A TIMELINE OF EVENTS, 1850 - 1861 THE CIVIL WAR. ORIGINS OF THE WAR 1850 - 1861.
A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865 14.1 The First Modern War.
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Transcript of A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861-1865 14.1 The First Modern War.
The Two Combatants
• Union many advantages– 22M people vs 9M (3.3M) slaves– Manufacturing, railroads, wealth
• Confederate advantages– Very large country– Soldiers highly motivated
• Patriotism high on both sides
Soldiers
• By 1865 men who served– Union 2M– Confederacy 900,000
• The Draft begins in 1862
• Union – farm boys, shopkeepers, artisans, city workers
• Confederacy – small farmers, slaveowning officers
Technology of War
• Railroads vital – Junctions like Atlanta & Petersburg targets
• Ironclads – revolutionize naval warfare– 1862 Monitor vs. Merrimac
• Telegraph, observation balloons, hand grenades, submarines
The Rifle
• Grooved barrel = accuracy
• Deadly at 600 yards
• 620,000 men died = 5M today
• New tactics– Heavy fortifications– Elaborate trenches– Advantage defense (Southern armies)
POW Camps & Disease
• Primitive medical care killed
• Measles, dysentery, malaria, typhus killed
• 50,000 men die in military prisons– Starvation & disease– 13,000 Union men at Andersonville, GA
The Public and the War
• Propaganda efforts to mobilize public opinion– Pictures, music, pamphlets– Dem. treason, war crimes, – Confederacy does the same
• Newspapers print battle results & casualties
Photography
• Infant art form – brought the war home
• 1862 shocking battlefield images– Antietam & many more
• Mathew Brady corps of photographers– Fame & wealth– Art into business
Mobilizing Resources
• 1861 both sides unprepared
• No national railroad gauge
• No national banking system
• No tax system
• No accurate map of the southern states
• Navy too small to blockade south
• Union becomes best fed and supplied army in history of world
• Confederacy has shortages – Food, uniforms, shoes– Managed to manufacture own weapons
• Union generals fail to capitalize – Officers not trained to lead– Wrong plan
The War Begins
• In The East the Union goal capture Richmond– 100 mile corridor between DC & Richmond– Army of the Potomac
• 1st Bull Run July 1861– Confederate victory– Shattered belief war would be quick– 800 men die– “Stonewall” Jackson
Gen. Geo. McClellan
• Assumes command of A of P
• Turned volunteers in to soldiers
• Wouldn’t fight• Overestimated enemy
size• Democrat• Hopped a compromise
would end war• Tried to save lives
The War in the East, 1862
• June ’62 McClellan begins Peninsula Campaign– 100,000 vs. Lee’s Army of Northern VA – Lee stops McClellan in Seven Day’s
Campaign– w/drew to DC
• Aug ’62 Confederate victory at 2nd Bull Run
Robert E. Lee
• Robert E. Lee son of Rev. hero turns down Lincolns offer to run Union Army.
• Army of Northern VA
Lee Goes North
• Bring border states in
• Persuade England & France to recognize South
• Influence fall elections
• Maybe capture DC
Battle of Antietam, MD
• Sept. 17, 1862
• McClellan repels Lee
• 4,300 (6300) died, 18,000 wounded
• More die than in any other day in US history
• Last victory in East for some time
McClellan Replaced
• Nov, 7, 1862• Lincoln says, “If you
don’t want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for a while”
• Gen. Ambrose Burnside - AoP
Fredricksburg, VA
• Dec. ’62
• Gen. Ambrose Burnside AoP
• Defeated badly by Lee
• “It was not a fight, it was a massacre”
The War in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant successful in TN
• Unsuccessful civilian, but good at war
• Feb. ’62 Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson
• Survived surprise at Shiloh– Bloody fist fight – 2 days– Union 13,000 kwm – Con. 10,000 kwm
• Apr. ’62 Adm. David Farragut captures NO– South’s largest city