a multi–stage, multi criteria approach for solid waste disposal site ...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 370–381, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_042

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

A MULTI–STAGE, MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH

FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY

Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty

M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering,

K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh,India

SS. Asadi

Associate Dean-Academics, Department of Civil Engineering,

K LUniversity,Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

A.V.S.Prasad

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh,India

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The main objective is to select proper site for landfill and its design and

efficient management of solid waste in the study area. Methods/Analysis: The method and

analysis includes the comparing of different landfill sites in various components such as

soil, air, ground water parameters and propose the efficient landfill site and its suitable

design. This also includes the implementing of various strategies in solid waste

management. Findings: The projection of the population determined based on the present

population. The waste generated for the future years is determined by the base of the waste

generation at the current situation. The design of landfill and management of solid waste is

based upon the above said parameters. The result of the research leads to the innovative

selection of site and landfill design. Improvement: This research helps in better

implantation of the efficient methods in solid waste collection throughout the city.

Key words: Solid Waste Management,Land-Fill Design,Site –Selection,Population

Projection,Waste Generation

Cite this Article: Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad, A Multi–Stage,

Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model

Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 370–

381.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

One of the major problem the world facing now is proper disposal of the solid waste.Due to rapid

increase and urbanisation in the population, many cities and towns doesnot have proper solid waste

management.Inproper disposal and treatment of the solid waste leads to air pollution,soil

A Multi–Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model

Study


pollution,contaminates ground water and may even cause health hazards.The ever lasting disposal

of solid waste is the significant factor of the efficient municipal solid waste management.Urban

Local bodies and government authorities should take the responsibility to dispose the solid waste

according the rules of municipal solid waste1.

Sanitary Landfill is the most appropiate and the efficient way of disposal of minicipal solid

waste. The availability of efficient landfill sites is one of the main problems being faced by Urban

Local bodies and civic bodies in the implementation of their principles .However, regional

municipal solid waste disposal facility can be implemented in the possible cities and towns if the

city is not having sufficient land for disposal. The clustering and merging of 3 to 4 cities can be

done and can set up a disposal facility2. Precautions should be taken that transportation should not

cause any effect on the economy. The advantages of the regional disposal facility of municipal

solid waste are:

• Due to regional disposal facility, the existing land can be efficiently used.

• The natural resources which are scarcity in that particular region can also be utilised in the

systematic way.

• As the disposal facility is situated in the minimum radius of the particular region, it is very easy

to monitor with minimum manpower in well determined way.

• The financial and technical burden on the authorities of the urban local bodies can be reduced

which leads to better use of technologies in cost–effective manner.

• Authorities have the advantage of easy estimation of waste generation in the processing as well

as the disposal of the solid waste.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. STUDY AREA

Tadepalli is sub-urban area in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the Urban local

body along with other 12 ULB’s present in the Guntur District .It Is a 3rd

grade municipality

administered under Guntur revenue division. The town is surrounded by the Krishna River on its

south and NH-5 in the east, Amaravathi on its west and Mangalagiri on its north3.

Tadepalli is panchayat till 2009 and became 3rd

municipality by clustering of Tadepalli and

Krishna Nagar Panchayats.Tadepalli held its first municipal elections in the year 2014. The total

area of Tadepalliis 19.52 km² and it is divided into 23 No of wards. The total population of

Tadepalli is of 54,362 as per 2011 census. Themunicipal solid waste generated in the respective

municipality per day is 32 MT. The area of Tadepalli town is mentioned in the Figure 1.

Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad

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Figure 1 Representation of Tadepalli on Google Map

2.2. POPULATION PROJECTION

The waste generation is function of population and lifestyle of people. Therefore, it is essential to

project the population for 20-25 years f

projection is Tadepalli city is carried out based on following methods:

• Incremental increase method

• Arithmetic increase

• Geometric increase, and

• Exponential method

The projected population from 2015 to 2040 by different methods is mentioned in the

Table 1 Population projection of Tadepalli Town

Sr.

No.

Methodologies

2015

1

As Per National

Average Growth

Rate

7539

2 Incremental Increase

Method

78721

3 Arithmetic Increase

Method

76542

4 Geometrical

Increase Method

81471

5 Exponential Method

81052


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Representation of Tadepalli on Google Map

POPULATION PROJECTION


25 years for setting out the infrastructure for SWM. The population

projection is Tadepalli city is carried out based on following methods:

Incremental increase method

The projected population from 2015 to 2040 by different methods is mentioned in the

Population projection of Tadepalli Town

Horizon Year

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

75393 81605 87816 94027 100239

78721 90844 104913 120928 138888

76542 84189 91836 99483 107130

81471 97746 117274 140702 168811

81052 96620 115177 137300 16371

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or setting out the infrastructure for SWM. The population

The projected population from 2015 to 2040 by different methods is mentioned in the Table 1.

2035 2040

100239 106450

138888 158795

107130 114777

168811 202535

16371 195107


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2.3. WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

The estimated waste generation in Tadepalli in 2015 is about 32 tons/ day from all sources. The

waste generation rate is about 400 grams/ capita/ day. This rate of generation is similar to other

cities of India of similar size. The waste generating in India is increasing at about 5% per year.

This increase is due to population increase as well as lifestyle changes. The waste generation

estimate and its projection is important step for long term waste management strategy and planning

for the city. Therefore, the waste generation estimate for Tadepalli is carried out in similar way as

of population projection. The waste generation estimate is carried out on following assumptions:

• Increment in waste generation rate is 2% per annum

• Floating population is considered as 8 %

• Waste generation for Tadepalli for year 2015 is taken as 0.40 kg/ capita/ day

The projected waste generation from 2015 to 2040 is mentioned in the Table 2.

Table 2 Waste Generation projection of Tadepalli Town

Year

Populatio

n (Avg of

II, AI,

GI)

Floating

populatio

n @ 8 %

Total

Population

Solid

Waste per

capita

generation

considered

(in Kgs)

Floating

Population

(Solid Waste

per capita

generation

considered

(in Kgs)

Total

populatio

n SW

Generatio

n (In

tons/day)

Floating

population

SW

Generatio

n (In

tons/day)

Total

Solid

Waste

Generate

d (in

tons/day)

2015 78911 6313 0.4 0.04 32 0.25 32

2020 90926 7275 0.44 0.04 40 0.32 40

2025 104674 8374 0.48 0.05 51 0.41 51

2030 120371 9630 0.53 0.05 64 0.51 65

2035 138276 11063 0.59 0.06 81 0.65 82

2040 158702 12697 0.64 0.06 102 0.82 103

2.4 PRESENT SWM SCENARIO

2.4.1. Primary Collection of Waste

Currently 90 % door-to-door collection is prevailing in the respective municipality. The total MSW

generated from the city is about 32 TPD. Almost each and every ward in the town is covered.

2.4.2. Secondary Collection & Transportation

The collected mixed waste (wet and dry) without any segregation is getting dumped in the

dumping yard by tractors and autos. New proposal of dumping yard of an area of 5 acres near

Kolanukonda has been proposed to Government and the allotment is still awaited. There is no

existing treatment of solid waste for wet, and slaughter house wastes. Bio medical waste is being

handled independently by hospitals. Vermi Composting is initiated in Tadepalli municipality.

Waste category in percentages is listed in the Figure 2.


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Figure 2 Waste Category Percentages in Tadepalli town

2.5. SELECTION OF PROPER LAND FILL SITE IN STUDY AREA:

After vigorous search for the selection of landfill site for the Tadepalli

sites had been identified.

2.5.1. LANDFILL AT KRISHNA NAGAR:

Krishna Nagar is situated 2km from the Tadepalli town situated at 16°46’67” N and

80°60’00”E.The area proposed in the Krishna nagar is of 5 acres which is once a cement f

But now the cement factory is closed and the land is abonded.

agriculture. Due to existence of cement factory long back the ground water quality and the soil

quality are not so good. The residential areas are a

transportation to the proposed site, shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Segregation of solid waste using colour bins

2.5.2. NUNNA LANDFIL

Nunna is a village which is situated in the Vijayawada outskirts at 16°36’40.34” N latitude and

80°41’11.47” E longitudes. It is located 23 km from Tadepalli Town. Nunna is fully covered with

residential buildings surrounded by hills, highly fertile fields, and even with Educational

institutions. This area consists mostly of highly fertile land and famous for mango fields. Th


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Waste Category Percentages in Tadepalli town

SELECTION OF PROPER LAND FILL SITE IN STUDY AREA:

After vigorous search for the selection of landfill site for the Tadepalli town, the following three

LANDFILL AT KRISHNA NAGAR:


80°60’00”E.The area proposed in the Krishna nagar is of 5 acres which is once a cement f

But now the cement factory is closed and the land is abonded. The land is also not suitable for the


The residential areas are also far away from the site. There is good

sportation to the proposed site, shown in Figure 3.

Segregation of solid waste using colour bins


It is located 23 km from Tadepalli Town. Nunna is fully covered with


institutions. This area consists mostly of highly fertile land and famous for mango fields. Th

[email protected]

SELECTION OF PROPER LAND FILL SITE IN STUDY AREA:

town, the following three


80°60’00”E.The area proposed in the Krishna nagar is of 5 acres which is once a cement factory.

The land is also not suitable for the


lso far away from the site. There is good


It is located 23 km from Tadepalli Town. Nunna is fully covered with


institutions. This area consists mostly of highly fertile land and famous for mango fields. The


Study


groundwater table is at low depth. The landfill construction needs a lot of earth work and lot of

equipment and manpower, as the area is hilly. The areas is also mostly covered with quarries which

does not have proper road network to this area. So, construction of road is very important to full fill

the landfill project. And the main drawback is the residents of the area opposed the construction of

the landfill, shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Proposed landfill site at Krishna Nagar

2.5.3. KONDURU LANDFILL

Konduru is a village which is 43 km from Tadepalli, at 16°40’22.48” N latitude and 80°33’12.82”

E longitudes. The area consists of less vegetation which in turn consists of lots of quarry pits. The

proposed site has less percentage of fertile lands or forest area. The respective landfill site has the

residential buildings far away from the site The groundwater table is present atmost depth.

Transportation is very easy as there were already constructed roads for the purpose of quarry. And

finally there is no such restrictions from the residents.

By comparing all the possible parameters of the above proposed sites, KrishnaNagar and area

at Konduru are suitable for the land filling. But as Konduru is far away from the Tadepalli town,

area at Krishna Nagar can be recommended for the suitable landfill site for the disposal of

municipal solid waste of Tadepalli town

2.6. DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY

Preliminary design & engineering has been done for the construction of Regional Integrated

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill facility for Tadepalli town. The regional facility for this

town will be developed at Krishna Nagar; as area of approximate 5 acres for the proposed ISWM

facility would be required. The 5 acres area would be required to set up the regional sanitary

landfill facility only for 25 years. The construction of landfill shall be taken up into five phases.

Each phase will serve for approximately 5 years. After filling of each phase, it will be covered with

top cover and subsequently the landfill will be used. The landfill facility shall require around 5

arces of area to accommodate the landfillable waste for 25 years of Tadepalli town. The landfill

can be further adjusted with the remaining available area for future use.



Sanitary Landfilling of non-biodegradable /non-recyclables/inert component of municipal solid

waste is mandatory as per the MSW rules 2000. Therefore it is proposed to set up a Regional

Sanitary Landfill facility for final disposal of inert waste / rejects from compost plants, RDF and

street sweeping which cannot be further processed for any use. The 20% of total generated waste in

a day is considered as the landfill waste. The projected landfill generation is mentioned in the

Table-3.

Table 3 Details of the Landfillable Waste of Tadepalli

Year

Populati

on (Avg

of II, AI,

GI)

Floating

populatio

n @ 8 %

Total

Population

Solid

Waste per

capita

generation

considered

(in Kgs)

Floating

Population

(Solid Waste

per capita

generation

considered

(in Kgs)

Total

populatio

n SW

Generatio

n (In

tons/day)

Floating

population

SW

Generatio

n (In

tons/day)

Total

Solid

Waste

Generate

d (in

tons/day)

Landf

illable

Waste

in

MT/D

ay

2015 78911 6313 0.4 0.04 32 0.25 32 6.4

2020 90926 7275 0.44 0.04 40 0.32 40 8

2025 104674 8374 0.48 0.05 51 0.41 51 10.2

2030 120371 9630 0.53 0.05 64 0.51 65 13

2035 138276 11063 0.59 0.06 81 0.65 82 16.4

2040 158702 12697 0.64 0.06 102 0.82 103 20.6

2.6.1. BASIC DATA

In order to design the sanitary landfill facility, the base year for garbage generation has been taken

as 2017 and design year has been considered as 2042 A.D.

Base Year: - 2018 AD

Design Year: - 2042 AD

Design of Landfill: - 2042 AD

Total Operative Life of the Landfill: - 25 Years (Considering that from 2017, waste will start

coming to the Landfill Site)

As per the CPHEEO Manual, maximum 20% of total MSW generation will be allowed for

landfilling. Therefore, we have considered the same for calculation:

Waste Generation : 35 tons per day (in 2018)

Design Life : 25 years

Water table : 2-5 m below ground surface

2.6.2. CAPACITY, HEIGHT, AREA OF LANDFILL

• Estimated Waste Generation for the landfill in 2018 A.D =7.2 TPD

• Proposed Landfill Waste Generation in 2042 A.D = 22 TPD

• Total Landfill Waste Generation in 25 Years = 0.5 (7.2+22) x 365 daysx 25 years= 1,33225

tonnes

• Waste Volume (assumed density 0.85 t / cum for inert waste as per CPHEEO manual) =

1,33,225 / 0.85 = 1,56,735cum

• Volume of Daily Cover = 0.1 x 1,56,735= 15674cum


Study


• Volume of Liner and Cover System = 0.25 x 156735= 39183 cum

• Volume of settlement = 0.05 x 3156735 = 7837cum

• First Estimate of landfill Volume Ci = (156735+15674+39183-7837) = 203755 cum

• Proposed Shape of Landfill =Rectangular (length: width = 2:1)

• Area Restriction :- No restrictions

• Height of the landfill to possible limit = 10 m

• Area = (203755) / 10 = 20375 sq. m

• Approximate Areas including area of embankment = 8147 sq. m

• Length of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 125 m

• Width of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 65 m

Other Dimensions

• Height of Embankment above GL = 3 m

• Top width of Embankment = 5 m

• Slope of Embankment (2H:1V) = 2

• Slant Height inside base to top of embankment = 7.71 m

• Slant length outside GL to top of embankment = 6.71 m

2.6.3. LANDFILL PHASES

• Landfill Active life :- 25 Years

• One phase Duration :- 5 Years

• No. of Phases :- 5

• Volume of phase-I (2018-2022) :- 2590 Cum

2.6.4. LINER AND LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

The liner system will consists of the following layers below the waste:

• 0.3 m thick leachate drainage layer consisting of sand (coarse sand) or gravel having 25-50 mm

size

• 0.2 m thick protective layer of silty soil

• 1.50 mm thick HDPE geo-membrane (iv) 0.9 m thick clay layer

2.6.5. LEACHATE EVALUATION

The leachate collection layer is provided in the granular soil (drainage) layer of the bottom liner

system. The collection layer shall comprise of a network of perforated HDPE lateral pipes laid at a

slope of 2% and 20 m c/c spacing. These laterals shall collect leachate and transfer it to the HDPE

header pipe, which is laid at a slope of 1%. The header pipe ultimately transfers the leachate into

the Leachate collection sump. The general arrangement of header and laterals is provided in the

layout plan of MSW landfill.

The landfill receives municipal solid waste only. All operations are planned in such a way that

generation of liquid waste is minimum and the leachate directly reaches the leachate collection

sump for treatment. Apart from the leachate generated as a result of inflow of rainwater into the



landfill, the seepage from the moisture content present in the solid waste and the moisture present

in the daily soil cover are the few sources of leachate generation. 10 % evaporation has been

considered.

2.6.6. MONITORING FACILITIES

The soil, air and water in the area shall be continuously monitored for no contamination. Both

sampling methods and non-sampling methods are adopted and monitored as per the monitoring

plan for timely action to be taken before water contamination and leakage of gases into the soil.

The facility is provided with a minimum four monitoring wells for soil water and gas

measurements. The details of the monitoring plan are given in Table -4, wherein instruments

/monitoring areas proposed are listed.

2.6.7. DESIGN LIFE

The landfill design life relates to active period, closure period and post closure period. The active

period is the period in which actual filling takes place. In this case, this will be 25 years. The

closure and post-closure period for which a landfill will be monitored and maintained shall be 25

years after the active period.

2.7. EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN RESPECTIVE STUDY

AREA

Generally the efficient treatment for the municipal solid waste depends upon the composiyion the

waste. From the studies we can say solid waste generally consists of 45-50% of degradable waste

and 15-25 % inert waste, rest consists of plastic, paper, glass and other compositions. The suitable

technology for the solid waste can be proposed by knowing the calorific value of the waste.

Based up on the waste generation in the Tadepalli town the following circumstances are identified:

• Segregation of organic and in-organic waste is not done at the initial stage i.e at the house-hold

level.

• The waste generated from hospitals, clinics and slaughter houses mixes with the other solid

waste.

• The community bins are not properly maintained and causes severe public nuisance Cattle and

other animals are easily attracted by such bins. Foul smell makes the surrounding areas

suffocated and irritated.

• The collected waste from bins is transported to the dumping sites with out proper covering of

the waste. This leads to the spilling of waste while transporting.

• Urban Local bodies are not much interested in framing of the action plan and the efficient solid

waste management system.

2.7.1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

TADEPALLI TOWN

2.7.1.1. ADOPTION OF TWO BIN SYSTEM

The municipality should initiate providing of two bins to each house-hold one for organic

waste and other for in-organic waste. The residents of the house-holds should segregate the waste

from organic to inorganic from the household it-self. This makes the collection easier for the

sanitary workers who are collecting the waste.

It is proposed that for every 1000 population one tricycle is required to be deployed. Door-to-

door waste collection could be privatized in the entire Tadepalli city. Ward wise responsibility will

be assigned to private operators/NGO for implementation of this plan. Waste collectors will collect


Study


waste on a day-to-day basis in two types of bins - green bins for bio-degradable and blue bins for

recyclables. The door to door collection from congested roads shall be done on a daily basis

between 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM. The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest

community bins placed at convenient location on the approach roads.

2.7.1.2. EFFICIENT SECONDARY COLLECTION

The solid waste collected from the households by the push-carts and trolleys should be

transported to the secondary collection points from where it is carried to the landfill site. Efficient

number of man power and procurement of highly mechanised vehicles should be hired for the easy

transport of the solid waste. This stage mostly involves the equipment such as autos, trucks,

Dumper Bins with Placers, Tractors, Compactor bins etc. The perfectness at this stage can be

obtained by as follows:

• Efficient collection and transportation of domestic, commercial and Institutional waste etc

• The waste collected from the primary collection should be stored at the efficient collection

points.

• The size of the waste collectors and the containers such be as per the requirement and the

volume the waste generated.

• The route map proposed for the transportation the vehicles should be free from the traffic.

• Using of vehicles in possible shifts increases the utilisation.

• The top covered vehicles should be preferred for the transportation.

• The wastes generated from the primary health centres, clinics, medical shops and other

pharmacy establishments should collected separately and should not get mixed with other

wastes.

• The waste collected from the construction sites and others should be transported separately.

• The waste in the narrow lanes should be directly collected in small vehicles and from there

directly to the dumping site.

2.7.1.3. TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND ROAD CONDITIONS

Road surface conditions, traffic density and overall haul distance have an important influence on

vehicle choice and also affect any decision about using transfer stations. The conditions at both the

collection and disposal sites will be evaluated. There is little point in using costly high-speed

vehicles with high fuel consumptions in situations where haul distances are short and traffic speeds

are slow, making lower powered and lower cost vehicles more efficient. The choice of any

collection vehicle will be a compromise between its efficiency when collecting and its efficiency

when transporting the waste to a transfer, treatment or disposal site.

2.7.1.4. AWARENESS PROGRAMMES

Awareness is to be created on how to handle the waste, ensuring complete participation,

consultation and commitment from all stakeholders at all levels, efficient and effective segregation

at generator level as well as for workers handling waste at primary and secondary level. Awareness

on usage of safety equipment and Personal Protection Equipment (PPEs) is to be promoted. Thus,

it is anticipated that customized training programs needs to be conducted for the staff at all levels.

Well-equipped devices will be required to make these awareness campaigns/training programs

successful.



First of all, sufficient place/venue for conducting these programs needs to be finalized. Well-

trained trainers will be required to deliver these training programs. A group of experienced trainers

who have similar kind of experience in conducting the awareness campaigns/training programs

should provide training to the target group on municipal solid waste management practices. During

the training program, participants should be given questionnaires, which must be used to collect

feedback from the participants. This will help to review the success of the program. The different

ways of promoting awareness is:

• Door to Door Campaign

• Public Address Meeting

• Media Support

• Social Mobilization

2.7.1.5 MODELS OF ARRANGEMENT

Though the municipal solid waste rules makes the Urban Local Bodies responsible for

management of waste, there are various examples where innovative partnerships models have been

developed to carry out the waste management services in the Indian cities. Broadly, four models of

engagement are Existing:

• ULBs

• ULB + Private Operator (PPP mode)

• ULB + Community

• ULB + Private Operator + Community

Out of above all, PPP model will be best suitable for the solid waste management in the

Tadepalli town. The PPP model is explained in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Proposed Site at Nunna area


Study


Figure 6 Proposed Site at Konduru area

3. CONCLUSIONS

From the above, we can conclude that as there is no sanitary landfill for Tadepalli town, the area in

the Krishna Nagar will be suitable based upon the possible parameters and same can be proposed

for the construction of sanitary landfill. The design for the same area is given considering all the

dimensions. And also only 20% of the daily waste which is generated can be considered as the land

fill waste and remaining waste is treated in the form of recycling, reusing, composting etc.….In

order to have efficient management of municipal solid waste in the Tadepalli town, it is better to

implement the PPP model and should motivate the citizens about the importance of the segregation

of the solid waste at the primary collection stage.

4. REFERENCES

[1] Data collected from the Commissioner and Environmental Engineer of Tadepalli Municipality.

2015, pp .1-53.

[2] D.P.R Report of the Tadepalli Municipality prepared by the Tata Consultancy Services

[3] Solid Waste Management from the D.P.R prepared by IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure &

Services Limited.

[4] D. Satish Chandra, SS. Asadi and M.V.S. Raju, Design of Web Based Decision Support System

- Model Study of Vijayawada, A.P. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,

7(6), 2016, pp.514–522.

[5] G.S. Sarma, SS. Asadi and S. Lakshmi Narayana, Creation of Web Based Decision Support

Information System for Evaluation of Topographic Characteristics Using Remote Sensing &

GIS and Visual Basic Programe. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,

7(6), 2016, pp. 621–634.

[6] Varun Teja T and SS Asadi, An Integrated Approach for Evaluation of Environmental Impact

Assessment-A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6),

2016, pp. 650–659.

[7] Aditya Varma K.V, Manideep T and SS. Asadi. A Critical Comparison of Quantity Estimation

for Gated Community Construction Project Using Traditional Method Vs Plan Swift Software:

A Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp. 707–

713.

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