A Natural Disaster is the Consequence of a Natural Hazard

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Natural Calamities

In India, we have various kinds of natural disasters take place. Thefollowings are the common natural disasters, which occur very often atdifferentparts of the country.DroughtsDrought is perhaps the manifestation of desertification, which may bebecause of unprecedented soil erosion, large scale deforestation and abruptchange in micro-climate thereby increasing the temperature and reducingrainfalletc., ultimately leads to fall of groundwater level and hence, loss ofagricultural

productivity of the land, due to lack of water resources. Since, IndianAgricultureis mostly rain-fed, the occurrences of Droughts are common at the differentparts of the country.FloodsWhen it rains heavily in the catchments of rivers and there is no dam,especially during monsoon, the rivers flood. Like drought, occurrence of floodisalso quite common in the various parts of the country.Earthquakes

The geological strata of the country belong to Gondwana land-mass; which is

comparatively new, younger and unstable geological formation. There arestillmany parts of the country under earthquakes-prone-regions. If history wouldbereferred, there are many severe earthquakes had shacked the backbone ofthecountry; the recent one is being the earthquake of Bhuj at the state ofGujarat.

The great Himalayan Mountain range, which belong to comparatively theyounger geological formations, which is still undergoing morphologicalchanges,

the construction of Tehri Dam, therefore, is a great-threat to the Garhwalregionof the Himalayas.CycloneDue to low pressure in the atmosphere and frequent formation of whirls;cyclones take place frequently at the eastern coast of India. In the Bay ofBengalof Indian Ocean, these Low- pressure Whirls are formed and gets transmittedtothe coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The recent super-cycloneat

Orissa in October, 1999 took away the life of more than 25,000 people,


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destroyed the properties of more than thousands billion dollars and more

than amillion of people rendered jobless. Their livelihood security of the commonmasswas also got severely threatened.Hot wavesIn recent days, India has got highly affected by a new form of naturalcalamities i.e flowing of hot waves again in the east coast, killing thethousands of people in the Northen and Eartern parts of the country like,Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Theflow of hot waves is also known as Sun-stroke, which in fact, is common inour country. In Orissa, alone about 151 people died of Sun-stock in 1999.

The worst sufferers are physically weaker persons, Old men and women andthe children.Cold Waves

The incidents of death due to cold waves occurs in higher and lesserHimalayas especially in the States of Uttranchal, Sikkim, Himachal Pradeshand Northen Parts of West Bengal including Darjiling.In addition, there are also other natural calamities such as Tornado, Spiraltide Whirls etc, which occur very often in our country.

A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g. volcanic eruption,

earthquake, or landslide) which affects human activities. Human vulnerability,

exacerbated by the lack of planning or appropriate emergency management,

leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on

the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, their resilience.[1]

This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when

hazards meet vulnerability".[2] A natural hazard will hence never result in a

natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in

uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because

the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.

An earthquake(also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result

of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph.

The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the

related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower

earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious

damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified

Mercalli scale. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by

shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake

epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient

displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger

landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. In its most generic sense, the wordearthquake is used to describe any seismic eventwhether a natural


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phenomenon or an event caused by humansthat generates seismic waves.

Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also byvolcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An

earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term

epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above this.

Naturally occurring earthquakes

Fault typesTectonic earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where

there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along

a fault plane. In the case of transform or convergent type plate boundaries,

which form the largest fault surfaces on earth, they will move past each othersmoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along

the boundary that increase the frictional resistance. Most boundaries do have

such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the

boundary has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to

increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the

fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break

through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the

fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of

radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and

cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-

up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is

referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or

less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the

earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is

converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the

Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these

changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat

out from the Earth's deep interior.[1]

[edit] Earthquake fault typesMain article: Fault (geology)

There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal,

reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-

slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and

movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in

areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse

faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent

boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault

slip horizontally past each other ; transform boundaries are a particular type of


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strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have

components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.

Earthquakes away from plate boundariesWhere plate boundaries occur within continental lithosphere, deformation is

spread out a over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case

of the San Andreas fault continental transform, many earthquakes occur away

from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader

zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g. the

Big bend region). The Northridge earthquake was associated with movement

on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly obliqueconvergent plate boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates where it

runs through the northwestern part of the Zagros mountains. The deformation

associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense

movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest

and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual

plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake focal mechanisms. [2]

All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with

neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g. deglaciation).

These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes,giving rise to intraplate earthquakes.[3]

Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakesThe majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not

exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70

km are classified as 'shallow-focus' earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth

between 70 and 300 km are commonly termed 'mid-focus' or 'intermediate-

depth' earthquakes. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust

descends beneath another tectonic plate, deep-focus earthquakes may occur at

much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700 kilometers).[4] These

seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep-

focus earthquakes occur at a depth at which the subducted lithosphere should no

longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible

mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by

olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure.[5]

Earthquakes and volcanic activity


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Earthquakes also often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by

tectonic faults and by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such earthquakescan serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, like during the Mount St.

Helens eruption of 1980.[6]

Earthquake clustersMost earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of

location and time.[7]

AftershocksMain article: Aftershock

An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the

mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a

smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock

is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as

a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane

adjusts to the effects of the main shock.[7]

Earthquake swarms

February 2008 earthquake swarm near MexicaliMain article: Earthquake swarm

Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area

within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a

series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is

obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than

the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at

Yellowstone National Park.[8]

Earthquake stormsMain article: Earthquake storm

Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where

the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress

redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to aftershocks but on adjacent

segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of

the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was

observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North

Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older

anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.[9][10]


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Size and frequency of occurrenceMinor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like

California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in Guatemala. Chile, Peru, Indonesia,

Iran, Pakistan, the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, and

Japan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including New York City,

London, and Australia.[11] Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the

relationship being exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many

earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than

earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for

example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake

of 3.7 - 4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7 - 5.5 every 10 years, and anearthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. [12] This is an example of the

Gutenberg-Richter law.

The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many

thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the

past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than

an increase in the number of earthquakes. The USGS estimates that, since 1900,

there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) and

one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average

has been relatively stable.[13] In recent years, the number of major earthquakesper year has decreased, although this is thought likely to be a statistical

fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size

and frequency of earthquakes is available from the USGS.[14]

Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the

40,000-km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt,

also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific

Plate.[15][16] Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries,

too, such as along the Himalayan Mountains. Humans can cause earthquakes for

example by constructing large dams and buildings, drilling and injecting liquidinto wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling.[17]

With the rapid growth of mega-cities such as Mexico City, Tokyo or Tehran, in

areas of high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake

may claim the lives of up to 3 million people.[18][19]

Effects/impacts of earthquakes


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1755 copper engraving depicting Lisbon in ruins and in flames after the 1755

Lisbon earthquake. A tsunami overwhelms the ships in the harbor.There aremany effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following:

Shaking and ground ruptureShaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,

principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid

structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination

of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from epicenter, and the local

geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave

propagation.[20] The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration.

Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can

induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity

earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to

the transfer of the seismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils

and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting

of the deposits.

Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface

along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the

case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineeringstructures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful

mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface

within the life of the structure.[21]

Landslides and avalanchesMain article: Landslide

Landslides are a major geologic hazard because they can happen at any place in

the world, much like earthquakes. Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity,

coastal wave attack, and wildfires can all produce slope instability. Landslide

danger may be possible even though emergency personnel are attempting

rescue.[22]

Fires

Fires of the 1906 San Francisco earthquakeFollowing an earthquake, fires can be

generated by break of the electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water

mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop thespread of a fire once it has started. For example, the deaths in the 1906 San


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Francisco earthquake were caused more by the fires than by the earthquake

itself.[23]

Soil liquefactionSoil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular

material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a

solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, as buildings or

bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect

of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, many buildings

were sunk into the ground by soil liquefaction, eventually collapsing upon

themselves.[24]

Tsunami

The tsunami of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquakeMain article: Tsunami

Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by an sudden or

abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean, the distance

between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers, and the wave periods can vary

from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers perhour, depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a

submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes.

Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak

destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.[25]

Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the richter scale do

not cause tsunamis. However, there have been recorded instances, yet most

destructive tsunamis are caused by magnitude 7.5 plus earthquakes.[25]

Tsunamis are distinct from tidal waves, because in a tsunami, water flowsstraight instead of in a circle like the typical wave. Earthquake-triggered

landslides into the sea can also cause tsunamis.[26]

FloodsMain article: Flood

A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.[27] Floods

usually occur because of the volume of water within a body of water, such as a

river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of

the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However,floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged.


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Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which then collapse and cause

floods.[28]

The terrain below the Sarez Lake in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flood if

the landslide dam formed by the earthquake, known as the Usoi Dam, were to

fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect

roughly 5 million people.[29]

Human impactsEarthquakes may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher

insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, andcollapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to

collapse in future earthquakes. Earthquakes can also lead to volcanic eruptions,

which cause further damages such as substantial crop damage, like in the "Year

Without a Summer" (1816).[30]

Most of civilization agrees that human death is the most significant human

impact of earthquakes.[31]

Preparation for earthquakesToday, there are ways to protect and prepare possible sites of earthquakes from

severe damage, through the following processes: Earthquake engineering,

Earthquake preparedness, Household seismic safety, Seismic retrofit (including

special fasteners, materials, and techniques), Seismic hazard, Mitigation of

seismic motion, and Earthquake prediction.

Earthquakes in culture

[edit] Mythology and religion

In Norse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the

god Loki. When Loki, god of mischief and strife, murdered Baldr, god of beauty

and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent

placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife Sigyn stood by him with a

bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison

would drip on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against

his bonds, causing the earth to tremble.[32]

In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the god of and cause earthquakes. When hewas in a bad mood, he would strike the ground with a trident, causing this and


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other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people

as revenge.[33]

A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land, adeluge.[1] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the

inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of

water, such as a river or lake, exceeding the total capacity of its bounds, with the

result that some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the

body. It can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high it flows

out of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders.

The word comes from the Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic

languages (compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in

flow, float).

The term "The Flood," capitalized, usually refers to the great Universal Deluge

described in the Bible, in Genesis, and is treated at Deluge.

Riverine floods

Flooding of a creek due to heavy monsoonal rain and high tide in Darwin,Northern Territory,Australia

Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity

of a river's channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons, hurricanes andtropical depressions, foreign winds and warm rain affecting snow pack.

Fast kinds: flash flood as a result of e.g. an intense thunderstorm.

Estuarine floods Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges caused by storm-force winds.

Coastal floods Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of another hazard (e.g. tsunami or

hurricane).

Catastrophic floods
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory


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Caused by a significant and unexpected event e.g. dam breakage, or as a result of

another hazard (e.g. earthquake or volcanic eruption).Muddy floods

A muddy floodis generated by runoff on cropland.

Other Floods can occur if water accumulates across an impermeable surface (e.g. from

rainfall) and cannot rapidly dissipate (i.e. gentle orientation or low evaporation).

A series of storms moving over the same area.

Dam-buildingbeavers can flood low-lying urban and rural areas, often causing

significant damage.

Typical effects

Primary effects Physical damage- Can range anywhere from bridges, cars, buildings, sewer systems,

roadways, canals and any other type of structure.

Casualties- People and livestock die due to drowning. It can also lead to epidemicsand diseases.

Secondary effects Water supplies- Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes scarce.

Diseases- Unhygienic conditions. Spread ofwater-borne diseases

Crops and food supplies- Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entireharvest.[2]

Trees - Non-tolerant species can die from suffocation[3]

Tertiary/long-term effects Economic- Economic hardship, due to: temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding

costs, food shortage leading to price increase etc.

Flood defences, planning, and management

Autumn Mediterraneanflooding in Alicante (Spain), 1997.
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In western countries, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defences such as

levees,bunds, reservoirs, and weirsare used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks.Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe with coastal defences, such as sea walls andbeach nourishment.

London is protected from flooding by a huge mechanical barrier across the River Thames,which is raised when the water level reaches a certain point (see Thames Barrier).

Venice has a similar arrangement, although it is already unable to cope with very high tides.The defenses of both London and Venice will be rendered inadequate if sea levels continue torise.

The largest and most elaborate flood defenses can be found in theNetherlands, where theyare referred to as Delta Works with the Oosterschelde dam as its crowning achievement.These works were built in response to theNorth Sea flood of 1953of the southwestern part ofthe Netherlands. The Dutch had already built one of the world's largest dams in the north ofthe country: the Afsluitdijk(closing occurred in 1932).

Flood blocking the road in JerusalemCurrently the Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complexis to be finished by 2008,in Russia, to protect Saint Petersburg from storm surges. It also has a main traffic function, asit completes a ring roadaround Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres andstand eight metres above water level.

TheNew Orleans Metropolitan Area, 35% of which sits below sea level, is protected byhundreds of miles of levees and flood gates. This system failed catastrophically duringHurricane Katrina in the City Proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting inthe inundation of approximately 50% of the Metropolitan area, ranging from a few inches totwenty feet in coastal communities.

In an act of successful flood prevention, the Federal Government of the United States offeredto buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disastersafter the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several communities accepted and the government,in partnership with the state, bought 25,000 properties which they converted into wetlands.These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995, when the floods returned, thegovernment didn't have to expend resources in those areas.[4]

In China, flood diversion areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies inorder to protect cities [1].

(See Crossing the Lines)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_nourishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterscheldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversionhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-07/07/content_243670.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-07/07/content_243670.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:YomJrslm_292.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:YomJrslm_292.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_nourishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterscheldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversionhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-07/07/content_243670.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Lines


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Many have proposed that loss of vegetation (deforestation) will lead to a risk increase. With

natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestationshould improve the incidents and severity of floods.[5]

Flood clean-up safetyClean-up activities following floods often pose hazards to workers and volunteers involved inthe effort. Potential dangers includeelectrical hazards,carbon monoxide exposure,musculoskeletalhazards, heat orcold stress,motor vehicle-related dangers,fire, drowning,and exposure to hazardous materials.[6] Because flooded disaster sites are unstable, clean-upworkers might encounter sharp jagged debris, biological hazards in the flood water, exposedelectrical lines, blood or other body fluids, and animal and human remains. In planning forand reacting to flood disasters, managers provide workers withhard hats,goggles, heavy

work gloves, life jackets, and watertight boots with steel toes and insoles.

[7]

Benefits of floodingThere are many disruptive effects of flooding on human settlements and economic activities.However, flooding can bring benefits, such as making soil more fertile and providingnutrients in which it is deficient. Periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancientcommunities along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, theNile River, the Indus River, the Gangesand the Yellow River, among others. The viability for hydrological based renewable sourcesof energy is higher in flood prone regions.

Flood modelling

While flood modelling is a fairly recent practice, attempts to understand and manage themechanisms at work in floodplains have been made for at least six millennia.[8]The recentdevelopment in computational flood modelling has enabled engineers to step away from thetried and tested "hold or break" approach and its tendency to promote overly engineeredstructures. Various computational flood models have been developed in recent years either1D models (flood levels measured in the channel) and 2D models (flood depth measured forthe extent of the floodplain). HEC-RAS[9], the Hydraulic Engineering Centre model, iscurrently among the most popular if only because it is available for free. Other models suchas TUFLOW[10] and Flowroute[11], combine 1D and 2D components to derive flood depth inthe floodplain. So far the focus has been on mapping tidal and fluvial flood events but the2007 flood events in the UK have shifted the emphasis onto the impact of surface water

flooding.[12]

Deadliest floods

Death Toll Event Location Date

2,500,0003,700,000[13]

1931 China floods China 1931

900,0002,000,0001887 Yellow River (HuangHe) flood

China 1887

500,000700,0001938 Yellow River (HuangHe) flood

China 1938

231,000 Banqiao Dam failure, resultofTyphoon Nina.

China 1975
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_hatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_hatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_hatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_jacketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_jacketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris-Euphrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_China_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqiao_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ninahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ninahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ninahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_hatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_jacketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris-Euphrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_China_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_(Huang_He)_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqiao_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ninahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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Approximately 86,000

people died from floodingand another 145,000 diedduring subsequent disease.

145,000 1935 Yangtze river flood China 1935

more than 100,000 St. Felix's Flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1530

100,000Hanoi and Red River Deltaflood

North Vietnam 1971


50,00080,000 St. Lucia's flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1287

60,000 North Sea flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1212

40,000

1949 Eastern Guatemala

flood Guatemala 1949

36,000St. Marcellus flood, stormsurge

Netherlands 1219


28,7001974Bangladesh monsoonrain

Bangladesh 1974

25,00040,000St. Marcellus flood / GroteMandrenke, storm tide

Netherlands,Germany,Denmark

1362

20,006 1999 Vargas mudslide Venezuela 1999

20,000 All Saints' Flood, stormsurge Netherlands 1570

20,000 1939Tianjinflood China 1939

14,000 Christmas flood, storm surgeNetherlands,Germany,Denmark

1717

10,000100,000St. Elizabeth flood, stormsurge

Netherlands,Belgium

1421

8,00015,000 Burchardi floodGermany,Denmark

1634

10,000 Great Iran Flood Iran 1954

10,000 1824St. Petersburg flood Russia 1824several thousands St. Juliana flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1164

several thousands St. Agatha flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1288

several thousandsSt. Clemens flood, stormsurge

Netherlands 1334

several thousands All Saints flood, storm surge Netherlands 1532

several thousands North Sea flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1703

6,200 Sichuan,Hubei,Anhui flood China 1980

5,000

Cojup valley, CordilleraBlanca mountain range,

landslide by massiveavalanche

Peru 1941
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Felix's_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia's_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Marcellus_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Marcellus_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Mandrenkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Mandrenkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Mandrenkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Vargas_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints'_Flood_(1570)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchardi_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Iran_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Juliana_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Agatha_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Clemens_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Saints_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cojup&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Felix's_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia's_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Marcellus_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Yangtze_river_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Marcellus_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Mandrenkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Mandrenkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Vargas_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints'_Flood_(1570)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchardi_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Iran_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Juliana_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Agatha_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Clemens_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Saints_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cojup&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Blancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru


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4,8921968Rajasthan, Gujarat

monsoon rain

India 1968

4,800 1951Manchuria flood China 1951

3,8381998Eastern India,Bangladesh monsoon rain

India,Bangladesh

1998

3,814 1989Sichuanflood China 1989

3,8001978Northern Indiamonsoon rain

India 1978

3,656 1998Yangtze river flood China 1998

3,500 1948Fuzhou flood China 1948

3,0841993 South Asian monsoon

rain

Nepal, India,Bangladesh,

Pakistan

1993

3,0762004Eastern India,Bangladesh monsoon rain

India,Bangladesh

2004

3,000

1992Afghanistanflood,mainly, Gulbahar,Kalotak,Shutul, Parwan, flash flood,mudslide

Afghanistan 1992

2,910 1950Pakistanflood Pakistan 1950

2,7751996 China flood, torrentialfloods, mud-rock flows

China 1996

2,566

1953Japan flood, mainlyKitakyushu, Kumamoto,Wakayama,Kizugawa,massive rain, flood,mudslide

Japan 1953

2,400 North Sea flood, storm surgeNetherlands 838


Bangladesh 1988

2,200 Johnstown FloodUnited States(Pennsylvania)

1889

2,142North Sea flood of 1953

storm surge

Netherlands,

United Kingdom1953

2,075 1981Sichuan,Shanxi Flood China 1981


Bangladesh 1987

2,0005,000 somereports list as many as12,000 dead

Morvi dam burstIndia (Morvi,Gujarat)

1979

2,0004,000Huascaran,Ranrahircalandslide by massiveavalanche

Peru 1962

1,909

Vajont Dam landslide and

flood Italy 1963

1,834 1992Pakistan,Northern Pakistan, India 1992
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_South_Asian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbaharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalotak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalotak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutul&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakyushuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizugawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizugawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizugawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvi_dam_bursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranrahircahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajont_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_South_Asian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbaharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalotak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutul&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakyushuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizugawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvi_dam_bursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranrahircahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajont_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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Indiamonsoon rain

1,7231991Chinaflood, mainly,Sichuan,Guizhou,Hubei,torrential floods, mud-rockflows

China 1991

1,624Fujian,Anhui,Zhejiangflood

China 2005

1,6053,363 spring floodingHaiti,DominicanRepublic

2004

1,558 St. Martin flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1686

1,5322002 China flood, torrentialfloods, mud-rock flows

China 2002

1,503Mumbaiand the surroundingstateMaharashtra,Kamataka, monsson rain

India 2005

1,437

1995 China flood, mainly,Hunan,Jiangxi,Liaoning,Sichuan,Fujian, torrentialrain, devastating floods,mud-rock flows

China 1995

1,3482007 China flood, mountaintorrents, mud-rock flows

China 2007

1,144

2006 Southern Leyte

mudslide Philippines 2006

1,0292004 China flood, mountaintorrents, mud-rock flows,landslide

China 2004

1,0001,500Santa Catarina, [2]Tubaro],torrential heavy rain

Brazil 1974

992Isahaya, massive rain andmudslide

Japan 1957

941 InuyamaIruka pond failure Japan 1868

933

1938 Massive rain of Japan,

mainly Tokyo,Kobe,massive rain and landslide Japan 1938

915 Barcelona,flash flood Spain 1962

848 1977Karachi flood Pakistan 1977

844 2006 North Korea flooding North Korea 2006

827Algiers, Bab El Oued,devastating flood, mudslide

Algeria 2001

800 North Sea flood, storm surgeNetherlands 1825

800 2000Mozambique flood Mozambique 2000

7851967Brazil flood, mainlyRio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo,

flood and landslide

Brazil 1967

705 2006Ethiopiaflood, mainly Ethiopia 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Martin_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamataka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamataka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_China_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Southern_Leyte_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Southern_Leyte_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_China_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar%C3%A3ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isahayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isahayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iruka_pond&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iruka_pond&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korea_floodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_El_Ouedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhuihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Martin_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamataka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_China_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Southern_Leyte_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Southern_Leyte_mudslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_China_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar%C3%A3ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isahayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iruka_pond&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korea_floodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_El_Ouedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia


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OMTEX CLASSES

THE HOME OF TEXT

Natural Calamities

Omo River Delta,Dire

Dawa,Tena,Gode, flashflood, heavyrain

7021999Vietnam flood, mainlyoccurred at Thua Thien Hue

Vietnam 1999

672 1972Seoul, Kyonggi flood South Korea 1972

653 1972 Luzon flood Philippines 1972

6401987Villatina landslidedisaster

Colombia 1987

610 2007 North Korea flooding North Korea 2007

540 1969Tunisia flooding Tunisia 1969

532

Cuzco,Huallaga, torrential

rain, flooding, landslide Peru 1982

517

1967 Massive rain of Japan,mainly, Kobe, Kure, AganoRiver, massive rain andlandslide

Japan 1967

506 KwaZulu-Natal South Africa 1987

500Malawi, flash flood andlandslide

Malawi 1991

500 Gauldal, landslide Norway 1345

464 Lisbonflash flood Portugal 1967

445 Western Japan, massive rainand landslide Japan 1972

429

2002 Nepal flood, mainlyoccurred at Makwanpur,monssnal rain, flood,landslide

Nepal 2002

4251999 Mexico flood, mainlyoccurred at Tabasco,Puebla,Chiapas, flood and mudslide

Mexico 1999

421 Malpasset Dam failure France 1959

420 St. Aarons Flood Amsterdam 1420

408

1969South Korea flood,mainly, Gyeongsangbukdo,Gyeongsangnamdo,Gangwon, torrential rain,landslide

South Korea 1969

407

1993Iran flood, mainlyoccurred at Isfahan,BandarAbass, flash flood andlandslide

Iran 1993

4051998South Korea flood,heavy massive rain, landslide

South Korea 1998

400 1955LebanonTripoli flood Lebanon 1955

400 St. Francis Damfailure United States 1928
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omo_River_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omo_River_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thua_Thien_Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyonggihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Luzon_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villatina&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villatina&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_North_Korea_floodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZuluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauldalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Nepal_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makwanpur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makwanpur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Mexico_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabascohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabascohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpasset_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Aarons_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongsangbukdohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongsangnamdohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongsangnamdohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Abass&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Abass&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Abass&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omo_River_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thua_Thien_Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyonggihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Luzon_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villatina&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_North_Korea_floodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZuluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauldalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Nepal_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makwanpur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Mexico_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabascohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpasset_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Aarons_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongsangbukdohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongsangnamdohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Abass&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Abass&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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19/27

OMTEX CLASSES

THE HOME OF TEXT

Natural Calamities

259 1966Maianflood Jordan 1966

255 1998Tajikistan flood Tajikistan 1998250 Josefina dam failure Ecuador 1993

238Rapid City, South Dakotaflood

United States 1972

230 Marrakesh flash flood Morocco 1995

200600Chungarlandslide, flood,avalanche

Peru 1971

200Pamir Mountain area, mudand rock slides, torrentialrain

Tajikistan 1992

190 Huigra, landslide Ecuador 1931

1652004Brazil flood, mainlySao Paulo, Pemambuco,torrential rain, mudslide

Brazil 2004

159 Sarno flood and landslide Italy 1998

154 KwaZulu-Natal South Africa 1995

144 Aberfan disasterUnited Kingdom(Wales)

1966

135 Ozengeli, avalanche Turkey 1993

128Izumo, massive rain andmudslide

Japan 1964

120 1991Antofagasta Flood,mud swept

Chile 1991

1192007 Central and East Javatorrential monsson rain,landslide, flood

Indonesia 2007

117Masuda, massive rain andlandslide

Japan 1983

116 Verdal, landslide Norway 1893

114 Seoul, Inchon, heavy rain South Korea 1990

110northern Caucasas, northernOkrug, heavy rain, landslide

Russia 2002

104 1981Laingsburgflood South Africa 1981

98 Flood of the millenniumPoland, CzechRepublic

1997

94 Mameyes DisasterPuerto Rico(Ponce)

1985

over 90Columbus, Ohio flood onMarch 25, 1913

United States 1913

81Holmfirth FloodBilberryReservoir dam failure

United Kingdom 1852

80

Johnstown FloodFailure of

Laurel Run Dam and flashflooding United States 1977
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamir_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huigra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemambuco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemambuco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZuluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozengeli&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagastahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagastahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flood_of_the_millennium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mameyes_Disaster&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmfirth_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamir_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huigra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemambuco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZuluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozengeli&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagastahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flood_of_the_millennium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mameyes_Disaster&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmfirth_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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THE HOME OF TEXT

Natural Calamities

78 Austin Dam failure United States 1911

73 Kagoshima, mudslide anddebris flow Japan 1993

72Gudbrandsdalenflood andlandslides

Norway 1789

702005 levee failures inGreater New Orleans

United States 2005

70 Frank Slide,Alberta Canada 1903

47 McDonald Dam failure United states 1900

37Yuba City, CaliforniaChristmas Eve flood, leveefailure

United States 1955

19 North Sea flood, storm surgeNetherlands 191619 1997 Threadbo landslide Australia 1997

16 Brisbane flood Australia 1974

11 2007 United Kingdom floods United Kingdom 2007

See also Flood Risk Assessment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudbrandsdalenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudbrandsdalenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Dam_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brisbane_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_risk_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudbrandsdalenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Slidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_Dam_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brisbane_flood&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_risk_assessment


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tsunami (pronounced /(t)sunmi/) is a series of waves created when abody of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced. Earthquakes, mass

movements above or below water, some volcanic eruptions and other

underwater explosions, landslides, underwater earthquakes, large asteroid

impacts and detonation of nuclear weapons at sea all have the potential to

generate a tsunami. Due to the immense volumes of water and energy involved,

the effects of tsunami can be devastating. Since meteorites are small, they will

not generate tsunami.

The Greek historian Thucydides was the first to relate tsunami to submarine

quakes,[1] [2] but understanding of the nature of tsunami remained slim until

the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research.

Many early geological, geographic, oceanographic etc., texts refer to "Seismic

sea waves"these are now referred to as "tsunami(s)".

Some meteorological storm conditionsdeep depressions causing cyclones,

hurricanescan generate a storm surge which can be several metres above

normal tide levels. This is due to the low atmospheric pressure within the centre

of the depression. As these storm surges come ashore the surge can resemble a

tsunami, inundating vast areas of land. These are not tsunami. Such a storm

surge inundated Burma (Myanmar) in May 2008.

TerminologyThe term tsunami comes from the Japanese meaning harbor("tsu",) and wave ("nami",

). [a. Jap. tsunami, tunami, f. tsu harbour + nami waves.Oxford English Dictionary]. Forthe plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add ans, or use an invariable

plural as in Japanese. Tsunami are common throughout Japanese history; approximately 195events in Japan have been recorded.

Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves, a term that has fallen out of favor,especially in the scientific community, in recent years because tsunami actually have nothingto do with tides. The once popular term derives from their most common appearance, whichis that of an extraordinarily high incoming tide. Tsunami and tides both produce waves ofwater that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water is muchgreater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide.Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"[3] or "having the form or character

of"[4] the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsumanis are not limited toharbours, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_surface_wavehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_surface_wavehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographer


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The only other language than Japanese that has a word for this disastrous wave is Tamil

language

[dubiousdiscuss]

and the word is "Aazhi Peralai". South Eastern coasts of India haveexperienced these waves some 700 years before and was a regular event by that time as perthe stone carvings (scriptures in stone) read.

CausesA tsunami can be generated when converging or destructiveplate boundaries abruptly moveand vertically displace the overlying water. It is very unlikely that they can form at divergent(constructive) or conservative plate boundaries. This is because constructive or conservative

boundaries do not generally disturb the vertical displacement of the water column.Subduction zone related earthquakes generate the majority of all tsunamis.

A tsunami has a much smalleramplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very longwavelength

(often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea,forming only a slight swell usually about 300 mm above the normal sea surface. A tsunamican occur at any state of the tide and even at low tide will still inundate coastal areas if theincoming waves surge high enough.

On April 1, 1946 a Magnitude 7.8 (Richter Scale)earthquakeoccurred near theAleutianIslands, Alaska. It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawai'i with a14 m high surge. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor issubducting (or being pushed downwards) underAlaska.

Examples of tsunami being generated at locations away from convergent boundaries includeStoregga during theNeolithicera, Grand Banks 1929, Papua New Guinea 1998 (Tappin,

2001). In the case of the Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis an earthquake causedsediments

A Natural Disaster is the Consequence of a Natural Hazard

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