6. Date of termination : Continuing

7. a. Name of Institute : Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya b. Department : Department of Agronomy c. Location of work : Raipur

8. Name of Principal Investigator : Dr.A.P.SINGH, Principal Scientist The main objectives of the project are:

1. To identify the prevailing weed species associated with various crops and cropping systems in the jurisdiction of IGKV, Raipur.

2. To develop appropriate integrated weed management practices for important crops and cropping systems.

3. To evaluate cultural, chemical and mechanical weed control measures in different crops and cropping system.

4. To study the prospects of utilization of problematic weeds of the region. 5. To study the physiology and biology of some weeds of cropped area. 6. To study the weed shift under continuous use of herbicides.

Background of the Project:

The All India Coordinated Research Programme on Weed Control has been started at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur since April 1995 vide ICAR letter No. F.NO. 3- 21/92-AFC dated 25-1-1993 for implementation in the eighth five year plan period.

II. Weather conditions during the year and deviation from the normal: The Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur is located at 21.6o N latitude, 31.36o E

longitude and at an altitude of 289.56 meters above MSL where experiment were carried out. The general climatic condition of Raipur is sub-humid to semiarid with mean annual rainfall of about 1250 mm of which 85% occurring during June to September. Whereas during rabi season, rains are scanty and receive during October to February. In summer the maximum temperature often reaches to 46o C in May-June and during winter minimum reaches to 7-8o C in December-January. The meteorological data during the period under the report are given in Appendix-I. The soil of experimental site is Inceptisols (silty clay) in texture with neutral reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. During 2014, the total rainfall was 1249.0 mm, of which 1100.80 mm received

mainly from June to end of October. The maximum and minimum temperature of 44.1 and

8.3o C were recorded in first week of June and third week of December, respectively. The

evaporation was as high as 13.0 mm in first week of June. (Appendix I).

Over all, the year 2014 was a normal year as far as weather conditions are concern.

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III. Staff positon and Expenditure statement:

Staff position:

S.

No.

Post sanctioned

No. of

Post

Name of incumbent Date of joining

Date of leaving

1. Principal Scientist*

(

1 Dr. A.P.Singh 06.08.2007 -

2. Scientist

Microbiology

1 Dr. Tapas Chowdhury 8.6.2006 -

3. Field Asstt

1 Mr. G.P.Verma

08-09-98 -

4. UDC

1 Mr. B.L.Devangan February

2011

-

5. Messenger

(

1 Mr. Balla Ram Nishad 21.12.2010

-

*Sanctioned post=Senior Scientist

Expenditure statement up to 31st of December, 2014

(Rs. in lakh)

S. No. Pay & Allow T.A. Recurring contingencies TSP Total

1 33.2 0.03 2.03 5.37 40.63

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IV. Executive Summary: Year- 2014

WS 1: Weed surveillance and Monitoring:

WS 1.1: Weed Surveillance:

WS 1.1 a : Monitoring of weed appearance of new weed species

Weed surveillance study revealed that Alternanthra triandra has heavily infested cropped

field’s especially direct seeded rice, road sides, bunds etc. Other weeds on increase in the

non-cropped area are Malwa pusila, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cromalina odorata; however, the

good side of these invasions is that it is replacing Parthenium hysterophorus.

[kjirokj fuxjkuh ds mijkar ik;k x;k fd NRrhlx<+ ds eSnkuh fgLls esa vYVjusUFksjk Vªkb,UMjk dk

izdksi u dsoy xSj Qlyh Hkwfe esa cM+ jgk gS] oju~ [ksrksa esa Hkh bldk izdksi cgqr rsth ls cM+ jgk

gSA blh izdkj xSj Qlyh Hkwfe] es<+ ,oa eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa rhu u, [kjirokj Øe”k% ekyok iwlhyk]

lsaØl flfy;sjhl ,oa Økseksfyuk vksMksjkVk dk QSyko cgqr rsth ls gks jgk gSA

WS 1.2: Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in cropping systems and climatic change

Till date, no incidence of weed shift either in long-term trials in AICRP-Weed Management nor in the commercial area have been noticed/reported due to cropping systems/climate change.

fofHkUu nh?kZdkyhd iz;ksxksa ,oa yacs le; ls O;olkf;d [ksrh ds varxZr fdlh Hkh izdkj dk

[kirokj foLFkkiu vkt fnukad rd ugha ik;k x;k gSA

WS 1.3: Monitoring of herbicide resistance/escape in weeds of the dominant cropping

systems

In Chhattisgarh, no incidence of herbicide resistance has, yet, been reported or observed

at on and off-farm.

NRrhlx<+ esa fdlh Hkh Qly ,oa [kjirokj esa [kjirokjuk'kh dh izfrjks/kd gksus dh dksbZ Hkh

?kVuk izdk'k esa ugha vk;h gSA vkSj u gh ,slk dksbZ vuqHko O;fDrxr :i ls fd;k x;k gSA

WS 2.1a: Biology of important weeds:

Biology of four important weeds namely; Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum rugosum

(cropped), Parthenium hysterophorus and Cassia tora ( Non-cropped) during kharif

season of 2014 was studied. Different growth parameters and yield attraibuting charcters

were studied.The weight of seed/plant and weight of 100 seeds for Echinochloa colona

was 5.43 and 0.094 g, for Ischaemum rugosum it was 10.13 and 0.48 g, for Parthenium

hysterophorus, it was 7.13 and 0.044g and for Cassia tor, it was 19.20 and 1.61g,

respectively.

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pkj egRoiw.kZ [kjirokj tSls bdkbuksaDyksok dksyksuk] bLphee :xksle ¼Qlyh; Hkwfe esa½] xktj?kkl ,oa

pjksVk ¼iM+rh Hkwfe es½ dk v/;;u o’kZ 2014 ds [kfjQ ds ekSle esa fd;k x;k ,oa eq[; :i ls ik;k x;k

fd bdkbuksaDyksok dksyksuk esa 5-43 xzke cht izfr ikS/kk ,oa izfr 100 cht dk Hkkj 0-094 xzke ik;k x;kA

blh rjg bLphee :xksle] xktj?kkl ,oa pjksVk esa dze”k% 10-13 vkSj 0-48 xzke] 7-13 ,oa 0-044 xzke

rFkk 19-20 ,oa 1-61 xzke ik;k x;kA

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicide combination for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded rice (

wet)

The lowest weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded under pendimethalin*

fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS which was statistically at par with

weed free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS). The highest weed dry matter was found under

weedy check. The weed control efficiency was highest under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @

1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS. The highest reduction in seed yield was to the tune of

83.29 % in weedy check as against minimum reduction of 3.59 % under combination of

pendimethalin fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000/25 g/ha. As far as economics of different treatments is

concern, though the gross retun is maximum under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000

g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS treatment followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000

fb 25 g/ha, but, benefit-cost ratio was highest under the treatment of oxadiargyl fb bispyribac –

Na @ 100/25 g/ha , narrowly followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha

and pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha

iz;ksx 3% drkj esa cksrk /kku esa fefJr [kjirokj ukf'k;ksa }kjk uhankfu;a=.k

mijksDr iz;ksx esa fofHkUu [kjiokj ukf'k;ksa ds feJ.k dk iz;ksx cksrk /kku esa [kjirokj izca/ku ds fy,

v/;;u fd;k x;kA fu"d"kZ Lo:i ik;k x;k fd ;fn isfUMesFksyhu 1-0 yh-@gsDV- dk vadqj.k iwoZ

fNM+dko ds ckn 20 fnu ij fclik;fjcSd 25 xzk-@gsDV- dk fNM+dko ,oa 45osa fnu ij ,d ckj gkFk ls

fuankbZ djus ij drkj esa cksrk /kku esa [kjirokj izca/ku izHkkoh :i ls gksrk gS o /kku ds vPNh mit

izkIr gksrh gSA fdUrq isfUMesFksyhu 1-0 yh-@gsDV- dk vadqj.k iwoZ fNM+dko ds ckn 20 fnu ij

fclik;fjcSd 25 xzk-@gsDV- ,oa 3 ckj ohMj pykus ls izHkkoh [kjirokj fu;a=.k ,oa lokZf/kd vkfFkZd

ykHk fy;k tk ldrk gSA

WS 3.6 : Weed management in conservation agriculture ( Rice-Wheat-cowpea fodder)

The Yield attributes and seed yield of transplanted as well as direct seeded rice under CT and ZT conditions did not vary significantly due to different tillage practices. Significantly higher seed yield was recorded under recommended practice i.e. pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE than unweeded check. The yield losses due to different tillage practice ranged from 2.15 % under CT-transplanted rice yield to as high as 20.86% under ZT (Direct seeded) + R treatment. While yield losses to the tune of 79.16 % were recorded under unweeded check. Benefit: cost ratio was remarkably higher under ZT-direct seeded rice than treatments of CT-transplanted. Among weed management practices, the higher gross as well as net income and benefit: cost ratio was obtained under recommended treatment (pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE). It was found that CT had 6% higher efficiency over ZT, transplanting had 13.3% higher efficiency over direct seeding, chemical weed control by 380% over unweeded and integrated weed control proved to be 367% more efficient over unweeded, respectively. Tillage systems did not impart any effect on physico-chemeical and biochemical properties of soil. However, the zero tillage system slightly increased the microbiological properties of soil in the first season of experimentation.

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Lowest values of pH, organic carbon, carbon stock, DHA, MBC and BSR were recorded under integrated weed management system where herbicide oxadiargyl was applied along with hand weeding practice. Chemical method of weed control was second in order to reduce the above parameters

fofHkUu Hkwifj’dj.k ds fof/k;ksa }kjk Qly mit ,oa Qly mit ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu xq.kksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu

ugha ik;k x;kA [kjirokj vfu;af=r IykV ds rqyuk esa [kjirokjuk”kh tSls ik;jstkslY¶;qjkWu rFkk

ihukWDlqye ds dze”k% 20 rFkk 22-5 xzke @gs- mi;ksx ls Qly mit esa ykHknk;d o`f) ik;h xbZA

Qly dk mRiknu àkl ikjEijhd Hkwifj’dj.k & jksikbZ fof/k dh n”kk esa 21-5 izfr”kr ,oa “kwU;

Hkwifj’dj.k & lh/kh cksvkbZ $ Qly vo”ks’k mipkj dh n”kk esa 20-86 izfr”kr ik;k x;kA [kjirokj

vfu;af=r IykWV esa mRiknu àkl 79-16 izfr”kr ik;k x;kA ijEijkxr Hkwifj’dj.k &lh/kh cqvkbZ ds rqyuk

esa “kwU; Hkwifj’dj.k &lh/kh cqvkbZ esa ykHk % [kpZ vuqikr mYy[kuh; :i ls T;knk ik;k x;kA

[kjirokj fu;a=.k ds fofHkUu fof/k;ksa esa lokZf/kd “kq) vkenkuh ,oa ykHk % [kpZ vuqikr [kjirokjuk”kh

jlk;u ¼ ik;jstkslY¶;qjkWu rFkk ihukWDlqye½ ds iz;ksx dh n”kk esa ik;k x;kA ;g ns[kk x;k fd “kwU;

Hkwifj’dj.k ds rqyuk esa ikjEijhd Hkwifj’dj.k dk {kerk 6 izfr”kr T;knk FkhA blh rjg lh/kh cqvkbZ dh

rqyuk esa jksik i)fr dh {kerk 13-3 izfr”kr vf/kd ik;k x;kA jlk;fud fu;a=.k ,oa lefUor [kjirokj

fof/k;ksa dh {kerk [kjirokj vfu;af=r fLFkfr esa dze”k% 380 ,oa 367 izfr”kr T;knk ik;k x;kA

fofHkUu izdkj Hkwifj’dj.k izfdz;k }kjk feV~Vh dh HkkSr&jlk;fud ,oa tSo&jlk;fud xq.kksa esa ifjorZu ugha

ik;k x;kA gkykfd “kwU; Hkwifj’dj.k }kjk izFke Qly mRiknu ds i”pkr feV~Vh dh lq{ethoh; xq.kksa esa

o`f) ik;h xbZA

lefUor [kjirokj fu;=.k O;oLFkk esa feV~Vh dh ih-,p-] dkcfuZd dkcZu] dkcZu laxzg.k] MhgkbMªksthust

,Utkbe fdz;k”hyrk] lw{ethoh; dkcZu ,oa lw{ethoksa ds “olu nj esa o`f) ifjyf{kr gqvkA jlk;fud

[kjirokj fu;a=.k fo/kh esa mijksDr xq.kksa esa rqyukRed :i ls deh ikbZ xbZA

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Kharif 2014

Significantly lower weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded from the

treatment of two hand weedings and this was at par with pre emergence application of

oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb post-emergence bispyribac 25 g/ha and both were significantly

superior over weedy check. Though, the gross income was highest under hand weeding

twice, but, net income and B:C ratio was higher under oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac

25 g/ha. It was also concluded that in five years of experimentation, appearance of new

weed or shifting of flora over initial did not change.

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/kku&pus ds Qly pØ esa [kjrokj ukf'k;ksa dk yach vof/k rd iz;ksx ds izHkko dk v/;;u] [kjhQ 2014

vadqj.k iwoZ [kjirokj uk'kh vkWDlkMk;ftZy dk 80 xzk-@gsDV dh nj ls iz;ksx ,oa 20&25 fnu ckn

fclik;fjcSd 25 xzk-@gsDV- iz;ksx djus ls nks ckj gkFk }kjk fuankbZ djus dh ijaijkxr fof/k ds cjkcj

/kku dh mit izkIr gksrh gSA

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Rabi 2013-14

It was observed that treatments applied to direct seeded rice during kharif had no

significant effect on seed yield of chickpea. Similarly, tillage practices also had no

significant effect on dry matter production of weeds at any stage. Among weed control

practices, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg /ha produced

significantly lowest weed dry matter and higherseed yields as compared to weedy check

but was at par with farmers’ practice at 60 DAS and at harvest. Similar results were

obtained during previous three seasons

v % /kku&pus ds Qly pØ esa [kjrokj ukf'k;ksa dk yach vof/k rd iz;ksx ds izHkko dk v/;;u] [kjhQ 2013&14

mijksDr iz;ksx esa ik;k x;k fd pus dh mit ij iajijkxr vFkok 'kwU; Hkw ifj"dj.k tSlh

tqrkbZ@cqvkbZ dh fof/k dk dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha iM+rk @blh izdkj pus dh vPNh mit ysus

ds fy;s [kjirokj uk'kh isfUMesFksyhu dk 1-0 yh-@gsDV- dh nj ls vadqj.k iwoZ iz;ksx djuk

pkfg;sA

Station Trial:

WS 3.8: Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice

The significantly lower weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded under

azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30

DAS as compared to weedy check, but was at par with rest of the treatments except

motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS, motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25 DAS

fb bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS and bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS, in order.

The highest reduction in seed yield was recorded under weedy check (86.40%) and

minimum under bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660

g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen (7.94 %). The gross income, net income and

benefit : cost ratio was found to be highest under azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha 14 DAS fb

bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30-35 DAS ( 2.23) followed by bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18

DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen (

2.12) as against negative B:C ratio under weedy check.

drkj esa cksrk /kku esa leUofr [kjirokj izca/ku %

cksrk /kku esa leUofr [kjirokj izca/ku gsrq fd, x, iz;ksx ls Kkr gqvk fd ,ftelYQqjkWu 35

xzk- @gs- 2&3 iRrh dh voLFkk esa ,oa fcLik;fjcSd 20 xzk-@gs- cksuh ds 30 fnu ckn fNM+dko

djus ls lHkh izdkj ds [kjirokjksa ij izHkkoh fu;a=.k ik;k tk ldrk ,oa /kku dh vPNh dh

mit izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq fcLik;fjcSd 20 xzk-@gs- cksuh ds 18 fnu ckn ,oa izFke

8

u=tu fNM+dko ds lkFk izsfVykDyksj $ csulYQ;wjkWu 660 xzk-@gs- fNM+dko djus ls izHkkoh

[kjirokj fu;a=.k ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZy ykHk Hkh lokZf/kd fy;k tk ldrk gSA

Microbiological study

WS 3.6a: Weed management in conservation agriculture ( Rice-Wheat-cowpea fodder)

The zero tillage system slightly increased the microbiological properties of soil in the first

season of experimentation. Lowest values of DHA, MBC and BSR were recorded under

integrated weed management system where herbicide oxadiargyl was applied along with

hand weeding practice.

“kwU; Hkwifj’kdj.k }kjk izFke Qly mRiknu ds i”pkr feV~Vh dh lq{ethoh; xq.kksa esa o`f) ik;h

xbZA lefUor [kjirokj fu;=.k O;oLFkk esa feV~Vh dh MhgkbMªk sthust ,Utkbe fdz;k”hyrk]

lw{ethoh; dkcZu ,oa lw{ethoksa ds “olu nj esa o`f) ifjyf{kr gqvkA jlk;fud [kjirokj

fu;a=.k fo/kh esa mijksDr xq.kksa esa rqyukRed :i ls deh ikbZ xbZA

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Kharif 2014

Oxadiargyl combindly with bispyribac persisted in soil up to harvest stage. Before

harvesting they started to degrade but in the whole crop grown period they did not

degrade completely.

Pyrazosulfuron is rather safe and persisted in soil for shortest period among all the

applied herbicides. It completely degraded before 50 DAS.

Fenoxaprop, chlorimuron-ethyl and metsulfuron-methyl, which were applied combindly

persisted in soil for a longer period and their presence was evaluated even up to harvest.

Hand weeding practice found best among all treatments as it promoted the microbiological

activities including crop beneficial microbial population in the soil system.

Similar results were recorded during previous four kharif seasons

iz;ksx 3-7 % /kku&pus ds Qly pØ esa [kjrokj ukf'k;ksa dk yach vof/k rd iz;ksx dk e`nk ds lw{ethoh; xq.kksa ij izHkko dk v/;;u [kjhQ 2014

/kku Qly esa vkDlhMk;jthy ,oa fclik;jhcsd dk mi;ksx djus ds i'pkr feV~Vh esa bu

[kijirokjuk'kh;ksa dh mifLFkfr Qly dVkbZ ds voLFkk rd ikbZ xbZ A dVkbZ dh voLFkk ;k

dVkbZ ds iwoZ ds voLFkk esa bu [kjirokjuk'kh jlk;uksa dk fo?kVu 'kq: gks x;k ijUrq Qly ds

lEiw.kZ o`f) voLFkk esa os lEiw.kZ :i ls fo?kfVr ugha gks ik;k A

Ikk;jstkslY¶;wjkWu rqyukRed :i ls lqjf{kr [kjirokj uk'kh ik;k x;kA ;g vU;

[kjirokjuk'kh;ksa ds rqyuk esa feV~Vh esa cgqr gh de le; rd mifLFkr jgrk gS ,oa ;g /kku

ds cqokbZ ds 50 fnu ds vanj gh iw.kZ :i ls fo?kVhr gks tkrk gSA

QsuksDlkizkWi] DyksfjE;wjkWu bFkkby ,oa esVlY¶;wjkWu feFkkby ftUgs iz;ksx esa ,d lkFk mi;ksx

fd;k x;k ,oa dVkbZ ds voLFkk rd feV~Vh esa budh mifLFkfr ikbZ xbZA dVkbZ ds voLFkk esa

bu [kjirokjuk'kh;ksa dk fo?kVu 'kq: gqvk ijUrq Qly ds lEiw.kZ thou voLFkk esa budk lEiw.kZ

fo?kVu ugha gks ik;kA

lHkh mipkjksa esa gkFk }kjk fuankbZ loksZRre ik;h xbZ D;ksafd bl fØ;k }kjk feV~Vh esa lw{ethoh;

fØ;k'khyrk ,oa ykHkdkjh lw{ethoksa ds la[;k esa o`f) ikbZ xbZA

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WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Rabi 2013-14

Residual effect of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Chlorimuron-ethyl & Metsulfuron-methyl, (applied in kharif rice) was observed during rabi experimentation up to showing time i.e.0DAS of chickpea.

Conventional tillage found better than zero tillage to improve the microbial and biochemical properties of soil at initial stage of experimentation (0DAS). Conventional tillage significantly increased the nodule biomass of chickpea over zero tillage at 50days after sowing of crop.

The application of pendimethalin at recommended dose inhibited the microbial activities (BSR , MBC,AP & DHA) and population of N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria in crop rhizosphere up to 30DAS.

Application of herbicide did not affect the number and biomass of nodules which were recorded at 50DAS. Farmers’ practice found best to increase dry weight of nodules over weedy check, recorded at 50DAS.

At harvest stage of the crop all the treatments were found ineffective.

iz;ksx 3-7 v- % /kku&pus ds Qly pØ esa [kjrokj ukf'k;ksa dk yach vof/k rd iz;ksx dk e`nk ds lw{ethoh; xq.kksa ij izHkko dk v/;;u jch 2013 &14

[kjhQ esa uhank fu;a=.k gsrq mi;ksx dh xbZ jlk;u vDlkMkW;jthy] fclik;jhcsd] fQuksDlkizkWi]

DyksfjE;wjkWu ,oa esVlY¶;wjkWu dk enk lw{ethoksa ij izHkko jch Qly dh cqokbZ dh voLFkk rd

ns[kh xbZA

jch ekSle esa dh xbZ ijeijkxr Hkwifj’dj.k] Qly cqvkbZ ds le; feV~Vh dh lw{ethoh; ,oa

tSo jlk;fud xq.kksa dks mUur cukus esa rFkk Qly ¼puk½ ds 50 fnuks dh voLFkk esa xzfUFk

fuekZ.k izfØ;k dks c<+kus esa “kwU; Hkwifj’dj.k dh rqyuk esa mRre ikbZ xbZA

isUMhfefFkyhu dk vuq'kaflr ek=k esa mi;ksx ls feV~Vh esa lq{ethoh; fØ;k'khyrk ,oa u=tu

fLFkfjdkjd thok.kqvksa dh la[;k ij Qly cqokbZ ds 30 fnu rd izHkko ns[kk x;kA

Qly cqokbZ ds 50 fnu i'pkr pus esa xzfUFk;ksa dh la[;k ,oa xzUFkh 'kq"d Hkkj c<+kus esa —"kd

}kjk mi;ksx dh xbZ fof/k ¼nks ckj gkFk }kjk fuankbZ½ loksZRre ikbZ xbZ A

Qly ds dVkbZ dh voLFkk esa lHkh mipkj vizHkkoh ik;k x;k A

WS 4.2: Making of Parthenium free campus

“As directed by the DWR, entire campus of IGKV, Raipur remain Parthenium freee from 22.08.2014 to 23.10.2014 with the help of administration/departments/farm services under the regular reminders/guidance and monitoring by AICRP-Weed management. Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor and Director Research Services took the matter seriously”

izfro’kkZuqlkj] bl o’kZ Hkh fnukad 22-8-14 ls 23-10-14 rd bafnjk xka/kh d`f’k fo”ofo|ky;] jk;iqj

dk ifjlj xktj ?kkl eqDr jgkA

WS 4.3 : Biologial control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi

On 23rd August, 183 adults of Neochetina bruchi were released in a pond situated at Kushal Nagar, Raipur but, some how, there was no infestation of insects on water hyacinth plants till 5th of January 2015.

10

ty dqEHkh ds tSfod fu;a=.k gsrq fu;kspsfVuk cwzph ds 183 o;Ld dhM+s dq”kky uxj jk;iqj fLFkr

rykc esa fo|ekuk tydqEHkh ds ikS/kksa ij 23- vxLr 2014 dks NksM+s x;s Fks fdUrq mudk dksbZ izHkko

tuojh ekg rd ns[kus esa ugha vk;kA

WS 6.1 : On Farm Research (OFR)

Eight on farms Research trials in village Nagargaon, block-Dharsinwa, district Raipur were laid down on direct seeded broadcast sown rice with a seed rate of 50 kg/ha with sand mix application of pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE followed by POE application of pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha. There was 16.10 per cent increase in grain yield due to recommended practice over farmers practice along with a B:C ratio of 3.67 and 2.37, respectively

/kjlhok fLFkr xzke uokxkWo esa fdlkuksa ds [ksr ij 8 iz;ksx Mkys x;s Fks ftlsesa 50 fdyks cht@gS-

dk iz;ksx cksrk /kku ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA [kjirokj izca/ku gsrq ik;jstkslY¶;qjkWu vadqj.k iwoZ

,oa ihukWDlqye vadqj.k i”pkr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds QyL:i C;klh tSls ikjeifjd

fdz;k dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k FkkA mijksDr iz;ksx esa ijeifjd fof/k dh rqyuk esa vuq”kaflr

fof/k esa vkSlru 16-1 izfr”kr dh o`f) mit esa ikbZ xbZ ,oa ykHk [kpZ vuqikr 3-67 jgkA

WS 6.2 : Front Line Demonstrations under Tribal Sub Plan:

In an area of 248 acres, Front line demonstrations on weed management in rice were laid

down in 28 tribal villages in districts of Bastar, Kondagaon and kanker, Bilaspur,

Balrampur, and Mahasamund. Of which, 90 demonstrations were taken on puddled rice

and 158 demonstrations were laid down in direct seeded line sown rice. A total of 248

farmers were the participants. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK’s of respective

district and AICRP-Weed Control, Raipur. Based on above demonstrations, it was

concluded that an average increase of 15.8 % in benefit :cost ratio was obtained due to

recommended practice over farmers practice rice established either direct line seeded or

puddle rice. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK’s of respective district and

AICRP-Weed Control, Raipur.

vfxze iafDr izn'kZu %

[kjirokj izca/ku ij 248 ,dM+ esa 28 vkfnoklh {ks= ds xkaoksa esa vfxze iafDr izn'kZu fy;s x;s ,oa

ik;k x;k fd [kjirokj izca/ku dh oSKkfud fof/k viukus ls equkQk % [kpZ ds vuqikr esa 15-8

izfr'kr dh o`f) /kku dh [ksrh esa izkIr dh xbZA

V. Results of practical utility:

Combination of bispyribac with chlorimuron + metsulfuron @ 25 + 4 g/ha or bispyribac

with ethoxysulfuron @ 25 + 18.75 g/ha or pretilachlor fb ethoxysulfuron works more

effectively on mixed weed flora of transplanted rice than alone.

Pendimethalin extra fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha and three mechanical

weedings ( rotary weeder 20,40,60 DAS) may control mixed weed flora very effectively as

well as economically than any other combinations in direct seeded rice under inceptisol

conditions.

Use of oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb post-emergence bispyribac 25 g/ha in direct seeded rice

have been proved to be an effective combination for the control of mixed weed flora in

DSR continuosly for last four years.

Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ ha in chickpea still is a good

answer to the weeds of chickpea

11


applied herbicides. It completely degraded before 50 DAS

Above technologies have been tested in front line demonstrations at farmer’s field and It

was concluded that the over all average benefit: cost ratio of above weed management

practices over farmer’s practices may be raised to the tune of 15.8 %.

Beushening of rice may be escaped if seed is broadcasted @ of 40-50 kg/ha and weed is

managed by pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g fb pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha as POE, this saves nearly

10,000/- per ha.

VI. Recommendations passed on to state package of practice for inclusion:

( included in Rabi package of practice 2014)

Combinations of sulfosulfuron + metribuzin @ 25 + 105 g/ ha and clodinafop + metribuzin

@ 60 + 105 g/ ha are the effective herbicides for the control of mixed weed flora in wheat.

Combinations of pinoxaden + carfentrazone @ 50 + 20 g/ ha and pinoxaden +

metsulfuron @ 50 + 4 g/ ha are another effective herbicides for the control of mixed weed

flora in wheat

12

Technical programme- 2014

AGRONOMY

WS 1 : Weed surveillance and monitoring

WS 1.1a : Monitoring of appearance of new weed species

WS 1.2 : Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in cropping

systems and climatic parameters in prevailing ecosystems

WS 1.3 : Monitoring of herbicide resistance/escape in weeds of the dominant cropping system

WS 2 : Weed Biology and physiology

WS 2.1a : Biology of important weeds

WS 3. : Weed management in crops and cropping systems

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicide combination for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded rice (wet)

WS 3.6 : Weed management in conservation agriculture systems

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system ( Kharif-2014)

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system ( Rabi 2013-14)

WS 3.8 : Station trials based on location specific problems

WS 3.8.1 : Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice

WS 4 : Management of problematic weeds

WS 4.2 : Making of Parthenium free campus

WS 4.3 : Biologicalcontrol of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi

WS 6 : On –Farm research and impact assessment

WS 6.1 : On Farm Research

WS 6.2 : Front Line Demonstration ( FLD)

WM-IFS : Linkages with AICRP-Integrated Farming System, IGKV, Raipur

MICROBIOLOGY

WS 3.6 : Weed management in conservation agriculture systems ( Kharif 2014)

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system (Kharif-2014)

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system (Rabi 2013-14)

13

VII. Research achievement- 2014

A. AGRONOMY ( Net Work)

WS 1: Weed surveillance and monitoring


Objective: To monitor the appearance of new weed species in particular region

Weed Surveillance study revealed that Alternanthra triandra in cropped fields especially

direct seeded rice which occupies around 70% area in state, has emerged as a new

havoc. Also the road sides, bunds etc. is getting heavily infested with this weed especially

in Raipur district and adjoining plains of Chhattisgarh. The control of this weed after 4-5

leaf stage get difficult with prevalent herbicides like Chlorimurom+Metsulfuron ( Almix) ,

however, 2,4-D is still an effective solution for this weed.

Other weeds invading the non-cropped area are Malwa pusila, Cenchrus ciliaris in Chhattisgarh plains and Cromalina odorata entering from southern parts of Chhattisgarh and knocking the door steps of C.G.Plains. The intensity of these weed is multiplying at a rapid pace. However, the good side of these invasions is that it is replacing Parthenium hysterophorus.

WS 1.2: Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in

cropping systems and climatic change Objective: To monitor weed shift due to weed management practices and other cultural

and climatic factors Till date, no incidence of weed shift either in long-term trials in AICRP-Weed Management nor in the commercial area where cultivation of rice-based cropping systems/Soybean based cropping system are going-on since decades have been noticed/reported due to cropping systems/climate change.

14

Alternanthera triandra

Cromalina odorata

Cenchrus ciliaris

15

WS 1.3 : Monitoring of herbicide resistance/escape in weeds of the dominant cropping

systems

Objetcive: To monitor resistance against commonly used herbicide at farmers’ field

In Chhattisgarh, no incidence of herbicide resistance has, yet, been reported or observed at on and

off-farm.

WS 2 : Weed Biology and physiology:

WS 2.1a: Biology of important weeds:

Biology of four important weeds was studied in the fields of experimentation along with adjoining

area for cropped as well as non cropped weeds namely; Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum

rugosum (cropped) and Parthenium hysterophorus and Cassia tora ( Non-cropped) durin kharif

season of 2014. Five plants were selected for each species. Cropped area i.e paddy field was

selected for Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum rugosum and non-cropped area i.e. adjoining bunds

was selected for Parthenium hysterophorus and Cassia tora. Following character were studied for

above mentioned four weeds:

Table WS 2.1a.1: Biology of importane weeds studied during kharif 2014

Name of character Name of weed Echinochloa colona Ischaemum rugosum Parthenium hysterophorus Cassia tora

Plant height, cm 67.7 76.30 54.20 64.80

Tiller/branch 12 10 8 8

Total Biomass, g 16.8 47.9 19.10 16.7

Root biomass 3.70 5.20 2.80 3.0

Shoot biomass 13.10 42.70 16.30 13.70

Root:shoot ratio -- -- -- --

Days to flower 30 75 40 35

Days to maturity 55 105 65 73

seeds per plant,g 5.43 10.13 7.13 19.20

Weight of 100 seeds, g 0.094 0.48 0.044 1.61

16

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicide combination for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded

rice ( wet)

Objectives:

1. To study the bio-efficiency of combination of herbicides against weed complex

and their effect on growth and yield of direct-seeded rice

2. To study the phytotoxic effects on the crop, if any

Table WS 3.1.3.1: Treatment details:

Treatment Dose ( g/ha) Time of application

(DAS)

Bispyribac -Na 25 20 DAS ( 3-4 leaf stage)

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac -Na 1000 fb 25 0-2 fb 25

Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac -Na 100/25 0-2 fb 25

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac -Na 20/25 0-3 fb 25

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac–Na fb

Manual weeding

1000 fb 25 0-2 fb 20 ( 3-4 leaf

stage) fb 45 d

Pendimethalin* fb manual weeding 1000 0-2 fb 25 d

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron) 20 +4 20

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder) ---- 20,40,60 DAS

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) --- --

Weedy check --- --

Design : Randomized Block Replications: Three

Date of Sowing: 20.06.2014 Date of Harvesting: 02. 11.2014

Variety: MTU 1010 Fertilizer: 100: 50: 30 N:P:K/ha

17

Effect of different weed management practices on direct seeded rice

18

Table WS 3.1.3.2: Weed population at 60 DAS as influenced by weed control measures in direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Narrow leaf Broad leaved Sedge

Others Total Echinochloa

colona

Alternanthera

triandra

Spilanthes

acmella Cynotis axillaris Cyperus iria

Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha

2.97(8.33) 1.96( 3.33) 2.35( 5.00) 1.68(2.33 ) 2.35( 5.00) 1.87(3.00 ) 5.24(26.99)

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac –Na @

1000 fb 25 g/ha

2.74( 7.00) 2.35( 5.00) 1.78( 2.66) 1.78(2.66 ) 1.87( 3.00) 1.68(2.33 ) 4.81( 22.65)

Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac –Na @ 100/25

g/ha

2.41( 5.33) 1.96( 3.33) 1.96( 3.33) 1.68(2.33 ) 1.87( 3.00) 1.58(2.00 ) 4.45( 19.32)

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac –Na @

20/25 g/ha

2.12( 4.00) 2.20( 4.33) 1.78( 2.66) 1.35(1.33 ) 1.87( 3.00) 2.04(3.66 ) 3.98( 15.32)

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac–Na @

1000 g/ha fb Manual weeding 45 DAS

2.12( 4.00) 1.58( 2.00) 1.58( 2.00) 1.47(1.66 ) 1.78( 2.66) 1.35(1.33 ) 3.76( 13.65)

Pendimethalin* @ 1000 g/ha fb manual

weeding

2.80( 7.33) 2.35( 5.00) 2.20( 4.33) 1.96(3.33 ) 1.58( 2.00) 2.12(4.00 ) 4.64( 20.99)

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron +

metsulfuron) @ 20 + 4 g/ha

2.55( 6.00) 1.78( 2.66) 1.22( 1.00) 1.22(1.00 ) 1.68( 2.33) 2.04(3.66 ) 4.10(16.32 )

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary

weeder 20,40,60 DAS)

2.27( 4.66) 2.35( 5.00) 1.96( 3.33) 1.78(2.66 ) 2.12( 4.00) 2.12(4.00 ) 4.91(23.65 )

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and

60 DAS)

2.97( 8.33) 1.78( 2.66) 1.58( 2.00) 1.68(2.33 ) 1.58( 2.00) 1.87(3.00 ) 3.94(14.99 )

Weedy check

4.02( 15.66) 3.58( 12.33) 3.58( 12.33) 3.29(10.33 ) 2.86( 7.66) 2.61(6.33 ) 8.19(66.64 )

Figures in the parentheses are original values; data were transformed through

19

Table WS 3.1.3.3: Weed population at harvest as influenced by weed control measures in direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Narrow leaf Broad leaf Sedge

Others Total Echinochloa

colona

Alternanther

a triandra

Spilanthes

acmella

Cynotis

axillaris

Cyperus iria


1.47(1.66 ) 2.35( 5.00) 2.35( 5.00) 1.47(1.66 ) 1.78(2.66 ) 2.20( 4.33) 4.56 (20.31)

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25

g/ha

1.47( 1.66) 1.68( 2.33) 2.61( 6.33) 1.87( 3.00) 1.96( 3.33) 1.78( 2.66) 4.14( 16.65)

Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha

1.47( 1.66) 1.47( 1.66) 1.78( 2.66) 1.35( 1.33) 1.87( 3.00) 2.20( 4.33) 3.89( 14.64)

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha

1.35( 1.33) 1.35( 1.33) 2.12( 4.00) 1.22( 1.00) 1.68( 2.33) 1.35( 1.33) 3.44( 11.32)

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb

Manual weeding 45 DAS

1.35( 1.33) 1.35( 1.33) 1.78( 2.66) 1.22( 1.00) 1.35( 1.33) 1.35( 1.33) 2.85( 7.65)

Pendimethalin* @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding

1.58(2.00 ) 1.35( 1.33) 2.68( 6.66) 1.68(2.33 ) 1.78( 2.66) 1.87( 3.00) 3.93( 14.98)

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron) @

20 + 4 g/ha

1.47( 1.66) 1.47( 1.66) 2.55(6.00 ) 1.35(1.33 ) 1.58( 2.00) 1.22( 1.00) 3.76( 13.65)

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder

20,40,60 DAS)

1.22( 1.00) 1.78( 2.66) 2.55( 6.00) 1.47(1.66 ) 1.87( 3.00) 1.87( 3.00) 4.22( 17.32)

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS)

1.47( 1.66) 1.58( 2.00) 1.68( 2.33) 1.22(1.00 ) 1.47(1.66) 1.68( 2.33) 3.24( 9.98)

Wee Weedy Check

3.44( 11.33) 3.19( 9.66) 3.89( 14.66) 3.34(10.66 ) 3.72( 13.33) 2.04( 3.66) 7.99(63.30 )


20

Methodology:

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi

Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during rainy season of 2014. The experimental soil was

inceptisols low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, and medium in phosphorus and high

in potassium with neutral soil reaction. Ten treatments comprised of either alone or different

combinations of herbicides including two standard checks viz. two hand weedings and untreated

control (Table WS 3.1.3.1). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design replicated

thrice. The gross plot size was 5 m x 5 m and net plot size was 4 m x 4 m. Medium duration rice

cultivar MTU 1010 was taken as test crop. The sowing of rice was done with the help of seed

cum fertilizer drill in fourth week of June at a spacing of 20 cm row to row with recommended

dose of fertilizer i.e. 100:50:30 kg/ha N:P:K. Full dose of phosphorus and potash along with one

third of nitrogen was applied as basal. Rest of the nitrogen was applied in two splits at tillering

and panicle initiation. The crop did not suffer with any kind of incidence like drought, insect,

disease etc. during its entire growth period. Harvesting was done in the first week of November,

2014. The observations viz; weed flora, weed density, weed biomass and their effect on yield

characters and yield of rice and economic viability of different treatments were analysed as per

the standard procedure.

Results:

Weed Flora:

Weed flora of the experimental field consisted of Echinochloa colona among grasses,

Cyperus iria among sedges and Alternanthera triandra, Spilanthes acmella, Cynotis axillaris

among broad leaf weeds. Broad leaf weeds and sedges dominated the weed flora at 60 DAS

and at harvest as compared to grasses and other weeds.

Weed Population:

Weed population recorded at 60 DAS and at harvest revealed that weed control measures

showed remarkable variation in weed population. The lowest weed count at 60 DAS was

recorded under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding at 45 DAS

and this was closely followed by hand weeding twice, pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac –Na @

100/25 g/ha, bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron) @ 20 + 4 g/ha and oxadiargyl fb

bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha, in order. At harvest, nearly similar trend as that at 60 DAS

continued. Highest weed population was recorded under weedy check (Table WS 3.1.3.2 &

3).

Weed Dry Matter:

Different combinations of herbicide showed significant variation in dry matter production of

weeds at both stages i.e. 60 DAS and at harvest and were significantly superior over weedy

check. It is obvious from the data on weed dry matter that significantly lowest dry matter was

recorded under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding at 45 DAS

but it was statistically at par with weed free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) and

pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha, in order. However, at harvest the lowest

weed dry matter was recorded under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb

manual weeding at 45 DAS which was statistically at par with weed free (hand weeding at

20, 40 and 60 DAS) and pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha, pendimethalin* @

21

1000 g/ha fb manual weeding, pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha and

oxadiargyl fb bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha, in descending order. The highest weed dry

matter was found under weedy check at both the stages. The weed control efficiency was

highest under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding at 45 DAS

at harvest and the lowest WCE was calculated under weedy check ( Table WS 3.1.3.4).

Table WS 3.1.3.4: Effect of herbicide combination on weed dry matter at 60 DAS and at harvest and weed control efficiency in direct seeded rice (Kharif 2014)


Treatments Weed Dry Matter

(gm2) at 60 DAS

Weed Dry Matter

(gm2) at

harvest

Weed Control

Efficiency

at harvest,

%


8.85( 77.8) 7.51(55.9 )

66.08

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb

25 g/ha

8.84( 77.7) 6.03( 35.9)

78.21


8.75( 76.1) 6.20( 38.0)

76.94

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac –Na @ 20/25

g/ha 7.50( 55.7) 5.46( 29.3)

82.22

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac–Na @ 1000

g/ha fb Manual weeding 25 DAS 6.83( 46.1) 5.05( 25.0)

84.83

Pendimethalin* @ 1000 g/ha fb manual

weeding 8.20( 66.7) 5.52( 30.0)

81.79

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron)

@ 20 + 4 g/ha 8.89( 78.6) 6.99( 48.4)

70.63

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder

20,40,60 DAS) 12.97( 167.8) 11.57( 133.4)

19.05

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60

DAS) 6.96( 48.0) 5.37( 28.3)

82.2

Weedy check

19.42( 376.7) 12.86( 164.8)

---

SEm± 0.44 0.46

LSD ( P= 0.05) 1.33 1.37

22

Yield attributes, seed yield and weed index:

Seed yield of direct seeded rice varied significantly due to different weed control measures

and was significantly superior over weedy

check. Significantly higher seed yield was

recorded under pendimethalin* fb

bispyribac–Na @ 1000/25 g/ha fb manual

weeding at 45 DAS, however, it was

statistically at par with rest of the treatments

except bispyribac–Na @ 25 g/ha applied

alone as post emergence, bispyribac –Na + (

chlorimuron + metsulfuron) @ 20 + 4 g/ha,

three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder

20,40,60 DAS) and weedy check. Yield

attributes like effective tillers at harvest,

weight of panicle also followed the similar

trend as that of seed yield. Various herbicide

combinations did not affect test weight

significantly. The highest reduction in seed

yield was to the tune of 83.29 % in weedy

check as against minimum reduction of 3.59

% under combination of pendimethalin fb

bispyribac–Na @ 1000/25 g/ha and hand

weeding thrice ( Table WS 3.1.3.5).

Effect of post-emergence herbicides

on weeds

23

Table WS 3.1.3.5: Effect of herbicide combination on yield attributes, seed yield and weed

index in direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Table WS 3.1.3.6: Effect of herbicide combination on benefit-cost ratio in direct seeded

rice, Kharif 2014

Treatments

Plant height at harvest ( cm)

Effective tillers at hervest/m row length

Weight of panicles

(g)

Test weight

(g)

Seed yield t/ha 2013

Seed Yield t/ha

2014

Mean seed yield two

years

Weed index

2014


90.09 47.00 2.27 27.3 4.27 3.31 3.79 30.02

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha

97.66 83.22 2.94 29.0 5.03 4.56 4.79 3.59


93.43 85.66 2.75 28.3 4.98 4.53 4.75 4.22

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha

96.79 79.33 2.66 28.3 4.63 4.29 4.46 9.30

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac Na @ 1000 g/ha fb Manual

weeding 45 DAS 98.14 102.1 2.97 29.6 5.16 4.73 4.94 ----

Pendimethalin* @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding

92.88 70.33 2.53 26.6 4.58 3.84 4.21 118.81

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron) @ 20 + 4

g/ha 95.76 50.00 2.49 28.0 4.33 3.43 3.88 27.48

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder 20,40,60 DAS)

99.09 47.00 2.13 28.0 4.30 2.95 3.62 37.63

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS)

100.24 90.22 2.97 29.3 4.86 4.56 4.71 3.59

Weedy check 85.66 27.77 1.68 25.0 0.89 0.79 0.84 83.29

SEm± 1.96 6.49 0.209 1.84 0.281 0.289 -- ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 5.85 19.31 0.62 N.S. 0.81 0.86 -- --

Treatments Gross Expenditure

Rs./ha

Gross return Rs./ha

Net Income Rs./ha

B:C

Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha 25100.0 45016.0 19916.0 1.79

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha 26450.0 62016.0 35566.0 2.34

Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha 25900.0 61608.0 35708.0 2.37

Pyrazosulfuron fb Bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha 25800.0 58344.0 32544.0 2.26

Pendimethalin* fb Bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb Manual weeding 45 DAS

28800.0 64328.0 35528.0 2.23

Pendimethalin* @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 27900.0 52224.0 24324.0 1.87

Bispyribac –Na + ( chlorimuron + metsulfuron) @ 20 + 4 g/ha

25000.0 46648.0 21648.0 1.86

Three mechanical weedings ( rotary weeder 20,40,60 DAS) 23400.0 40120.0 16720.0 1.71

Weed Free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) 32500.0 62016.0 29516.0 1.91

Weedy check 21000.0 10744.0 -10256.0 -0.51

24

Econmics:

Though the gross retun is maximum under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual

weeding 45 DAS treatment followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha, but,

benefit-cost ratio was highest under the treatment of oxadiargyl fb bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha ,

narrowly followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha and pyrazosulfuron fb

bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha (Table 3.1.3.6).

25


(i) Rice-based cropping system: Rice-Wheat- cowpeafodder

Objectives:

1. To monitor weed dynamics and crop productivity under long term tillage and

residue management practices

2. To evaluate the effect on crop productivity resource0use-efficiency

3. To study C-sequestration and changes in physico-chemical biological properties

Technical Details:

A. Tillage and residue management ( Main Plot)

Treatment Kharif ( Rice) Rabi ( Wheat) Summer (Cowpea fodder)

1 CT ( Transplanted) CT --

2 CT (Transplanted) ZT ZT

3 CT (Direct Seeded) CT ZT

4 ZT (Direct Seeded) ZT + R ZT

5 ZT (Direct Seeded)+ R ZT + R ZT

B. Weed Management ( Sub-Plot)

1. Recommended (Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE)

2. Integrated weed management ( Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S)

3. Unweeded

Design : Split plot Replication: 03 Plot size: 14 x 10 m = 140 m2

Variety : MTU 1010 ( Rice) , Kanchan ( Wheat)

Fertilizer : Recommended i.e. 100:50:30 N:P:K /ha

Date of Sowing/transplanting: 5.7.2014/21.7.2014

Date of Harvesting: 01.11.2014

26

Methodology:

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi

Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during rainy season of 2014. The experimental soil was inceptisols low

in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, and medium in phosphorus and high in potassium

with neutral soil reaction. Five treatments comprised of two conventional tillage with transplanted

rice, one conventional tillage with direct seeded rice, two treatments of zero tillage with direct

seeded rice, of which, one had residue incorporation, were placed in main plot. While in sub

plots, three treatments of weed management were placed and comprised of recommended

practice i.e. application of Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE, another

treatment of integrated weed management i.e. application of Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand

weeding at 25 DAT/S and one unweeded control.The experiment was laid out in split plot design

replicated thrice. Field preparation of CT was done with help of two ploughings with cultivator

followed by one rotavator, whereas, in ZT, no tilling of soil was done. The residue of previous

crop was left as such in one of the ZT treatments. The gross plot size was 12 m x 12 m. Medium

duration rice cultivar MTU 1010 was taken as test crop. The sowing of rice was done with the

help of seed cum fertilizer zero till seed drill in the plots where direct seeding of rice was to be

done under zero tillage conditions in first week of July to third week of July at a spacing of 20 cm

row to row, whereas, transplanting was done in first week of July when seedlings attained the

age of 21 days at a spacing of 15 x 10 cm between rows and hills to hill having 2 seedlings at

each hill with recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 100:50:30 kg/ha N:P:K. Full dose of

phosphorus and potash along with one third of nitrogen was applied as basal. Rest of the

nitrogen was applied in two splits at tillering and panicle initiation. The crop did not suffer with

any kind of incidence like drought, insect, disease etc. during its entire growth period. Harvesting

was done in the first week of November, 2014. The observations viz; initial soil properties, weed

flora, weed density, weed biomass and their effect on yield characters and yield of rice, soil

samples for analysis of C-sequestration, microbiological studies and economic viability of

different treatments were analysed as per the standard procedure. Square root transformation

was applied on data on weed density and dry matter accumulation.

Results:

Weed Flora:

Weed flora of the experimental field consisted of Echinochloa colona among grasses,

Cyperus iria among sedges and Alternanthera triandra, Spilanthes acmella, among broad leaf

weeds. Broad leaf weeds and Sedges dominated the weed flora at 60 DAS and harvest as

compared to grasses and other weeds. Other weeds like Ischeamum rugosum, Cynotis

axillaris, Commelina benghalensis, Ludvigia parviflora etc. were also found in irregular and

meager number. The density of weeds was lowest under CT- transplanted conditions than

ZT-direct seeded conditions.

Weed Population:

Weed population recorded at 60 DAS/T and at harvest revealed that weed population was

low under CT-Transplanted conditions and increased under treatments of zero tillage at both

the stages. Weed control measures showed remarkable variation in weed population. The

lowest weed count at 60 DAT/S and at harvest was recorded under both the treatments i.e.

recommended as well as integrated weed management. Highest weed population was

recorded under weedy check (Table WS 3.6.1 & 2).

27

Table 3.6.1 : Weed population at 60 DAS/T as influenced by weed management in

conservation agriculture in rice, kharif 2014.

Treatments Main plot (Tillage)

Grasses

Broad leaves

Sedges

Others

Total

Echinochloa colona


Spilanthes acmella

Cyperus iria

CT ( Transplanted) 1.65(2.22 ) 2.25( 4.55) 2.25( 4.55)

1.87 (2.99 ) 2.12(4.00 ) 4.34(18.3 )

CT (Transplanted) 1.90( 3.11) 2.37(5.11 ) 2.39(5.22 )

1.98 ( 3.44) 2.25(4.55 ) 4.68( 21.4)

CT (Direct Seeded) 2.25( 4.55) 2.66(6.55 ) 2.48(5.66 )

2.01 ( 3.55) 2.30( 4.77) 5.05( 25.0)

ZT (Direct Seeded) 2.61( 6.32) 2.61(6.33 ) 2.61(6.33 )

2.17 ( 4.21) 2.34(4.99 ) 5.36( 28.2)

ZT (Direct Seeded)+ R 2.71( 6.86) 2.82(7.44 ) 2.55(5.99 )

2.61 (6.32 ) 2.48(5.66 ) 5.73( 32.3)

Sub-plot ( weed management)

1. Recommended (Pyrazosulfuron 20

g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE) 2.01(3.53 ) 2.29(4.73) 1.92(3.20 )

1.70 (2.39 ) 1.83(2.86 ) 4.15(16.7 )

2.Integrated weed management (Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S 1.92(3.18 ) 2.15( 4.13) 1.99( 3.46)

1.70 ( 2.39) 1.87( 2.99) 4.07(16.1 )

1. Unweeded 2.80(7.33 ) 3.10(9.13 ) 3.24(10.0 )

2.72 (6.92 ) 3.00(8.53 ) 6.51(41.9 )

Monitoring team from DWR viewing the experiment on conservation

agriculture

28

Table 3.6.2: Weed population at harvest as influenced by weed management in

conservation agriculture in rice, kharif 2014


Grasses Broad leaves

Sedges

Others

Total

Echinochloa colona


Spilanthes acmella

Cyperus iria

CT ( Transplanted) 1.62( 2.11) 2.22(4.44 ) 2.39(5.22 ) 1.78(2.66 ) 2.46(5.55 ) 4.53( 20.0)

CT (Transplanted) 2.09( 3.88) 2.50(5.77 ) 2.39(5.22 ) 1.87(2.99 ) 2.41(5.33 ) 4.87(23.2 )

CT (Direct Seeded) 1.87(2.99 ) 2.75(7.09 ) 2.48(5.66 ) 2.12(3.99 ) 2.41(5.33 ) 5.06(25.1 )

ZT (Direct Seeded) 2.15(4.11 ) 2.57(6.11 ) 2.53(5.88 ) 2.15(4.11 ) 2.72(6.88 ) 5.25(27.1 )

ZT(DirectSeeded)+ R 2.48( 5.66) 2.57(6.11 ) 2.48(5.66 ) 2.41(5.33 ) 2.55(5.99 ) 5.41( 28.8)


1. Recommended (Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE) 1.72( 2.46) 2.09( 3.86) 1.99(3.45 ) 1.64(2.19 ) 1.83(2.86 ) 3.91(14.8 )

2.Integrated weed management (Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S 1.66(2.26 ) 1.97(3.40 ) 1.91(3.13 ) 1.64(2.20 ) 1.85( 2.93) 3.79( 13.9)

3.Unweeded 2.65(6.53 ) 3.25(10.06 ) 3.34(10.64 ) 2.77( 7.20) 3.54(12.06 ) 6.86( 46.5)

Weed Dry matter Accumulation:

Significant variations were observed due to tillage and weed management practices at 60 DAS/T

and at harvest stage. Weed dry matter was significantly low under CT-Transplanted treatments

than ZT-direct seeded treatments at both the stages. Similarly, weed dry matter was significantly

low under recommended i.e. pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE treatment

than unweeded check and integrated weed management treatment. The weed dry matter was

also low significantly under integrated weed management i.e. oxadiargyl 80 g/ha fb hand weeding

at 25 DAT/S treatment than unweeded check at 60 DAS/T stage but at harvest, the weed dry

matter was significantly low under recommended practice (Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam

@ 22.5 g/ha POE) which was at par with Integrated weed management ( oxadiargyl 80 g/ha fb

hand weeding at 25 DAT/S) but both were significantly superior over unweeded check ( Table

3.6.3).Weed control efficiency at harvest stage was highest under both the treatments of CT-

transplanted than all the three treatments of ZT-direct seeded rice. The weed control efficiency

also varies due to weed management practice. The highet WCE was recorded under

recommended practice i.e. pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE treatment

followed by integrated weed management i.e. oxadiargyl 80 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S.

29

Table 3.6.3: Weed dry matter at 60 DAT/S and at harvest and weed control efficiency as

influenced by weed management in conservation agriculture in rice, kharif 2014


Weed Dry Matter at 60 DAT/S, gm2

Weed Dry Matter at harvest, gm2

Weed Control Effiency, %, at harvest

CT ( Transplanted) 7.00( 48.47) 6.00(35.46 ) 69.00

CT (Transplanted) 6.04( 35.99) 7.02( 48.79) 57.35

CT (Direct Seeded) 7.71( 58.93) 9.56( 90.82) 21.29

ZT (Direct Seeded) 7.90( 61.87) 9.57( 91.04) 20.41

ZT(DirectSeeded)+ R 7.83( 60.83) 1072( 114.4) ---

SEm± 0.20 0.66 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.65 2.17 ---



g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE)

6.40( 40.48)

5.05( 25.03)

84.92

2.Integrated weed management

(Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand weeding

at 25 DAT/S 5.11( 25.61)

6.14( 37.23)

77.79

3.Unweeded 9.70( 93.57) 12.91(166.04 ) ----

SEm± 0.21 0.40 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.62 1.18 ---

Interaction T x W N.S. 2.64 ---

Yield attributes, seed yield and weed index:

The Yield attributes and seed yield of transplanted as well as direct seeded rice under CT

and ZT conditions did not vary significantly due to different tillage practices. However,

seed yield under CT-transplanted rice was marginally higher over ZT-direct seeded rice.

Among weed management practices, significant variation in yield attributes as well as

seed yield were obtained. Significantly higher seed yield was recorded under

recommended practice i.e. pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE than

unweeded check, but was at par with integrated weed management i.e. oxadiargyl 80

g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S and both were significantly superior over unweeded

check. Yield attributes like plant height at harvest, effective tillers, length of panicle also

followed similar trend as that of seed yield. The yield losses due different tillage practice

ranged from 2.15 % under CT-transplanted rice yield to as high as 20.86% under ZT (

Direct seeded) + R treatment. While yield losses to the tune of 79.16 % were recorded

under unweeded check (Table 3.6.4).

30

Table 3.6.4: Yield attributes and seed yield of rice as influenced by weed management in



Plant height At harvest

(cm)

Effective tillers/m

row length/m2

Length of panicle

(cm)

Test weight

(g)

Seed Yield ( t/ha)

Weed Index

CT ( Transplanted) 102.88 64.60 21.24 27.76 4.65 ---

CT (Transplanted) 101.17 60.43 21.01 28.53 4.55 2.15

CT (Direct Seeded) 95.26 54.85 20.62 28.10 4.06 12.90

ZT (Direct Seeded) 95.87 53.77 20.18 28.83 3.98 18.27

ZT(DirectSeeded)+ R 91.90 51.47 20.04 28.30 3.68 20.86

SEm± 1.43 2.90 1.12 0.688 0.217 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 4.66 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. ---



100.93 65.14 21.73 27.70 5.76 ---



at 25 DAT/S

102.11 65.89 22.33 28.44 5.60 2.77

3.Unweeded 89.21 39.91 17.39 27.76 1.20 79.16

SEm± 1.01 1.66 0.799 0.657 0.09 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 3.0 4.90 2.35 N.S. 0.26 ---

Interaction T x W N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. ---

Monitoring team from DWR, Jabalpur

31

Soil physico-chemical and C-sequestration studies:

A study was conducted to find out the effect of different weed management practices on changes

in physico-chemical, biochemical, microbial properties and rate of Carbon sequestration under

conservation agriculture system. In the first season of experimentation (Kharif 2014) it was

observed that different tillage systems did not impart any effect on physic-chemical (pH, EC and

organic carbon content) properties of soil (Table WS 3.6.5).

Table WS 3.6.5: Changes in Physico-chemical properties of soil as influenced by different

tillage and weed management practices

pH: Soil reaction, EC: Electrical conductivity in dSm-1, OC : Organic Carbon (%)

Treatment Physico-chemical property

At sowing At harvest

pH EC OC pH EC OC

Main plot (Tillage methods)

CT ( Transplanted) 6.74 0.15 0.42 6.77 0.18 0.45

CT (Transplanted) 6.72 0.15 0.44 6.75 0.17 0.47

CT (Direct Seeded) 6.74 0.16 0.43 6.77 0.18 0.48

ZT (Direct Seeded) 6.74 0.15 0.44 6.77 0.18 0.48


SEm± 0.009 0.0069 0.006 0.0092 0.0066 0.008

LSD ( P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Sub-plot (Weed Mangement Methods)


g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE)

6.73 0.16 0.43 6.76 0.18 0.46


(Oxadiargyl @ 80 g PRE fb hand

weeding at 25 DAT/S

6.74 0.16 0.44 6.75 0.18 0.45

3.Unweeded 6.73 0.16 0.44 6.78 0.18 0.51

SEm± 0.0054 0.0155 0.0075 0.0058 0.0060 0.0075

LSD ( P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. N.S. 0.02 N.S. 0.02

32

Table WS 3.6.6: Accumulation of Carbon content in soil as influenced by different tillage

and weed management practices

Tillage systems did not affect the Carbon stock of the soil in the first season of experimentation

(Table WS 3.6.6). In weed management study chemical method of weed control was compared

with integrated method of weed management and unweeded control. Among different methods,

lowest values of pH, organic carbon and carbon stock, were recorded under integrated weed

management system where herbicide oxadiargyl was applied along with hand weeding practice.

Chemical method of weed control was next in order to reduce the above parameters. In this study

slightly higher values of all the studied parameters were observed at harvest stage in comparison

to values recorded at the time of sowing (Table WS 3.6.5 & 6).

Table WS 3.6.2: Accumulation of Carbon content in soil as influenced by different tillage

and weed management practices

Treatments Carbon Stock(t/ha)

At sowing At harvest Sequestered Carbon

Content


CT ( Transplanted) 10.584 11.560 0.976

CT (Transplanted) 11.172 12.070 0.898

CT (Direct Seeded) 10.920 12.155 1.235

ZT (Direct Seeded) 11.004 12.155 1.151

ZT(DirectSeeded)+ R 11.256 12.410 1.154

SEm± 0.1503 0.2041 0.1331

CD (P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. N.S.


1. Recommended (Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb

pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE)

10.936 11.730 0.793

2.Integrated weed management (Oxadiargyl

@ 80 g PRE fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S

10.987 11.577 0.590

3.Unweeded 11.037 12.903 1.865

SEm± 0.1886 0.1901 0.0802

LSD ( P= 0.05) N.S. 0.561 0.237

33

Microbiological and biochemical studies :

In microbiological studies In first season of experimentation (Kharif 2014), it was observed that

different tillage systems did not impart any effect on dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) of soil

(Table WS 3.6.5 and WS 3.6.6). However, the tillage systems significantly affect the

microbiological properties like microbial carbon content (MBC) and basal soil respiration rate

(BSR) of soil. Zero tillage treatment with direct seeded condition has found significantly superior

over conventional tillage with transplanted condition to increase the MBC and BSR parameters.

Among different methods of weed management, lowest values of DHA, MBC and BSR were

recorded under integrated weed management system where herbicide oxadiargyl was applied

along with hand weeding practice. Chemical method of weed control was second in order to

reduce the above parameters. In this study slightly higher values of all the studied microbiological

and biochemical parameters were observed at harvest stage in comparison to values recorded at

the time of sowing.

Table WS 3.6.7: Changes in Microbiological properties of soil as influenced by different

tillage and weed management practices

Conclusion:

Tillage systems did not impart any effect on physico-chemeical and biochemical properties of soil. However, the zero tillage system slightly increased the microbiological properties of soil in the first season of experimentation .


Treatment Microbiological property

At sowing At harvest

DHA MBC BSR DHA MBC BSR


CT ( Transplanted) 30.67 80.15 0.383 32.39 86.60 0.383

CT (Transplanted) 33.44 84.33 0.389 35.21 90.14 0.391

CT (Direct Seeded) 32.85 82.23 0.383 34.35 90.49 0.387

ZT (Direct Seeded) 33.06 83.18 0.389 34.09 90.67 0.389


SEm± 0.8607 0.7543 0.0008 0.7798 1.3209 0.0022

CD (P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 4.31 0.007


1. Recommended (Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha

fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE)

32.57 83.08 0.387 35.15 87.65 0.387



at 25 DAT/S

32.97 82.76 0.389 30.75 86.66 0.385

3.Unweeded 32.97 83.24 0.390 36.87 95.87 0.393

SEm± 0.9100 0.7959 0.0011 0.8515 0.7078 0.0017

LSD ( P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. N.S. 2.51 2.09 0.005

34

Table 3.6.5: Net income and benefit cost ratio as influenced by weed management in



Gross expenditure

Rs/ha

Gross income Rs/ha

Net income Rs/ha

Benefit: Cost Ratio

CT ( Transplanted) 29500.0 63240.0 33740.0 2.14

CT (Transplanted) 29500.0 61880.0 32380.0 2.10

CT (Direct Seeded) 25133.0 55216.0 30083.0 2.20

ZT (Direct Seeded) 19733.0 54128.0 37395.0 2.74

ZT(DirectSeeded)+ R 19733.0 50048.0 30315.0 2.53



25340.0 78336.0 52996.0 3.09



at 25 DAT/S

26440.0 76160.0 49720.0 2.88

3.Unweeded 22380.0 16320.0 -6060.0 -0.72

Economics:

Though, the gross inome was recorded marginaly higher under CT-Tranplanted

treatments than ZT -direct seeded rice, but, benefit: cost ratio was remarkably higher under ZT-

direct seeded rice than treatments of CT-transplanted. Among weed management practices, the

higher gross as well as net income and benefit: cost ratio was obtained under recommended

treatment (pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE) and this was followed by

integrated weed management (oxadiargyl 80 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAT/S), Table 3.6.5.

Resource Use Efficiency:

RUE was compared between CT and ZT, method of establishment like transplanting and

direct seeding, unweeded and chemical weed control and unweeded with integrated weed

control. It was found that CT had 6% higher efficiency over ZT, direct seeding had 13.3% higher

over transplanting, chemical weed control by 380% over unweeded and integrated weed control

proved to be 367% more efficient over unweeded, respectively ( Table 3.6.6)

Table WS 3.6.6: Resource use efficiency as influenced by weed management in

conservation agriculture

Compared over

Resource Use Efficiency, %

Resources Conventional Tillage

Transplanting Chemical weed control

Integrated weed control

Zero Tillage 6.0 --- -- --

Direct seeding -- 13.3 -- --

Unweeded --- --- 380.0 --

Unweeded --- --- --- 367.0

35

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system

Cropping system: Rice- Chickpea (Kharif 2014)

Year of start – 2010 (Kharif)

Treatments:

Tillage 1st Crop 2nd Crop

(Main Plot) Conventional Conventional / Zero tillage

Weed Control 1st Crop ( RBD) 2nd Crop (Sub plot, Split plot )

Hand weeding Hand weeding

Recommended herbicide

(Oxadiargy @ 80 g/ ha fb Bispyribac 25 g/ha ) (Pendimethalin @1.0 kg/ ha)

(Fenoxaprop @ 60 g/ ha + CME+ MSM 4 g/ha) Weedy Check

(Pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS)

(Weedy Check)

Plot size: 10.0 x 11 = 110 m2 Design: RBD (Kharif)

Variety: MTU-1010 Date of Sowing: 20.06.2014

Date of Harvesting: 28.10.2014

36

Results:

Weed Flora:

Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum rugosum among grasses, Alternathera triandra, Cynotis

axillaries among broad leaf weeds and Cyperus iria among sedges were the predominant weed

species observed during all the five years of experimentation.

Weed Population:

Data on weed population reveales that within the weed control measures, at 30 DAS, lowest

population of weeds was recorded under the treatment of hand weeding twice, followed by

oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac 25 g/ha and pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25

DAS. At 60 DAS, the weed population was lowest under oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac 25

g/ha and pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, but at harvest stages, it was

lowest under hand weeding twice and pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS , in

order. Weed population was highest under unweeded control at all the stages (Table WS 3.7.1,

2 & 3).

Table 3.7.1: Effect of different treatments on weed population/m2 at 30 DAS in long term Herbicide trial in direct seeded rice, kharif 2014


Treatments

Narrow leaf Broad Leaves Sedge

Other

s Total Echinochl

oa colona

Ischeamu

m

rugosum

Alternanth

era

triandra

Cynotis

axillaris Cyperus

iria

Oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ ha fb

Bispyribac 25 g/ha 2.74 (7.0)

1.87 (3.0)

2.55 (6.0)

2.35 (5.0)

2.12 (4.0)

1.87 (3.0)

5.34 (28.0)

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha +

CME+ MSM 4 g/ha 3.08 (9.0)

2.55 (6.0)

2.92 (8.0)

3.08 (9.0)

3.08 (9.0)

2.74 (7.0)

6.52 (42.0)

Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb

Hand Weeding at 25

DAS 3.67 (13.0)

2.12 (4.0)

2.12 (4.0)

2.74 (7.0)

2.74 (7.0)

2.55 (6.0)

6.44 (41.0)

Hand weeding twice at 20

and 35 DAS 2.12 (4.0)

1.87 (3.0)

2.12 (4.0)

1.87 (3.0)

1.87 (3.0)

1.58 (2.0)

4.42 (19.0)

Un weeded control

4.85 (23.0)

5.79 (33.0)

5.15 (26.0)

4.64 (21.0)

4.18 (17.0)

3.39 (11.0 )

11.47 (131.0

)

37

Table 3.7.2: Effect of different treatments on weed population/m2 at 60 DAS in long term

herbicide trial in direct seeded rice, kharif 2014


Table 3.7.3: Effect of different treatments on weed population/m2 at harvest in long term herbicide trial in

direct seeded rice, kharif 2014

Treatments


Others Total Echinochl

oa

colona

Ischeamu

m

rugosum

Alternanth

era

triandra

Cynotis

axillaris Cyperus

iria



2.12 (4.0)

2.04 (3.66)

2.04 (3.66)

1.78 (2.66)

1.47 (1.66)

4.26 (17.64)


CME+ MSM 4 g/ha 1.68 (2.33)

2.48 (5.66)

2.61 (6.33)

2.92 (8.0)

2.04 (3.66)

2.04 (3.66)

5.49 (29.64)


Hand Weeding at 25 DAS 2.20 (4.33)

1.58 (2.0)

1.78 (2.66)

2.20 (4.33)

1.87 (3.0)

1.58 (2.0)

4.34 (18.32)


and 35 DAS 2.74 (1.33)

2.12 (1.66)

2.35 (1.66)

1.87 (2.33)

1.58 (2.0)

1.58 (1.0)

4.85 (9.98)

Un weeded control

3.08 (13.33)

2.55 (21.0)

2.74 (13.33)

2.35 (26.0)

2.12 (10.0)

1.87 (5.33)

5.87 (88.99)

Treatments


Others Total Echinochlo

a colona

Ischemu

m

rugosu

m

Alternant

hera

triandra

Cynotis

axillaris Cyperu

s iria



1.58 (4.0)

2.35 (5.0)

2.12 (3.0)

1.87 (2.0)

1.87 (2.0)

4.64 (23.0)


CME+ MSM 4 g/ha 1.87 (9.0)

1.58 (6.0)

1.58 (7.0)

1.58 (5.0)

1.22 (4.0)

1.58 (3.0)

3.54 (34.0)


Hand Weeding at 25

DAS 4.06 (4.0)

5.87 (2.0)

4.85 (5.0)

4.06 (4.0)

3.81 (3.0)

2.55 (3.0)

10.46 (21.0)


and 35 DAS 1.35 (3.0)

1.47 (2.0)

1.47 (2.0)

1.68 (2.0)

1.58 (1.0)

1.22 (2.0)

3.24 (12.0)

Un weeded control 3.72 (16.0)

4.64 (34.0)

3.72 (23.0)

5.15 (16.0)

3.24 (14.0)

2.41 (6.0)

9.46 (109.0)

38

Weed Dry matter production:

Weed dry matter recorded at 60 DAS and at harvest significantly influenced by weed control

measures. At both the stages, dry matter of weeds was significantly lower in treatment of hand

weeding twice than rest of the treatments. This was followed by oxadiargyl @ 80 g/ ha fb

bispyribac 25 g/ha and pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, in order. Weed

control efficiency also followed similar trend as that of weed dry matter at harvest (Table WS

3.7.5). Almost similar trend of weed dry matter was observed during previous four years of

experimentation.

Yield attributes and yield:

Weed Management treatments significantly affected the seed yield. Among various weed control

measures, significantly higher seed yield was recorded from the treatment of two hand weedings

and this was at par with pre emergence application of oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb post-emergence

bispyribac 25 g/ha, pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb hand weeding at 25 DAS, fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha +

Chlorimuron + metsulfuron 4 g/ha at 20 DAS and all were significantly superior over weedy

check. Seed yield was significantly lowest under unweeded control as compared to rest of the

weed management treatments (Table WS 3.7.5). The yield attributes like number of effective

tillers, length of panicle, weight of panicle and test weight also followed the trend as that of seed

yield (Table WS 3.7.4). Reduction in seed yield was maximum under un -weeded control and

minimum under hand weeding twice.

Table WS 3.7.4: Effect of various treatments of weed management on yield attributing

characters of paddy in a long term herbicide trial, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Plant

height at

harvest

(cm)

No. of

effective

tillers/m

row

length

Length

of

Panicle

(cm)

Weight

of

panicle

(g)

Test

weight

(g)

Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb Bispyribac

25 g/ha 101.5 96.0 24.37 3.41 30.60

Fenoxaprop 60 g /ha + CME +

MSM 4 g/ha 98.6 83.5 23.05 3.21 27.00

Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb Hand

Weeding at 25 DAS 101.1 88.5 24.21 3.41 30.0

Hand weeding twice at 20 and 35

DAS 101.6 99.0 24.49 3.45 31.0

Un weeded control 96.1 40.0 21.07 2.19 24.30

SEm± 1.22 2.95 0.27 0.136 0.50

LSD ( P= 0.05) 3.78 9.12 0.85 0.41 1.57

39

Table WS 3.7.5 : Effect of various treatments of weed management on weed biomass,

seed yield, weed control efficiency and weed index in Paddy in a long term

herbicide trial, 2014

Treatment Weed dry

weight at

60 DAS

(g)

Weed dry

weight at

harvest

(g)

Seed

Yield

(t /ha)

WCE

%

at harvest

Weed

Index

Oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb Bispyribac

25 g/ha

6.08

(26.50 )

6.12

( 37.55) 4.53 89.69 1.96

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + CME +

MSM 4 g/ha

6.64

(43.93 )

7.34

( 53.99) 4.23 85.18 7.84

Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb Hand

Weeding at 25 DAS

6.42

(40.86 )

7.33

( 53.58) 4.25 85.29 7.40

Hand weeding twice at 20 and 35

DAS

4.70

(21.66 )

5.60

( 31.28) 4.59 91.27 --

Un weeded control 11.80

(139.10 )

18.78

(364.3 ) 0.10 --- 97.82

SEm± 0.21 0.804 0.118 ---- ----

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.65 2.48 0.37 ---- ----


40

Table WS 3.7.6 : Effect of various treatments of weed management in Paddy on net income

and benefit cost ratio in a long term herbicide trial, Kharif 2014.

Treatment Gross

expenditur

e Rs/ha

Gross

income

Rs/ha

Net income

Rs/ha

Benefit:

Cost

Ratio

Oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb Bispyribac

25 g/ha 26000.0 61608.0 35608.0 2.37

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + CME +

MSM 4 g/ha at 20 DAS 24300.0 57528.0 33228.0 2.37

Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha fb HW at

25 DAS 27000.0 57800.0 30800.0 2.14

Hand weeding twice at 20 & 35

DAS 29900.0 62424.0 32524.0 2.09

Un weeded control 21000.0 1360.0 -19640.0 -.06

Economics: Though, the gross income was highest under hand weeding twice, but, net income was higher under oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac 25 g/ha followed by fenoxaprop 60 g ha + chlorimuron + metsulfuron 4 g/ha. The benefit : cost ratio was also found highest under oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac 25 g/ha but was similar for treatment of fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + chlorimuron + metsulfuron 4 g/ha at 20 DAS. The net return and benefit: cost ratio showed negative rersponse (Table 3.7.6). Similar results were observed during previous four years of experimentation.

41

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system

Cropping system: Rice- Chickpea ( Rabi 2013-14)


Treatments:


(Main Plot) Conventional Conventional / Zero tillage

Weed Control 1st Crop (RBD) 2nd Crop (Sub plot, Split plot)


Herbicide Recommended herbicide

(Oxadiargy 80 g /ha fb Bispyribac 25 g/ha) (Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ ha)

(Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + CME+ MSM 4 g/ha) Weedy Check

(Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha)

(Weedy Check)

Plot size: 10.0 x 11 = 110 m2 Design: Split Plot

Variety: JG-130 Date of Sowing: 17.11.2013

Fertilizer: Recommended dose i.e. 20:50:30 N:P:K/ha

42

Results:

Weed Flora:

Medicago denticulata, Chenopodium album, Melilotus indica were the predominant

weeds in the experimental field of Chickpea. Other weeds existed in the flora were Alternanthera

triandera, Anagalis arvensis, Echinochloa colona etc. However, broad leaf weeds completely

dominated the weed flora mainly M. denticulata through-out the growing period of the crop.

Table WS 3.7a.1. Effect of long term herbicide trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea cropping

system on dry weight of weeds in chickpea at different intervals (Rabi-2013-14)

Dry matter production:

It was observed that treatments applied to direct seeded rice during kharif had no significant

effect on dry matter of weeds during subsequent rabi during last three years of experimentation,

but, in fourth year, the significantly lowest weed dry matter was recorded under hand weeding

twice treatment applied during kharif seasons and this was significantly superior over rest of the

treatments at both the stages. However, tillage practices had no significant effect on dry matter

production of weeds at any stage like previous years. While, the dry matter was marginally lower

under zero tillage than conventional tillage at all the crop growth stages. Among weed control

Treatment Dry weight of weeds at

60 DAS, gm2

Dry weight of weeds

at harvest, gm2

Oxadiargyl @ 80 g ha-1 fb Bispyribac @

25 g ha-1 62.79 87.48

Fenoxaprop + Chlorimuron

+ Metsulfuron @ 60 + 4 g/ha 62.86 99.95

Pyrazosulfuron@ 20 g/ha fb hand

weeding at 25 DAS 62.82 107.42

Hand weeding twice 55.34 80.11

Un weeded 69.15 113.06

LSD ( P=0.05) 5.99 7.05

Conventional tillage 72.65 98.97

Zero tillage 49.86 96.22

LSD ( P=0.05) N.S. N.S.

Framer’s practice 63.71 94.05

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 37.67 77.12

Control 86.40 111.62

LSD ( P= 0.05) 5.47 6.98

43

practices, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg /ha produced significantly lowest

weed dry matter as compared to weedy check and farmers’ practice at 60 DAS and at harvest.

(Table WS 3.7a.1).

Yield attributes and seed yield:

Effect of treatments applied to direct seeded rice during kharif on seed yield of chickpea

during rabi was not found significant. However, seed yield of chickpea was slightly higher where

hand weeding twice was done during kharif season and was narrowly followed by oxadiargyl @

80 g / ha fb bispyribac @ 25 g/ ha. Tillage practices had no significant effect on seed yield of

chickpea, though; the seed yield was slightly higher under conventional tillage than zero tillage.

The effect of weed control methods was found significant on seed yield of chickpea. Among weed

control methods, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ ha produced significantly

higher seed yield as compared to weedy check and farmer’s practice but both were statistically

superior over weedy check (Table WS 3.7a.2).

VIEW OFCHICKPEA FIELD

44

Table WS 3.7a.2: Effect of long term herbicide trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea cropping system

on yield and yield attributes of chickpea (Rabi 2013-14)

Treatment Seed yield

t /ha, 2011-12

Seed yield

t /ha,

2012-13

Seed yield

t /ha,

2013-14

Weed

Index,

2013-14

Main plot background in Kharif

Oxadiargyl @ 80g / ha fb Bispyribac

@ 25 g/ ha 1.22 1.24 0.84 3.45

Fenoxaprop + (Chlorimuron +

Metsulfuron) @ 60 + 4 g/ha 1.15 1.16 0.83 4.60

Pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha fb hand

weeding at 25 DAS 1.14 1.12 0.83 4.60

Hand weeding twice 1.20 1.18 0.87 ---

Unweeded 1.02 1.04 0.76 12.64

LSD ( P=0.005) N.S. N.S. N.S. ---

Conventional tillage 1.20 1.22 0.84 --

Zero tillage 1.10 1.11 0.81 --

LSD ( P=0.005) N.S. N.S. N.S. --

Framer’s practice 1.22 1.39 0.91 20.17

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ ha 1.47 1.48 1.14 ---

Control 0.61 0.62 0.34 70.17

LSD ( P= 0.005) 0.13 0.12 0.11

45

WS 3.8.1: Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice ( Kharif 2014)

Objectives:

1. Studies on possibilities on integration of motorized, chemical and manual methods of

weeding in direct seeded rice in Chhattisgarh

2. Economic viability of combinations of different weed management methods in direct seeded rice

Methodology:

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi

Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during rainy season of 2014 in collaboration with IRRI, Phillipines.

The experimental soil was inceptisols, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen,

medium in phosphorus and high in potassium with neutral soil reaction. Nine treatments

comprised of either alone or different combinations of herbicides and motorized weeding

including one standard check untreated control (Table 3.8.1). The experiment was laid out in

randomized block design replicated thrice. The gross plot size was 6 m x 5 m. Medium

duration rice cultivar MTU 1010 was taken as test crop. The sowing of rice was done with

the help of seed cum fertilizer drill in third week of June at a spacing of 20 cm row to row

with recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 100:50:30 kg/ha N:P:K. Full dose of phosphorus

and potash along with one third of nitrogen was applied as basal. Rest of the nitrogen was

applied in two splits at tillering and panicle initiation. The crop did not suffer with any kind of

incidence like drought, insect, disease etc. during its entire growth period. Harvesting was

done in the second week of November, 2014.

Table 3.8.1: Technical details

Sr. No. Treatments Dose g/ha Time of application 1 Motorized weeding Three 15, 25 & 35 DAS

2

Motorized weeding fb HW Two 15 & 25 DAS fb HW at 45 DAS

3 Motorized weeding fb Bispyribac Na

Two fb 25 DAS 15 & 2 5 DAS fb Bispyribac NA at 35 DAS

4 Oxadiargyl @ fb Bispyribac Na

70 fb 25 0-3 DAS fb 25 DAS/ 2-3 leaf

stage

5

Bispyribac fb

Na pretilachlor + Bensulfuron along with first top dressing of nitrogen

20 fb 660 18 DAS fb 20 DAS

6 Azimsulfuron fb Bispyribac Na 35 fb 20

2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35 DAS)

7

Bispyribac Na alone 25 35 DAS

8

Azimsulfuron 35 20-25 DAS

9

Weedy -- --

Design: Randomized Block Design Replications: Three

Variety: MTU-1010 Date of sowing: 30.10.2014

46

Results:

Weed Flora:

Experimental field was dominated by broad leaf weeds and sedges including

Alternanthera traiandra, Cynotis axillaris and Cyperus iria whereas, Echinochloa colona was the

dominating weed among grasses. Some other weeds in lesser and irratic number such as

Ischeamum rugosum, Fimristyllis miliaceae, Spilanthes acmella, Commelina benghalensis etc.

were also observed in the experimental field and these weeds have been categorized as other

weeds in table 3.8.2 & 3.

Weed Population:

Broad leaf weeds and sedges collectively dominated the weed flora, and similar trend

continued till harvest. Among grasses, Echinochloa colona was the main menace. Weed

polulation was slightly low under the treatment of oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb bispyribac

Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS followed by bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor +

bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen and motorized weeding twice at

15 & 25 DAS fb bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS, respectively, at 60 DAS. Whereas at

harvest stage, theweed population was lowest under oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb

bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS followed by bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb

pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen and azimsulfuron

@ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35

DAS) (Table 3.8.2 & 3). The weed population under motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25 DAS fb

HW at 45 DAS and motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25 DAS fb bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35

DAS also reduced the weed population at 60 DAS and at harvest as compared to weedy check.

Weed Dry Matter Production:

It is obvious from the data given in table 3.8.4 that among different weed mamanement

practices, significantly lowest weed dry matter was recorded under azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3

leaf stage ( 14 DAS) fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha ( 30 DAS) as compared to weedy check, but, it

was statistically at par with bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @

660 g/ha, along with first top dressing of nitrogen at 60 DAS and at harvest. Weed control

efficiency also showed the similar trend (Table 3.8. 4).

Seed yield and weed index:

Seed yield (Table 3.8.5) varied significantly due to different weed management practices.

Among different weed management practices, the significantly higher seed yield was recorded

under azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30

DAS as compared to weedy check, but was at par with rest of the treatments except motorized

weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS, motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25 DAS fb bispyribac Na @

25 g/ha at 35 DAS and bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS, in order. The highest reduction in

seed yield was recorded under weedy check (86.40%).

47

Table 3.8.2: Weed population at 60 DAS as influenced by weed control measures in direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Narrow leaf Broad leaf Sedge

Other weeds Total Echinochloa

colona

Alternanthera

triandra

Cynotis

axillaris

Cyperus iria

Motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS

3.72(13.33 ) 3.63(12.66 ) 2.68(6.66 ) 3.44(11.33 ) 2.92(8.00 ) 7.24( 51.98)

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb HW at 45

DAS 3.44( 11.33) 3.19(9.66 ) 2.04(3.66 ) 2.27(4.66 ) 2.27(4.66 ) 5.87( 33.97)

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb Bispyribac

NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 2.55(6.00 ) 2.27(4.66 ) 1.68(2.33 ) 2.04(3.66 ) 1.96(3.33 ) 4.53(19.98 )

Oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb Bispyribac Na @

25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-3 leaf stage 1.96(3.33 ) 2.12(4.00 ) 1.68(2.33 ) 1.96(3.33 ) 1.35(1.33 ) 3.85( 14.32)

Bispyribac NA @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor +

Bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of

nitrogen 2.61(6.33 ) 1.96(3.33 ) 1.35(1.33 ) 1.78(2.66 ) 1.87(3.00 ) 4.14(16.65 )

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS)

fb Bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35

DAS) 1.78(2.66 ) 1.87(3.00 ) 1.78(2.66 ) 1.96(3.33 ) 1.96(3.33 ) 4.63(20.98 )

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 2.61(6.33 ) 3.08(9.00 ) 2.86(7.66 ) 2.41(5.33 ) 1.87(3.00 ) 5.64(31.32 )

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 20-25 DAS 2.80(7.33 ) 3.54(12.00 ) 2.74(7.00 ) 2.12(4.00 ) 1.87(3.00 ) 5.82(33.33 )

Weedy 4.71(21.66 ) 3.98(15.33 ) 3.81(14.0 ) 3.72(13.33 ) 2.35(5.00 ) 8.36(69.32 )


48

Table 3.8.3: Weed population at harvest as influenced by weed control measures in direct

seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Narrow

leaf

Broad leaf Sedge Other

weeds

Total

Echinoch

loa

colona

Alternant

hera

triandra

Cynotis

axillaris

Cyperus

iria

Motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35

DAS 3.14 ( 9.33)

3.81 (14.0 )

2.97 (8.33 )

4.02 (15.6)

1.87 ( 3.00)

7.13 ( 50.32)

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS

fb HW at 45 DAS 2.68 (6.66 )

3.19 (9.66 )

2.20 (4.33 )

1.87 (3.00 )

2.04 (3.66 )

5.27 (27.31 )

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS

fb Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 2.04 (3.66 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.96 (3.33 )

2.04 (3.66 )

1.78 (2.66 )

4.14 (16.64 )

Oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-3

leaf stage 1.58 (2.00 )

1.87 (3.00 )

1.68 (2.33 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.87 (3.00 )

3.76 (13.66 )

Bispyribac NA @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb

pretilachlor + Bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha

along with first top dressing of nitrogen 1.68 (2.33 )

2.12 (4.00 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.78 (2.66 )

3.98 (15.32 )

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage

( 12-18 DAS) fb Bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha

at 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35 DAS) 1.78 (2.66 )

2.12 (4.00 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.96 (3.33 )

1.68 (2.33 )

4.02 (15.65 )

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 1.96

(3.33 ) 3.24

(10.00 ) 2.41

(5.33 ) 2.04(3.66

) 1.68

(2.33 )

5.01 (24.65 )

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 20-25 DAS 2.92

(8.00 ) 4.02

(15.66 ) 2.68

(6.66 ) 1.68

(2.33 ) 2.74

(7.00)

6.31 (39.33 )

Weedy 4.26

(17.6 ) 4.30

(18.0 ) 3.58

(12.3 ) 3.94

(15.0 ) 3.54

(12.0 )

8.69 (74.99 )


49

Table3.8. 4: Dry matter of weeds and weed control efficiency as influenced by weed control measures in

direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Dry Matter of

weeds at 60

DAS, g/m2

Dry Matter of

weeds at

harvest, g/m2

Weed Control

Efficiency at

harvest, %

Motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS 7.62(58.03 ) 10.59 ( 114.3) 52.67

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb HW at 45

DAS

6.24 (38.93 ) 7.01(48.82 ) 79.78

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb Bispyribac

NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS

6.73(46.90 ) 10.26 (107.5 ) 55.48

Oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb Bispyribac NA @

25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-3 leaf stage

6.06(39.70 ) 6.98(49.19 ) 79.63

Bispyribac NA @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor +

Bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of

nitrogen

4.72(22.10 ) 6.40 (41.02 ) 83.01

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS)

fb Bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35

DAS)

4.43 (19.40 ) 5.75 (33.24 ) 86.23

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 6.58(43.56 ) 8.71 (78.26) 67.59

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 20-25 DAS 6.44(41.80 ) 7.10(50.35 ) 79.15

Weedy 12.06(145.26 ) 15.55 (241.5 ) ---

SEm± 0.524 0.79 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 1.57 2.39 ---


50

Table 3.8.5: Grain yield, weed index and B:C ratio as influenced by weed control

measures in direct seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment Grain Yield, t/ha Weed index

Motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35

DAS 3.34 30.12

Motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25

DAS fb HW at 45 DAS 4.17 12.76

Motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25

DAS fb Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35

DAS

3.53 26.15

Oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-

3 leaf stage

4.20 12.13

Bispyribac NA @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb

pretilachlor + Bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha

along with first top dressing of nitrogen

4.40 7.94

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf

stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb Bispyribac Na @

20 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 30-35 DAS)

4.78 ---

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 3.99 16.52

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 20-25 DAS 4.05 15.27

Weedy 0.65 86.40

SEm± 0.33 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.99 ---

51

Table 3.8.6: Net income and benefit :cost ratio as influenced by weed control measures in direct

seeded rice, Kharif 2014

Treatment

Gross

Expenditure

Rs/ha

Gross

Income

Rs/ha

Net

Income

Rs/ha

Benefit

: Cost

ratio

Motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS 26400.0 45424.0 19024.0 1.72

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb HW at

45 DAS

29500.0 56712.0 27212.0 1.92

Motorized weeding thrice at 15 & 25 DAS fb

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS

28100.0 48008.0 19908.0 1.71

Oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb Bispyribac NA

@ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-3 leaf stage

27900.0 57120.0 29220.0 2.04

Bispyribac NA @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor

+ Bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top

dressing of nitrogen

28200.0 59840.0 31640.0

2.12

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18

DAS) fb Bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage

( 30-35 DAS)

29200.0 65008.0 35808.0

2.23

Bispyribac NA @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS 27000.0 54264.0 27264.0 2.00

Azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 20-25 DAS 27400.0 55080.0 27680.0 2.01

Weedy 20842.0 8840.0 -12002.0 -0.42

Economics:

The gross income, net income and benefit : cost ratio was found to be highest under

azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha 14 DAS fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30-35 DAS ( 2.23) followed by

bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top

dressing of nitrogen ( 2.12), narrowly followed by oxadiargyl @ 70 g/ha ( 0-3 DAS) fb bispyribac

Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/ 2-3 leaf stage ( 2.12) as against negative B;C ratio under weedy check

(Table 3.8.6)

52

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY:

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system

(Kharif-2014)

Objective: To study the comparative effect of different weed control practices on

microbial and biochemical properties of soil.

Cropping system: Rice- Chickpea

Year of start – 2010 (Kharif) Treatments:

Design : RBD (Kharif) Split-Split (Rabi)

Plot size: 10.0 x 11 = 110 m2 Variety: MTU-1010 Date of Sowing:. 20.06.14

1st Crop 2nd Crop

Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb Bispyribac 25

g/ha

Hand weeding

Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha+Hand

Weeding at 25 DAS

Pendimethalin @1.0 kg ha-1

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + CME+ MSM 4

g/ha

Weedy Check

Hand weeding twice at 20 & 35 DAS

Un weeded control

53

Studied parameters:

1. Basal respiration of rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. 2. Dehydrogenase activity in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. 3. Acid Phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. 4. Microbial biomass carbon content in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at

harvest. 5. Population of total N-fixers in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest 6. Population of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS

and at harvest

Result:

The long term study on the effect of different weed control practices on microbial and

bio-chemical properties of soil revealed that at the time of sowing (0 DAS) all the weed

control practices were in-significant to change the microbial population and their activities

but after application of different pre & post emergence herbicides alone or in combination

the soil microbial properties were affected at different levels. At 30DAS all the applied

herbicides i.e. oxadiargyl fb bispyribac, pyrazosulfuron & fenoxaprop + chlorimuron ethyl +

metsulfuron methyl significantly reduced basal soil respiration rate (BSR), dehydrogenase

enzyme activity (DHA) (TableWS 3.7.1 (MB), acid phosphatase activity (AP), microbial

biomass carbon content (MBC) (TableWS 3.7.2 (MB) and population of total free nitrogen

fixers & phosphate solubilizers in soil (TableWS 3.7.3 (MB). In this stage, among all tested

herbicides maximum inhibitory effect on soil microflora was visualized due to application of

herbicides oxadiargyl and bispyribac, which were applied at pre and post emergence-

stages of crop, respectively. Oxadiargyl and bispyribac reduced the activity of

dehydrogenase enzyme by 75.17% at 30DAS in comparison to hand weeding.

At 50DAS, the inhibitory effect of all the applied herbicides was visualized on studied

microbiological & biochemical properties except pyrazosulfuron which was applied at early

post emergence stage (8DAS) and did not show inhibitory effect on microorganisms at

50DAS. In this stage the effect of pyrazosulfuron was found at par with hand weeding

practices . This indicated that pyrazosulfuron degraded before 50 DAS of crop.

At harvest stage, the presence of oxadiargyl + bispyribac & fenoxaprop + chlorimuron +

metsulfuron was found in soil in terms of above measured parameters as the values of

BSR, MBC, DHA, AP and microbial population were found significantly lower in herbicides

applied plots than hand weeded plots. This indicates the persistance of above chemicals in

soil at harvest stage of crop growth.

54

In the above study, maximum inhibitory effect of fenoxaprop + chlorimuron ethyl +

metsulfuron methyl was found in comparison to other applied herbicides as at harvest

stage all the herbicides shown increasing trend in all the microbiological parameters at this

stage in comparison to 50DAS except fenoxaprop, chlorimuron ethyl and metsulfuron which

were applied combinedly and they continuously reduced the microbial activities in

rhizosphere after their application up to harvest. Pyrazosulfuron was found rather safe to

others wrt to its effect on soil microbes as its effect found at par with hand weeding practice

at 50 DAS which showed its complete degradation. The hand weeding practice and weedy

check had positive effect to enhance the microbial population and their activities in soil in

the entire growth period of crop.

TableWS 3.7.1 (MB): Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea

cropping system on basal soil respiration rate (mgCO2/h/100g soil) and

Dehyrogenase activity (µg TPF/h/g soil) in rhizosphere soil of rice.

BSR: Basal soil respiration rate, DHA: Dehydrogenase enzyme activity

BSR: Basal soil respiration rate, DHA: Dehydrogenase enzyme activity

Treatment

Days after sowing

0 30 50 At harvest

BSR DHA BSR DHA BSR DHA BSR DHA

Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb

Bispyribac 25 g/ha 0.232 23.96 0.133 10.10 0.105 7.56 0.127 19.59


hand weeding at 25 DAS 0.240 25.03 0.195 20.34 0.345 68.51 0.225 22.24

Fenoxaprop 60 g /ha + CME+

MSM 4 g/ha 0.225 23.42 0.198 25.54 0.110 16.16 0.101 14.84

Hand weeding twice 0.245 25.32 0.311 40.68 0.372 72.52 0.233 22.35

Un weeded control 0.247 26.14 0.315 42.06 0.380 80.46 0.238 23.72

CD (P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. 0.024 3.02 0.028 5.50 0.019 2.23

55

Table WS 3.7.2 (MB): Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea

cropping system on Acid Phosphatase activity (µg p-NP/h/g soil) and microbial

biomass carbon content (µg/g soil) in rhizosphere soil of rice.

AP : Acid Phosphatase activity

MBC : Microbial Biomass Carbon status

Treatment

Days after sowing

0 30 50 At harvest

AP MBC AP MBC AP MBC AP MBC

Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb

Bispyribac 25 g/ha 90.12 91.26 53.56 67.99 41.30 54.50 68.86 66.12

Pyrazosulfuron 20

g/ha fb hand weeding

at 25 DAS 92.84 94.92 73.06 85.66 125.74 148.62 83.51 86.87

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha

+ CME+ MSM 4 g/ha 88.70 88.96 72.46 84.68 62.43 62.92 57.63 54.23



LSD (P= 0.05) N.S. N.S. 8.44 9.66 11.16 12.80 8.63 9.25

56

Table WS 3.7.3 ( MB): Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea

cropping system on population of total free N-fixers (cfu x 105) and

phosphobacterial (cfu x 103) population in rhizosphere soil (per gram dry soil) of

rice.

TFN: Total free N-fixers

PSB : Phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Conclusion:


harvesting they started to degrade but in the whole crop grown period they did not

degrade completely.


applied herbicides. It completely degraded before 50 DAS.

Fenoxaprop, chlorimuron-ethyl and metsulfuron-methyl, which were applied combindly

persisted in soil for a longer period and their presence was evaluated even up to

harvest.

Hand weeding practice found best among all treatments as it promoted the

microbiological activities including crop beneficial microbial population in the soil

system.


Treatment

Days after sowing

0 30 50 At harvest

TFN PSB TFN PSB TFN PSB TFN PSB

Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb Bispyribac

25 g/ha 6.10 4.03 3.04 1.20 1.53 0.90 3.49 1.98

Pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb hand

weeding at 25 DAS 6.42 4.15 4.99 3.29 12.61 10.71 10.10 4.80

Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha + CME+ MSM

4 g/ha 5.94 3.95 5.93 2.91 4.63 2.49 3.20 2.23



CD (P= 0.05) NS NS 0.64 0.43 0.92 0.78 0.79 0.44

57

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system

Cropping system: Rice- Chickpea ( Rabi 2013-14)


Treatments:


(Main Plot) DSR Zero tillage

Conventional

Weed Control 1st Crop ( RBD) 2nd Crop (Sub plot- Split-

split plot )


Herbicide Recommended herbicide

(Oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb Bispyribac 25 g/ha ) ( Pendimethalin 1.0 kg /ha)

( Fenoxaprop 60 g/ ha- + CME+ MSM 4 g/ha) Weedy Check

( Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha + hand weeding)

(Weedy Check)

Plot size: 10.0 x 11 = 110 m2 Design: Split split Plot

Variety: JG-130 Date of Sowing: 17.11.2013

Fertilizer: Recommended dose

58

Objectives:

(i) To find out the residual effect of kharif treatments on microbial and biochemical properties of rhizosphere soil of chickpea in rabi.

(ii) To study the comparative effect of conventional and zero tillage practices on microbial, biochemical properties of soil and nodulation behaviour of chickpea crop.

(iii) To evaluate the effect of weed control practices applied in chickpea on soil health parameters.

Studied parameters:

(i) Basal respiration of rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. (ii) Dehydrogenase activity in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. (iii) Acid Phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest. (iv) Microbial biomass carbon content in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at

harvest. (v) Population of total N-fixers in rhizosphere soil at 0, 30, 50 DAS and at harvest (vi) Nodulation study at 50DAS

Results:

1. Residual effect of Kharif treatments:

The study on the residual effect of different pre and post emergence herbicides

applied in rice during kharif revealed that application of fenoxaprop-p-ethyal,

chlorimuron-ethyl & metsulfuron-methyl which applied in post emergence stage

(22DAS) of rice crop significantly reduced the basal soil respiration rate (BSR),

dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase enzyme activity (DHA & AP), microbial biomass

carbon content (MBC) and in rhizosphere soil of succeeding chickpea crop grown in

rabi (Table WS 3.7a.1 & 2MB). Their effect on above measured parameters was

visualized even at the time of sowing of chickpea crop ( up to 0 DAS of chickpea). From

30DAS of chickpea, the effect of above applied herbicides on above studied parameters

could not observed so it was concluded from the study that all the herbicides applied

during kharif degraded completely before 30DAS of chickpea. The data on population

of total free N-fixers (Table WS 3.7a.3 MB), number and biomass of chickpea nodules

(Table WS 3.7a.4 MB) also proved the non existence of applied herbicides i.e.

fenoxaprop-p-ethyal, chlorimuron-ethyl & metsulfuron-methyl in rhizosphere of

chickpea crop as the number and dry weight of chickpea nodules (recorded at 50DAS)

did not vary significantly due to kharif treatments.

59

2. Effect of tillage system:

In the present study two tillage systems (conventional tillage and zero tillage) were

compared with respect to their effect on BSR, DHA, AP, MBC, population of total free

N-fixers in soil, number and biomass of chickpea nodules. The study revealed that at 0

DAS conventional tillage found significantly better over zero tillage with respect to

studied parameters but after sowing no significant changes were observed between

tillage systems. However, biomass of chickpea nodules was significantly affected by

different tillage systems. In conventional tillage plots better nodule biomass was

recorded in comparison to zero tillage plots (Table WS 3.7a.4 MB)

3. Effect of weed control practices in chickpea:

In chickpea crop two methods of weed management were practiced i.e. (i) application of

post emergence herbicide pendimethalin and (ii) two hand weeding ( farmers’ practice

). These treatments were compared with weedy check with respect to their effect on

microbial & biochemical properties of soil (Table WS 3.7a.1, 2 & 3MB). The study

envisaged that application of pendimethalin significantly reduced the values of BSR,

DHA,AP, MBC and population of total free N-fixers in rhizosphere soil of chickpea crop

after its application and the effect was found up to 30DAS. No residual effect of above

applied herbicide was observed on the above studied parameters at 50DAS in

comparison to farmers’ practice. Application of pendimethalin did not affect the number

and biomass of chickpea nodules which recorded at 50DAS under nodulation study

(Table WS 3.7a.4 MB).

60

Table WS 3.7a.1 MB: Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea

croppingystem on basal soil respiration rate (mgCO2/h/100g soil) and

Dehyrogenase activity (µg TPF/h/g soil) of rhizosphere soil of Chickpea.

BSR :Basal Soil Respiration Rate

DHA Dehyrogenase Activity

Treatment Days after sowing

0 30 50 At harvest

BSR DHA BSR DHA BSR DHA BSR DHA


Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac 0.148 38.32 0.225 63.52 0.346 83.14 0.152 39.21

Pyrazosulfuron (POE) + HW 0.154 39.16 0.229 64.17 0.355 84.43 0.158 41.96

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyal &

Chlorimuron-ethyl +

Metsulfuron-methyl

0.115 34.37 0.223 62.83 0.338 82.13 0.148 38.76


Unweeded 0.169 40.12 0.236 65.42 0.361 90.17 0.165 43.36

LSD (P= 0.05) 0.013 3.92 0.011 2.55 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Sub-plot (Tillage)

Conventional tillage 0.155 40.34 0.231 65.32 0.354 85.91 0.158 41.80

Zero tillage 0.143 36.36 0.227 63.16 0.350 84.93 0.156 40.56

LSD (P= 0.05) 0.010 3.90 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Sub-Sub-plot (Weed control)

Farmer’s practice 0.148 38.34 0.274 80.92 0.355 85.29 0.157 41.05

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 0.148 38.15 0.132 30.59 0.332 81.24 0.153 40.66

Control 0.151 38.56 0.281 81.21 0.369 89.73 0.161 41.83

LSD (P=0.05) N.S. N.S. 0.020 5.76 0.034 7.19 N.S. N.S.

61

Table WS 3.7a.2 MB: Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-chickpea

cropping system on Acid Phosphatase activity (µg p-NP/h/g soil) and microbial

biomass carbon

AP : Acid Phosphatase activity

MBC : Microbial Biomass Carbon status


0 30 50 At harvest

AP MBC AP MBC AP MBC AP MBC


Oxadiargyl fb

Bispyribac

81.67 90.03 101.06 112.37 116.47 147.53 85.24 93.32

Pyrazosulfuron (POE) +

HW

87.26 97.03 104.47 114.59 119.79 151.71 88.29 98.03


Chlorimuron-ethyl +

Metsulfuron-methyl

75.88 82.14 99.11 109.32 114.58 145.68 84.13 92.47


Unweeded 91.27 104.20 110.34 122.76 128.15 160.18 94.06 102.31

LSD (P= 0.05) 8.16 10.30 10.59 12.22 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Sub-plot (Tillage)

Conventional tillage 89.84 99.94 107.93 119.25 122.37 155.34 89.93 99.24

Zero tillage 80.42 89.24 101.85 111.65 119.57 149.58 87.81 95.66

LSD (P= 0.05) 8.13 9.73 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.


Farmer’s practice 85.00 94.73 117.14 128.07 124.13 155.38 90.70 97.42

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg

ha-1

84.93 93.59 78.03 88.92 112.32 142.76 84.23 96.17

Control 85.46 95.45 119.19 129.36 126.46 159.24 91.68 98.76

LSD (P=0.05) N.S. N.S. 11.66 12.72 13.98 16.13 N.S. N.S.

62

Table WS 3.7a.3 MB : Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-

chickpea cropping system on population of total free N-fixers (cfu x 105)

in rhizosphere soil (per gram dry soil) of Chickpea.


0 30 50 At

harvest


Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac 7.86 11.34 17.89 10.24

Pyrazosulfuron POE + HW 7.94 11.48 18.15 10.35

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyal & Chlorimuron-ethyl +

Metsulfuron-methyl

5.97 11.26 17.65 10.19

Hand weeding twice 8.23 11.67 18.44 10.42

Unweeded 8.33 11.78 18.71 10.49

LSD (P= 0.05) 0.73 0.44 N.S. N.S.

Sub-plot (Tillage)

Conventional tillage 8.12 11.75 18.29 10.45

Zero tillage 7.22 11.43 18.05 10.33

LSD (P= 0.05) 0.65 N.S. N.S. N.S.


Farmer’s practice 8.02 14.50 18.15 10.69

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 6.97 5.25 17.31 10.74

Control 8.02 14.78 19.05 9.95

LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 0.96 1.49 N.S.

63

Table WS 3.7a.4 MB: Effect of long term herbicidal trial in direct seeded rice-

chickpea cropping system on nodulation parameters of Chickpea at 50

DAS

Treatment No. of nodules/

plant

Dry wt. of nodules / plant

(g)


Oxadiargyl fb Bispyribac 35.2 0.102

Pyrazosulfuron (POE) + hand

weeding

36.4 0.104


Chlorimuron-ethyl + Metsulfuron-

methyl

35.0 0.100

Hand weeding twice 38.4 0.109

Unweeded 37.2 0.107

LSD (P= 0.05) N.S. N.S.

Sub-plot (Tillage)

Conventional tillage 38.6 0.109

Zero tillage 34.2 0.099

LSD (P= 0.05) N.S. 0.009


Farmer’s practice 37.0 0.109

Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 36.0 0.099

Control 36.4 0.104

LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 0.009

64

WS 3.4 : Management of problematic weeds


“As directed by the DWR, entire campus of IGKV, Raipu remain Parthenium freee from 22.08.2014 to 23.10.2014 with the help of administration/departments/farm services under the regular reminders/guidance and monitoring by AICRP-Weed management. Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor and Director Research Services took the matter seriously”


On 23rd August, 183 adults of Neochetina bruchi were released in a pond situated at Kushal Nagar, Raipur as shown in the picture given below. However, regular monitoring was done, but, some how, there was no infestation of insects on water hyacinth plant till 5th of January 2015.

Release of Neochetina bruchi on water hyacinth

65


1. Name of the farmer :

Narayan Verma, Loknath Verma, Chaitram Devangan, Pawan Nishad, Permanand Devangan, gajanand Nishad, Dayal Verma, Devendra Verma

2. Location of the OFT : Village-Nagargaon

Block- Dharsinwa, District- Raipur

3. Area of OFR (ha) : 0.40

4. Irrigated/Rainfed (If irrigated, mention the source of irrigation, number, stage of crop, time an method of irrigation)

: Irrigated ( canal)

5. Cropping System followed : Rice-fellow, Rice-Chickpea

6. Soil type : Vertisol/Inceptisol

7. Sowing/Planting time : June-July

8. Crop and variety

: Swarna and MTU-1010

9. Fertilizers applied

: 100:50:30 NPK/ha

10. Crop duration/Harvesting data : 120-140 days

First week to third week of November

11. Other management practices (in brief) : -

12. Observations on weed :

Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum rugosum, Alternanthera triandra Cyperus difformis, Cyperus difformis Commelina benghalensis are the most serious weeds

66

Table WS 6.1.1: Performance of recommended practice over Farmers practice in OFR, kharif 2014

Crop Treatment

Yield (Kg/ha)

Mean of eight

farmers

% increase over

B:C control Farmers

practice

Paddy

1. 50 kg seed rate /ha broadcast without beushening + pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE (sand mix) fb pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha POE

3. Farmer’s practice ( Direct broadcast of 120 kg seed /ha fb Beushening with + pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE ( sand mix) fb manual weeding

3. Weedy

5400.00

4531.00

719.00

86.85

84.13

----

16.10

-----

-----

3.67

2.37

0.57

Results:

Eight on farms trials in village Nagargaon, Block-Dharsinwa, District Raipur were laid down on direct seeded broadcast sown rice with a seed rate of 50 kg/ha with sand mix application of pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE followed by POE application of pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha. There was 16.10 per cent increase in grain yield due to recommended practice over farmers practice along with a B:C ratio of 3.67 and 2.37, respectively ( Table WS 6.1.1)

67

VIEW OF OFR WITH FARMERS AND DIRECTOR RESEARCH Dr.URKURKAR

68

WS 6.2: Results of Front Line demonstations conducted under TSP at 06 districts of Chhattisgarh, Kharif 2014

In an area of 248 acres, Front line demonstrations on weed management in rice were laid

down in 28 tribal villages in districts of Bastar, Kondagaon and kanker, Bilaspur, Balrampur,

Balrampur and Mahasamund. Of which, 90 demonstrations were taken on puddled rice and

158 demonstrations were laid down in direct seeded line sown rice. A total of 248 farmers were

the participants. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK’s of respective district and

AICRP-Weed Control, Raipur.

69

Front Line Demonstartion on kahrif Rice: District Mahasamund

Table WS 6.2.1: Results of FLD on weed management in puddled rice (Lehi) in

village Gudrudih, district Mahasamund, Chhattisgarh, Kharif 2014

S.N. Farmers’ Name Variety Yield(q/ha) % increase

R.P. over

F.P.

Economics

FP Rec. Prac. B:C in

F.P.

B:C in

R.P.

1 Jeetram Sarna 42.19 46.88 11.11 1.70 1.53

2 Peeluram MTU1010 39.56 45.00 13.75 1.63 1.43

3 Ramprasad MTU1001 38.00 43.13 13.49 1.56 1.38

4 Heeralal

S/oPremsingh

MTU1001

41.36 46.88 13.33 1.70 1.50

5 Shankarlal Sarna 41.63 48.75 17.10 1.77 1.51

6 Shyamkumar MTU1001 38.81 43.13 11.11 1.56 1.41

7 Santram Saran 40.25 46.88 16.46 1.70 1.46

8 Mohan Karma Masuri 43.88 48.75 11.11 1.77 1.59

9 Kanwal Saran 44.20 48.75 10.29 1.77 1.60

10 Amarsingh Sarna 46.89 50.63 7.97 1.84 1.70

11 Heerasingh MTU1010 41.52 46.88 12.90 1.70 1.51

12 Pardeshi Sarna 43.20 48.75 12.85 1.77 1.57

13 Banwali MTU1001 40.50 45.00 11.11 1.63 1.47

14 Narendra MTU1001 36.52 43.13 18.09 1.56 1.32

15 Mahendra Karma Masuri 42.12 45.00 6.84 1.63 1.53

16 Heeralal MTU1001 42.19 46.88 11.11 1.70 1.53

70

S/o Thanwar

17 Jageshwar Sarna 43.88 48.75 11.11 1.77 1.59

18 Thansingh Sarna 42.56 48.75 14.54 1.77 1.54

19 Shyamlal MTU1010 41.23 45.00 9.14 1.63 1.50

20 Devsingh Karma Masuri 44.23 50.63 14.46 1.84 1.60

21 Sitaram Karma Masuri 45.80 52.50 14.63 1.90 1.66

22 Udalsingh Sarna 45.33 52.50 15.82 1.90 1.64

23 Paras MTU1001 39.55 45.00 13.78 1.63 1.43

24 Kishore Karma Masuri 41.75 46.88 12.28 1.70 1.51

25 Nandjharan Sarna 43.88 48.75 11.11 1.77 1.59

26 Johan MTU1001 41.23 46.88 13.69 1.70 1.50

27 Bhavsingh MTU1010 41.00 46.88 14.33 1.70 1.49

28 Kapil Karma Masuri 41.52 46.88 12.90 1.70 1.51

29 Ganpat Sarna 44.10 50.63 14.80 1.84 1.60

30 Dhanaji Karma Masuri 45.80 52.50 14.63 1.90 1.66

31 Sunder Sarna 49.20 56.25 14.33 2.04 1.78

32 Ramakant Karma Masuri 40.15 45.00 12.08 1.63 1.46

33 Nakul Karma Masuri 49.90 56.25 12.73 2.04 1.81

34 Heeralal

S/oSakharam

MTU1010

46.00 52.50 14.13 1.90 1.67

71

35 Kusum Sarna 49.20 56.25 14.33 2.04 1.78

36 Dukala Karma Masuri 48.94 54.38 11.11 1.97 1.77

37 Bhikham Karma Masuri 47.25 52.50 11.11 1.90 1.71

38 Nandkumar

S/oGuha

MTU1010

41.63 46.88 12.60 1.70 1.51

39 Kamta MTU1001 42.50 48.75 14.71 1.77 1.54

40 Gangabai Karma Masuri 44.10 50.63 14.80 1.84 1.60

41 Ramesh Sarna 46.80 52.50 12.18 1.90 1.70

42 Chotku Karma Masuri 47.63 54.38 14.16 1.97 1.73

43 Ramcharan Karma Masuri 49.55 56.25 13.52 2.04 1.80

44 Shivprasad Sarna 49.63 56.25 13.34 2.04 1.80

45 Dimpal Sarna 47.50 54.38 14.47 1.97 1.72

46 Nandkumar

S/oDhanwa

Karma Masuri

46.50 52.50 12.90 1.90 1.69

47 Dhaniram Karma Masuri 49.85 56.25 12.84 2.04 1.81

48 Chandabai Sarna 46.56 52.50 12.76 1.90 1.69

49 Bhaiyaram Karma Masuri 42.60 48.75 14.44 1.77 1.54

50 Kejbai MTU1010 41.85 46.88 12.01 1.70 1.52

Average 43.84

49.54

13.01

1.80

1.59

72

Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice, Farmers practice =

pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as sand mix pre emergence fb hand weeding or application of

2,4-D, Recommended practice = application of pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as sand mix

pre emergence fb pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha post emergence

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of Herbicides such as pyrazosulfuron, pinoxsulam and glyphosat for

keeping the bunds clean to the participating farmers

In an area of 50 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in tribal village

Gudrudih in district Mahasamund. The demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in puddled rice. A total of 50 farmers were the beneficiaries. The

demonstrations were conducted by AICRP-Weed control directly during kharif 2014.

Results:

Puddled broadcast rice: A total of 50 demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in broadcast pre-germinated puddled with three different rice cultivars. The

average yield of farmers practice and recommended practice was 43.84 and 49.54 q/ha,

respectively. However, percent increase under recommended practice over farmers

practice was 13.01 % . The average benefit cost ratio was calculated to be 1.80 and

1.59 under farmers practice and recommended practice, respectively. (Table WS 6.2.1)

73

Front Line Demonstartion on kahrif Rice: District Balrampur

Table WS 6.2.2: Results of FLD on weed management in transplanted rice in

Balrampur district of Chhattisgarh, Kharif-2014

S.N. Farmers’ Name Village Variety

1 Shivkumar Pachawal MTU 1010

2 Ramjanam Pachawal MTU 1010

3 Devprasad Pachawal MTU 1010

4 Sonu Pachawal MTU 1010

5 Babulal Pachawal MTU 1010

6 Harinarayan Pachawal MTU 1010

7 Ramgahan Pachawal MTU 1010

8 Surjan Pachawal MTU 1010

9 Krishna Pachawal MTU 1010

10 Kishun Pachawal MTU 1010

11 Vijay Chirkoma MTU 1010

12 Bifan Chirkoma MTU 1010

13 Duryodhan Chirkoma MTU 1010

14 Budhan Chirkoma MTU 1010

15 Shakra Chirkoma MTU 1010

16 Vidyasagar Jarhadi MTU 1010

17 Satish Jarhadi MTU 1010

18 Nitai Radhakrishannagar MTU 1010

19 Paritosh Radhakrishannagar MTU 1010

74

20 Prafull Radhakrishannagar MTU 1010

21 Rampravesh Paraswar MTU 1010

22 Sigua Paraswar MTU 1010

23 Prem Paraswar MTU 1010

24 Sukhlal Paraswar MTU 1010

25 Krishna Aragahi MTU 1010

26 Harimohan Aragahi MTU 1010

27 Sandhu Paraswar MTU 1010

28 Vishanu Aragahi MTU 1010

29 Vimal Aragahi MTU 1010

30 Ramesh Aragahi MTU 1010

31 Bahadur Gotgaon MTU 1010

32 Dhanushdhari Gotgaon MTU 1010

33 Sunil Khokhania MTU 1010

34 Nawarsai Khokhania MTU 1010

35 Lakhan Khokhania MTU 1010

36 Samarsai Khokhania MTU 1010

37 Batturam Khokhania MTU 1010

38 Sukhram Khokhania MTU 1010

39 Pushpnath Parsagudi MTU 1010

40 Ramjeet Parsagudi MTU 1010

75

Average Yield Data and B:C ratio of district Balrampur:

Treatment Average Grain Yield

(q/ha)

% increase

RP over FP

B:C

Farmers’ Practice 35 11.42 1.67

Reccommended Practice 39 1.90

Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice -T3: 40 Kg seed/ ha

+ Bispyribac Na, Control = T1: 80 Kg seed/ ha + One Hand Weeding, Farmers practice T2: 60

Kg seed/ ha + Pyrazosulfuran Ethyl 10%

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of herbicides, seed etc. to the participating farmers

In an area of 40 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in

eight tribal villages in district Balrampur. The demonstrations were conducted on

weed management in direct line sown rice. A total of 40 farmers were the

beneficiaries. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK, Balrampur during

kharif 2014.

Results:

Direct seeded rice: A total of 40 demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in DSR with rice variety MTU-101. The average yield of farmers practice

and recommended practice was 35.0 and 39 q/ha, respectively. However, percent

increase under recommended practice over farmers practice was 11.42 % . The average

benefit cost ratio was calculated to be 1.67 and 1.90 under farmers practice and

recommended practice, respectively. (Table WS 6.2.2).

76

Table WS 6.2.3: Results of FLD on weed management in direct broadcast seeded

rice in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Kharif-2014

S.N. Farmers’

Name

Variety Yield(q/ha) % increase

R.P. over

F.P.

Economics


F.P.

B:C in

R.P.

1 Dulgo Tirthum MTU 1010 31.00 35.20 13.5 0.47 0.64

2 Lakhmu Tirthum MTU 1010 32.00 37.00 15.6 0.48 0.68

3 Nandu paikpara MTU 1010 28.50 36.40 27.7 0.35 0.70

4 Sonku Ganjapara MTU 1010 30.10 38.70 28.6 0.43 0.81

5 Ganga Gudiapara MTU 1010 26.30 32.80 24.7 0.25 0.58

6 Vijay Kodenar Bamleswari 27.30 36.30 33.0 0.26 0.65

7 Arjun Kodenar Bamleswari 25.00 29.70 18.8 0.19 0.53

8 Maso Silikjhori MTU 1001 26.90 30.10 11.9 0.24 0.55

9 Manish Paralmetak MTU 1001 31.00 39.30 26.8 0.43 0.74

10 Guddi Paralmetak MTU 1001 28.40 37.20 31.0 0.31 0.65

11 Rainu Paralmetak MTU 1001 26.70 30.40 13.9 0.23 0.34

12 Shankar Paralmetak Bamleswari 26.40 33.40 26.5 0.25 0.56

13 Lachu ganjapara Bamleswari 25.40 36.70 44.5 0.21 0.71

14 Baman ganjapara Samleswari 33.50 35.90 7.2 0.59 0.63

15 Boti Tirthum Samleswari 32.80 38.50 17.4 0.51 0.70

16 Pandru Tirthum Samleswari 34.40 39.80 15.7 0.59 0.80

17 Chaitu Tirthum MTU 1001 27.90 32.20 15.4 0.29 0.46

77

Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice, Farmers practice = hand

weeding twice, Recommended practice = 80 kg seed rate/ha line sown and

application of pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha PRE fb bispyribac @ 20 g/ha POE

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of Flat fan Nozzles, Herbicides to the participating farmers 3. Farmer’s day

18 Paklu Batkonta Samleswari 31.00 38.70 24.8 0.43 0.71

19 Suko Batkonta Samleswari 29.70 36.80 23.9 0.37 0.63

20 Baman Batkonta Samleswari 27.30 38.40 40.7 0.26 0.70

21 Sonsai Batkonta MTU 1010 30.60 38.10 24.5 0.41 0.69

22 Sugriv Batkonta MTU 1010 28.20 34.50 22.3 0.30 0.56

23 Sonuram Batkonta MTU 1010 26.90 37.60 39.8 0.24 0.70

24 Sakruram

Netam

Batkonta

MTU 1010 28.70 35.30

23.0 0.32 0.60

25 Gora

Kashyap Karanji MTU 1010 30.90 39.10

26.5 0.42 0.73

26 Ratni Kondaloor MTU 1001 28.30 38.80 37.1 0.30 0.72

27 Raivari Kondaloor MTU 1010 28.70 39.10 36.2 0.36 0.78

28 Pakli Kondaloor KarmaMasuri 28.60 36.70 28.3 0.36 0.67

29 Dayamati Singhanpur MTU 1010 30.80 37.20 20.8 0.46 0.69

30 Managalram Singhanpur MTU 1010 29.10 35.00 20.3 0.34 0.59

31 Bannuram Singhanpur MTU 1010 20.10 29.20 45.3 0.06 0.37

32 Sambhunath Tekameda Purnima 21.80 30.10 38.1 0.01 0.36

33 Ranjitrai Jamawada Purnima 22.90 31.50 37.6 0.06 0.43

34 Devendrarai Burungpal Purnima 23.50 28.20 20.0 0.08 0.32

35 Laghuram Parkapal Purnima 20.10 33.20 65.2 0.11 0.51

36 Tulsiram Jhotia Purnima 25.20 34.50 36.9 0.16 0.56

37 Asmati Singanpur Bamleswari 20.50 29.40 43.4 0.08 0.33

38 Chamli Singanpur Bamleswari 24.60 30.40 23.6 0.13 0.38

39 Phulo Singanpur Bamleswari 23.60 31.50 33.5 0.09 0.47

40 Suri Singanpur MTU 1001 27.80 32.60 17.3 0.28 0.52

Average 27.6 34.9 27.5 0.29 0.59

78

In an area of 40 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in nine tribal villages in

district Bastar. The demonstrations were conducted on weed management in direct

seeded line sown rice. A total of 40 farmers were the beneficiaries. The demonstrations

were conducted by KVK, Bastar during kharif 2014.

Results:

Direct line seeded rice ( 80 kg/ha): A total of 40 demonstrations were conducted on

weed management in DSR with four different rice varieties. The average yield of farmers

practice and recommended practice was 27.60 and 34.90 q/ha, respectively. However,

percent increase under recommended practice over farmers practice was 27.5 %. The

average net benefit cost ratio was calculated to be 0.29 and 0.59 under farmers practice

and recommended practice, respectively. (Table WS 6.2.3)

79

Table WS 6.2.4: Results of FLD on weed management in direct line seeded rice in

Kanker district of Chhattisgarh, Kharif-2014

S.N. Farmers’

Name

Village Variety Yield(q/ha) % increase

R.P. over

F.P.

Economics


F.P.

B:C in

R.P.

1 Jethmal Kotela Indira Barani 40.25 48.50 20.5 2.70 3.22

2 Manohar Kotela Samleshwari 36.00 42.25 17.4 2.41 2.80

3 Panchram Kotela Indira Barani 42.75 48.50 13.5 2.87 3.22

4 Ashok Kotela Samleshwari 38.25 46.00 20.3 2.56 3.05

5 Madhu Kotela Indira Barani 38.50 48.75 26.6 2.58 3.23

6 Lalima Kotela Samleshwari 40.00 48.25 20.6 2.68 3.20

7 Devsingh Kotela Samleshwari 39.50 46.00 16.5 2.65 3.05

8 Deshiram/ Kotela Indira Barani 43.00 49.50 15.1 2.88 3.28

9 Narad/ Kotela Samleshwari 36.50 44.25 21.2 2.45 2.93

10 Leela bai/ Kotela Samleshwari 36.00 42.00 16.7 2.41 2.78

11 Romnath/ Kotela Samleshwari 36.25 41.00 13.1 2.43 2.72

12 Lachhinder/ Kotela Indira Barani 39.50 48.25 22.2 2.65 3.20

13 Jagdish shori/ Kotela Indira Barani 40.25 48.75 21.1 2.70 3.23

14 Devkaran/ Aroud Samleshwari 38.50 47.25 22.7 2.58 3.13

15 Ramdev patel Aroud Indira Barani 40.00 49.75 24.4 2.68 3.30

16 Nathiya ram Kotela Samleshwari 39.50 47.00 19.0 2.65 3.12

17 Bhagbali/ Kotela Indira Barani 38.25 48.50 26.8 2.56 3.22

80

18 Nandani/ Aroud Indira Barani 43.25 50.50 16.8 2.90 3.35

19 Mohan/ Aroud Samleshwari 35.75 44.75 25.2 2.40 2.97

20 Rameshwar/ Aroud Indira Barani 37.75 47.75 26.5 2.53 3.17

21 Bhuneshwar/ Aroud Samleshwari 39.50 45.25 14.6 2.65 3.00

22 Chhabila bai/ Aroud Samleshwari 38.50 41.25 7.1 2.58 2.73

23 Bramhanand/ Aroud Samleshwari 37.25 42.25 13.4 2.50 2.80

24 Tukaram Kotela Samleshwari 35.75 45.25 26.6 2.40 3.00

25 Tukaram/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 38.00 43.75 15.1 2.55 2.90

26 Bhogendra/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 39.75 45.25 13.8 2.66 3.00

27 Sanjay/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 39.50 46.00 16.5 2.65 3.05

28 Basanta/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 38.50 45.50 18.2 2.58 3.02

29 Gautila/ Kanharpuri Indira Barani 40.25 48.75 21.1 2.70 3.23

30 Sandeep/ Kanharpuri Indira Barani 43.75 48.00 9.7 2.93 3.18

31 Ojharam/ Kanharpuri Indira Barani 40.50 47.50 17.3 2.72 3.15

32 Kunjal/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 38.50 47.25 22.7 2.58 3.13

33 Rajendra/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 38.25 45.25 18.3 2.56 3.00

34 Khemraj/ Kanharpuri Indira Barani 39.50 48.00 21.5 2.65 3.18

35 Dushyant/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 35.50 42.25 19.0 2.38 2.80

36 Amila/ Kanharpuri Indira Barani 40.25 47.75 18.6 2.70 3.17

37 Heera/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 37.25 45.50 22.1 2.50 3.02

38 Pushpendra/ Kanharpuri Samleshwari 37.00 46.00 24.3 2.48 3.05

Average 38.88 46.27 19.1 2.61 3.07

81

Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice, Farmers practice = Direct

line seeded rice 80 kg seed/ha + hand weeding twice, Recommended practice =

60 kg seed/ha +Fenoxaprop + chlorimuron + metsulfuron @ 60 + 4 g/ha at 18

DAS fb bispyribac @ 20 g/ha at 30 DAS

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of herbicides, fertilizer, seed etc. to the participating farmers

In an area of 38 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in three

tribal villages in districts Kanker. The demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in direct seeded rice. A total of 38 farmers were the beneficiaries. The

demonstrations were conducted by KVK, Kanker during kharif 2014.

Results:

Direct line seeded rice: A total of 38 demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in DSR with rice varieties Samleshwari and Indira Barani. The average

yield of farmers practice and recommended practice was 38.88 and 46.27 q/ha,

respectively. However, percent increase under recommended practice over farmers

practice was 19.10 % . The benefit cost ratio was 2.61 and 3.07 under farmers practice

and recommended practice, respectively (Table WS 6.2.4).

82

Table WS 6.2.5: Results of FLD on weed management in transplanted direct

seeded rice of district Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Kharif-2014

S.N. Farmers’ Name Varieties under Irrigated Condition

1 Shukla MTU1010,Swarna, Mahamaya,MTU1001,

Lusrigurmutiya,Sathiya

2 Ramsingh

S/o Motiram

-------------do--------------

3 Umar Singh -------------do--------------

4 Gulsar -------------do--------------

5 Bisahu -------------do--------------

6 Besahan -------------do--------------

7 Bhelan -------------do--------------

8 Baijnath -------------do--------------

9 Dhaniram -------------do--------------

10 Bhanwarsingh -------------do--------------

11 Mahesh -------------do--------------

12 Rama -------------do--------------

13 Kamlabai -------------do--------------

14 Arjun -------------do--------------

15 Ramsingh

S/o Bholaram

-------------do--------------

16 Toman singh -------------do--------------

17 Nanku -------------do--------------

18 Ramratan -------------do--------------

19 Angad -------------do--------------

20 Kamlesh -------------do--------------

Varieties under Un Irrigated Condition

21 Kanhaiyalal MTU1010,Swarna, Mahamaya,MTU1001,

Lusrigurmutiya,Sathiya

22 Manrakhan -------------do--------------

23 Rajeshkumar -------------do--------------

24 Mahipat singh -------------do--------------

25 Samratiyabai -------------do--------------

26 Gulab -------------do--------------

83

Yield Data:

20 farmers irrigated situation

Treatment Grain Yield q/ha %

increase

RP over

FP

B:C

Farmers’ Practice 25 20 1.6


20 farmers unirrigated situation

Treatment Grain Yield q/ha %

increase

RP over

FP

B:C

Farmers’ Practice 16 25 1.3


Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice, Farmers practice = hand

weeding twice, Recommended practice = Bispyribac @ 25 g/ha at 25 DAT/S

27 Rameshwar -------------do--------------

28 Chainasingh -------------do--------------

29 Dhyansingh -------------do--------------

30 Balram -------------do--------------

31 Bodhansingh -------------do--------------

32 Duvashiya -------------do--------------

33 Laxman -------------do--------------

34 Musku -------------do--------------

35 Rohit -------------do--------------

36 Purshottam -------------do--------------

37 Kamoda -------------do--------------

38 Birsiyabai -------------do--------------

39 Shersingh -------------do--------------

40 Lalchusingh -------------do--------------

84

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of herbicides, fertilizer etc. to the participating farmers

In an area of 40 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in the two

tribal villages in district Bilaspur. The demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in transplanted rice in 20 acres and direct line seeded rice in 20 acres. A

total of 40 farmers were the beneficiaries. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK,

Bilaspurduring kharif 2014.

Results:

Transplanted/ direct seeded rice: A total of 20 demonstrations were conducted on weed

management in rice. The average yield of farmers practice and recommended

practice was 25.0 and 30.0 q/ha, respectively. However, percent increase under

recommended practice over farmers practice was 20 % and benefit cost ratio

under farmers practice and recommended practice was 1. 6 and 1.9, respectively ,

while under direct seeded rice, 20 acres demonstration were laid down with a poor

yield of 16.0 and 20.0 q/ha under farmers practice and recommended practice with

a per cent increase of 25 under recommended practice over farmers practice. The

benefit:cost ratio was 1.3 and 1.7 , res[pectively (Table WS 6.2.5).

85

Table WS 6.2.6: Results of FLD on weed management in direct broadcast seeded

rice in Narainpur district of Chhattisgarh, Kharif-2014

S.N. Farmers’ Name Village Variety

1 Santu ram Devgaon MTU-1010

2 Ramsing Devgaon MTU-1010

3 Jijinru Devgaon MTU-1010

4 Bharat Kerlakha MTU-1010

5 Ramchand Kerlakha MTU-1010

6 Lakhan Kerlakha MTU-1010

7 Girdhari Kerlakha MTU-1010

8 Ghassu Kerlakha MTU-1010

9 Sanju Kerlakha MTU-1010

10 Indal Kerlakha MTU-1010

11 Dhansingh Kerlakha MTU-1010

12 Shyamlal Kerlakha MTU-1010

13 Chatan Kerlakha MTU-1010

14 Mehtar Kerlakha MTU-1010

15 Mansingh Kerlakha MTU-1010

16 Gajanand Kerlakha MTU-1010

17 Devenath Kerlakha Swamaleswari

18 Bhawsing Narayanpur Swamaleswari

19 Tatun Narayanpur Swamaleswari

20 Jai Lal Narayanpur Swamaleswari

21 Dhansay sulenga Swamaleswari

22 Sathish sulenga Swamaleswari

23 Mithlesh sulenga Swamaleswari

24 Siyaram sulenga Swamaleswari

25 Kamlesh sulenga Swamaleswari

26 Pavan singh sulenga Swamaleswari

27 Anil sulenga Swamaleswari

28 Kana sulenga Swamaleswari

86

Table 6.2.7: Yield Data: Under DSR

Treatment Variety Grain Yield

(q/ha)

%

increase

RP over

FP

B:C

Farmers’ Practice MTU-1010 19.25 1.44

Farmers’ Practice Swameleshwari 21.20 1.12

Average 20.35 1.28

Reccommended

Practice

MTU-1010 23.50 22.07 1.70

Reccommended

Practice

Swameleshwari 24.75 16.74 1.50

Average 24.13 19.41 1.60

Under Transplanted Condition

Treatment Variety Grain Yield

(q/ha)

%

increase

RP over

FP

B:C

Farmers’ Practice MTU-1010 27.00 1.66

Farmers’ Practice Swameleshwari 32.50 1.30

Average 29.75 1.48

Reccommended

Practice

MTU-1010 29.50 9.25 1.75

Reccommended

Practice

Swameleshwari 34.00 4.61 1.55

Average 31.75 6.93 1.65

29 Syamnagvanshy Binjli Swamaleswari

30 Lalduram Sulenga Swamaleswari

31 Smt. Vivra bai Sulenga Swamaleswari

32 Sampat Sulenga Swamaleswari

33 Aasharam Kerlakha Swamaleswari

34 Sanjuk Kerlakha Swamaleswari

35 Srilal Binjli Swamaleswari

36 Maniklal Binjli Swamaleswari

37 Biselram Binjli Swamaleswari

38 Mangal ram Binjli Swamaleswari

39 Dharamsingh Binjli Swamaleswari

40 Rajesh Sulenga Swamaleswari

87

Note: F.P. = Farmers practice, RP = Recommended practice, Farmers practice = Line

sowing + hand weeding, Recommended practice = Line sowing/transplanting ith

pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE followed by Bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i./ha at

25 DAS/T

Activities:

1. Training of farmers on weed management before the conduction of FLD’s 2. Distribution of herbicides, fertilizer etc. to the participating farmers 3. Farmer’s day

In an area of 40 acres, Front line demonstrations were laid down in five tribal villages in

district Narainpur. The demonstrations were conducted on weed management in direct

seeded line sown rice ( 20 acres) and transplanted rice in 20 aceres having two

varieties. A total of 40 farmers were the beneficiaries. The demonstrations were

conducted by KVK, Narainpur during kharif 2014.

Results:

Direct line seeded/transplanted rice: A total of 20 demonstrations were conducted

on weed management in DSR and 20 under transplanted rice with two rice varieties.

The average yield of farmers practice and recommended practice was 20.35 & 24.13

q/ha, respectively, under DSR. However, percent increase under recommended

practice over farmers practice was 19.411 % and benefit cost ratio under farmers

practice and recommended practice was 1.28 and 1.60, respectively, while average

yield under transplanted rice under farmers practice and recommended practice was

was 29.75 and 31.75 q/ha. The percent increase under recommended practice over

farmers practice was 6.93 % and benefit cost ratio under farmers practice and

recommended practice was 1.48 and 1.65, respectively (Table WS 6.2. 7).

88

Training and distribution of input in TSP Programme

89

Visit of Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, IGKV, Officers from GOI, State department of

Agriculture and IGKV

90

Visit of Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor and Director Research/Extension/Heads and other

scientist in the field of AICRP-Weed Management

91

IX. List of publicationsPublication During 2013:

a. Published

Singh, A.P., Jha, S.K., Dwivedi, S.K. and Chowdhury, T. 2014. Efficacy of pinoxsulam

24% SC against weed flora in direct seeded rice. Journal Agril. Issues,

Chowdhury, Tapas, Singh, A.P. and Gupta, S.B. (2014). Influence of tillage and weed management on soil properties of rice fields. I.J.Ecology.41(1) :139-142.

Smriti Kolhey, Patel, Rakesh, Dash, D. and Chowdhury, Tapas (2014). Dectection and

characterization of Albizia procera-Rhizobium for stress tolerance. Int.J. Pl.

Sci. 9(2):349-352

Mishra, Vivek; Chowdhury, Tapas; Singh, A.P. and Gupta, S.B. (2013). Changes in

biochemical properties of rice rhizosphere soil by different tillage systems and

herbicide application .I.J.Weed Sci ( Published in 2014)

Singh A.P. *, Pandagre ,T., Abraham S., Chandrakar, D. and Chowdhury ,T. 2014. Evaluation of metribuzin in combination with clodinafop, sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden for weed control in wheat, The Bioscan

( Accepted)

Papers in press: Singh, A.P., Jha, S.K., Dwivedi, S.K. and Kolhe, S.S. 2013. Efficacy of metamifop 10 EC

against grassy weeds of direct seeded rice and its residual effect on subsequent crop of wheat. Bioinfolet, Aurangabad

Singh, A.P., Abraham, S., Toshiba, P. and Dwivedi ,S. 2014 . Bioefficacy of pinoxaden 5 EC in combination with broadleaf herbicide against complex weed flora in wheat. Madras Journal of Agriculture

Chowdhury, Tapas, Singh, A.P. and Gupta, S.B. (2014). Evaluation of tillage and weed management systems on rhizosphere microflora under rice - wheat cropping system. Ban.J.Bot.

Mishra, Vivek , Chowdhury, Tapas , Singh, A.P. and Gupta, S.B. (2014). Changes in microbiological properties of rice rhizosphere soil by different tillage systems and herbicide application . The Bioscan

92

Research paper presented:

(i) Singh, A.P.,Kumar,R.,Chowdhury,T.,Pandey,N.,Kolhe,S.S.,Dwivedi,S.K. and Shrivastava (2014). Styandardization of seed rate and weed management in direct seeded rice. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp 89.

(ii) Dewangan, Devendra Kumar, Singh,A.P., Ahmad,Anjum and Chandrakar,C.K. (2014). Weed flora and yield of rice as influenced by integrated weed management under system of rice intensification (SRI).Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp 91.

(iii) Chandrakar,C.K., Ahmad,Anjum, Dewangan, Devendra Kumar and Singh,A.P.(2014). Effect of drip irrigation, weed and integrated nutrient management on weed and yield parameters of potato. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp. 93.

(iv) Kumar,Rakesh,Singh,A.P.,Meshram,M.R.,Pandey,Pravir and Ransing,Devidas (2014).Effect of different seed rate and weed managementpractices on yield and economics of direct seeded rice. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp 105.

(v) Nagre,S.K,Chandrakar,D.K.,Chandrakar,Kusum and Singh,A.P.(2014).Weed management in lentil. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.241.

(vi) Chandrakar,D.K., Nagre,S.K, Chandrakar,Kusum, Singh,A.P. and nair,S.K.(2014).Chemical weed managemenet in black gram. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.242.

(vii) Chandrakar,D.K., Chandrakar,Kusum, Nagre,S.K, Singh,A.P. and Nanda,H.C.(2014).Effect of weed management practices on weed dynamics and performance of rajmash. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.243.

93

(viii) Chowdhury, Tapas, Singh, A.P. and Gupta, S.B. (2014). Microbiological assessment of degradation of different herbicides applied to Kharif- rice field. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.288.

(ix) Ghritlahre,S.K., Awasthi,A.K.,Ganguli,J.L., Singh,A.P. and Nirala,Y.S.(2014). New record of mistletoe as a potential weed:serious threat to sapota cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.297.

(x) Abraham,Shalu, Pandagre,Toshiba,Awasthi,Preeti, Chandrakar,D.K., Singh, A.P. and Dewangan,D.K.(2014).Bioefficacy of pinoxaden 5EC in comboination with broad leaf herbicide against complex weed flora in wheat. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.305.

(xi) Pandagre,Toshiba, Abraham,Shalu,Bharti,S., Ahmad,Anjum, Singh, A.P.and Harishankar(2014) Efficacy of metribuzin in combination with clodinafop, sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden against weeds in wheat. Biennial Conference on Emerging Challenges in Weed Management, held at Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur on 15-17Feb.,2014.pp.306.

(xii) Gupta,S.B. Thakur,M.P. and Chowdhury,Tapas (2014).Formulation of effective Azospirillum and Azotobacter foliar biofertilizers. International Conference on Biodiverity, Bioresources and Biotechnology, held at Mysore, Karnataka on 30-31 Jan,2014.pp.99-100.(Awarded Best Poster Award)

Popular article: Mrida Ki Swastha Raksha Hetu Jaivik Khadon Ki Bhumika: Tapas Chowdhury, S.B. Gupta and A.P.Singh. Chhattisgarh Kheti. pp: 9-11

f. TV / Radio Talks:

.

More than 8 Radio and 8 TV talks were delivered by both the scientists during

the entire year.

94

X. List of training /awareness campaign:

Lectures as resource person.

A.P.Singh:

1.Training to farmers on weed management in paddy at village Gudrudih dist. Mahasamund

2. 10 lectures to RAEO’s, ADA’s, Farmers etc. on weed management in field crops.

Tapas Chowdhury:

1. Series of lectures (8) to RAEO’s and ADO’s on importance and

methods of soil sampling for fertilizer recommendations to

RAEO’s and ADO’s of the state.

2. 15 trainings on importance and methods of application of bio-

fertilizers to farmers of different districts of the state.

3. Lectures on organic manures and bio-fertilizers in villages –

Organized by IPM Center Raipur

Special campaigns:

S.No. Topic Date Name of Scientist

1 Parthenium Free Campus 22.08.2014 to 20.10.2014 A.P.Singh & Tapas

Chowdhury

95

Training to different categories of audience

96

Teaching Activities:

S.No. Name of course Class Credit Course teacher 1 *Agricultural Microbiology B.Sc.(Ag.) 3rd Year 2(1 + 1) Dr. Tapas Chowdhury

2

Principles of Microbiology M.Sc. (Ag.)

Microbiology

4 (3+1) Dr. Tapas Chowdhury

3

Microbial Physiology & Metabolism M. Sc. (Ag)

Microbiology


4

Microbial Genetics M. Sc. (Ag)

Microbiology


5

*Microbial Biotechnology M. Sc. (Ag)

Microbiology


*-Joint Course Teacher

XI. Students Guided:

No. of PG students No. of Ph.D students

A.P.Singh : 02* 03*

T. Chowdhury: 02 01

Ongoing

97

XII. Linkages and collaboration:

AICRP on Integrated Farming System-IGKV, Raipur

Experiment 1: Integrated Nutrient Supply in Rice-Wheat cropping system

Treatment Details:

No fertilizer, No OM (Control)

50% RDF

50% RDF

75% RDF

100% RDF

50% RDF + 50% N ( FYM)

75% RDF + 25% N ( FYM)

50% RDF + 50% N ( RS)

75% RDF + 25% N ( RS)

50% RDF + 50% N ( GM)

75% RDF + 25% N ( GM)

FP 50:30:20 N:P:K kg/ha

Design: Randomized Block Replications : Three

Transplanted Rice Date of Planting : 2nd week of July, 2014

Treatments : 12

Weed Flora:

Experimental field of IFS was dominated by Alternanthera triandra, Spilanthes acmella,

Cynotis axillaris under broad leaf weeds, Cyperus iria and Fimbristyllis miliacea under

sedges and Echinochloa colona under grasses at both 60 DAT as well as harvest stages

during kharif 2014.

Weed population:

The experimental field was dominated by broadleaf and sedges followed grasses as

mentioned above at both the stages i.e. 60 DAT and at harvest. Manual weeding was

done at 25 DAT uniformly in all the plots ( Table IFS 1 & 2).

98

Table IFS 1: Effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply in Rice-Wheat cropping system

on weed population at 60 DAT, Kharif 2014 ( IFS-IGKV)

Treatments Grasses Broad leaved Sedges Total

No fertilizer, No OM (Control) 1.68(2.33 ) 3.49(11.66 ) 3.03(8.66 ) 4.81( 22.6 )

50% RDF 1.47( 1.66) 3.39( 11.00 ) 2.92( 8.0 ) 4.60( 20.7 )

50% RDF 1.35( 1.33 ) 3.14( 9.33 ) 2.80( 7.33 ) 4.30( 18.0 )

75% RDF 1.35( 1.33 ) 2.61( 6.33 ) 2.41( 5.33 ) 3.67( 13.0 )

100% RDF 1.08( 0.66 ) 2.55( 6.0 ) 2.35( 5.00 ) 3.49( 11.7 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( FYM) 1.08( 0.66 ) 2.55( 6.0 ) 2.35( 5.00 ) 3.49( 11.7 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( FYM) 1.22( 1.00 ) 2.74( 7.0 ) 2.80( 7.33 ) 3.97( 15.3 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( RS) 1.47( 1.66 ) 2.80( 7.33 ) 2.92( 8.00 ) 4.18( 17.0 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( RS) 1.47( 1.66 ) 2.86( 7.66 ) 2.92( 8.00 ) 4.22( 17.3 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) 1.35( 1.33 ) 2.68( 6.66 ) 2.74( 7.00 ) 3.94( 15.0 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( GM) 1.35( 1.33 ) 2.68( 6.66 ) 2.74( 7.00 ) 3.94( 15.0 )

FP 50:30:20 N:P:K kg/ha 1.58( 2.00 ) 3.39( 11.0 ) 2.92( 8.00 ) 4.64( 21.0 )


on weed population at harvest, Kharif 2014 (IFS-IGKV)


No fertilizer, No OM (Control) 1.47 ( 1.66 ) 3.85 ( 14.33 ) 3.14 (9.33 ) 5.08 (25.3 )

50% RDF 1.35 ( 1.33) 3.67 ( 13.0 ) 3.08 ( 9.00 ) 4.88 ( 23.3 )

50% RDF 1.35 ( 1.33 ) 3.49 ( 11.66 ) 2.97 ( 8.33 ) 4.67 ( 21.3 )

75% RDF 1.22 ( 1.0 ) 2.97 ( 8.33 ) 2.68 ( 6.66 ) 4.06 ( 16.0 )

100% RDF 1.08 ( 0.66 ) 2.80 ( 7.33 ) 2.55 ( 6.00 ) 3.81 ( 14.0 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( FYM) 1.08 ( 0.66 ) 2.86 ( 7.66 ) 2.61 ( 6.33 ) 3.89 ( 14.6 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( FYM) 1.35 ( 1.33 ) 3.08 ( 9.00 ) 3.03 ( 8.66 ) 4.42 ( 19.0 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( RS) 1.22 (1.00 ) 3.08 ( 9.00 ) 3.03 ( 8.66 ) 4.38 ( 18.7 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( RS) 1.22 ( 1.0 ) 3.14 ( 9.33 ) 3.14 ( 9.33 ) 4.45 ( 19.3 )

50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) 1.22 ( 1.0 ) 2.86 ( 7.66 ) 2.97 ( 8.33 ) 4.18 ( 17.0 )

75% RDF + 25% N ( GM) 1.08 ( 0 .66) 2.80 ( 7.33 ) 2.97 ( 8.33 ) 4.10 ( 16.3)

FP 50:30:20 N:P:K kg/ha 1.35 (1.33 ) 3.85 ( 14.33 ) 2.97 ( 8.33 ) 4.95 ( 24.0 )


99

Weed Dry Matter Accumulation:

Significant variation in weed dry matter accumulation was recorded at 60 DAT and at

harvest stage. The significantly lowest weed dry matter was recoded under treatment

50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) which was comparable with 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% N (

FYM) and 75% RDF + 25% N ( GM), in order. All were significantly superior over rest of

the treatments at 60 DAT and at harvest stage ( Table IFS 3). Weed control efficiency

calculated at harvest stage was maximum under 50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) ( 44.91%),

narrowly followed by 100% RDF treatment.


on weed dry matter accumulation at 60 DAT and at harvest and weed

control efficiency, Kharif 2014 ( IFS-IGKV)

Treatments Weed dry matter at 60 DAT,gm-2

Weed dry matter at harvest, gm-2

Weed Control Efficiency, %

,at harvest

No fertilizer, No OM (Control) 5.06 (25.2 ) 5.81(33.4 ) ----

50% RDF 4.83 (22.9) 5.44 (29.2) 12.57

50% RDF 4.58 (20.6) 5.19 (26.5) 20.65

75% RDF 4.47 (19.5) 5.05 (25.0) 25.15

100% RDF 3.98 (15.4) 4.49 (19.8) 43.11

50% RDF + 50% N ( FYM) 4.12 (16.6) 4.62 (21.0) 37.12

75% RDF + 25% N ( FYM) 4.25 (17.6 ) 4.84 (23.0) 31.13

50% RDF + 50% N ( RS) 4.49 (19.7) 5.03 (25.0) 25.15

75% RDF + 25% N ( RS) 4.4 (18.9) 4.96 (25.1) 24.85

50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) 3.8 (14.1) 4.34 (18.4) 44.91

75% RDF + 25% N ( GM) 4.12 (16.5) 4.69 (21.6) 35.32

FP 50:30:20 N:P:K kg/ha 4.91 (23.7) 5.54 (30.3) 9.28

SEm± 0.13 0.14 ---

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.39 0.43 ---


100

Experiment 2: High value cropping system in organic farming package ( Rice-onion cropping system)

Treatment details:

Treatments

50% RDF + 50% N ( CDM)

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC)

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + GM in rice

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + deep summer ploughing ( DSP)

50% N ( CDM) + Azospirillium + P+ PSB

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + Azospirillium + PSB

100% RDF

Design: Randomized Block Replications : Three

Treatments : 07 Date of Planting : 2nd week of July, 2014

Transplanted Rice

Weed Flora:

Experimental field of IFS was dominated by Alternanthera triandra, vaginalis, Cynotis

axillaris, Commelina benghalensis under broad leaf weeds, Cyperus iria and Fimbristyllis

miliacea under sedges and Echinochloa colona, Ischeamum rugosum under grasses at

both 60 DAT as well as harvest stages during kharif 2014.

Weed population:

The experimental field was dominated by broadleaf and sedges followed grasses as

mentioned above at both the stages i.e. 60 DAT and at harvest. Manual weeding was

done at 25 DAT uniformly in all the plots ( Table IFS 4 & 5).

101

Table IFS 4: Effect of high value cropping system in organic farming package on

weed population at 60 DAT, Kharif 2014 ( IFS-IGKV)


50% RDF + 50% N

( CDM)

1.47 (1.66 ) 3.39 (11.0 ) 2.86( 7.66) 4.56 (20.32 )


1.68 (2.33 ) 3.72 (13.33 ) 3.14(9.33 ) 5.05( 25.0 )


1.35 (1.33 ) 3.19 (9.66 ) 2.55(6.00 ) 4.18 ( 17.0)

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + deep summer

ploughing ( DSP)

1.58 ( 2.0 ) 3.19 (9.66 ) 2.97(8.33 ) 4.53 (20.0 )


1.78 (2.66 ) 3.81 (14.0 ) 3.19(9.66 ) 5.18 (26.3 )

100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + Azospirillium +

PSB

1.47 (1.66 ) 3.44 (11.33 ) 3.08(9.00 ) 4.74 (22.0 )

100% RDF 1.35 (1.33 ) 3.14(9.33 ) 2.92(8.0 ) 4.38 (18.7 )


weed population at harvest, Kharif 2014 ( IFS-IGKV)



50% RDF + 50% N

( CDM)

1.35 ( 1.33) 3.85 ( 14.33) 3.19 ( 9.66) 5.08 ( 25.3)


1.58 (2.00 ) 4.26 (17.66 ) 3.24 (10.00 ) 5.50 (29.7 )


1.22 (1.00 ) 3.49 (11.66 ) 2.80 (7.33 ) 4.53 (20.0 )


ploughing ( DSP)

1.22 (1.00 ) 3.44 (11.33 ) 2.74 (7.00 ) 4.45 (19.3 )


1.47 (1.66 ) 4.22 (17.33 ) 3.39 (11.00 ) 5.52 (30.0 )


PSB

1.22 (1.00 ) 3.67 (13.00 ) 3.39 (11.00 ) 5.05 (25.0 )

100% RDF 1.22 (3.49) 3.49 (11.66 ) 3.14 (9.33 ) 4.74 (22.0 )

102

Weed Dry Matter Accumulation:

Significant variation in weed dry matter accumulation was recorded at 60 DAT. The

significantly lowest weed dry matter was recoded under treatment 100% N ( 1/3rd each

CDM + NC + EC) + GM in rice, which was comparable with 100% RDF, and 100% N (

1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + deep summer ploughing (DSP), in order. At harvest

stage, variration in weed dry matter was not found significant (Table IFS 6). Weed

control efficiency calculated at harvest stage was maximum under 100% N ( 1/3rd each

CDM + NC + EC) + GM in rice narrowly followed by 100% RDF treatment.


weed dry matter accumulation at 60 DAT and at harvest and weed

control efficiency, Kharif 2014 ( IFS-IGKV)

Treatments Weed dry matter at 60 DAT,gm-2

Weed dry matter at harvest, gm-2

Weed Control Efficiency, %

,at harvest

50% RDF + 50% N ( CDM)

4.55(20.2 ) 5.17(26.3 ) 5.05


4.71(21.7 ) 5.31(27.7 ) ---


4.12(16.6 ) 4.87(23.7 ) 14.44


ploughing ( DSP)

4.40(19.0 ) 4.94(24.2 ) 12.63


4.84(23.1 ) 5.28(27.5 ) 7.22


PSB

4.57(20.4 ) 5.08(25.1 ) 9.38

100% RDF

4.27(17.9 ) 4.93(24.1 ) 13.0

SEm± 0.105 0.212 --

LSD ( P= 0.05) 0.32 N.S. ---


Other Linkages:

1. International Rice Research Institute, Phillipines ( Collaboration)

2. 20 Krishi Vigyan kendra’s

3. Department of Agriculture

4. Disciplines like microbiology, Agril. Engineering, Meteorology etc.

Summary of Annual Report-2014, IGKV, Raipur

During 2014, following work has been done at Raipur centre, IGKV under AICRP-Weed Management: AGRONOMY

WS 1 : Weed surveillance and monitoring


WS 1.2 : Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in

cropping systems and climatic parameters in prevailing ecosystems

WS 1.3 : Monitoring of herbicide resistance/escape in weeds of the dominant cropping

system

WS 2 : Weed Biology and physiology

WS 2.1a : Biology of important weeds

WS 3. : Weed management in crops and cropping systems

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicide combination for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded rice (wet)


WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system ( Kharif-2014)

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system ( Rabi 2013-14)

WS 3.8 : Station trials based on location specific problems

WS 3.8.1 : Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice

WS 4 : Management of problematic weeds

WS 4.2 : Making of Parthenium free campus

WS 4.3 : Biological control of water hyacinth by Neochetina bruchi

WS 6 : On –Farm research and impact assessment

WS 6.1 : On Farm Research

WS 6.2 : Front Line Demonstration ( FLD)

WM-IFS : Linkages with AICRP-Integrated Farming System, IGKV, Raipur

MICROBIOLOGY

WS 3.6 : Weed management in conservation agriculture systems ( Kharif 2014)

WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system (Kharif-2014)

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system (Rabi 2013-14)

Executive Summary

WS 1: Weed surveillance and Monitoring: WS 1.1: Weed Surveillance:

WS 1.1 a : Monitoring of weed appearance of new weed species Weed surveillance study revealed that Alternanthra triandra has heavily infested cropped field’s especially direct seeded rice, road sides, bunds etc. Other weeds on increase in the non-cropped area are Malwa pusila, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cromalina odorata; however, the good side of these invasions is that it is replacing Parthenium hysterophorus.

WS 1.2: Monitoring of weed shift due to weed management practices, changes in cropping systems and climatic change

Till date, no incidence of weed shift either in long-term trials in AICRP-Weed

Management nor in the commercial area have been noticed/reported due to cropping systems/climate change.

WS 1.3: Monitoring of herbicide resistance/escape in weeds of the dominant cropping systems

In Chhattisgarh, no incidence of herbicide resistance has, yet, been reported or observed at on and off-farm.

WS 2.1a: Biology of important weeds: Biology of four important weeds namely; Echinochloa colona, Ischaemum

rugosum (cropped) and Parthenium hysterophorus and Cassia tora ( Non-cropped) during kharif season of 2014 was studied. Different growth parameters and yield attraibuting charcters were studied.The weight of seed/plant and weight of 100 seeds for Echinochloa colona was 5.43 and 0.094 g, for Ischaemum rugosum it was 10.13 and 0.48 g, for Parthenium hysterophorus, it was 7.13 and 0.044g and for Cassia tor, it was 19.20 and 1.61g, respectively.

WS 3.1.3 : Herbicide combination for control of complex weed flora in direct seeded

rice ( wet) The lowest weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded under

pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS which was statistically at par with weed free (hand weeding at 20, 40 and 60 DAS). The highest weed dry matter was found under weedy check. The weed control efficiency was highest under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS. The highest reduction in seed yield was to the tune of 83.29 % in weedy check as against minimum reduction of 3.59 % under combination of pendimethalin fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000/25 g/ha. As far as economics of different treatments is concern, though the gross retun is maximum under pendimethalin* fb bispyribac–Na @ 1000 g/ha fb manual weeding 45 DAS

treatment followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha, but, benefit-cost ratio was highest under the treatment of oxadiargyl fb bispyribac –Na @ 100/25 g/ha , narrowly followed by pendimethalin* fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha and pyrazosulfuron fb bispyribac –Na @ 20/25 g/ha

WS 3.6 : Weed management in conservation agriculture ( Rice-Wheat-cowpea fodder)

The Yield attributes and seed yield of transplanted as well as direct seeded rice under CT and ZT conditions did not vary significantly due to different tillage practices. Significantly higher seed yield was recorded under recommended practice i.e. pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE than unweeded check. The yield losses due different tillage practice ranged from 2.15 % under CT-transplanted rice yield to as high as 20.86% under ZT (Direct seeded) + R treatment. While yield losses to the tune of 79.16 % were recorded under unweeded check. Benefit: cost ratio was remarkably higher under ZT-direct seeded rice than treatments of CT-transplanted. Among weed management practices, the higher gross as well as net income and benefit: cost ratio was obtained under recommended treatment (pyrazosulfuron 20 g/ha fb pinoxsuam @ 22.5 g/ha POE). It was found that CT had 6% higher efficiency over ZT, transplanting had 13.3% higher efficiency over direct seeding, chemical weed control by 380% over unweeded and integrated weed control proved to be 367% more efficient over unweeded, respectively.

Tillage systems did not impart any effect on physico-chemeical and biochemical properties of soil. However, the zero tillage system slightly increased the microbiological properties of soil in the first season of experimentation.


WS 3.7 : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Kharif 2014

Significantly lower weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded from the treatment of two hand weedings and this was at par with pre emergence application of oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb post-emergence bispyribac 25 g/ha and both were significantly superior over weedy check. Though, the gross income was highest under hand weeding twice, but, net income and B:C ratio was higher under oxadiargyl 80 g/ ha fb bispyribac 25 g/ha. It was also concluded that in five years of experimentation, appearance of new weed or shifting of flora over initial did not change.

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Rabi

2013-14

It was observed that treatments applied to direct seeded rice during kharif had

no significant effect on seed yield of chickpea. Similarly, tillage practices also

had no significant effect on dry matter production of weeds at any stage. Among

weed control practices, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg

/ha produced significantly lowest weed dry matter and higherseed yields as

compared to weedy check but was at par with farmers’ practice at 60 DAS and

at harvest. Similar results were obtained during previous three seasons

Station Trial:

WS 3.8: Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice

The significantly lower weed dry matter and higher seed yield was recorded under azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha at 2-3 leaf stage ( 12-18 DAS) fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30 DAS as compared to weedy check, but was at par with rest of the treatments except motorized weeding thrice at 15, 25 & 35 DAS, motorized weeding twice at 15 & 25 DAS fb bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS and bispyribac Na @ 25 g/ha at 35 DAS, in order. The highest reduction in seed yield was recorded under weedy check (86.40%) and minimum under bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen (7.94 %). The gross income, net income and benefit : cost ratio was found to be highest under azimsulfuron @ 35 g/ha 14 DAS fb bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 30-35 DAS ( 2.23) followed by bispyribac Na @ 20 g/ha at 18 DAS fb pretilachlor + bensulfuron @ 660 g/ha along with first top dressing of nitrogen ( 2.12) as against negative B:C ratio under weedy check.

Microbiological study

WS 3.6a: Weed management in conservation agriculture ( Rice-Wheat-cowpea fodder)

The zero tillage system slightly increased the microbiological properties of soil

in the first season of experimentation. Lowest values of DHA, MBC and BSR

were recorded under integrated weed management system where herbicide

oxadiargyl was applied along with hand weeding practice.

WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Kharif

2014


harvesting they started to degrade but in the whole crop grown period they did

not degrade completely.

Pyrazosulfuron is rather safe and persisted in soil for shortest period among all

the applied herbicides. It completely degraded before 50 DAS.

Fenoxaprop, chlorimuron-ethyl and metsulfuron-methyl, which were applied

combindly persisted in soil for a longer period and their presence was evaluated

even up to harvest.

Hand weeding practice found best among all treatments as it promoted the

microbiological activities including crop beneficial microbial population in the soil

system.


WS 3.7a : Long term herbicide trial in Rice-Chickpea cropping system, Rabi

2013-14

Residual effect of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Chlorimuron-ethyl & Metsulfuron-methyl, (applied in kharif rice) was observed during rabi experimentation up to showing time i.e.0DAS of chickpea.

Conventional tillage found better than zero tillage to improve the microbial and biochemical properties of soil at initial stage of experimentation (0DAS). Conventional tillage significantly increased the nodule biomass of chickpea over zero tillage at 50days after sowing of crop.

The application of pendimethalin at recommended dose inhibited the microbial activities (BSR , MBC,AP & DHA) and population of N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria in crop rhizosphere up to 30DAS.

Application of herbicide did not affect the number and biomass of nodules which were recorded at 50DAS. Farmers’ practice found best to increase dry weight of nodules over weedy check, recorded at 50DAS.

At harvest stage of the crop all the treatments were found ineffective.


“As directed by the DWR, entire campus of IGKV, Raipu remain Parthenium freee from 22.08.2014 to 23.10.2014 with the help of administration/departments/farm services under the regular reminders/guidance and monitoring by AICRP-Weed management. Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor and Director Research Services took the matter seriously”


On 23rd August, 183 adults of Neochetina bruchi were released in a pond situated at Kushal Nagar, Raipur but, some how, there was no infestation of insects on water hyacinth plants till 5th of January 2015.


Eight on farms Research trials in village Nagargaon, block-Dharsinwa, district Raipur were laid down on direct seeded broadcast sown rice with a seed rate of 50 kg/ha with sand mix application of pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g/ha as PRE followed by POE application of pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha. There was 16.10 per cent increase in grain yield due to recommended practice over farmers practice along with a B:C ratio of 3.67 and 2.37, respectively

WS 6.2 : Front Line Demonstrations under Tribal Sub Plan:

In an area of 248 acres, Front line demonstrations on weed management in rice were laid down in 28 tribal villages in districts of Bastar, Kondagaon and kanker, Bilaspur, Balrampur, Balrampur and Mahasamund. Of which, 90 demonstrations were taken on puddled rice and 158 demonstrations were laid down in direct seeded line sown rice. A total of 248 farmers were the participants. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK’s of respective district and AICRP-Weed Control, Raipur. Based on above demonstrations, it was concluded that an average increase of 15.8 % in benefit :cost ratio was obtained due to recommended practice over farmers practice rice established either direct line seeded or puddle rice. The demonstrations were conducted by KVK’s of respective district and AICRP-Weed Control, Raipur.

V. Results of practical utility:

Combination of bispyribac with chlorimuron + metsulfuron @ 25 + 4 g/ha or bispyribac

with ethoxysulfuron @ 25 + 18.75 g/ha or pretilachlor fb ethoxysulfuron works more

effectively on mixed weed flora of transplanted rice than alone.

Pendimethalin extra fb bispyribac –Na @ 1000 fb 25 g/ha and three mechanical

weedings ( rotary weeder 20,40,60 DAS) may control mixed weed flora very effectively

as well as economically than any other combinations in direct seeded rice under

inceptisol conditions.

Use of oxadiargyl 80 g /ha fb post-emergence bispyribac 25 g/ha in direct seeded rice

have been proved to be an effective combination for the control of mixed weed flora in

DSR continuosly for last four years.

Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ ha in chickpea still is a good

answer to the weeds of chickpea


applied herbicides. It completely degraded before 50 DAS

Above technologies have been tested in front line demonstrations at farmer’s field and It

was concluded that the over all average benefit: cost ratio of above weed management

practices over farmer’s practices may be raised to the tune of 15.8 %.

Beushening of rice may be escaped if seed is broadcasted @ of 40-50 kg/ha and weed

is managed by pyrazosulfuron @ 20 g fb pinoxsulam @ 22.5 g/ha as POE, this saves

nearly 10,000/- per ha.

VI. Recommendations passed on to state package of practice for inclusion:

( included in Rabi package of practice 2014)

Combinations of sulfosulfuron + metribuzin @ 25 + 105 g/ ha and clodinafop +

metribuzin @ 60 + 105 g/ ha are the effective herbicides for the control of mixed weed

flora in wheat.

Combinations of pinoxaden + carfentrazone @ 50 + 20 g/ ha and pinoxaden +

metsulfuron @ 50 + 4 g/ ha are another effective herbicides for the control of mixed

weed flora in wheat

List of publicationsPublication During 2014:

a. Published : 04

b. Papers in press: 04

c. Presented : 12

e. Popular article: 01

f. TV / Radio Talks: 30+ .

X. List of training /awareness campaign:

Special campaigns:

Sr.No. Topic Date Name of Scientist

1 Parthenium Free Campus 22.08.2014 to 20.10.2014 A.P.Singh & Tapas

Chowdhury

Linkages with AICRP- Integrated Farming System: IGKV, Raipur

Experiment 1: Integrated Nutrient Supply in Rice-Wheat cropping system

Significant variation in weed dry matter accumulation was recorded at 60 DAT and at harvest stage. The significantly lowest weed dry matter was recoded under treatment 50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) which was comparable with 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% N ( FYM) and 75% RDF + 25% N ( GM), in order. All were significantly superior over rest of the treatments at 60 DAT and at harvest stage ( Table IFS 3). Weed control efficiency calculated at harvest stage was maximum under 50% RDF + 50% N ( GM) ( 44.91%), narrowly followed by 100% RDF treatment.

Experiment 2: High value cropping system in organic farming package ( Rice-onion cropping system) Significant variation in weed dry matter accumulation was recorded at 60 DAT. The

significantly lowest weed dry matter was recoded under treatment 100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + GM in rice, which was comparable with 100% RDF, and 100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + deep summer ploughing (DSP), in order. At harvest stage, variration in weed dry matter was not found significant (Table IFS 6). Weed control efficiency calculated at harvest stage was maximum under 100% N ( 1/3rd each CDM + NC + EC) + GM in rice narrowly followed by 100% RDF treatment.

Note: Yield data of 2014 yet not analyzed by the project, therefore, yield data in report not given

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