A New Society in the Making. European Integration and European Social Groups

8/22/2019 A New Society in the Making. European Integration and European Social Groups

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A New Society in the Making

European Integraon and European Social Groups

Ju Dz Md

No. 12 | April 2010

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 12 | April 2010

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfmv P f E

T KFG W P Ss svs dssm s sus f Kolleg-Forschergruppe b m m

vb bd ub. I ms dm x s s s d bd xs bs

s d x dus sss Eu d Eu U.

A KFG W Ps vb KFG bs .sfmu.u b dd v m

[email protected].

C f s ssu: Ju Dz Md

Ed sss d du: F Aus d Ts Izum

Dz Md, Ju 2010: A N S M: Eu I d Eu S Gus, KFG W

P Ss, N. 12, A 2010, K-Fsu (KFG) T Tsfmv P f Eu, F Uvs

B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

Ts ub s b fudd b Gm Rs Fud (DFG).

F Uvs B

K-Fsu

T Tsfmv P f Eu:

T Eu U d Dus f Ids

Is. 26

14195 B

Gm

P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

[email protected]

.sfmu.u


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A New Society in the Making | 3

A New Society in the Making

European Integration and European Social Groups

J Dz M

I B E I

Ab

Ts s d s sud f s m f Eu

d ds f bz d Eu s. T uss

Eubm sud 67.1 xm d ssus: 1) sm f s us

d Eu sms d 2) bu f Eu ss

s sm. Tu ss ss, I u s sm sm f

s us d s sm s m dvd v f sum s

v f d d uds d vus. I s d v bfs s

u Eu uds s Euz f s s ,

s m m v b , s s , sss mdd sss. I

s m md msm f s s f us f v

Eu.

T Ar

J Dz M s b us f K-Fsu fm Ju

Dmb 2009. H s Pfss f S Uvsdd d B

(S) d Rs Pm Cd Isu B d Esuds

Is (IBEI). Pf. Dz Md s u f bs Dvdd Ns

(1995, C Uvs Pss) d Fm Eu (2003, P Uvs

Pss). H s umus s sm, , d

Eu . C: jdz@b.


4/32


Contents

1. Idu 5

2. S Gus d Csss Lu Eu 6

3. A Ndd A Ds:Euz d Eu Css Fm 7

4. D 8

5. T Suu Bss f Eus Mdd Css 10

6. Id, Lfss, Oss, d P Vus 11

7. Eu I d S Sm 14

8. Cus 15

Lu 17

Adx 19


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1. I1

T u Eu f s s s fusd ms xusv

f Eu m d Eu d sus. S s ud s u

s f fu s d s dvms. A ms, ss v d

Eu us u bu ss, s vd f

s, v md x u s s bm v u s f

Eu . R, v, s Eu s bu us s

d s bd fm s. Ts b s d bds b s d

s d mvd sss msvs d f Eu . Sm f m

v md bus x m d sfm f Eu m

d sus, s v sd x s us f d b dss.

Tus, 1990s ssd s msv suds f Eu U ss (.. Cu 1999;

Rduz-Ps 2002; Tb 1995; L Gs 2002). T m v s us suds s Eu Eu U (EU) s s m juxs f ss.

W s d, v, s x f s s Eu m d

Eu U s, s, d sus (.. Cmmss, Cu, d Eu Pm)

v md Eu s s . T ud b bj f s f Eu

. R b Bd (2005), Bz (2008), Dz Md (2003), Fv (2008), Fs

(2008), Im d T (2001), d R (2006) mvd b s ds b Eu ss

f s s qu Eu U. Kzss b A Wd f

Rs (2005) s s x s u f s

m f Eu d z sss s s uus. T m

f Eu U Eu ss s jus us f sfmv f

Eu, ds js sf bd Eu Us bds, s mv

d su md, bu s fms f sfms vs d bds f s v

.

T m f s s m f Eu s dm. T s

ms ss d , s s, 1960s, s s 1986 Eu U

s sfmd sf fm usms u s m mm u d sus

v f m, s, d s. T Eu U s

mdus m Eu zs vs. I s us x m s dm

su sfms v d Eus s suus fus xusv, s

sss v d s f, m f Eu s suus suz

ss f Eu U.

Ts fuss quss v b d s

u Eu , x s us Eu ss

smd Eu d subus, d x Eu U s

1 I ud s Ju Fx Cqu KFG T Tsfmv P f Eu-

, FU B, d J Gds f mms vs f s . T KFG s fudd b Gm Rs Fud (DFG). Fum, s s b s fud vdd

b Ss Ms f S d Iv: I+D Pj SEJ2006 01833s


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s sm. Ts du quss s v u f -Eu d

fss d s, ss dmss f sus s u. Ts

ss , bsd suu s s, d mdd sss Eu

smd Eu d subus. Ts suu v sds qu ds

sum ss d us juss Eu d N sms s dd s

us. Nvss, d su ds s us : d dsus

msvs ms f d ms f vus. I su,

bss f s sus, d s vs b sm d sms

ss v bm s, s sms - b d mdd ss - v

bu dv fdss dd ss Eu us s umbs.

G v ssbs Eu us, d su fdss, m u b

u Ns Eus, s v f sum fss. W sus fm s

f sss s suu sfm f sm us Eu

s. Ts suu sfm, v, ds s dm s v f

d d vus d bvu.

Ts s bus s sud f Eu b sus

Eu U s bu Euz b sss d mdd sss. As,

u d f Euz f mdd sss s s f

sss, I vd sm vd mdd ss sms f u v

b u s szd ms us f v Eu.

2. S G C L E

Ms f bu s s sss ms fm s Ws ss.

T s bud u ss s d s mb Ws Eu ss (M

2004; W 1996; Es-Ads 1993; Es/Gd 1992; s s Gzbm . 1991 d

Ms/Tuu 1994 f vs f u). T mj quss s u s ddssd

s md-1950s v b xs f sss f v dv b Eu

s ssms, s ds s mb s, s f du

s ss f d Eu ss, d z f mdd

ss. I md-1980s, Es-Adss sd fus f s s

fm ds su x f s s (Es-Ads 1990). F,

Cus S C Ws Ss (1995) bu b sds f du

b sss f ss s ssms Eu d su fud.

T d f Cd W d s sm C d Es Eu d s f

fus s s fm Ws Es. W b E . (2002), R-Ts (1994), d

Dms (1996) zd sfm f s ssm Es Eu, u

ss fm s ss ud mmusm d s ss ud sm d

s d ss ss. O us (.. H 1993) ddssd d s

quss, s m ud b Ws d Es Eu ss.


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S fm s s sv, fus z s u: Fs, -f-

d vd f s s u f ss f sud f s Eu; sd,

udsd f ss s jus u s ssm. T s m

dsuss ds d fss f s us dsussd, ud d

Budus F (1984) Ks d Ms s vv f 19 u

Eu buss (1993). F, su u, Bds x (2005), s

vs m f Eu U s ssms f s mmbs d

dvm f -Eu s sss.

3. A N A D: Ez E C

Fm

O dsus b sss v fd ud x fm

f Eu s s: Euz d Eu Css

Fm. Ds f Euz u f Eu Us m

dms s d ms. Ts ds fm s d d ss

v bs s sms s u ds ss f

bz. Euz f ss b vd s d f

s f zs vs d m d vs. T s dds v

ssd Euz f ss, s m bs md, s Eu

s f mvm s b d, u du s s d m

f bd s, d s Eu U s md Eu zs df Eu U, su s Esmus, v b mmd. Aus b s d

ms v mszd s ms d b s sfms v b dud

mdd sss (s Gb 1998; Fs 2008; Fv 2008; Mu 2007), bu ms f vd

s s ms fm ss-s ss f s b sm vbs d

fm v vd bd . Ts s s fu s

ss b fus fds s v ss-s suv d b m

ds v m f d sm us xm s s v bd.

T d m vus ssums d Euz f mdd sss d

ss sm m sss v s szd us f mvm

Eu.

Ts f s sm f s us Eu

d s us. I suu ms, I f sv s suu

ssf s Eu s s dvd s-Eu fds s. Tf,

suu s, Eus u f Eu zs v s fds

Eu u. I dd s, I f d f sss (.. Mx,

Wb), m sus s vb svs d m

s d s-Eu s. I smd ms, s mus dsus

b , mdd, d u sss d b Eu , mdd, d u sss( x, bus f d ms, I m xm ss b ss d mdd


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ss sms). M s, v, s u bds s d s sms,

bu s d ssss x s suu dd us su sv us.

Idd, Eu s ud s Mx d Wb s xmd b

us Cu (1999), s, Eu s sud bss f f

sss u s dsbus f Eu b f. I sds v

bv s ss su d uds s dms. I u, u s

s b xmd u z fss, sum bs, d s, d

vus. As su dvs us s P (1974) d Budu (1984) v dmsd, s fus

u d s bu s msms u sm m

umss d sv mm s v sv d msvs fm s. T s

qus I s s s us sm: T x ds s mbdddss d

Eu s dsus d mdd ss zs us f ds

sum s, ds, d vus? Ts qus s d b ddssd

d d d uds Mu, Ms, d Zmmm (2009) d Mu

d Ms (2010) m s. T fus sum s s dvs vus s b

Gds (2008) vss xs f uu dm Eu, xms s

dsbu ss Eu, d ms vd x f ss- ds. Ts

s m bu s dm x s sd b Eus

uu dm ss d sm f Eus sss d Eu sms.

T sd qus I s s s x Eu ss, d m

u f s m 1990s v bud s sm.

4. D

T m d bss f s s Eubm 67.1 dud 2007 28 Eu us.

2 I s suv bus uds quss usfu f sud f Eu sms

ss, zd dmss ud bv. Au su d

uss bu d f uss s s s, s ss vs us u d

bu sz d dsvss s s us. T vbs s ss

msus f s s, s s, d, fs, d vus. I us quss

sds s f fm du, u, d sum dsus

b mdd ss d ss mmbs. I ssf s mdd ss sds sd

sud bd bd, ( v d) s sf-md fsss,

busss s, md fsss, d ms, d m md

umb f m s fm s vdd qus (Fxd , mb , TV,

DVD, Cmu, I , , d mus ). I msu s s u m

msus sds v fds Eu us bd. S s,

bd udsd s Wb ds (.. ms f m us), d s m

ms f suu d f u mmbs.

2 T d ss dsds C d fuss EU-27, sm bus qus dd

ud f m ms usd msu mmbs Eu mdd ss.


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M d msus f uss f d, sum, d vus. I msu

d s ds b sds df s mmbs f

mmu d s m s df s Eus d u s

msus d f u. T fm s ss sds

f O [], M [] Eu, As Eu s [], M

Eu [], O Eu. A ss x f s ud Eu

dms d. R s s s dub vd f s d s msu

f Eu d. I s , f s, msus d

Eu, d-zd d, sm ss bd ds (s Dz Md

2010, fm; Rs 2009). T sd msu f d s x

dvdus v s m s u. T qus s bsd ss sds

s f v d, d, v d, d

u.

Nx, I xm uu s u umb f ms msu sds uu s.

Rsds s sd d v ud ss f uu vs

s v ms. Ts vs S b/d fm/, B

Cm, B T, B C, Vsd Pub Lb, Vsd Hs

Mums, Vsd Musums Gs, d Rd b. T s s f f s

vs Nv; 1-2 Tms, 3-5 Tms, d M 5 Tms. Ts suv d s ms

v d b xmd b Gds (2008) s ss f Eus uu dm ss. I

zd ms s d , u vf dd s f, I d

s b summ vus f ms (Cb =0.796). Ts s msus x

sds v s f H Cuu. I ss I s fus sds s

f f sum dus. I ud x Eu mdd ss, f s, b m

s f sum mmbs f mdd sss. I s s ss

ds bu sds sum f f TV/Mvs, bs, ss, d us.

A, I z m s d b ms f s dds ss f

quss (Cbs A=0.63).

T Eubm suv I us f s s ds. I m us sd

msu vus u quss. T s qus sd sds s

vus fm s f ud s svd fd s. I fus sds sd Rs f Evm, Equ d Sd, d T.

T s ms v ms m vs Eu ss s f s,

ms/sms d ss vs. T s m fs bs dm

vu d s m v Eus muuu ss b

s dvs d d . T sd qus I us msu bs

vus s - d sf-m s.


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5. T S B f E M C

Ms us v d u s m mdd sss ds s

u f Eus. Tb 1 s s b sds sd

du d v fds Eu u. T s v s b

, sus x , jus s s s du -bud ss

19 u mdd sss fmd u f d mdd sss, s

s u m Eu s b fmd b mmbs f mdd ss. Ws 40

f sds sd sud bd v fds Eu,

14 f s sd sud bf bd d. O sfms s

us d, us u 13 f Eubm sm b ssd s

f m Eu mdd ss, s msud u v f du d s-Eu

fds s, s 20 f sm bs mdd sss. I u

ms, s s us d u sz, Eu mdd ss, msudu v f du d fds s bd, xm ss 16 f EU-27

u d 15 d d, bu 67 m .

T b us s b s-m sus d v fds bd, Tb 2

s sus f md sms s b d msus f s-

m sus d s bd, f u sds v. T msus

f sm sus s f sum dubs, u, d v f du. Tb 2

ss s-m vbs s dd v fds bd. Hd

vbs md s, v d sus/ us

d v sd sud bd 20 (Uvs Edu) s -dds f v

fds bd (0.40 d 0.59 sv). As, m sum dubs sds v,

-dds f v fds bd (0.22). T f Cx-Ss sud-R squ

(0.12) ms , v, s mu m x f sds v

fds bd s-m sus (d u f sd).3

Bus f dvm f s fds s m u

s-m sus m u s-m sus, s s

bu v sz f Eu sm f mdd ss d us d v

umb f Eu zs b dud d v s fdss.Tb 3, um 1, ss v s f suu dd Eu mdd ss,

msud u v f du d fds s bd, f us sm. I

3 Aub, ud s sm sz f Eu mdd ss b u -

sds v s zs d Eu us. T bm

qus m msus s, v, s ds dsus b

zs d d ds sf ss f z -

s . Fum, f mmbs f Eu mdd ss ss m-

, b bu s. M dd ss f Eubm d ss, ,

s v fds Eu us s d b s v fds s f

d, s s fm mmbs d fss s b Eu d s d. W

us bu s u ss f s s. W s us dsb s s u

s Eu s s s fdss m Eus

-Eus. I v sm, 17 f sds v fds usd Eu s

26% v fds Eu. I f, 6 f sds sm v -Eu fds

bu Eu s.


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s Nd d Bux us s v , s s v sm

Su Eu d sm C d Es Eu us Bu, Hu,

d Sv (s s Fu 1).

Tb 3, um 2, s d sv, f vds sm f dsbu f s

Eu mdd ss ss us. Bus f us, Eu mdd ss

s d F, Gm, d Ud Kdm, u f bu f

f s mmbs. Ts s v f sud f ss uu, f ms s us

ms s vus, dvs, d fss f m Eu mdd ss (s

s Fu 2).

6. I, Lf, O, P V

Mx mszs m f ss susss d j mbz s dsv s

f s ss. M, Wb, P, d Budu m ss s

us f dm msvs d s ss s u dsv fss. I

ddss m fs s d ssus.

I u Eu , sud f d, d m u, f d, s

d m s. Ss v b m sd xm m f

s d s Eus uds d Eu (H . 2003). Ms

, v, ss v md x sm dvdus df s Eus

d s d d s (Fs 2008; Rss 2010). F, m ms s s fusd

m ss quss f d (Dz Md 2010).4 Tb 4 ms

vus ds u, s s sv ss b s-m

sus d d s Eu. I dd, s ss d m dud

4 Ts s v ssm ddss bms f msu d Eu d-

. I ud sm sus d ums s ud us

s b d Eu d su f Eu , s ds ss

m s s s ud bsvd s b sds ss quss

d d ss quss f su f Eu . M quv

d zs Gm, S, d Ud Kdm suss, f s, sds s

df Eu s Eus, m su Eu . A

sm m, s s df s Eu m sm s

s df s mmbs f mmu. I f, m quv sd

m vsd Eu d. V , sm m

s df s Eu s z Eu s s m

- s s zs f u Eu s s zs f Eu U mmb s

(s s Dus fm). O ss, sf-d s Eu s f s

ds f , s m d sub d mu s

s m , m vs, d f mfb m u f . Rss

s ss ss sm qus N Am L Am fd d-

s s bs sm s s bs s

qus bu Eu d sus sb f vs f d Eu v m sus

ms ss us s msu sm s, , f s, ss (Rs2009). Ts, , ud b us b Is (1977), sssd

b ss s qus d s f d bs s.


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xss m u, s, f du d umb f

d dubs, sds sus/ us m d u.

M fus, v, s ss b v fds bd d d. T s

Tb 4 ss sds fds bd d df m s Eu d

xss ss m u d sds u fds bd. C, b

sm sus d s s m u f ss d

quss.5

I mv xm uu s f d us f sds, s

s s ds dsv fs md s u s s. Fs,

Tb 5 vds ss sms f s b v s s d sum

dvs s f uu ds mm ssd uu. T smd mds

b f sds s-m sus d f u f sd. A mds

s , f s-m s d u f sd, sds s ssum uu x s u s s d. T ss

s u s f s v vs d b/d/ fm,

vs s mums, vs musums/s. M, s ss sds

s-m sus m fqu sums f H uu

sds s-m sus. Ts, f us, s ud x, b bus f

m d uu d bus, s Budu dmss, d f

sus uu s s dmd b m sums f s uu ds, s,

b s s-m sus.

T sus bv s Eu sms f s us ds d s

f uu sum. W ud x, v, d ss fs d s,

fus u f sum, sum f f dus. A s f

s f m mv v bd d bu dv s

fds s. A sm m s s m xs f ds d m

f s f ds. Bus f s x, I xm x ss b

s fds s d fu ss f f ds sum: f TV/Mvs, f

us, f ss, d f bs. Tb 6 ss , f sm sus

d u f sd, sds fds bd m fqu f uu ds

d sds u fds bd. Ts s u u s f ssd f bs (-dds qu 1.42 d 1.27 sv). A sm m, Tb 6 ss

sds s-m sus f f uu ds.

T d s s qus xm x s fds s

su ds us s u sm sm s bu s

5 Fu ss d , vs sds bd xusv d-

fv f mx , Eu m s s s, s d xusv v

Eu fds s. A s , Eu , s ssd sm . Tus, m

s Eu fds s, s s s v ddd Eu dms

d m fqu v s s s. As, f s fd-

ss s s s m s u f sds u Eu fdss s s m sds

v Eu fdss bu v Ex-Eu s. I s us s dms f s

fds s d s Eu s ssd d s Eu.


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s s xm ss b s s d vus. As dsbd bv,

I fus dsv vus: qu/sd, vm , d .

Fum, I xm ss b s s d sf-m - s.

T ss sus dsd Tb 7 qu s dvdus s s

s m , ssv f vm, , d -, v

f s-m sus vbs. O d, s-m vbs

s s bu mu x f sds z vus xmd

v vus sd s ms m s fm s d m.

T d v f x sf-m - d s. T sud-R

squ smd mds v s 10 .

T ss mds dsbd bv umbuus s dvdus s s df

m s Eus, ss d u, sum uu d f ds, d

m , -vm, , d - dvdus u su s. Oud m s ms, v, s sss m

d mdd sss s Eu d sms. O f ssss s s

s x d bu ss d, fs, vs s us

d s s s s , bd fm ud fm sm

s s-m sus. Ts s I d Tb 8. T mds dsd s b

us s s s dd vb d ud s-m vbs d u f

sd s m ds. I dd s, ums 2 4 ud d, fs,

d vus vbs sussv. As d s, mds dv s

md , Cx-Ss sud R-squ v 20 . T sus m vus

ds u, s dvdus m du, m sum , d

sus/ us v s s m fqu d sds.

I dd s, xm f Cx-Ss sud-R squ f mds 2 4 ss bv

d bd s-m sus, fs s bs dsuss s s fm

s u s s (sud R-squ qus 0.15 d 0.18 ums 2 d 3 sv).

F, ms f ums 2 d 3 um 1, ss u d mvs

b 25 d 50 sv , dd ss sm sus d u

f sd, sm bu s f uu d s f f ds

sum. Ts b d s d d f sm f d

mdd sss Eu d sms, bsd d sum s s

b. T d mdd sss s v mus ms f d

d vs, bu d smd ds fs. T ms f s

d b dsussd d f s .


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7. E I S Sm

T sd qus s ddsss s x Eu ss s

sm d sm f d mdd sss Eu d

sub-us. A, s s qus b v d vs, du f

ssm d ud d. I us s m m sus f fm, Eubm

suv d d 1985 d 2007. T 2007 Eubm suv s m xm

ds v f s fds s. M, ms b 1985

d 2007 suv d s m xm mv v f v bd m

b d s d d vs f du m. I s ms

v bd svs s x vb f dvdus v s fds s. T

b v bd d s fds s 2007 Eubm suv

s f 0.33, 52 f sds v vd bd s ms s

s v fds bd md 18 f s v vd bd ss .

Tb 9 ss sv mds v f s fds s ss s,

f s-m sus d sd fm Cmmus us. Cums 1 3 s

m dvdus ud 34 v f s fdss s m s

34 d. Ts s u b fm Cmmus us s s f us. Fum,

ms b ums 4 d 5, ds sms f s mds f fm Cmmus

us d s f EU, ss ss fm

.

I s s v s ss mb m us f dvdus f d

s-m sus. Tb 10 ss s qus. E f ums ss s

bd f xm vus f f s-m ds I v usd uu

(du, u, sum ), f sd fm Cmmus us. A

ss s qu s m mmbs f sss

m mmbs f mdd sss. I ds, s v f s

fdss m u s d m d s s m sss m

mdd sss. Ts s s sd fm Fu 3. T, s s

b us d vs f du v f s fdss s d us. M, ss b s us us 15-24 d

25-34 v sm.

I sus bv f m vd s v v b

b 1985 d 2007. I fus ss Eu U b s

m. T ms dsv su Tb 11 ss , f xs, b 1985 d 2007

v bd s sd f s. Ts us b d b b mss

ss m f d b m d ud, s sm

f Tb 11. T b ss, f s 23.3 f suvvs f 1961-1970 b

vd bd s ms s d 1985, md 31.4 f


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suvvs f s sm d 37-46 2007. T bm f Tb 11 ss

s v v s s 22 s s f

s 25-39 1985 d 47-61 2007.

Tb 12 s us s s bsvd bv v d sm s s

us. T b ms v f v bd f d s, f v

f du. T d s qu v f v bd s sd f us,

bu , sm m, ss v b s ud m mdd-d mmbs f

u ss du. Ts s b vsuzd bs fm, s Fu 4,

dss v f v bd f d -s d

vs f du. As s u, b s uvs du d

s uvs du ds sdb d bms s b s 45

d 64. Ts ds, s ss b us d v f du

u s sus fus ms Esmus s dsd ss fm u

m f s m d m f bs mvm, ud

bz f s d mmus, v d s f v, us usds

f mu zs s-m sus vs us. Ts d, mbd

u d v f v b d v f du ds usb f

ss v f s fdss b d v f du bsvd Tb

10. Idd, Fu 5 ss ds s s v f v bd m

mdd-d zs ss uvs du, s b uvs d -

uvs dud sds fm s mmbs f Eu U s s fud 2007

f mdd-d s. Ts ms u v sds u 27 mmbs (s Fu

6 Adx). I s us usb d s fdss b d

du s f , d, mdd-d zs s-m sus

v vd ss d us dvd b b m f su fdss v

mdd-d zs s-m sus.

8. C

Eus sfmv s b xmd m s Euz, ss f

EU mmb ss s sfm bus f d suz f

Eu U, d s md f d su sfms us bd

Eu U. W , v, bu sfms Eu U s dud

s mmb ss ss. T vus s xs s us z s s

Eu us d sv fm s vd s f Eu

. R sm fus ss sss b vbs, I v xmd d

d x f sfms Eus s suu. Ts bs us s

f s zs s d s ss f sfm fm

18 d 19 us. T Eu U s dd s

s, bu s bus s v us f dms b d s

dvms. W bu -bud sss b s


16/32


v f Eu U jus s bu Eu U b b fm s

-bud sss. Ssm fm u s sfms Eu

s us dsv sms d ds -bud sss.

T ds fm s xs Eus d mdd sss smd

d Eu subus. T Eu sm f mdd ss s b b f

Eu sm f ss. Fum, s s s Sdv d

L Cus, u s s d Gm, F, d Ud Kdm.

Fu ss f Eu sms f d mdd sss s vd

m sm d m -uu d fs us. T s

fm v s vs, ss s ss b m , suss,

v, sm f Eu sms f d mdd sss

d Eu s us s v dvd . Fm d s svs,

ds m f Budus mss m f s v susss ss suu. T Eu sms f d mdd sss m s subus

ds ds sum s bu ds d susss.

Hs, s mds us f Ds sud f sfm f Gm d

19 u, bd s xssd u mss u m v-

u f s d bf s u xss sus dsus (D

2001).

F, s xmd qus f m sfm f Eu U

f s s f s f mvm f ss v d Eus s

suu. T sus I b sus s fm sv f s-m mb d

m f s s bu m f Eu sms f d

mdd sss, s m s b m m mdd sss. T mu

mss EU ms m mb f uvs suds ss Eu s dd

ss f m s m f f v us,

b ds s f m sus. S m s-Eu

mb s md u 2004 d 2007 ms C d Es Eu, s

ms f s-m vss us v d bud ms

sm f d mdd sss Eu d subus. I s ss,

Eu U, u f s m 1990s m v bud m m f Eu sm f ss sd m f Eu

sm f mdd ss, v u s udubd bud b, s s v

v v s 22 s xmd bv s.


17/32


L

Beckeld, Jason 2005: T Csqus f R P d Em I f Iqud Wf S Ws Eu. Uubsd Dss, A Ab.

Berezin, Mabel/Dez Medrano, Juan 2008: Ds Ms. P, P Lm, d PuSu f Eu I, : Cmv Eu Ps 6/1, 1-32.

Bourdieu, Pierre 1984: Ds, Cmbd.

Crouch, Colin 2000: S C Ws Eu, Oxfd.

Dencker, Berit2001: Pu Gmss d M S Gm, : C Eu Hs34/4, 503-530.

Dez Medrano, Juan 2003: Fm Eu, P, NJ.

Dez Medrano, Juan 2010: U Eu Id, : Pqu Eu, fm.

Domnski, Henryk2000: O V f Cv. S S Es Eu, Buds.

Erikson, Robert/Goldthorpe, John 1992: T Cs Fux, Oxfd.

Esping-Andersen, Gosta 1990: T T Wds f Wf Csm, P.

Esping-Andersen, Gosta (d.) 1993: C Csss. S d Mb Ps-Idus Ss,Ld.

Eyal, Gil/Szelnyi, Ivn/Townsley, Eleanor R. 1998: M Csm u Css. Css Fmd E Su Ps-mmus C Eu, Ld.

Favell, Adrian 2008: Euss d Eus, Oxfd.

Fligstein, Neil2008: Eus, Oxfd.

Gabel, Mahew 1998: Iss d I, A Ab.

Ganzeboom, Harry B. G./Treiman, Donald J./Ultee, Wout C. 1991: Cmv IS Rs. T Gs d Bd, : Au Rv f S 17, 277-

302.

Gerhards, Jrgen 2008: D uu dmd Kss Eu. E vd As d 27Mdsd d Eus U Asuss d T v P Budu, :

K Zs f Sz ud Szs 60/4, 723-748.

Haller, Max1993: Css Suu Eu. N Fds fm Es-Ws Cmss f S Suud Mb, Oxfd.

Imig, Douglass/Tarrow, Sidney (ds.) 2001: Cus Eus: Ps d Ps EmP, Lm.

Inglehart, Ronald1977: L-m Tds Mss Su f Eu U, : Gvm dOs 12/2, 150-177.

Katzenstein, Peter2005: A Wd f Rs, I.

Kocka, Jrgen/Mitchell, Allan 1993: Bus S 19 Cu Eu, Oxfd.

Le Gals, Patrick 2002: Eu Cs: S Cs d Gv, Oxfd.

Mau, Steen 2007: Ts Vssu, Ffu m M.

Mau, Steen/Mewes, Jan/Zimmermann, Ann 2009: Csm Auds u Ts SPs, : Gb Ns 8/1, 1-24.

Mau, Steen/Mewes, Jan 2010: Hz Eusu ud Id m Eu, : S,Hs-G (d.): Us Z. Husfdu ss Tsfm.

Vdu ds 34. Ksss d Dus Gss f Sz J 2008,

Wsbd.


18/32


Mller, Walter/Gangl, Markus (ds.) 2004: Tss fm Edu W Eu. T If Yu Lbu Ms, Oxfd.

Myles, John/Turegun, Adnan 1994: Cmv Suds Css Suu, : Au Rv f S20, 103-124.

Parkin, Frank1974: Ss f Css Csu Css Fm, : P, F (d.): T S Assf Css Suu, Ld, 1-19.

Recchi, Eore 2006: T S Mb f Mb Eus. P sd RC28 (ECPR)Cmm M Njm, 11-14 M 2006.

Rodrguez Pose, Andrs 2002: T Eu U. Em, S, d P, Oxfd.

Rna-Tas, kos 1994: T Fs s b Ls? Eus d Cmmus Cds Tsfm Ssm, : Am Ju f S 100/1, 40-69.

Roose, Jochen 2009: Eu Id Gb Psv. P sd KFG CfT Tsfmv P f Eu, 10-11 Dmb 2009, B.

Therborn, Gran 1995: Eu Md d Bd. T Tj f Eu Ss, 1945-2000,

Ld.

Veblen, Thorsten [1899] 1994: T T f Lsu Css, Ld.

Wright, Erik O. 1996: Css Cus. Cmv Suds Css Ass, Cmbd.


19/32


Appendix

Table 1: Level of Educaon and European Friendship Ties

% Eu Fds Ts

Sd Sud bf 15 14.3 (6460)

S Sud, Sd Sud b

As 16 d 19

23.4 (10869)

S Sud, Sd Sud A 20 39.8(8990)

( ): Numb f Css (Us sm s f d u szs)

N=26319

Su: Eubm 67.1 (2007)

Table 2: Socio-economic Status and Having Friends Abroad, Controlling for Country of Residence

(Logit Models and Coecients)

Fds Abd

Os f Csum Dubs 0.22* (0.01)

H Sus/P Ou 0.40* (0.04)

Uvs Edud 0.59* (0.03)

Intercept 1.08* (0.09)

Cx-S sud R-Squ 0.12

N 25568


20/32


Table 3: Esmate of the Proporon of the Populaon > 15 in the European Middle Class,

within and across Countries (1)

(1) Dmss d Mdd Css: Fsd Edu bv A 20; Eu Fds Ts.

N=26319

Su: Eubm 67.1 (2007)

% f

Pu >15

in European

Mdd Css,

within Country

% f

Pu >15

in European

Mdd

Css, Ass

Cus

Bum 21.8 5.4

Dm 33.5 6.6

Gm 13.7 16.4

G 12.2 1.1

Spain 9.1 4.2

Fd 20.1 2.4

France 16.4 20.0

Id 13.2 0.3

I 5.7 1.5

Luxmbu 31.4 0.8

Nds 21.8 8.9

Aus 11.6 0.9

Pu 5.8 0.3

Sd 36.3 10.6

Cus 17.0 0.1

Cz Rub 8.2 0.4

Es 17.3 0.4

Hu 7.3 0.6

Lv 10.5 0.1

Lu 13.2 0.3

M 11.2 0.1

Pd 11.3 3.6

Sv Rub 9.3 0.4Sv 13.5 0.3

Bu 5.9 0.1

Rm 13.2 1.3

Ud Kdm 13.8 12.9

T 15.8 100%


21/32


Figure 1: Percentage of Populaon 15+ in the European Middle Class per Country

N: Eu Mdd Css s dd s s du 20 m d v Eu

fds s.

S:

5 - 10.5 10.6 - 15.5 15.6 - 20.5 20.6 - 25.5

31.6 - 35.5

European Union

Ireland

UnitedKingdom

Spain

PortugalItaly

Malta Cyprus

Greece

Bulgaria

Romania

Hungary

Slovakia

CzechRepublic

PolandGermany

Romania

Romania

Belgium

Neatherlands

Denmark

Sweden

Lithuania

Latvia

Estonia

Finland

France

510.5

10.615.5

15.620.5

20.625.5

31.635.5


22/32


Figure 2: Distribuon of European Middle Class across EU Countries

N: Eu Mdd Css s dd s s du 20 m d v Eu

fds s.

S:

0 - 5.5 5.6 - 10.0 10.1 - 15.0 15.6 - 20.0

20.1 - 25.0

European Union

Ireland

UnitedKingdom

SpainPortugal

Italy

Malta Cyprus

Greece

Bulgaria

Romania

05.5

5.610.0

10.115.0

15.620.0

20.125.0

Hungary

Slovakia

CzechRepublic

PolandGermany

Romania

Romania

Belgium

Neatherlands

Denmark

Sweden

Lithuania

Latvia

Estonia

Finland

France


23/32


Table 4: Friendships Abroad and Idencaons, Controlling for Socio-Economic Status and Country of

Residence (Logit and Ordered-Logit Models and Coecients)

Table 5: The Associaon between Socio-Economic Status and Friendships Abroad on High Culture

Consumpon, Controlling for Country of Residence (Ordered-Logit Models and Esmates)

EuropeanIdentification

Dimension

AttachmenttoCountry

(14)

(1=VeryAttached)

FriendsAbroad 0.65*

(0.03)

0.18*

(0.03)

OwnershipofDurables 0.18*

(0.01)

0.05*

(0.01)

HighStatus/PayOccupations 0.12*

(0.05)

0.11*

(0.04)

UniversityEducated 0.55*

(0.33)

0.12*

(0.03)

Intercept 0.04*

(0.09)

Intercept1LowestCategory 0.19*

(0.08)

Intercept22nd

LowestCategory

2.52*

(0.08)

Intercept3

3rd

LowestCategory

4.46*

(0.10)

CoxSnellPseudoRSquare 0.12 0.07

N 25122 25523

Source:Eurobarometer 67.1(2007)

Ballet/

Dance/

Opera

(1=Never)

Cinema Theatre Concert Public

Library

Historical

Monuments

Museums/

Galleries

Reada

book

Friends

Abroad

0.60*

(0.04)

0.51*

(0.03)

0.48*

(0.04)

0.52*

(0.03)

0.39*

(0.03)

0.72*

(0.03)

0.68*

(0.03)

0.54*

(0.03)

Ownership

ofDurables

0.18*

(0.01)

0.37*

(0.01)

0.24*

(0.01)

0.24*

(0.01)

0.17*

(0.01)

0.22*

(0.01)

0.22*

(0.01)

014*

(0.01)

HighStatus/

PayOccupations

0.36*

(0.05)

0.15*

(0.04)

0.47*

(0.04)

0.25*

(0.04)

0.19*

(0.04)

0.36*

(0.04)

0.48*

(0.04)

0.30*

(0.04)

University

Educated

0.63*

(0.04)

0.69*

(0.03)

0.70*

(0.03)

0.64*

(0.03)

0.82*

(0.03)

0.63*

(0.03)

0.81*

(0.03)

0.84*

(0.03)

Intercept

Lowest

Category

2.22*

(0.14)

2.25*

(0.10)

1.23*

(0.10)

0.84*

(0.09)

1.30*

(0.10)

0.02

(0.08)

0.48*

(0.09)

1.09*

(0.08)

Intercept

2ndLowest

Category

3.83*

(0.14)

3.36*

(0.10)

2.81*

(0.10)

2.45*

(0.09)

1.98*

(0.10)

1.50*

(0.08)

2.08*

(0.09)

0.12

(0.08)

Intercept

2ndHighest

Category

4.83*

(0.15)

4.30*

(0.10)

3.97*

(0.11)

3.60*

(0.10)

2.49*

(0.10)

2.50*

(0.08)

3.12*

(0.10)

0.55*

(0.08)

CoxSnell

pseudoR

Square

0.08 0.23 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.18

N

25425

25459

25453

25428

25378

25440

25416

25386

Source:Eurobarometer67.1(2007)


24/32


Table 6: Friendships Abroad and Foreign Consumpon, Controlling for Socio-Economic Status and Country

of Residence (Logit and Logit-Ordered Models and Coecients)

Table 7: Polical Priories and Self-placement on a Le-Right Ideology Scale, Controlling for Socio-

Economic Status and Country of Residence (Logit and Ordered-Logit Models and Coecients)

ForeignTV/Movies

ForeignCuisine Foreign

Newspapers

Foreign

Books

FriendsAbroad 0.98*

(0.04)

1.03*

(0.03)

1.42*

(0.05)

1.27*

(0.05)

OwnershipofDurables 0.15*

(0.10)

0.25*

(0.01)

0.13*

(0.01)

0.07*

(0.02)

HighStatus/PayOccupations 0.05

(0.05)

0.04

(0.05)

0.49*

(0.06)

0.32*

(0.06)

UniversityEducated 0.41*

(0.03)

0.43*

(0.03)

0.84*

(0.05)

1.04*

(0.05)

Intercept 1.20

(0.11)

1.947*

(0.11)

1.83*

(0.10)

1.79*

(0.18)

CoxSnellPseudoRSquare 0.27 0.27 0.17 0.13

N 25568 25568 25568 25568

Note:Thecountrycoefficientsareomittedfromthetable.


Source: Eurobarometer 67.1 (2007)

Equality/Solidarity

EnvironmentalProtection

Tolerance Left Self-Placement(1-5)

(1=Left)

Friends Abroad 0.06*(0.03)

0.10*(0.03)

0.17*(0.03)

0.14*(0.03)

Ownership ofDurables

-0.02

(0.01)

0.04*

(0.01)

0.05*

(0.01)

-0.04*

(0.01

High Status/PayOccupations

-0.30*

(0.05)

-0.04

(0.04)

0.04

(0.04)

-0.24*

(0.04)

University Educated 0.01(0.03)

0.01

(0.03)

0.26*

(0.03)

0.15*

(0.03)

Intercept 1 LowestCategory

1.11*(0.09) -0.35*(0.08) 1.05*(0.09) 2.78*(0.10)

Intercept 2 2nd

Lowest Category

1.31*(0.10)

Intercept 3

3rd

Lowest Category

-0.54*

(0.09)

Intercept4th LowestCategory

-1.98*

(0.10)

Cox-Snell Pseudo R-Square

0.03 0.04 0.07 0.05

N 25568 25568 25568 19628


25/32


Table 8: The Contribuon of Cultural Goods Consumpon, Foreign Taste, Idencaon, and Polical

atudes to the Predicon of Whether Individuals have Friends Abroad, Controlling for Country of

Residence (Logit Models and Coecients)

Friends

Abroad

Friends

Abroad

Friends

Abroad

Friends

Abroad

Friends

Abroad

Goods

Consumption

0.22*

(0.01)

0.15*

(0.01)

0.16*

(0.01)

0.20*

(0.01)

0.21*

(0.01)

High Status/

Pay Occupation

0.40*

(0.04)

0.29*

(0.05)

0.36*

(0.05)

0.38*

(0.05)

0.40*

(0.05)

University

Educated

0.59*

(0.03)

0.29*

(0.04)

0.35*

(0.03)

0.52*

(0.03)

0.56*

(0.03)

Cultural GoodConsumption 0.11*(3E-03)

Foreign Taste 0.72*

(0.02)

European

Identification

0.44*

(0.02)

Attachment to

Country

0.09*

(0.02)

Equality/Solidarity 0.09*

(0.03)

Protection of the

Environment

0.14*

(0.03)Tolerance 0.20*

(0.03)

Left/Right Self-

placement

0.03*

(0.01)

Intercept 1.08*

(0.09)

2.41*

(0.11)

1.39*

(0.10)

1.89*

(0.10)

0.54*

(0.11)

Cox-Snell pseudo

R-Square

0.12 0.15 0.18 0.13 0.12

N 25568 24908 25568 25085 25568



26/32


Table 9: Age-Cohort and Friendships Abroad, Controlling by Socio-Economic Variables and Geopolical

Locaon (Logit Models and Coecients)

HasFriends

Abroad

HasFriends

Abroad

HasFriends

Abroad

HasFriends

Abroad

(West)

HasFriends

Abroad

(Former

Communist)

1524 0.82*

(0.05)

0.31*

(0.05)

0.37*

(0.05)

0.32*

(0.07)

0.51*

(0.09)

2534 0.79*

(0.05)

0.23*

(0.05)

0.27*

(0.05)

0.13*

(0.06)

0.54*

(0.09)

3544 0.57*

(0.05)

0.05

(0.05)

0.02

(0.05)

0.08

(0.06)

0.12

(0.09)

4554 0.51*

(0.04)

3.0E3

(0.05)

0.03

(0.05)

0.00

(0.06)

0.13

(0.09)

5564

0.39*

(0.04)0.08

(0.05)0.10*(0.05)

0.06(0.06)

0.21*

(0.09)

HighStatus/Pay

Occupations

0.44*

(0.04)

0.46*

(0.04)

0.49*

(0.06)

0.45*

(0.07)

Ownershipof

Durables

0.24*

(0.01)

0.22*

(0.01)

0.22*

(0.01)

0.22*

(0.01)

University

Educated

0.58*

(0.03)

0.59*

(0.03)

0.69*

(0.04)

0.40*

(0.05)

Former

Communist

Countryof

Residence

0.17*

(0.03)

Intercept 1.20*

(0.03)

1.38*

(0.07)

1.40*

(0.07)

1.06*

(0.09)

1.66*

(0.10)

CoxSnellPseudoRSquare

0.02 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08


N=25568

N1(West)=15759

N2(FormerCommunists)=9809


27/32


Table 10: Friendships Abroad, by Age Cohort, Controlling by Former Communist Country of Residence.

Interacons with Socio-Economic Indicators (Logit Models and Coecients)

Education Occupation Ownership of Durables

Has

FriendsAbroad

(Less thanUniversity

Educated)

Has Friends

Abroad(University

Educated)

Has Friends

Abroad(Non High

Status/PayOccupations)

Has Friends

Abroad(High

Status/PayOccupations)

Has Friends

Abroad (Lessthan Median

Value forOwnership of

Durables)

Has Friends

Abroad (Morethan Median

Value forOwnership of

Durables)

15-24 0.97*

(0.06)

0.32*

(0.08)

1.03*

(0.05)

0.07

(0.26)

1.00*

(0.08)

3E-03

(0.07)

25-34 0.80*

(0.06)

0.35*

(0.08)

0.90*

(0.05)

0.47*

(0.13)

0.93*

(0.07)

1E-03

(0.07)

35-44 0.54*

(0.06)

0.17*

(0.08)

0.62*

(0.05)

0.16

(0.12)

0.39*

(0.08)

-0.18*

(0.06)

45-54 0.51*

(0.06)

0.26*

(0.08)

0.58*

(0.05)

0.24*

(0.12)

0.34*

(0.08)

-0.16*

(0.07)

55-64 0.44*

(0.06)

0.17*

(0.08)

0.46*

(0.05)

0.10

(0.12)

0.34*

(0.07)

-0.12

(0.07)

Former

Communist

Country of

Residence

-0.43*

(0.04)

-0.62*

(0.05)

-0.54*

(0.03)

-0.57*

(0.08)

-0.29*

(0.05)

-0.19*

(0.04)

Intercept -1.78*

(0.05)

-0.72*

(0.07)

-1.72*

(0.04)

-0.50*

(0.10)

-1.84*

(0.05)

-0.19*

(0.04)Cox-Snell

Pseudo R-

Square

0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.003

N 17575 7993 23393 2682 11968 14107



28/32


Figure 3: Logit of Having Transnaonal Friends, by Cohort and Level of Educaon

(Old Member States, 2007)

0,50

0,00

1524 2534 3544 4554 5564 65+

0,50

1,00

1,50

og

t

Cohort

Friends-Less than

University-Old Members

Friends-University-Old Members

Su: Eubm 67.1

Table 11: Change in the Propensity to Travel Abroad, Organized by Period and by Cohort

(European Union-Ten Member States) (%)

Ns: T d f Eu Us s mmb ss d s f

v vd s ms s s. T qus sd 1985 s d

2007, v. I 1985, sds sd m ms d vd TO EUROPE

Cohort 1985 2007 Difference

1519

22.7

36.0

13.3

2024 23.9 26.4 2.5

2534 21.9 32.2 10.3

3544 21.5 31.0 9.5

4554 19.0 38.3 19.3

5564 17.7 36.7 19.0

65+ 9.7 23.2 13.5

Total 19.2

(9876)

31.4

(9507)

12.2

1985 2007 Difference

Cohort15

24

37

46

% 23.3% 31.4% +8.1

Cohort 2539 4761

% 21.2% 37.7% +16.5

Cohort 4054 6276

% 19.2% 28.6% +9.4


29/32


s s d ss dd s s m

(.. N, O, T T, Fu Fv, M Fv). T sm v

s ms, I dvdd b f T T . Ts, f us, s

vsms f sds vd jus ms. As, 2007 ss bu

v ABROAD bu v Eu s 1985, ds sm vsm f

d s b 1985 d 2007. O d ud- d v-

sm f 1985 s ms . T ms m, v,

vd u d f s d du s 22 s..

D d b u sz.

Su: Eubm 23 d 67.1 (2007)

Table 12: Change in the Prevalence of Travel Abroad, Organized by Period, by Cohort, and by Level of

Educaon (Data on the First Ten Members of the European Union) (%)

N: D d b Cu Sz

Su: Eubms 23 (1985) d 67.1 (2007)

LessthanUniversityEducation UniversityEducation

1985 2007

%Change 1985 2007 %Change

2024 18.9 19.0 0.5 32.4 33.9 4.6

2534 17.2 23.3 35.5 34.0 45.0 32.3

3544 18.3 25.2 37.7 35.3 41.8 18.4

4554 16.2 30.5 88.3 39.7 55.2 39.0

5564 16.0 30.5 90.6 40.0 59.8 49.5

65+

9.1

19.9

118.68

23.6

45.8

94.1

N


30/32


Figure 4: % Change in Prevalence of Travelling Abroad, by Cohort and Level of Educaon

(EU10, 1985-2007)

Figure 5: Logit of Travelling Abroad, by Cohort and Level of Educaon (EU10, 2007)

1524 2534 3544 4554 5564 65+

120,00

100,00

80,00

60,00

40,00

20,00

0,00

%Change

Cohort

Travel-% Change 19852007-University-EU10

Travel-% Change 19852007-

Less than University-EU10

0,50

0,00

1524 2534 3544 4554 5564 65+

0,50

1,00

Logit

Cohort

Travel-University-EU10-2007

Travel-Less than University-

EU10-2007


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Figure 6: Logit of Travel Abroad, by Cohort, Level of Educaon, and Recent Member Status (2007, EU-27)

0,00

1524 2534 3544 4554 5564 65+

1,00

3,00

2,00

L

ogit

Cohort

Travel-Less than University,

Old Members, 2007

Travel-Less than University,

New Members, 2007

Travel-University,

Old Members, 2007

Travel-University,

New Members, 2007


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A New Society in the Making. European Integration and European Social Groups

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