A new dinosaur supertree and the utility of large trees in macroevolution
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Transcript of A new dinosaur supertree and the utility of large trees in macroevolution
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A new dinosaur supertreeand the utility of large trees in
macroevolution
G. T. Lloyd, K. E. Davis, D. Pisani, J. E. Tarver, M. Sakamoto, R. Jennings, D. W. E. Hone
and M. J. Benton
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“All the events of biological evolution are played out somewhere along the branches of phylogenetic trees”
“The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree…”
Charles Darwin, 1859
Mark Pagel, 1999
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Why bigger is better• Increased taxon sampling can aid
phylogenetic accuracy (e.g. Hedkte et al. 2006)
• Phylogenetic signal may still reside in poorly known taxa (Wilkinson and Benton 1995)
• Computationally feasible (e.g. Frost et al. 2006: 532 OTUs)
• Taxonomic gaps inhibit phylogenetic interpretation (e.g. Lieberman 2000)
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But…
• Morphological datasets still lag behind
• Holtz et al. 2004 (76 taxa, 638 characters)
• Alternative is a supertree approach
• Much maligned for a variety of reasons, but
methodology is improving!
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Methodological improvements • Data quality
– Matrix and character list– Independent analyses only (redundancy)
• Taxa– Species (Weishampel et al. 2004)– Higher taxon substitution (Page 2004)
• Standardised input– Strict consensus trees
• Differential weighting
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Results
• Total of 139 publications and 152 source trees
• Initial MRP matrix of 449 species and 2139 ‘characters’
• Parsimony ratchet (Nixon 1999)
• Ran for one week and recovered…
• …1 MPT!
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Ornithischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda
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Genasauria
ThyreophoraSteg. Ankylosauria
Stormbergia
Heterodontosauridae
Lesothosaurus
Lower Elliot Fm.
Pisanosaurus
CerapodaMarginocephalia Euornithopoda
Pachy. Ceratopsia Hadrosauridae
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Saturnalia
‘Prosauropoda’ SauropodaEusauropoda
NeosauropodaDiplodocoid. Titanosauria
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PedopennaProtarchaeopteryx
Coel. Neocerat. TetanuraeMegal.
Herrerasauridae
Eoraptor
NeotetanuraeCarn. Coelurosauria
Tyrann. Comp. ManiraptoraOrnitho.
Ther. Ovir. Al. Av. Deinonycho.
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• Size change
• Ghost ranges
• Palaeobiogeography
What use are big trees?
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• Used femur length data of Carrano (2006)
• Ancestral sizes reconstructed using minimum sum of squared change
• Recorded change along each branch (ancestor-descendant pair)
Size Change in Dinosauria
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Size Change in Dinosauria
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Size Change in Dinosauria
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Ghost Ranges in Dinosauria
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Ghost Ranges in Dinosauria
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• Replaced each taxon with area• Modern day continents used (except India)• Fitch (1972) parsimony used to estimate
ancestral area distributions (Lieberman 2000)• Four types of branch:
– Emigration (e.g. NA -> SA)– Range Expansion (e.g. NA -> NA+SA)– Range Contraction (e.g. NA+SA -> SA)– Stasis (e.g. SA -> SA)
Palaeobiogeography of Dinosauria
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Palaeobiogeography of Dinosauria
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Palaeobiogeography of Dinosauria
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• We can (and should) attempt ever larger trees
• Large phylogenies provide a framework for quantitatively testing (macro)evolutionary hypotheses
• Dinosaurs:– generally got bigger– have an incomplete fossil record– didn’t get out much
Summary
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to everyone who responded to our requests for reprints and to Sandra Jasinoski for providing helpful comments on an earlier version of this presentation. The speaker’s travel costs were paid by NERC studentship NER/S/A/2004/12222.
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Postgrad Conference, Bristol (UK)
April 13th-14th 2007Details at: www.palass.org