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A MODEST PROPOSAL

Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Jonathan Swift

PSAT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit ScholarshipCorporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT is a registered trademark of the CollegeBoard which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE, AP and Advanced Placement are registeredtrademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT is aregistered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this booknor endorses this book, LSAT is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neithersponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

A Modest Proposal

Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®,

GMAT®, and AP® English Test Preparation

Jonathan Swift

I C O N C L A S S I C S

Published by ICON Group International, Inc.

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A Modest Proposal: Webster’s Thesaurus Edition for PSAT®, SAT®, GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT®, and AP®

English Test Preparation

This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005 Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved.

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PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-497-25286-4

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iii

Contents

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR.......................................................................................... 1 A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR THE COUNTRY, AND FOR MAKING THEM BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC. 1729. ........................................................ 3 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 13

Jonathan Swift 1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR

Designed for school districts, educators, and students seeking to maximize performance on standardized tests, Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in English courses. By using a running thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this edition of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift was edited for students who are actively building their vocabularies in anticipation of taking PSAT®, SAT®, AP® (Advanced Placement®), GRE®, LSAT®, GMAT® or similar examinations.1

Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of synonyms and antonyms for difficult and often ambiguous English words that are encountered in other works of literature, conversation, or academic examinations. Extremely rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority in the notes compared to words which are “difficult, and often encountered” in examinations. Rather than supply a single synonym, many are provided for a variety of meanings, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of the English language, and avoid using the notes as a pure crutch. Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not noted on a page, chances are that it has been highlighted on a previous page. A more complete thesaurus is supplied at the end of the book; Synonyms and antonyms are extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary. Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-online-dictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected]

The Editor

Webster’s Online Dictionary www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1 PSAT® is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and the National Merit Scholarship Corporation neither of which sponsors or endorses this book; SAT® is a registered trademark of the College Board which neither sponsors nor endorses this book; GRE®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which neither sponsors nor endorses this book, GMAT® is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admissions Council which is neither affiliated with this book nor endorses this book, LSAT® is a registered trademark of the Law School Admissions Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this product. All rights reserved.

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Jonathan Swift 3

A MODEST PROPOSAL

FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR

PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR THE COUNTRY , AND FOR MAKING THEM

BENEFIC IAL TO THE PUBL IC . 1729 . %

It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or

travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.

I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common-wealth, would

Thesaurus

alms: (n) handout, charity, benefaction, gift, donation, contribution, offering, bounty; (n, v) sportula, largess; (v) relieve.

deplorable: (adj) sad, wretched, criminal, calamitous, abominable, pitiful, lamentable, miserable, regrettable, sorry; (adj, v) woeful. ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, pleasing, laudable, happy, cheerful, admirable, agreeable, excellent, fortunate, praiseworthy.

livelihood: (n) subsistence, existence, job, maintenance, support, living, sustenance, bread, keep, bread and butter, career.

melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, satisfied.

prodigious: (adj) gigantic, enormous, huge, phenomenal, portentous, stupendous, exceptional, colossal, immense, gargantuan; (adj, v) monstrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unexceptional, normal, average, tiny, weak.

sustenance: (n) living, food, maintenance, subsistence, fare, sustentation, provisions, nourishment, nutriment, aliment, livelihood. ANTONYM: (n) extras.


A Modest Proposal 4

deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.%

But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets.

As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years, upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the cloathing of many thousands.

There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast.

The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is, How this number shall be reared, and provided for? which, as I have already said,

Thesaurus

apprehend: (v) arrest, comprehend, grasp, catch, understand, fathom, realize, sense, follow, nail; (adj, v) conceive. ANTONYMS: (v) misunderstand, discharge, free, liberate.

babes: (n) babies, babe. infants: (n) brood. inhuman: (adj) heartless, cruel,

atrocious, brutal, cold, harsh, ferocious, remorseless, barbarous, relentless, barbaric. ANTONYMS:

(adj) sympathetic, kind, humane. maturely: (adv) mellowly, adultly,

perfectly, completely, fully, readily, agedly, oldly, primely, correctly, conscientiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) childishly, irresponsibly.

miscarry: (v) fail, founder, abort, fall, flop, break down, go wrong, backfire, fall through, miss, lose.

nourishment: (n) food, alimentation, meal, meat, diet, feeding, nutrition, repast, sustenance, edible, fuel.

preserver: (n) defender, protector, custodian, conservative, keeper, conservator, savior, patron, restorer, flotation device; (adj) third person.

raiment: (n, v) dress, garb, apparel, garment, clothes; (n) costume, attire, clothing, array, habit; (v) clothe.

subtract: (v) reduce, calculate, take off, add, discount, diminish, subduct, withhold, deduce, withdraw, remove. ANTONYMS: (v) estimate, credit.


Jonathan Swift 5

under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; we neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers: As I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.%

I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value.

I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.

I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust.

I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration, that of the hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle, or swine, and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore, one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune, through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump, and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends, and

Thesaurus

handicraft: (n) craft, handcraft, handiwork, mystery, occupation, handwork, trade, art, profession, artifice, job.

nourishing: (adj) alimentary, healthy, nutrient, healthful, wholesome, rich, nutritive, hearty, alimental, good, beneficial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, unwholesome, meager, insufficient.

nursed: (adj) care, suckled. plentifully: (adv) plenteously,

bountifully, bounteously, abundantly, profusely, richly, fully, liberally, opulently, amply, prolifically. ANTONYM: (adv) meagerly.

proficiency: (n) ability, expertise, capability, dexterity, competence, efficiency, knowledge, expertness, skill, facility, craft. ANTONYMS: (n) inability, inexperience.

quickest: (adv) most quickly. roasted: (adj) fried, baked.

rudiments: (n) grammar, fundamentals, elements, alphabet, abecedary, primer, vade mecum, bedrock, element, fundamental principle, rudiment.

saleable: (adj) salable, marketable, merchantable, commercial, vendible, sellable, profitable.

stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight.

towardly: (adj) timely, seasonable.


A Modest Proposal 6

when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt, will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.%

I have reckoned upon a medium, that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds, and in a solar year, if tolerably nursed, encreaseth to 28 pounds.

I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.

Infant's flesh will be in season throughout the year, but more plentiful in March, and a little before and after; for we are told by a grave author, an eminent French physician, that fish being a prolifick dyet, there are more children born in Roman Catholick countries about nine months after Lent, the markets will be more glutted than usual, because the number of Popish infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage, by lessening the number of Papists among us.

I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar's child (in which list I reckon all cottagers, labourers, and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum, rags included; and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat, when he hath only some particular friend, or his own family to dine with him. Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord, and grow popular among his tenants, the mother will have eight shillings neat profit, and be fit for work till she produces another child.

Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flea the carcass; the skin of which, artificially dressed, will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen.

As to our City of Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.

Thesaurus

carcass: (n) body, frame, corpse, cadaver, framework, shell, carrion, remains, dead body, skeleton, bomb.

devoured: (adj) eaten up. gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs. glutted: (adj) fleshed, fat, exceeding

demand, corpulent, fuller, overfull, satiate, congested, blas, gorged, replete.

nutritive: (adj) nourishing, nutritious, alimentary, nutrient, alimental, wholesome, eatable, rich, alible,

edible, healthy. repine: (v) kick, grumble, regret,

quetch, murmur, brood, mourn, languish, whine, lament; (n) sink.

roasting: (n) barbecuing, cookery, cooking; (adj) broiling, baking, burning, boiling, airless, blazing, close; (adj, n) scorching. ANTONYMS: (adj) airy, fresh.

thrifty: (adj) careful, economical, provident, sparing, prudent, stingy, saving, spare, parsimonious, chary,

scotch. ANTONYMS: (adj) wasteful, spendthrift, profligate, extravagant, generous.

tolerably: (adv) well enough, passably, acceptably, reasonably, enough, moderately, to a tolerable degree, pretty, to an adequate degree; (adj, adv) somewhat; (adj) pretty well. ANTONYMS: (adv) unbearably, intolerably, unacceptably, unreasonably, insufficiently, inadequately.


Jonathan Swift 7

A very worthy person, a true lover of his country, and whose virtues I highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing on this matter, to offer a refinement upon my scheme. He said, that many gentlemen of this kingdom, having of late destroyed their deer, he conceived that the want of venison might be well supply'd by the bodies of young lads and maidens, not exceeding fourteen years of age, nor under twelve; so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready to starve for want of work and service: And these to be disposed of by their parents if alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations. But with due deference to so excellent a friend, and so deserving a patriot, I cannot be altogether in his sentiments; for as to the males, my American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience, that their flesh was generally tough and lean, like that of our school-boys, by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable, and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the females, it would, I think, with humble submission, be a loss to the publick, because they soon would become breeders themselves: And besides, it is not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice, (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty, which, I confess, hath always been with me the strongest objection against any project, how well soever intended.%

But in order to justify my friend, he confessed, that this expedient was put into his head by the famous Salmanaazor, a native of the island Formosa, who came from thence to London, above twenty years ago, and in conversation told my friend, that in his country, when any young person happened to be put to death, the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality, as a prime dainty; and that, in his time, the body of a plump girl of fifteen, who was crucified for an attempt to poison the Emperor, was sold to his imperial majesty's prime minister of state, and other great mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet, at four hundred crowns. Neither indeed can I deny, that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town, who without one single groat to their fortunes, cannot stir abroad without a chair, and appear at a play-house and assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for; the kingdom would not be the worse.

Thesaurus

dainty: (adj, v) nice; (adj, n, v) delicacy; (adj) fastidious, savory, tasteful, squeamish, particular, mincing, refined; (adj, n) tidbit; (n) luxury. ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, vulgar, rough, inelegant, harsh, gross, awkward, accepting, heavy, careless, thick.

fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v)

undernourish, starve. gibbet: (n) gallows, gallowstree,

gallous, scaffold; (v) hang, expose, pillory, brand, stigmatize, disgrace, string up.

groat: (n) penny, doit, rap, mite, Grote, change, denarius, farthing, coin, stiver, pocket money.

scrupulous: (adj) careful, punctilious, exact, conscientious, particular, painstaking, accurate, prudent, meticulous, rigorous, cautious.

ANTONYMS: (adj) sloppy, unscrupulous, slapdash, relaxed, guilty, deceitful.

unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, undeservedly, illegally, foully, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rightly, reasonably.

venison: (adj) turtle; (n) beef, chicken, ham, lamb, mutton, pork, red meat, animal protein, white meat.


A Modest Proposal 8

Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed; and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance. But I am not in the least pain upon that matter, because it is very well known, that they are every day dying, and rotting, by cold and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. And as to the young labourers, they are now in almost as hopeful a condition. They cannot get work, and consequently pine away from want of nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labour, they have not strength to perform it, and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to come.%

I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my subject. I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious and many, as well as of the highest importance.

For first, as I have already observed, it would greatly lessen the number of Papists, with whom we are yearly over-run, being the principal breeders of the nation, as well as our most dangerous enemies, and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender, hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good Protestants, who have chosen rather to leave their country, than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an episcopal curate.

Secondly, The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own, which by law may be made liable to a distress, and help to pay their landlord's rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money a thing unknown.

Thirdly, Whereas the maintainance of an hundred thousand children, from two years old, and upwards, cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a piece per annum, the nation's stock will be thereby encreased fifty thousand pounds per annum, besides the profit of a new dish, introduced to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom, who have any refinement in taste. And the money will circulate among our selves, the goods being entirely of our own growth and manufacture.

Thesaurus

curate: (n) rector, clergyman, minister, chaplain, pastor, Stipendiary curate, priest, vicar, incumbent, reverend, canon.

desponding: (adj) despairing, despondent.

diseased: (adj) bad, ailing, sickly, unsound, sick, ill, unhealthy, pathological, infected, unwholesome, infirm. ANTONYMS: (adj) well, fit.

episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike, clerical, episcoparian.

evils: (n) mala. incumbrance: (n) impediment,

hindrance, obstruction, clog, fardel, imposition, charge, hitch, burden, worry, vexation.

lessen: (v) decrease, abate, fall, decline, dwindle, assuage, allay, alleviate; (adj, v) abridge, curtail, contract. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, exacerbate, intensify, raise, grow, aggravate, accelerate, bolster, worsen, strengthen, rise.

maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded.

rotting: (adj) rotten, decaying, decayed, moldering, mouldering, decomposing, putrid; (n) rot, putrefaction, decomposition, deep etching.

selves: (pron) oneself. vermin: (n) bug, varmint, louse, trash,

pest, brute, varment, scum, riffraff, ragtag and bobtail, rabble.


Jonathan Swift 9

Fourthly, The constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year.%

Fifthly, This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns, where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection; and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen, who justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good eating; and a skilful cook, who understands how to oblige his guests, will contrive to make it as expensive as they please.

Sixthly, This would be a great inducement to marriage, which all wise nations have either encouraged by rewards, or enforced by laws and penalties. It would encrease the care and tenderness of mothers towards their children, when they were sure of a settlement for life to the poor babes, provided in some sort by the publick, to their annual profit instead of expence. We should soon see an honest emulation among the married women, which of them could bring the fattest child to the market. Men would become as fond of their wives, during the time of their pregnancy, as they are now of their mares in foal, their cows in calf, or sow when they are ready to farrow; nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage.

Many other advantages might be enumerated. For instance, the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barrel'd beef: the propagation of swine's flesh, and improvement in the art of making good bacon, so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs, too frequent at our tables; which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well grown, fat yearly child, which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a Lord Mayor's feast, or any other publick entertainment. But this, and many others, I omit, being studious of brevity.

Supposing that one thousand families in this city, would be constant customers for infants flesh, besides others who might have it at merry meetings, particularly at weddings and christenings, I compute that Dublin would take off

Thesaurus

brevity: (n) briefness, shortness, succinctness, transience, terseness, abruptness, crispness, duration, economy, length, brevities. ANTONYMS: (n) lengthiness, length.

compute: (v) cipher, count, measure, account, cast, enumerate, gauge, add, reckon, assess, tally. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, suppose, surmise, estimate.

contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert, excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v)

manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail.

enumerated: (adj) detailed. exportation: (n) exporting,

mercantilism, emission, ejection, rejection, expulsion, effusion, commercialism; (v) importation, transportation, transport.

farrow: (v) pig, bear fruit, EAN, give birth, kindle, kitten; (adj, n) brood; (n) breed, spat, spawn, parturition.

magnificence: (adj, n) splendor,

brilliancy, gorgeousness; (n) glory, pomp, brilliance, grandness, greatness, dignity, majesty, loftiness. ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, modesty, shabbiness, poverty, austerity, unattractiveness.

rewards: (n) booty, loot. studious: (adj) scholarly, bookish,

academic, assiduous, erudite, diligent, learned, careful, deliberate; (adj, v) thoughtful, reflective. ANTONYM: (adj) negligent.


A Modest Proposal 10

annually about twenty thousand carcasses; and the rest of the kingdom (where probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper) the remaining eighty thousand.%

I can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged, that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and 'twas indeed one principal design in offering it to the world. I desire the reader will observe, that I calculate my remedy for this one individual Kingdom of Ireland, and for no other that ever was, is, or, I think, ever can be upon Earth. Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: Of using neither cloaths, nor houshold furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture: Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury: Of curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in our women: Of introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance: Of learning to love our country, wherein we differ even from LAPLANDERS, and the inhabitants of TOPINAMBOO: Of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting any longer like the Jews, who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: Of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing: Of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. Lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it.

Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.

But, as to my self, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which, as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expence and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence,

Thesaurus

consistence: (n) thickness, body, coherence, consistency, viscosity, hardness, uniformness, property, density, solidity; (adj) spissitude. ANTONYM: (n) inconsistency.

curing: (n) hardening, ageing, drying, rectification, vulcanization, preservation; (adj) curative, remedial, corrective, comforting, medicinal.

disobliging: (adj) unobliging, harsh, uncooperative, unwilling, offensive, not ready to give a hand, awkward,

unhelpful, contrary, disagreeable, ill-natured. ANTONYMS: (adj) obliging, agreeable, polite, pleasant, courteous, mannered, civil, helpful, cooperative.

expensiveness: (n) dearness, sumptuosity, sumptuousness, cost, luxury, lavishness.

gaming: (n) play, game, diversion, speculation, wager, frolic, bet, gamble, recreation, vice, betting.

lessened: (adj) diminished, hurt, lower, mitigated, pointed, tapering,

vitiated, atrophied, short, attenuate, attenuated.

parsimony: (n) frugality, thrift, niggardliness, parsimoniousness, closeness, meanness, miserliness, avarice, stinginess, prudence, pettiness. ANTONYMS: (n) extravagance, generosity.

quitting: (n) departure, resignation. wearied: (adj) jaded, tired, spent,

fatigued, weary, prostrate, limp, haggard, shattered, worn, fatigate.


Jonathan Swift 11

to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.%

After all, I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion, as to reject any offer, proposed by wise men, which shall be found equally innocent, cheap, easy, and effectual. But before something of that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme, and offering a better, I desire the author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First, as things now stand, how they will be able to find food and raiment for a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs. And secondly, there being a round million of creatures in humane figure throughout this kingdom, whose whole subsistence put into a common stock, would leave them in debt two million of pounds sterling, adding those who are beggars by profession, to the bulk of farmers, cottagers and labourers, with their wives and children, who are beggars in effect; I desire those politicians who dislike my overture, and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an answer, that they will first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold for food at a year old, in the manner I prescribe, and thereby have avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they have since gone through, by the oppression of landlords, the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade, the want of common sustenance, with neither house nor cloaths to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of intailing the like, or greater miseries, upon their breed for ever.

I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the publick good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing.

Thesaurus

continuance: (n) duration, abidance, existence, endurance, protraction, adjournment, resumption, prolongation, time, standing, perseverance. ANTONYMS: (n) discontinuation, destruction.

effectual: (adj, n) efficient, efficacious, able; (adj) forceful, telling, authoritative, operative, potent, adequate, impressive, powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) ineffectual, incapable, weak, impotent,

ineffective, unproductive, unsuccessful, useless.

impossibility: (n) impossibleness, option, nonexistence, absurdity, inability, impracticability, alternative, choice, contradiction, contradiction in terms, doubtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) possibility, probability.

misfortunes: (n) misfortune. mortals: (n) people. overture: (n, v) offer, advance; (n)

prelude, approach, introduction,

preface, opening, presentation, feeler, bid, motion. ANTONYMS: (n) finale, conclusion, postscript.

prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, decree, dictate, fix, command, assign, determine, set, stipulate, designate.

profess: (v) assert, feign, affirm, avow, state, pretend, claim, confess, allege, aver; (n, v) protest. ANTONYM: (v) repress.

relieving: (adj) pertinent, comforting, applicable; (n) encouragement.


Jonathan Swift 13

GLOSSARY

able: (adj) dexterous, competent,

clever, ingenious, accomplished, gifted, effective, fit, expert; (adj, n) talented, efficient. ANTONYMS: (adj) incapable, incompetent, weak, untrained, inept, delicate, feeble, infirm, clumsy, ineffective, ineffectual

above: (adv, prep) beyond, aloft, on, in excess of; (adv) up, supra, on top; (adj) preceding, former; (adj, prep) past; (prep) surpassing. ANTONYMS: (prep) beneath, under, deficient, underneath; (adj) inferior, following

abroad: (adj, adv) overseas, away; (adv) afield, forth, beyond seas, yonder, farther, at large, further; (adj) foreign, out. ANTONYMS: (adj) remaining, nearby

absence: (n) absenteeism, deficiency, lack, default, dearth, want, nonattendance, scarcity, paucity, shortage, privation. ANTONYMS: (n) attendance, existence, fulfillment, inclusion, occurrence, abundance, glut, confirmation, supply, excess

accident: (n) casualty, crash, coincidence, fortune, smash, incident, hazard, hap, luck, event, fortuity. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, design, intention, intent, calculation

accidentally: (adv) incidentally, casually, fortuitously, by chance, coincidentally, adventitiously, unintentionally, contingently, haphazardly, occasionally, inadvertently. ANTONYMS: (adv) deliberately, knowingly, purposely, unfortunately, correctly

account: (n) narrative, score, tale, reckoning, narration, description, tally, tab, reason; (n, v) regard, report

acquaintance: (n) connection, friend, acquaintanceship, mate, awareness, associate, buddy, friendship,

intercourse, companion; (n, v) knowledge. ANTONYMS: (n) ignorance, inexperience, unfamiliarity, animosity, enemy

acting: (adj) interim, active, temporary, pro Tem, provisional, agent, substitute; (n) drama, business, portrayal, playing

adding: (n) addition, calculation, reckoning

addition: (n) accession, accessory, increase, extension, addendum, accretion, attachment, appendage, annex, extra; (n, prep) accumulation. ANTONYMS: (n) removal, estimation, deduction, exclusion, decline, erosion, loss, setback

additional: (adj) extra, supplementary, more, further, accessory, ancillary, another, second, spare, increased; (adj, pron) other. ANTONYMS: (adj) main, fewer, none, scant, essential, basic

admirable: (adj) fine, outstanding, beautiful, great, commendable, lovely, good, creditable, praiseworthy, worthy, grand. ANTONYMS: (adj) appalling, poor, unworthy, despicable, contemptible, detestable, dishonorable, rotten, unimpressive, loathsome, low

admit: (n, v) allow; (adj, v) acknowledge; (v) concede, accede, grant, affirm, confess, include, permit, take, welcome. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, exclude, bar, dispute, gainsay, withhold, refuse, oust, hide, eject, dismiss

advanced: (adj) progressive, senior, higher, precocious, modern, new, late, superior, ripe, cultured, developed. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, fundamental, slow, traditional, simple, obsolete, neurotic, behind, after, backwards, incomplete

advancing: (adj) progressive, moving forward, increasing, moving,

processive, thriving, ongoing, aggressive; (n) advancement, progression, proceeding

advantage: (n) privilege, behalf, profit, good, preponderance, account, lead, virtue, expediency, perk; (n, v) boot. ANTONYMS: (n, v) disadvantage; (n) drawback, difficulty, detriment, hindrance, minus, restriction, obstacle, loss, inferiority, inconvenience

affairs: (n) dealings, concern, circumstances, transaction, occupation, duty, matters, matter, personal business, gear, finances

again: (adv) more, then, repeatedly, anew, encore, furthermore, yet, also, often, once again, once more

against: (adj, adv) counter; (prep) toward, versus, from; (pref) by; (v) oppose; (adv, prep) on; (n) opposition; (adj) unwilling, repugnant; (adv) athwart. ANTONYMS: (prep) for; (adj) eager

aged: (adj) senile, elderly, older, hoary, ripe, venerable, ancient, senior, decrepit, antique, antiquated. ANTONYMS: (adj) youthful, new, fresh, green, unripe, unseasoned, smooth

agreed: (adj) unanimous, approved, set, united, in agreement, accepted, agreeable; (adv, int) all right; (int) okay; (v) content; (adv) no question. ANTONYMS: (adj) changing, individual

agriculture: (n) Department of Agriculture, agricultural, agribusiness, farm, husbandry, agriculture department, tillage, agronomy, geoponics, cultivation, rural economy. ANTONYM: (n) industry

alas: (adv) unluckily, regrettably, sadly, unhappily, sorry to say; (n) oh; (int) lackaday. ANTONYM: (adv) luckily

alive: (adj) live, vivacious, living,



sensible, delicate, snappy, animated, lively, spry, responsive; (n) life. ANTONYMS: (adj) deceased, inanimate, unanimated, dispirited, dull, inactive, lethargic, lifeless, listless, nonfunctioning, sluggish

allow: (adj, v) admit, accord; (v) agree, permit, grant, accede, acquiesce, afford, authorize, bear; (n, v) give. ANTONYMS: (v) prohibit, deny, reject, refuse, keep, prevent, disallow, disapprove, withstand, hold, outlaw

almost: (adj, adv, prep) about; (adj, adv) nearly, all but, near, nigh; (adv, prep) just about, approximately; (adv) just, mostly, virtually, most. ANTONYMS: (adv) surely, exactly, definitely, certainly

alms: (n) handout, charity, benefaction, gift, donation, contribution, offering, bounty; (n, v) sportula, largess; (v) relieve

alone: (adj) forlorn, individual, lonely, lonesome; (adj, adv) only, apart; (adv) solely, entirely, exclusively, separately, individually. ANTONYMS: (adj) overshadowed, ordinary, mobbed, equaled, crowded, accompanied, common, grouped, surpassed; (adv) jointly; (n) foe

already: (adv) beforehand, previously, before, formerly, even now, just now, at present, once, heretofore, yet, in advance

although: (adv, prep) notwithstanding; (prep) in spite of, even though, however; (adv, conj) though; (conj) whereas; (adv) even, tho, when, anyway, tho'

altogether: (adv) absolutely, all, wholly, perfectly, purely, all in all, completely, entirely, totally, simply, ensemble. ANTONYMS: (adv) incompletely, partially

always: (adv) continuously, whenever, permanently, ever, usually, eternally, unceasingly; (adj) perpetual, still, eternal; (adj, adv) without exception. ANTONYMS: (adv) erratically, intermittently, temporarily

american: (n) Missourian, Alabamian, aboriginal, Hoosier, wolverine, Tory, Oregonian, Ohioan, northerner, American English, Nebraskan

among: (prep) between, amidst, mid, in, amongst, in the middle of, inter, in the midst of, with, within, middle. ANTONYM: (prep) outside

annual: (adj, v) yearly; (n) yearbook, magazine, ephemeris, flora, annals, periodical; (adj, n) annuary; (adj) anniversary, etesian, yearlong. ANTONYMS: (adj) biennial, perennial

annually: (adv) each year, every year, per annum, anniversarily, by year, a year, per year, periodically

another: (adj) second, more, alternative, additional, new, further, fresh, extra; (adj, v) other; (adj, pron) some other; (n) the other. ANTONYMS: (n, pron) same

answer: (n, v) respond, retort; (v) counter, serve, resolve, acknowledge, correspond; (n) solution, defence, return, reaction. ANTONYMS: (n, v) question; (v) ask, differ, fail, ignore; (n) request, problem, invitation, poison

appear: (v) occur, seem, sound, come out, turn up, show, emerge, break, arrive, feel, arise. ANTONYMS: (v) vanish, hide, stop, sink, recede, go, depart

appointed: (adj) specified, prescribed, destined, ordained, fit, set, fitted, commissioned, nominated, designated; (v) appoint

apprehend: (v) arrest, comprehend, grasp, catch, understand, fathom, realize, sense, follow, nail; (adj, v) conceive. ANTONYMS: (v) misunderstand, discharge, free, liberate

arms: (n) armament, coat of arms, weaponry, ammunition, shield, ordnance, order, munition, hardware, blazon; (adj) armed

arrive: (n, v) come, appear; (v) mature, reach, attain, succeed, turn up, land, fall, get in, show. ANTONYMS: (v) go, depart, fail, fall, lose, exit

artificially: (adv) synthetically, factitiously, affectedly, contrivedly, insincerely, unreally, feignedly, falsely, fictitiously, artfully, counterfeitly. ANTONYM: (adv) naturally

assured: (adj, v) certain, sure; (adj) confident, guaranteed, positive, definite, assertive, confirmed, convinced, reliable, safe. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncertain, doubtful, unsure, troubled, timid, questionable, hesitant, confused, halting, unlikely

attempt: (n, v) endeavor, offer, struggle, assay, essay, attack; (n) effort, trial; (v) undertake, chance,

aim. ANTONYMS: (n) success, fulfillment, achievement, accomplishment; (v) succeed, fulfill, achieve, accomplish, perform

author: (n) writer, producer, founder, creator, inventor, parent, originator, architect, maker; (v) compose, create. ANTONYM: (n) reader

avoid: (v) shun, parry, avert, escape, evade, ward off, duck, circumvent, prevent, ignore; (adj, v) eschew. ANTONYMS: (v) associate, tackle, face, validate, participate, invite, seek, embrace, court, permit, encourage

avoided: (adj) unpopular away: (adj, adv) abroad, absent; (adj,

adv, int) out; (adj) distant; (adv) aside, aloof, afar, way, by, forth; (adv, int) off. ANTONYMS: (adj) adjacent, neighboring, nearby, near, close; (adv) intermittently, haltingly, discontinuously, in

babes: (n) babies, babe bacon: (n) Francis bacon, statesman,

solon, philosopher, lard, gammon, livelihood, pay, middlings, Roger bacon, salary

baked: (adj) adust, parched, scorched, baken, heated, driest, tempered, sunbaked, seared, arid, drier. ANTONYMS: (adj) unbaked, humid

bastard: (adj, n) illegitimate, fake; (adj) spurious, phony, misbegotten, bastardly, adulterine, impure; (n) whoreson, love child, illegitimate child. ANTONYM: (adj) fathered

bear: (v) accept, take, stand, acquit, abide, allow, wear, comport, tolerate, convey, teem. ANTONYMS: (v) release, avoid, destroy, dodge, take, eradicate, evade, kill, refuse, erase; (n) bull

beat: (n, v) pulse, throb, tick, flap, knock; (v) batter, whip, trounce, pulsate, bat; (n) round. ANTONYMS: (v) protect, help, divide, cede, aid, separate, surrender; (adj) invigorated, energized; (n) caress, pat

become: (v) grow, suit, be, match, come about, arise, get, sit, to become, fall; (adj) becoming. ANTONYMS: (v) halt, stay, lower, stop, reduce, clash

beef: (n, v) grumble, moan, grouse, squawk, groan; (n) complaint, ox, fuss, beeves; (v) grouch, complain. ANTONYMS: (n) impotence, praise; (v) rejoice

before: (adv) ahead, ago, in front,


Jonathan Swift 15

previously, already, forth; (adv, prep) fore, afore; (adj) preceding, prior; (adj, adv) earlier. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) later, behind, afterward, after; (adv) subsequently, ahead; (adj) subsequent

begging: (n) mendicancy, request, plea; (v) asking, beg; (adj) beseeching, entreating, mendicant, imploring, suppliant, vagabond

believe: (n) belief, believing; (v) assume, conceive, consider, reckon, guess, accredit, to believe, understand; (n, v) trust. ANTONYMS: (v) distrust, doubt, question, suspect, reject, discredit, deny, despair

beneficial: (adj) favorable, fruitful, handy, profitable, useful, expedient, propitious, productive, healthy, conducive, good. ANTONYMS: (adj) useless, disadvantageous, harmful, unhelpful, unhealthy, unprofitable, destructive, detrimental, inauspicious, negative, unfortunate

bent: (adj) curved, arched, deformed, crooked; (n) propensity, inclination, fancy, leaning, flair, gift, curvature. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, inability, aversion; (adj) undetermined, undecided, uncurved, uncaring, rigid, unbent

besides: (adv) as well, moreover, too, furthermore, again, as well as, anyway, additionally; (prep) apart from, beside; (adj, adv) more

best: (adj, n) supreme, most, elite; (adj) superior, great, leading, choice, superlative; (v) beat, outdo; (adj, n, v) top. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) worst; (v) lose, surrender; (adj) minimum, lowest, least, inferior, incorrect, fewest; (n) loser; (adv) insincerely

better: (adj, v) improve, mend; (adj, adv, v) best; (v) recover, ameliorate, emend, reform, advance, enhance, surpass; (n) bettor. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) worse; (adj, n) inferior; (v) worsen, deteriorate; (adj) lesser, lower, tinier, ill, unhealthy, smaller, sicker

black: (adj) sable, dark, ebony, colored, bleak, dirty, evil, nigger, darkie, unclean; (adj, n) blackamoor. ANTONYMS: (v) whiten; (adj) spotless, snowy, saintly, pale, optimistic, merry, light, angelic, ivory, bright

bodies: (n) people, public body: (n) cadaver, corpse,

organization, cluster, set, carcass, figure, consistency, aggregate, association; (adj, n) mass. ANTONYMS: (n) handful, mind, minority, soul, few

boiled: (adj) intoxicated, poached, stewed; (v) sodden

bold: (adj) adventurous, audacious, manly, arrogant, intrepid, fearless, spirited, heroic, daring, courageous, stalwart. ANTONYMS: (adj) timid, modest, afraid, meek, shy, light, courteous, discreet, faint, fearful, abashed

boots: (n) Bootes, bell boy, bootblack, counterjumper, boy, shoeblack, footwear

bordering: (adj) abutting, adjoining, conterminous, contiguous, frontier, next, neighboring, nearby, near, approximate, fringent

born: (adj) native, natural, congenital, inbred, inborn, innate, inherent, untutored; (v) be born, to be born, arise. ANTONYMS: (adj) learned, unborn, acquired, trained

breast: (n) boob, udder, tit, titty, chest, knocker, mammilla, bust, pap, heart; (n, v) front

breed: (n) variety, race, kind, ancestry, sort, order, species; (v) engender, multiply, beget, bear. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, eradicate, ignore, kill, neglect, quell

brevity: (n) briefness, shortness, succinctness, transience, terseness, abruptness, crispness, duration, economy, length, brevities. ANTONYMS: (n) lengthiness, length

bring: (v) convey, get, take, bear, carry, put, conduct, return, reduce, set, bring in. ANTONYMS: (v) drop, free, leave, lose, remove, avoid

build: (n, v) make, shape; (v) erect, establish, raise, rise, found, base, fabricate, fashion; (n) frame. ANTONYMS: (v) destroy, dismantle, raze, overturn, obliterate, decrease, decelerate, ruin, disassemble

bulk: (n) size, mass, volume, majority, amount, capacity, quantity, dimension, magnitude, thickness; (adj, n) lump. ANTONYMS: (n) minority, lightness

burden: (n, v) bother, weight, pack, burthen, trouble, clog, strain; (n) anxiety, bale, responsibility; (v) afflict. ANTONYMS: (v) relieve, lighten, free, disburden, alleviate,

relax; (n, v) help; (n) tranquility, relaxation, peace, pleasure

buying: (n) purchasing, buy, purchase, business, shopping, import, export, transaction, ownership, patronage, sale

calculate: (v) estimate, compute, add, account, appraise, gauge, cipher, reckon, enumerate, forecast, guess. ANTONYMS: (v) suppose, doubt, estimate

calf: (n) calves, calfskin, sura, foal, shorthorn, pup, kitten, colt, leather, kid, box calf

came: (v) arrive, come carcass: (n) body, frame, corpse,

cadaver, framework, shell, carrion, remains, dead body, skeleton, bomb

care: (adj, n, v) anxiety; (n, v) attention, charge, worry; (n) caution, bother, concern, apprehension, aid, custody; (v) attend. ANTONYMS: (n) carelessness, recklessness, thoughtlessness, rashness, negligence, vagueness, unconcern; (n, v) disregard, dislike; (v) loathe, abhor

cattle: (n) stock, cows, neat, bull, beef, bovine, livestock, ox, kine, cow, oxen

cautious: (adj) guarded, conservative, prudent, watchful, attentive, reserved, shy, provident, judicious, circumspect, chary. ANTONYMS: (adj) rash, open, impulsive, impetuous, careless, irresponsible, wasteful, incautious, thoughtless, imprudent, unwary

censure: (n, v) accuse, reprimand, reproach, attack, animadversion, abuse; (n) accusation, condemnation; (v) carp, condemn, berate. ANTONYMS: (v) approve, commend, allow, endorse, laud, permit, sanction; (n) approval, blessing, commendation; (n, v) compliment

certain: (adj) definite, sure, assured, absolute, reliable, indisputable, dependable, unquestionable, undeniable, unavoidable, unequivocal. ANTONYMS: (adj) unsure, doubtful, questionable, hesitant, debatable, erratic, faulty, indistinct, vague, doubting, undecided

certainly: (adv) assuredly, definitely, positively, clearly, necessarily, undoubtedly, actually, securely, confidently, absolutely; (adj, adv) really. ANTONYMS: (adv) doubtfully, possibly, equivocally,



perhaps chair: (n, v) chairman; (n) bench,

president, chairperson, throne, couch, armchair, electric chair, chairwoman; (v) moderate, lead

charge: (n, v) blame, care, burden, commission, command, attack, bill, load, tax; (n) accusation; (v) bid. ANTONYMS: (v) request, discharge, plead, beg, compensate, aid, credit, calm; (n, v) retreat, absolve, unload

charity: (n) dole, favor, aid, liberality, generosity, kindness, alms, mercy, virtue; (v) almsgiving; (adj, n) brotherly love. ANTONYMS: (n) intolerance, meanness, unkindness, cruelty, malice, stinginess, cheapness, nastiness, inhumanity

cheap: (adj) tacky, low, stingy, base, flashy, worthless, sleazy, shabby, niggardly, mean, economical. ANTONYMS: (adj) expensive, costly, tasteful, generous, luxurious, quality, noble, inflated, precious, dear, steep

cheat: (n, v) trick, con, fake, sham; (n) fraud, bilk, impostor; (v) defraud, beguile, betray, fleece. ANTONYMS: (v) support, repay, help, contribute, aid

child: (n) baby, babe, bairn, infant, kid, toddler, tot, girl, brat, juvenile, minor. ANTONYMS: (n) ancestor, parent

children: (n) child, offspring, descendant, family, seed, boy, babies, descendants, birth, relatives, people

chosen: (adj, n) elect; (adj) preferred, select, favored, named; (adj, v) designate, desired, designated; (n) deary, ducky, dearie. ANTONYMS: (adj) ignored, involuntary

circulate: (v) broadcast, circle, disseminate, disperse, distribute, propagate, circularize, mobilize, diffuse, proclaim, issue. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, block, withhold, concentrate

circumstance: (n) affair, incident, matter, event, occasion, chance, accident, opportunity, adventure, casualty, fact

city: (adj) municipal, urban, civic, public; (n) borough, the City, burgh, village, metropolis, municipality, state. ANTONYMS: (adj) suburban, country, private

cold: (n) chilliness, chill; (adj) chilly, frigid, distant, indifferent, aloof, callous, icy, apathetic, impassive. ANTONYMS: (adj) warm, friendly,

hot, prepared, burning, affectionate, loving, soporific, fervid; (n) heat, warmth

collateral: (n) warranty, guarantee, mortgage, guaranty, security, pledge, bond; (adj) secondary, indirect, oblique, subsidiary. ANTONYMS: (adj) primary, chief, fundamental, principal, lineal

commodity: (n) article, product, object, thing, good, goods, stuff, wares, ware, basic, item

common: (adj) coarse, mutual, vulgar, mean, mediocre, ignoble, plebeian, base; (adj, n) cheap, habitual; (adj, n, v) usual. ANTONYMS: (adj) uncommon, rare, unusual, characteristic, specific, unique, extraordinary, exclusive, aristocratic, infrequent, refined

comparable: (adj) analogous, corresponding, alike, commensurate, similar, same, equal, equivalent, parallel, akin; (v) allusive. ANTONYMS: (adj) dissimilar, incomparable, unworthy, unlike, unequal, unalike

computation: (n, v) calculation, estimation, reckoning; (n) compute, estimate, account, arithmetic, figuring, count, computing; (v) enumeration. ANTONYMS: (n) guesswork, guessing, conjecture, estimation

compute: (v) cipher, count, measure, account, cast, enumerate, gauge, add, reckon, assess, tally. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, suppose, surmise, estimate

conceived: (adj) formed concern: (adj, n, v) worry; (n, v)

interest, care, affect, regard, trouble, bother; (n) affair, attention, matter, anxiety. ANTONYMS: (n) reassurance, negligence, unresponsiveness, calmness, coldness, detachment, pleasure, confidence, recklessness, serenity, thoughtlessness

condition: (n) position, status, provision, standing, clause, circumstances, term, predicament, rank; (n, v) aspect; (v) provide. ANTONYMS: (v) disqualify; (n) option

confess: (adj, v) own, allow, admit, avow; (v) concede, profess, recognize, divulge, disclose, reveal, receive. ANTONYMS: (v) suppress, hide, dispute, conceal, repress, harbor

confessed: (adj) known

confined: (adj) limited, cramped, imprisoned, bounded, enclosed, restricted, narrow, constrained, strict; (adj, v) close, invalided. ANTONYMS: (adj) liberated, invasive, roomy, unconfined, unlimited, open, spacious, general

conscience: (n) moral sense, Conscience money, sense of right and wrong, scruple, intention, tender conscience, small voice, principles, morals, morality, inward monitor. ANTONYM: (n) indifference

consequently: (adv) therefore, subsequently, as a result, then, sequentially, followingly, so, naturally, in consequence, hence; (conj) ergo

consider: (v) think, regard, view, cogitate, deliberate, calculate, conceive, reckon, reflect, assume; (n, v) study. ANTONYMS: (v) disregard, forget, discard, doubt, reject, nevermind, dismiss, abandon, leave, decide, overlook

considerable: (adj, v) important, influential; (adj) large, ample, substantial, significant, sizable, great, momentous, consequential, meaningful. ANTONYMS: (adj) insignificant, faint, trivial, slight, paltry, imperceptible, unnoticeable, little, inconsiderable, unimportant, subtle

consideration: (n, v) respect, regard, care, account, condition; (n) reflection, thought, attention, cogitation, conception, thoughtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) impulsiveness, inconsideration, inattention, cruelty, rashness, unconcern, heedlessness, disregard, negligence, neglect, insensitivity

consistence: (n) thickness, body, coherence, consistency, viscosity, hardness, uniformness, property, density, solidity; (adj) spissitude. ANTONYM: (n) inconsistency

constant: (adj) ceaseless, perpetual, continual, faithful, changeless, steadfast, eternal, uninterrupted, continuous; (adj, n) steady, invariable. ANTONYMS: (adj) irregular, intermittent, changeable, variable, inconstant, erratic, episodic, fickle, temporary, disloyal, inconsistent

continual: (adj, adv) constant; (adj) ceaseless, incessant, endless, continuous, frequent, everlasting, uninterrupted, perpetual,


Jonathan Swift 17

unrelenting, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) sporadic, temporary, occasional, finite, inconstant, infrequent, ending, ceasing, halting, rare, acute

continuance: (n) duration, abidance, existence, endurance, protraction, adjournment, resumption, prolongation, time, standing, perseverance. ANTONYMS: (n) discontinuation, destruction

contradiction: (n) antithesis, denial, repugnance, clash, disproof, contrast, opposite, disagreement, paradox, inconsistency, reverse. ANTONYMS: (n) correspondence, confirmation, consistency, reinforcement, concord

contrary: (adj, n) contradictory, reverse; (adj) adverse, conflicting, unfavorable, perverse, cross, disobedient, alien, different, obstinate. ANTONYMS: (adj) similar, harmonious, helpful, obliging, compatible, complaisant, concordant, parallel, agreeable, cooperative, favorable

contribute: (v) bring, bestow, administer, aid, impart, supply, provide, afford, endow, lead; (adj, v) tend. ANTONYMS: (v) hurt, harm, detract, counteract, minus, neglect, subtract, withhold, refrain, leave, refuse

contrive: (v) plan, invent, design, concoct, devise, cast, concert, excogitate, frame, formulate; (n, v) manage. ANTONYMS: (v) demolish, destroy, ruin, waste, wreck, fail

convenient: (adj) comfortable, commodious, handy, appropriate, expedient, timely, fit, useful, nearby, opportune; (adj, n) advantageous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwieldy, fixed, useless, distant, troublesome, unsuited, remote, unsuitable, unadaptable, unuseful, inappropriate

conversation: (n) talk, conference, communication, colloquy, confabulation, discussion, language, discourse, speech, talking, palaver

cook: (v) boil, prepare, brew, bake, make, stew, simmer, grill, falsify, concoct; (n) chef

corn: (n) clavus, cereals, Zea Mays, callus, wheat, Indian corn, callosity, grain; (v) feed, keep; (adj, n) commonplace

countries: (n) country country: (n) nation, home, land,

place, area, territory, commonwealth, soil, kingdom, realm; (adj) rustic. ANTONYMS: (adj) urban, metropolitan; (adj, n) city; (n) metropolis

county: (n) canton, state, area, country, shire, commune, arrondissement, district, mofussil, precinct, realm

couple: (v) connect, associate, combine, attach, copulate, join, tie, mate; (adj, n) brace; (n, v) yoke; (n) duo. ANTONYMS: (v) separate, unhook, detach, disconnect, divide, unbuckle, undo; (n) individual, single

course: (n, v) stream, flow; (n) bearing, route, career, track, path, road, channel; (adj, n) current; (v) chase. ANTONYM: (v) trickle

court: (n) forum, bar, close, field, tribunal, passage, judicatory, judge; (v) romance, attract; (n, v) invite. ANTONYMS: (v) shun, reject, ignore, spurn, disregard, discourage

cover: (n, v) coat, top, conceal, screen, cloak, veil, shield, spread; (v) bury; (n) blanket, binding. ANTONYMS: (v) reveal, expose, uncover, exclude, ignore, abandon, strip, free, forget, omit; (n) exposure

cows: (n) cattle, cow, bull, ox, oxen, Bos Taurus, bullock, beef, Cowes, steer, milker

crowded: (adj) compact, congested, full, packed, busy, dense, populous, jammed, cramped, tight; (adj, n) thronged. ANTONYMS: (adj) sparse, deserted, uncrowded, loose

crown: (n, v) top, cover; (v) cap, complete; (n) apex, pinnacle, crest, summit, peak, kingdom, acme. ANTONYMS: (n) base, bottom; (v) dishonor, dethrone, begin, commence, start, depose

cruelty: (n) brutality, cruelness, oppression, barbarity, ferociousness, tyranny, violence, atrocity, ferocity, mercilessness, harshness. ANTONYMS: (n) compassion, gentleness, friendliness, humanity, benevolence, sensitivity, liberty, decency

cultivate: (v) civilize, educate, train, produce, polish, farm, crop, develop, domesticate, raise; (adj, v) promote. ANTONYMS: (v) neglect, sterilize, brutalize, stunt, retard, pollute, ignore, harm, discourage

curate: (n) rector, clergyman, minister, chaplain, pastor, Stipendiary curate, priest, vicar,

incumbent, reverend, canon curing: (n) hardening, ageing, drying,

rectification, vulcanization, preservation; (adj) curative, remedial, corrective, comforting, medicinal

custom: (n) habit, convention, usage, practice, consuetude, fashion, method, mores; (n, v) use, accustom; (adj) bespoke. ANTONYMS: (n) fad, innovation, phenomenon, rage, rarity

customers: (n) trade dainty: (adj, v) nice; (adj, n, v)

delicacy; (adj) fastidious, savory, tasteful, squeamish, particular, mincing, refined; (adj, n) tidbit; (n) luxury. ANTONYMS: (adj) coarse, vulgar, rough, inelegant, harsh, gross, awkward, accepting, heavy, careless, thick

danger: (n) risk, peril, hazard, chance, jeopardy, threat, trouble, precariousness, slipperiness, disaster, insecurity. ANTONYMS: (n) security, ease, privilege

dangerous: (adj, n) critical; (adj) severe, serious, grave, adventurous, unhealthy, precarious, hazardous, perilous, threatening, chancy. ANTONYMS: (adj) stable, secure, protected, unhazardous, slight, weak, harmless, friendly, favorable, calm, pleasant

dealing: (n, v) trade; (n) transaction, deal, exchange, business, concern, traffic, conduct, handling, dealings, distribution

dear: (adj, adv) close, near; (adj, n) darling; (adj) costly, expensive, lovely, precious, affectionate, adorable, cherished; (n) love. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, inexpensive, valueless, despised, modest, loathed, hateful, distant; (n) rival, foe, enemy

death: (n) expiration, end, close, exit, fate, mortality, departure, cessation, decease, dissolution; (adj) quietus. ANTONYMS: (n) existence, delivery, living, nascency, being, survival, life, beginning

debt: (n) score, debit, loan, liability, obligation, due, bill, commitment, arrears, pocket, hole. ANTONYMS: (n) asset, cash, credit

deer: (n) caribou, buck, fawn, stag, reynard, brocket, cervid, ruminant, roe, roebuck, hart

deference: (n) homage, respect, compliance, admiration, allegiance, reverence, obedience, submission,



compliancy, duty, complaisance. ANTONYMS: (n) contempt, opposition, rebellion, resistance, disobedience

degree: (n) extent, level, condition, title, rank, academic degree, place, caliber, status, stair; (adj, n) order

delicious: (adj, v) delicate; (adj) tasteful, pleasing, delightful, appetizing, agreeable, sweet, toothsome, savory, enjoyable, dainty. ANTONYMS: (adj) tasteless, distasteful, yucky, unsavory, unpleasant, unappetizing, revolting, nauseating, inedible, gross, dry

deliver: (v) consign, bear, carry, save, rescue, abandon, send, pronounce, hand over, bring; (adj, v) utter. ANTONYMS: (v) capture, confine, imprison, hold, oppress, enslave, restrain, retain, collect, withhold, shackle

demand: (v) ask, require, ask for, beg; (n, v) need, request, command, appeal, requisition, sale; (n) requirement. ANTONYMS: (v) grant, offer, obviate, give, eliminate, cede, beg, present, request; (n) response, plea

deny: (v) controvert, rebuff, contradict, disavow, gainsay, reject, oppose, refuse, disown, abnegate, renounce. ANTONYMS: (v) affirm, claim, acknowledge, declare, maintain, agree, spoil, accept, accede, allow, argue

deplorable: (adj) sad, wretched, criminal, calamitous, abominable, pitiful, lamentable, miserable, regrettable, sorry; (adj, v) woeful. ANTONYMS: (adj) acceptable, pleasing, laudable, happy, cheerful, admirable, agreeable, excellent, fortunate, praiseworthy

deserve: (v) rate, warrant, gain, earn, to deserve, demand, justify, bear; (n, v) reward; (n) richly deserve, worth

deserving: (adj) meritorious, admirable, creditable, commendable, laudable, fit, good, deserved, condign; (v) deserve, worthy of. ANTONYMS: (adj) unworthy, undeserving, unimpressive

design: (n, v) purpose, aim, scheme, sketch, conceive; (n) conception, drawing, device, idea, arrangement; (v) contrive. ANTONYMS: (n) chance, fortuity, accident, destruction; (v) improvise

desire: (n) ambition, aspiration, craving, dream; (adv, n, v) will; (n,

v) fancy, wish, aim; (v) want, aspire, seek. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike, hate; (n) aversion, reality, revulsion, apathy; (v) spurn, abhor, answer, command, insist

desired: (adj) coveted, desirable, favorite, wanted, welcome, needed, beloved, required, most wanted; (adj, v) chosen; (v) consenting

despairing: (adj) hopeless, desperate, despondent, forlorn, desolate, dejected, pessimistic, sad, brokenhearted, miserable, inconsolable. ANTONYMS: (adj) hopeful, optimistic, rosy, happy, confident, cheerful

desponding: (adj) despairing, despondent

destroyed: (adj) ruined, lost, desolate, shattered, desolated, broken, depressed, dead, damaged, undone, fallen. ANTONYMS: (adj) preserved, living

destruction: (n, v) defeat; (n) death, ruin, collapse, demolition, devastation, downfall, abolition, damage, desolation, end. ANTONYMS: (n) preservation, protection, creation, reparation, formation, conservation, restoration, building, help, making, order

devoured: (adj) eaten up differ: (v) disagree, contradict, clash,

diverge, deviate, depart, difference, discrepancy, conflict, vary, contrast. ANTONYMS: (v) correspond, concur, conform, match, resemble, harmonize, equal, consent, accord, accede, support

dine: (v) feed, lunch, breakfast, dining, meal, give, have supper, take tea, grub, consume, entertain. ANTONYM: (v) abstain

disagreeable: (adj) nasty, offensive, uncomfortable, distasteful, cantankerous, cross, ungrateful, abhorrent, horrible, bad, painful. ANTONYMS: (adj) pleasant, friendly, amiable, inoffensive, acceptable, desirable, easygoing, happy, pleasing, sweet, nice

disease: (n, v) ailment; (n) illness, sickness, condition, complaint, affection, ill, disorder, affliction, bug; (adj, n) infirmity. ANTONYM: (n) health

diseased: (adj) bad, ailing, sickly, unsound, sick, ill, unhealthy, pathological, infected, unwholesome, infirm. ANTONYMS: (adj) well, fit

dish: (n) basin, disk, plate, meal,

platter, food, saucer, beauty, meat, repast; (n, v) hollow

dishes: (n) food, meal, crockery, dinner service, dishware, menu, plates

dislike: (n) disapproval, disaffection, antipathy, disdain, disfavor, revulsion; (n, v) hate, disinclination, aversion, distaste; (v) detest. ANTONYMS: (n) liking, fondness, taste, attraction, enjoyment, preference, longing; (v) like, enjoy, approve, adore

disobliging: (adj) unobliging, harsh, uncooperative, unwilling, offensive, not ready to give a hand, awkward, unhelpful, contrary, disagreeable, ill-natured. ANTONYMS: (adj) obliging, agreeable, polite, pleasant, courteous, mannered, civil, helpful, cooperative

disposed: (adj) prone, apt, ready, subject, prepared, liable, game, inclined, fain, likely, minded. ANTONYMS: (adj) ailing, indisposed, unlikely, disinclined, reluctant, impervious

distress: (n, v) pain, torment, trouble, concern, torture, upset, worry; (n) anguish, agony; (adj, n) difficulty, grief. ANTONYMS: (n, v) comfort; (v) please, soothe, relieve; (n) peace, encouragement, straightforwardness, solace, relieving, relief, prosperity

doubt: (n, v) suspicion, question, query, dispute; (n) disbelief, misgiving, incertitude, apprehension, uncertainty; (adj, n) skepticism; (v) suspect. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, confidence, conclusiveness, belief, certitude, faith, approval; (v) accept, believe, consider, swallow

dressed: (adj) attired, clad, garbed, appareled, spruced up, spiffed up, covered, polished, garmented; (v) clothed, habited

dressing: (n) bandage, stuffing, fertilization, binding, bandaging, scolding, fertilizer, manure, compress, preparation, farce

dublin: (n) Irish capital, capital of Ireland

during: (prep) within, on, by, of, for, pending, inside; (adv) whilst, while; (adj) throughout; (n) at. ANTONYM: (prep) out

dying: (n) death, demise, decease, mortality; (adj) vanishing, moribund, last, final, ultimate, failing, ebbing. ANTONYMS: (adj)


Jonathan Swift 19

thriving, well, opening, aborning, developing, flourishing, growing, reviving, rejuvenating; (n) birth

earlier: (adj) past, former, previous, advance, preceding; (adj, adv) antecedent; (adv) formerly, beforehand, ahead, anterior, before now. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) later; (adj) subsequent, present, following; (adv) subsequently, afterward

earnestly: (adj, adv) seriously; (adv) eagerly, intently, zealously, solemnly, ardently, fervently, heartily, gravely, warmly, passionately. ANTONYMS: (adv) indifferently, insincerely, unconcernedly, jokingly

earth: (n) world, dust, ground, land, lair, dry land, terra firma, clay, creation, ball, country

ease: (v) alleviate, assuage, relieve, allay; (n) convenience, rest, leisure, relief, satisfaction; (adj, v) facilitate; (n, v) relax. ANTONYMS: (n) discomfort, formality, awkwardness, worry, toil, problem, pain, maladroitness; (v) aggravate, worsen, impede

easy: (adj) convenient, gentle, familiar, graceful, at ease, light, lenient, clear, contented, cozy; (adj, adv) soft. ANTONYMS: (adj) arduous, laborious, demanding, hard, strenuous, particular, burdensome, tough, uneasy, awkward, testing

eating: (n) ingestion, intake, feeding, browsing, banqueting, food, lunching, supping, pica, repletion; (v) eat

effect: (n, prep) consequence; (v) accomplish, achieve, bring about, create, complete, cause, do; (n) product, sequel; (n, v) result. ANTONYMS: (n) reason, cause; (v) impede, fail

effectual: (adj, n) efficient, efficacious, able; (adj) forceful, telling, authoritative, operative, potent, adequate, impressive, powerful. ANTONYMS: (adj) ineffectual, incapable, weak, impotent, ineffective, unproductive, unsuccessful, useless

eight: (n) eighter, eleven, nine, ten, team, queen, ogdoad, octonary, octet, ace, octad

eighty: (n) four score either: (adj) whatever; (adv) too, also,

neither, besides, likewise; (n) or; (det) any; (conj) other

eminent: (adj) high, celebrated,

elevated, brilliant, illustrious, noble, big, famous, renowned, conspicuous, dignified. ANTONYMS: (adj) undistinguished, obscure, low, unremarkable, common, uncelebrated, unimportant, insignificant, humble, ordinary

emperor: (n) sovereign, ruler, monarch, imperator, mikado, king, Saturnia pavonia, crowned head, emperors, protector, saturniid

employ: (v) use, apply, exploit, consume, wield, hire, engage, exercise, work, busy, utilize. ANTONYMS: (v) fire, dismiss, can, ignore, misuse, sack, underuse; (n) unemployment

emulation: (n) mimicry, rivalry, contest, simulation, contention, strife, conflict, ambition, emulate, compete, imitating

encouraged: (adj) optimistic, confident, enthused, expectant, inspired, pleased, positive, stimulated, stirred, moved. ANTONYM: (adj) pessimistic

enforced: (adj) required, obligatory, compulsory, applied, compelled, binding, essential, requisite, necessary, mandatory, legal. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, unenforced, voluntary

england: (n) Britain, British, UK, United Kingdom, Albion, British Empire

entertainment: (n) distraction, diversion, enjoyment, show, pleasure, recreation, fun, reception, pastime; (adj, n) party; (n, v) regalement. ANTONYMS: (n) job, boredom, discomfort

entirely: (adv) fully, absolutely, utterly, wholly, altogether, all, thoroughly, perfectly, clean, solely; (adj, adv) completely. ANTONYMS: (adv) partially, incompletely, unenthusiastically, hardly, slightly, somewhat

enumerated: (adj) detailed episcopal: (adj) pontifical, bishoplike,

clerical, episcoparian equally: (adv) evenly, equivalently,

levelly, alike, justly, as, parallelly, uniformly, similarly; (adj, adv, conj) as well; (adj) even. ANTONYMS: (adv) unevenly, individually, differently, unfairly

especially: (adv) particularly, chiefly, expressly, peculiarly, specifically, above all, exceedingly, principally, exceptionally, extraordinarily,

unusually. ANTONYMS: (adv) unexceptionally, customarily, usually, commonly, frequently, generally

esteem: (n) deference, admiration; (n, v) respect, value, consideration, account; (v) appreciate, deem, adore, admire, count. ANTONYMS: (v) scorn, hate, disdain, insult, despise, abominate, abhor, dislike, reject; (n) disesteem, disapproval

ever: (adj, adv) always, continually; (adj) constantly, still, forever; (adv) never, e'er, before, once, perpetually; (n) Evers. ANTONYM: (adv) erratically

every: (adj) each, total, whole, any, thorough; (n) everybody, everyone, everything; (adv) apiece, either; (pron) every one

evils: (n) mala exact: (adj, n) correct; (v) demand,

claim, command, ask; (n, v) require; (adj, v) close, direct; (adj) precise, detailed, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) wrong, vague, imprecise, approximate, inexact, rough, careless, thoughtless, indeterminate; (v) tender, give

exactly: (adv) correctly, punctually, rightly, accurately, strictly, perfectly, definitely, directly, truly, right, absolutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) inaccurately, randomly, figuratively, wrongly, vaguely, roughly, inexactly, indirectly, imprecisely, around; (adv, prep) about

exceeding: (prep) beyond, more than, greater than; (adj) excessive, transcendent, extraordinary, exceptional, prodigious, surpassing, Olympian; (v) exceed

excellent: (adj, n) estimable, worthy, capital; (adj) superior, admirable, beautiful, distinctive, superb, great, good, splendid. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, abysmal, awful, mediocre, terrible, imperfect, inadequate, middling, shoddy, bad, used

except: (adj, conj, prep) save; (v) exclude, demur, omit, elide; (adv, conj, prep) but; (adv, prep) besides; (prep) excepting, excluding, aside from; (conj, n) without. ANTONYMS: (prep) including; (v) receive, admit

exchange: (n, v) barter, interchange, swap, counterchange, switch, substitute; (n) commutation; (v) commute, alternate, alter, convert. ANTONYMS: (n) holding, keeping; (v) keep



executioner: (n) killer, murderer, hangman, headsman, electrocutioner, executor, tormentor, executer, public executioner, slaughterer, slayer

exercise: (n, v) employ, practice, use, discipline; (v) apply, train, exert; (n) employment, application, play, movement. ANTONYMS: (n) avoid, idleness, inactiveness, inactivity, work; (v) ignore, neglect, overlook, perform, conserve

expected: (adj) likely, expect, predictable, prospective, anticipated, usual, conventional, intended, due, assumed, hoped-for. ANTONYMS: (adj) unusual, surprising, unconventional, unexpected, unlikely, exceptional

expedient: (adj) fit, advisable, becoming, desirable, adequate, apt, convenient, suitable; (n) contrivance, resource, artifice. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, inexpedient, impractical, futile, detrimental, inconvenient, foolish

expensive: (adj) sumptuous, dear, luxurious, lovely, extravagant, valuable, lavish, darling, beloved, overpriced, high-priced. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap, reasonable, inexpensive, worthless, economical, plain, shabby

expensiveness: (n) dearness, sumptuosity, sumptuousness, cost, luxury, lavishness

experience: (v) endure, suffer, examine, meet, live, know, receive; (adj, v) see; (n) event, episode, happening. ANTONYMS: (n) inexperience, greenness, naivete, inability, ignorance

exportation: (n) exporting, mercantilism, emission, ejection, rejection, expulsion, effusion, commercialism; (v) importation, transportation, transport

extent: (n) extension, amplitude, bulk, amount, ambit, compass, boundary, scope; (n, v) area, expanse; (adj, n) distance. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, mildness, scarcity

fair: (adj) clear, beautiful, sweet, reasonable, dispassionate, average, fine, impartial; (adj, v) bright; (adj, adv) clean; (n) blonde. ANTONYMS: (adj) biased, unjust, exceptional, dark, partial, mismatched, unwarranted, foul, imbalanced, prejudiced, poor

families: (n) family

family: (adj, n) household, descent, home; (n) name, genus, house, people, breed, brood, kin, lineage

famine: (n) scarcity, shortage, privation, deficiency, deficit, starvation, drought, hunger, poverty, penury, failure. ANTONYMS: (n) abundance, plenty, glut, feast, bounty, excess

famous: (adj) celebrated, splendid, distinguished, renowned, illustrious, famed, capital, prominent, well-known, fine, stunning. ANTONYMS: (adj) infamous, ordinary, anonymous, insignificant, obscure, inglorious, undistinguished

farrow: (v) pig, bear fruit, EAN, give birth, kindle, kitten; (adj, n) brood; (n) breed, spat, spawn, parturition

fast: (adj, v) firm; (adj) dissolute, instant, agile, staunch, quick, hurried, fixed, rapid; (adv) soon, hard. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, loosely, sluggishly; (n) binge; (adj) sluggish, loose, unattached, plodding; (adj, adv) leisurely; (v) gorge, eat

fatten: (adj, n) enrich; (adj, v) fat, elaborate; (v) fatten up, feed, fill out; (adj) fructify, bloom, bear fruit, blossom, blow. ANTONYMS: (v) undernourish, starve

fear: (n) awe, dismay, alarm, fright, consternation, care, anguish; (n, v) apprehension, doubt, concern, reverence. ANTONYMS: (n) fearlessness, reassurance, confidence, courage, valor, calm, boldness, security, equanimity, peace; (v) brave

feast: (n, v) junket, fete; (n) entertainment, dinner, binge, spread, celebration, jamboree, carousal; (v) feed, eat. ANTONYMS: (v) abstain, starve; (n) snack

feeding: (n) alimentation, eating, nourishment, grazing, dining, browsing, feed supply, banqueting, supplying, ingestion, intake

fell: (v) cut, chop, bring down, drop, cut down; (adj) barbarous, cruel; (adj, v) prostrate, floor, knock down; (n) skin. ANTONYMS: (v) construct, erect, raise, build

female: (n) woman, girl, she, wife, hen, spouse, squaw; (adj) feminine, distaff, pistillate, not male. ANTONYMS: (adj) masculine, manly, androgynous, manlike; (n) man, boy

fifty: (adj, n) l; (n) half a hundred,

fifty dollar bill, cubic decimeter, cubic decimetre

fight: (n, v) battle, dispute, contest, quarrel, engagement, feud, squabble, argue, struggle, clash; (adj, n, v) brawl. ANTONYMS: (n, v) withdrawal, retreat; (n) fear, surrender, agreement; (v) compromise, favor, submit

figure: (n, v) form, design, cast, estimate, shape, image; (v) count, cipher; (adj, n) appearance; (n) character, cost. ANTONYM: (v) estimate

filth: (n) grime, garbage, foulness, impurity, soil, blot, stain, nastiness, squalor, uncleanliness; (adj) impure. ANTONYMS: (n) cleanliness, luxury, loveliness

find: (v) catch, detect, encounter, come across, feel, attain, ascertain; (n) detection, disclosure, search, discovery. ANTONYMS: (v) misplace, search, fail; (n) loss

fine: (adj) delicate, dainty, agreeable, nice, thin, elegant, capital, excellent, brave; (n) penalty; (v) punish. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, thick, wide, coarse, unsatisfactory, substantial, wretched, unpleasant, unimpressive, dark, cloudy

fish: (n) bird, eel, fishing, Pisces, anchovy, chondrichthian, alewife, shellfish; (v) seek, hunt, pursue

five: (n) fives, quintuplet, quint, Phoebe, basketball team, fin, squad, ace, digit; (adj, n) v; (adj) quinary

flea: (n) chamois, chigger, chigoe, insect, frog, chigoe flea, epizoon, goat, ectoparasite, chinch, dog flea

flesh: (adj) carnality, concupiscence; (n) mortality, beef, form, figure, frame, person, mankind, humanity, meat

foal: (n) filly, pony, calf, horse, Arab, charger, thoroughbred, racer, palfrey, nag, jument

fond: (adj) affectionate, caring, devoted, tender, loving, amorous, delicate, adoring, doting, ardent, attached. ANTONYMS: (adj) aversion, cold, rough

food: (n, v) fare; (n) edible, board, nourishment, diet, sustenance, aliment, dish, foodstuff, meat, nurture

forced: (adj) compelled, bound, constrained, artificial, involuntary, unnatural, forcible, farfetched, strained, obligatory, labored. ANTONYMS: (adj) unprovoked, spontaneous, voluntary, natural,


Jonathan Swift 21

genuine, willing, optional fore: (adv) ahead, before; (adj, adv)

forward; (n) bow, head, forefront, stem; (adj, n) front; (adj) anterior, foremost, frontal. ANTONYMS: (adv) aft, behind, rear; (adj) back

foreign: (adj) extraneous, extrinsic, alien, exterior, external, exotic, strange, oversea, adventitious, unfamiliar, stranger. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, domestic, internal, relevant, national, natural

formosa: (n) Taiwan fortunately: (adv) happily,

prosperously, propitiously, fortuitously, providentially, successfully, auspiciously, opportunely, felicitously, blessedly, advantageously. ANTONYMS: (adv) disastrously, unluckily, inauspiciously, negatively

fortune: (n) estate, fate, fluke, destiny, luck, accident, means, assets, riches, abundance, doom. ANTONYM: (n) design

fortunes: (n) adventures, fortune, personal narrative, life, journal

found: (v) erect, build, base, form, construct, constitute, appoint, institute, set up, create, ground. ANTONYMS: (v) abolish, disband; (adj) lost

four: (n) quaternary, foursome, tetrad, quaternion, quadruplet, square, quarter, quad, air, age of man; (adj, n) IV

fourteen: (adj, n) XIV fourth: (adv) fourthly; (n) interval,

third, after part, common fraction, fourth part, quartern, second; (adj) quaternary

fourthly: (adv) quaternarily freely: (adv) loosely, frankly, openly,

generously, independently, gratuitously, voluntarily, liberally, free, sparely; (adj, adv) spontaneously. ANTONYMS: (adv) reluctantly, deceitfully, accurately, meagerly, parsimoniously, secretly, stingily, unwillingly; (adj) restricted

french: (adj) Gallic, Frankish, Gallican, Gallian; (v) to take French leave; (n) Frenchman, romance language, French people, Daniel Chester French, profanity, the French

frequent: (adj, v) customary, usual, ordinary, incessant; (adj) everyday, many, familiar, continual, habitual; (v) patronize, haunt. ANTONYMS: (adj) infrequent, occasional, intermittent, spasmodic, unusual,

few; (v) shun, boycott, avoid frequently: (adv) usually, repeatedly,

continually, generally, regularly, habitually, ordinarily, commonly, often, incessantly, constantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) infrequently, unusually, seldom, intermittently, occasionally, spasmodically

friend: (adj, n) associate, comrade, companion, fellow, ally; (n) acquaintance, colleague, boyfriend, crony, brother, mate. ANTONYMS: (n) foe, stranger, rival, nemesis, adversary, antagonist

friends: (n) circle, associates, connections, links, support group, acquaintances

fruits: (n) revenue full: (adj, n) complete, absolute,

entire; (adj) abundant, flush, broad, extensive, ample, total, enough; (adj, adv, n) crowded. ANTONYMS: (adj) lacking, starving, hungry, sketchy, incomplete, thin, deserted, partial, restricted, weak; (v) wane

furniture: (n) fitment, equipment, appliance, fixture, appointments, furnishings, goods, dresser, article of furniture, cabinet; (v) stuff

gain: (n, v) profit, benefit, win, catch, advance; (v) derive, earn, get, attain, reach; (n) earnings. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, deficit, disadvantage, setback; (n, v) decrease; (v) reduce, scatter, collapse

gaming: (n) play, game, diversion, speculation, wager, frolic, bet, gamble, recreation, vice, betting

generally: (adj, adv) usually; (adv) commonly, broadly, regularly, ordinarily, altogether, approximately, generically, normally, comprehensively, popularly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rarely, specifically, locally, occasionally, particularly, unusually

gentleman: (n) gent, Mr, male, patrician, sir, adult male, esquire, sahib, gentlemen; (adj) gentilhomme, gentlemanly

gentlemen: (n) sirs, messieurs gibbet: (n) gallows, gallowstree,

gallous, scaffold; (v) hang, expose, pillory, brand, stigmatize, disgrace, string up

girl: (n) damsel, gal, lady, young woman, maid, lass, fille, wench, daughter, bride, virgin. ANTONYMS: (n) son, boy

give: (v) extend, commit, donate, endow, contribute, dispense, deliver, convey, grant; (adj, v)

bestow, accord. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, take, withhold, retain, receive, keep, get, hide, conceal, starve, withstand

giving: (n) endowment, donation, presentation, bestowal, disposal; (adj) liberal, generous, charitable, bighearted, big, humanitarian. ANTONYMS: (adj) nasty, tightfisted, malevolent, mean, stiff, stingy

glad: (adj) jubilant, cheerful, gay, blithe, delighted, festive, content, delightful, genial, bright, willing. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, apologetic, dismayed, unwilling, disappointed, sorry

gloves: (n) gauntlet, mitten, mittens, gauntlets, scarf, ornament, handbag, belt, batting glove, boxing glove, baseball mitt

glutted: (adj) fleshed, fat, exceeding demand, corpulent, fuller, overfull, satiate, congested, blas, gorged, replete

gone: (adj, prep) past; (adj) deceased, bygone, departed, desperate, lost, late; (adj, v) exhausted, extinct; (adj, adv) absent, away. ANTONYMS: (adj) present, remaining, found, alive

goodness: (adj, n) generosity, kindness, gentleness; (n) good, excellence, benefit, virtue, worth, morality; (adj) favor, beneficence. ANTONYMS: (n) evil, wickedness, badness, corruptness, bad, immorality, corruption

goods: (n) cargo, belongings, commodity, merchandise, product, estate, chattels, property, wealth, produce; (n, v) stuff

grant: (adj, v) bestow, allow, confer; (n, v) award, gift, boon; (v) concede, afford, admit, acknowledge; (adj, n, v) present. ANTONYMS: (v) deny, reject, refuse, maintain, prohibit, disagree, retrieve, take, withhold, withdraw

granted: (adj, v) assumed; (adj) fixed, approved, settled, privileged, legal, decided, acknowledged, arranged; (v) disposed; (adv) yes

grave: (adj) solemn, serious, critical, earnest, dangerous, sedate, sad, grand; (adj, v) severe, acute; (v) engrave. ANTONYMS: (adj) frivolous, funny, cheerful, carefree, slight, nonchalant, trivial, stable, minor, insignificant, favorable

great: (adj) eminent, gigantic, big, distinguished, large, extensive,



extreme, grand, chief, ample, massive. ANTONYMS: (adj) awful, insignificant, tiny, mild, poor, minor, useless, ordinary, slight, weak, unknown

greater: (adj) larger, more, major, higher, superior, most, great, bigger, increased, considerable, not inconsiderable. ANTONYMS: (adj) inferior, smaller, small, lower

greatly: (adv) badly, enormously, considerably, extremely, highly, vastly, immensely, mightily, hugely; (adj, adv) far, deeply. ANTONYMS: (adv) mildly, hardly, superficially, poorly, lightly, insignificantly, barely, moderately

grievance: (n) injustice, wrong, grudge, affliction, protest, objection, disaffection, discontentment, dissatisfaction; (adj) annoyance; (adj, n) distress. ANTONYMS: (n) justice, praise

grievous: (adj) bitter, dolorous, dreadful, deplorable, sad, tough, pitiful, atrocious, regrettable, sorrowful, sorry. ANTONYM: (adj) successful

groat: (n) penny, doit, rap, mite, Grote, change, denarius, farthing, coin, stiver, pocket money

grossly: (adv) rudely, roughly, commonly, heavily, bluntly, disgustingly, shamefully, rankly, totally, uncouthly, obscenely. ANTONYM: (adv) appealingly

grow: (v) expand, advance, augment, enlarge, come, emerge, spring, become, farm, turn, get. ANTONYMS: (v) decrease, weaken, shrink, decline, drop, collapse, struggle, wane, plummet, dwindle, deteriorate

grown: (adj) mature, big, growed, grown-up, developed, ripe, grownup, fully grown, full-grown, growth, become. ANTONYM: (adj) unripe

growth: (n, v) increase, evolution, augmentation; (n) gain, accretion, enlargement, germination, accumulation, improvement, increment, rise. ANTONYMS: (n) weakening, reduction, decline, nondevelopment, shrinking, contraction, collapse, fall, loss, disappearance, retreat

guests: (n) guest, visitors half: (adj) moiety, part, short,

defective; (n) semi, mediety, halve, division, piece, first half; (adv) partly. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) all;

(adj) fully, complete handicraft: (n) craft, handcraft,

handiwork, mystery, occupation, handwork, trade, art, profession, artifice, job

happily: (adv) fortunately, joyously, joyfully, merrily, luckily, gladly, blissfully, cheerfully, felicitously, providentially, successfully. ANTONYMS: (adv) miserably, unhappily, sadly, unfortunately, unsuccessfully, reluctantly, gloomily, discontentedly, despondently, negatively, grudgingly

happiness: (n) delight, merriment, ecstasy, welfare, gladness, luck, cheerfulness, blessedness, bliss, felicity, contentment. ANTONYMS: (n) sadness, despair, grief, misery, dissatisfaction, seriousness, dullness, discontent, dejection, gloominess, displeasure

having: (n) estate, possession, acceptance, enjoyment

head: (n) captain, boss, froth, foam, crown, chieftain; (n, v) point, lead; (adj, n, v) front; (v) capital, direct. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) subordinate; (n) end, beginning, foot, mouth, rear, tail, body, underling, base; (adj) minor

healthy: (adj) healthful, wholesome, salubrious, hale, good, fit, beneficial, whole, well, sound, hearty. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwell, harmful, unfit, soporific, dependent, fattening, infected, unwholesome, weak, ill, underfed

heart: (adj, n) core, gist, marrow; (n) spirit, center, essence, basis, kernel, crux, breast, hub. ANTONYMS: (n) body, surface

hearty: (adj) heartfelt, healthy, genial, sturdy, cheering, fervent, wholehearted, lusty, enthusiastic, convivial; (adj, n) well. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, frail, old, weak, sluggish, unwholesome, meager

help: (n, v) assist, assistance, support, benefit, favor, avail, cure, assistant; (v) facilitate, ease, alleviate. ANTONYMS: (n) hindrance, detriment, interference, damage, disadvantage, disservice, manager; (v) worsen, aggravate, halt, hurt

helpless: (adj, v) forlorn, destitute, abandoned; (adj) powerless, weak, defenseless, disabled, impotent, feeble, hopeless, unable. ANTONYMS: (adj) strong,

independent, capable, invulnerable, armed, powerful, impervious

highest: (adj, n) most; (adj) best, chief, foremost, first, supreme, topmost, extreme, utmost, top, uppermost. ANTONYMS: (adj) bottom, minor

highly: (adv) greatly, extremely, much, loftily, exceedingly, mightily, eminently, toweringly, too, largely; (adj, adv) very. ANTONYMS: (adv) insignificantly, poorly, simply, slightly, ill

hind: (adj, n) rear; (adj) after, posterior, hindermost; (n) doe, clown, peasant, roe, countryman, servant; (v) hinder

hired: (adj) leased, chartered, mercenary, hackneyed, hack; (v) contented, compensated, paid

hitherto: (adv) as yet, yet, so far, up to now, until now, thus far, before, hereunto, to date, still, all the same

home: (n) domicile, abode, house, residence, base, place, dwelling, family, habitation; (adj) domestic; (adj, n) household. ANTONYMS: (adj) external, national, public, away, foreign; (adv) out

honest: (adj) fair, genuine, sincere, good, equitable, artless, heartfelt, guileless, frank, forthright, faithful. ANTONYMS: (adj) lying, misleading, guarded, corrupt, disloyal, unwholesome, discourteous, disreputable, fictional, crafty, crooked

honesty: (adj, n) candor, justice, fidelity, equity; (n) integrity, fairness, candidness, probity, frankness, rectitude, faith. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, wickedness, treachery, deceit, deception, deviousness, decadence, affectation, caution, evasiveness, injustice

hope: (n, v) trust, desire; (n) aspiration, faith, belief, expectation, confidence, expectancy, anticipation; (v) confide, anticipate. ANTONYMS: (n) reality, past, pessimism, distrust, independence

hopeful: (adj) confident, auspicious, bright, optimistic, sanguine, rosy, probable, likely, expectant, upbeat; (n, v) candidate. ANTONYMS: (adj) desperate, pessimistic, gloomy, pained, doubtful, bad, unhopeful, unlikely, unpromising, down

hoping: (adj) desirous, expectant, optimistic, eager

horrid: (adj) grisly, ghastly, ugly,


Jonathan Swift 23

gruesome, grim, fearful, dreadful, direful, dire, horrible, fearsome. ANTONYMS: (adj) lovely, nice, appealing, attractive, kind

house: (adj, n, v) family; (adj, n) home; (v) accommodate; (n) dwelling, firm, abode, domicile, edifice, habitation, housing; (n, v) lodge. ANTONYM: (adj) public

however: (adv, conj, prep) but; (adj, adv, conj) although; (adv) nevertheless, anyway, nonetheless, how, notwithstanding; (adv, conj) though, yet; (conj) albeit; (n) while

humane: (adj, n) gentle, compassionate, beneficent, gracious; (adj) clement, kind, charitable, merciful, good, tender, benignant. ANTONYMS: (adj) inhumane, foul, harsh, selfish

humble: (v) demean, humiliate, mortify; (n, v) disgrace, debase; (adj, n, v) abase; (adj) base, lowly, unassuming, docile, low. ANTONYMS: (adj) impressive, arrogant, haughty, imposing, conceited, pompous, snooty, overbearing, presumptuous, proud, exalted

humbly: (adv) lowly, meanly, modestly, submissively, low, shyly, lowlily, naturally, regretfully, remorsefully, repentantly. ANTONYMS: (adv) conceitedly, haughtily, pompously, ostentatiously, unrepentantly, affluently, brashly, pretentiously

hundred: (adj) a hundred, one hundred, many; (adj, n) c; (n) cent, centred, riding, lathe, soke, tithing, carbon

idle: (adj) lazy, indolent, inactive, free, unfounded, fruitless, baseless, groundless, frivolous, empty, disengaged. ANTONYMS: (adj) active, employed, industrious, energetic, meaningful, productive, worthwhile, diligent; (v) change, run, work

idleness: (n) lethargy, laziness, torpor, inactivity, idling, unemployment, sloth, inaction, inertia, faineance, idlesse. ANTONYMS: (n) energy, activity, bustle, liveliness, responsibility

immediately: (adv) instantly, presently, readily, rapidly, quickly, promptly, instantaneously, speedily, right; (adj, adv) at once, forthwith. ANTONYMS: (adv) slowly, whenever, gradually, now, eventually

imperial: (adj) majestic, grand, dignified, imperious, purple, stately, August, regal, noble, lordly; (adj, n) beard

importance: (n) account, gravity, import, dignity, prominence, stress, emphasis, value, concern, magnitude; (n, v) consequence. ANTONYMS: (n) unimportance, insignificance, triviality, meaninglessness

important: (adj, v) grave; (adj) fundamental, significant, crucial, key, serious, remarkable, chief, earnest, central, heavy. ANTONYMS: (adj) insignificant, trivial, minor, irrelevant, low, worthless, frivolous, secondary, little, superfluous, inconsequential

impossibility: (n) impossibleness, option, nonexistence, absurdity, inability, impracticability, alternative, choice, contradiction, contradiction in terms, doubtfulness. ANTONYMS: (n) possibility, probability

impossible: (adj) unimaginable, insufferable, unbelievable, hopeless, impracticable, impractical, inconceivable, unlikely, unthinkable, unable, ridiculous. ANTONYMS: (adj) feasible, achievable, manageable, bearable, attainable, on, tolerable, probable, hopeful, easy, consistent

improbable: (adj) implausible, impossible, incredible, unbelievable, fishy, questionable, inconceivable, impractical, unthinkable, absurd; (adj, n) marvelous. ANTONYMS: (adj) probable, certain, plausible, truthful, ordinary, on, practical

improvement: (n, v) advancement; (n) amelioration, betterment, correction, repair, development, amendment, gain, enhancement, adjustment, advance. ANTONYMS: (n) deterioration, downgrade, knock, setback, slump, worsening, decrease, disadvantage, retreat

included: (adj) inclusive, incorporated, numbered, enclosed; (adv) under

incumbrance: (n) impediment, hindrance, obstruction, clog, fardel, imposition, charge, hitch, burden, worry, vexation

incur: (n, v) contract; (v) catch, get, incite, begin, cause, encounter, experience, obtain, suffer, receive

indeed: (adv) certainly, exactly, in reality, surely, of course, assuredly,

as a matter of fact, admittedly; (adj, adv) really, much; (n) yes. ANTONYMS: (adv) possibly, doubtfully

individual: (adj) single, distinct, particular, different, especial, alone, characteristic, distinctive; (n) creature, fellow, person. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, common, combined, vague, general, communal, ordinary, public, group; (adj, n) collective; (n) collection

inducement: (n) enticement, attraction, cause, incitement, impulse, temptation, bait, impetus, occasion, motive, goad. ANTONYMS: (n) disincentive, deterrent

industry: (n) application, diligence, effort, assiduity, industriousness, trade, toil, labor, work, assiduousness, exertion. ANTONYM: (n) sloth

inevitable: (adj) ineluctable, unavoidable, inescapable, destined, fatal, fated, necessary, obvious, irrevocable, irresistible; (n) ineluctability. ANTONYMS: (adj) evitable, avoidable, optional, preventable, unpredictable, unlikely; (adv) surprisingly

infants: (n) brood informed: (adj) cognizant, educated,

conscious, knowledgeable, familiar, apprised, wise, conversant, experienced, sensible; (adv) abreast. ANTONYMS: (adj) uninformed, unconcerned

inhabitants: (n) population, citizens, populace, folk, country, community, abode, group, inhabitation, nation, natives

inhuman: (adj) heartless, cruel, atrocious, brutal, cold, harsh, ferocious, remorseless, barbarous, relentless, barbaric. ANTONYMS: (adj) sympathetic, kind, humane

innocent: (adj) chaste, artless, clear, ingenuous, innocuous, guileless, guiltless, ignorant, unsophisticated, spotless, naive. ANTONYMS: (adj) culpable, responsible, wicked, wary, experienced, corrupt, worldly, unfair, meaningful, offensive, jaded

instance: (n) exemplar, case, time, illustration, sample, affair, pattern, chance, cause; (v) exemplify, illustrate

instances: (v) conceive, abate, commotion, decline, decrease, imply, diminution, diminish

instead: (adv) instead of,



alternatively, as an alternative, in place of, more willingly, to compensate for, sooner, preferably, otherwise, on the other hand; (n) lieu

intended: (adj) deliberate, calculated, destined, knowing, meant, planned, premeditated, prospective, willful, designed; (adj, v) voluntary. ANTONYMS: (adj) accidental, involuntary, unintended, spontaneous, unconscious

intention: (n) idea, intent, goal, purpose, cause, motive, mind; (n, v) aim, end, design, drift

interest: (n, v) advantage, care, benefit; (adj, v) engage; (n) affair, account, gain, hobby, eagerness, enthusiasm, sake. ANTONYMS: (n) indifference, apathy, boredom, distraction, hostility, detachment, inattention, repulsion; (v) repel, appall

introduced: (adj) exotic, familiar, foisted in, imported

introducing: (n) introduction invited: (adj) welcomer, wanted,

cherished ireland: (n) Hibernia, cork, Emerald

Isle, Irish Free State island: (n, v) isle; (n) islet, reef, safety

zone, Cebu, Papua; (v) insulate, isolate, segregate, sequester, separate

justify: (v) explain, exonerate, vindicate, confirm, absolve, defend, deserve, apologize, claim, palliate; (n, v) warrant

justly: (adv) accurately, fairly, correctly, honestly, lawfully, properly, exactly, uprightly, legitimately, impartially, purely. ANTONYMS: (adv) wrongly, unfairly, unjustifiably, unjustly, unlawfully, sinfully, falsely, immorally

kick: (v) grumble, complain; (n) bitch, beef, thrill, gripe, charge, excitement; (n, v) recoil, spurn, protest. ANTONYMS: (v) start; (n) bore

kind: (n) sort, form, class, variety, breed; (adj, n) helpful, good, humane, friendly, gentle; (adj) generous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unkind, cruel, hardhearted, mean, merciless, nasty, spiteful, uncaring, upsetting, callous, disagreeable

kingdom: (n) domain, realm, state, empire, dominion, territory, nation, crown, monarchy, department, land

knew: (adj) known; (v) recognize,

wist knife: (adj, n) blade; (adj) cutlery,

edge tool; (v) stab; (n) sword, cleaver, whittle, cutter, tongue, pocketknife, chopper

knowing: (adj, v) canny, crafty, wise; (adj, n) clever; (adj) conscious, aware, ingenious, intelligent, bright, conversant, smart. ANTONYMS: (adj) naive, uncomprehending, unconscious

knowledge: (n) information, comprehension, science, lore, understanding, intelligence, grasp, erudition, acquaintance; (n, v) cognition; (adj, n) art. ANTONYMS: (n) foolishness, inexperience

known: (adj) familiar, knew, conscious, certain, famous, know, eminent, plain, accepted, published, acknowledged. ANTONYMS: (adj) unknown, secret, unidentified, unfamiliar

labour: (n, v) travail, labor, toil; (v) grind, fag, drudge; (n) exertion, employment, confinement, childbed, business

land: (n) country, earth, soil, kingdom, field, nation, estate, domain; (v) disembark, debark, get. ANTONYMS: (adj) aquatic, amphibious; (n) sea; (v) lose, depart, embark

landlord: (n) laird, proprietor, landlady, owner, landholder, land holder, land owner, innkeeper, property owner, slumlord, publican. ANTONYM: (n) occupant

lastly: (adv) eventually, ultimately, latterly, in conclusion, last, at last, terminally, latestly, utmostly, definitively, concludingly. ANTONYM: (adv) initially

late: (adj, adv) dilatory, fresh, behindhand, backward; (adj) former, deceased, dead, slow, delayed, modern; (adv) belatedly. ANTONYMS: (adj, adv) early, punctual; (adv) punctually, promptly; (adj) ahead, existing, alive, initial, middle, old, premature

lately: (adv) tardily, newly, freshly, belatedly, slowly, latterly, deadly; (adj, adv) anew, late, afresh; (adj) recent

lawful: (adj) legal, just, rightful, constitutional, true, right, justifiable, licit, regular; (n, v) allowable; (adj, v) permissible. ANTONYMS: (adj) unlawful, prohibited, unconstitutional

laws: (n) Pentateuch, Torah

lean: (adj, v) gaunt; (adj) emaciated, thin, bony, lank; (n, v) bend, tilt, slant, list, careen; (n) inclination. ANTONYMS: (adj) plump, rich, chubby, greasy, stout; (v) straighten, repel

learn: (v) get, find, ascertain, hear, find out, have, determine, con, acquire, tell; (n, v) know. ANTONYM: (v) reject

learning: (n, v) erudition, enlightenment; (n) acquisition, education, culture, scholarship, wisdom, acquirement, letter, literature; (v) learn

least: (n) minimum; (adj) smallest, minimal, littlest, lowest, insignificant, minutest, negligible; (adj, n) smallest amount; (adv) at least, fully. ANTONYMS: (adj) maximum, greatest; (adj, adv) most

leave: (v) depart, go, abandon, desert, lead; (adj, v) forsake, quit; (n) furlough, permission, holiday; (n, v) escape. ANTONYMS: (v) enter, arrive, stay, remain, come, approach, change, reposition, disinherit, occupy, participate

length: (n, v) extent; (n) distance, range, duration, size, measurement, longness, dimension, depth, compass, quantity. ANTONYMS: (n) shortness, width, breadth, brevity, conciseness

lent: (n) Quadragesima, Lententide less: (adj) inferior, wanting, minor,

secondary, subordinate, deficient, minus, few; (adj, adv) lesser, lower; (adv) below. ANTONYMS: (adj) additional; (prep) plus

lessen: (v) decrease, abate, fall, decline, dwindle, assuage, allay, alleviate; (adj, v) abridge, curtail, contract. ANTONYMS: (v) increase, exacerbate, intensify, raise, grow, aggravate, accelerate, bolster, worsen, strengthen, rise

lessened: (adj) diminished, hurt, lower, mitigated, pointed, tapering, vitiated, atrophied, short, attenuate, attenuated

lessening: (n) diminution, cutback, alleviation, contraction, abatement, mitigation, shrinking, reduction, cut; (adj) decreasing, diminishing. ANTONYMS: (n) growth, restoration; (adj) increasing

liable: (adj) answerable, accountable, disposed, apt, responsible, inclined, exposed, likely, subject, culpable, vulnerable. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, innocent, unlikely,


Jonathan Swift 25

disinclined, impervious life: (adj, n) animation; (n) energy,

spirit, activity, dash, enthusiasm, being, biography, existence, exuberance, live. ANTONYMS: (n) death, apathy, extinction, nonexistence, lifelessness

likewise: (adv) besides, in addition, furthermore, alike, moreover, further, too, similarly; (adj, adv) as well, equally; (adj) even

list: (n) catalogue, catalog, inclination, index, calendar, enumeration; (n, v) file, tilt, schedule; (v) enter, itemize

little: (adj, adv) small; (adj) diminutive, insignificant, short, tiny, some, brief, petty, minute, exiguous; (adv) rather. ANTONYMS: (adj) enormous, large, important, huge, high, giant, older, old, tall; (adv) frequently, well

livelihood: (n) subsistence, existence, job, maintenance, support, living, sustenance, bread, keep, bread and butter, career

lives: (n) life, living, estate, existence, earnest living

london: (n) British capital, jack London, John Griffith Chaney, Greater London, capital of the united kingdom

long: (v) yearn, desire, hanker, languish, ache, wish; (adj, n) extensive; (n, v) hunger; (adj) extended, lengthy; (n) length. ANTONYMS: (adj) short, brief, concise

longer: (adj) longest, better, lengest; (adv) farther; (n) yearner, thirster

lord: (n) chief, king, noble, sir, duke, master, God, seignior, nobility, Mister, potentate. ANTONYM: (n) lady

loss: (adj, n) detriment, damage, injury, harm; (n) defeat, deprivation, deficit, destruction, forfeit, forfeiture, bereavement. ANTONYMS: (n) retrieval, appearance, victory, recovery, gaining, income, gain, accumulation, win, benefit, fortune

love: (n) desire, fondness, affection, dear, liking, benevolence, charity, honey, devotion; (v) enjoy; (n, v) worship. ANTONYMS: (n, v) dislike; (n) abhorrence, hatred, aversion, detestation, detachment, indifference; (v) abhor; (adv) roughly

lover: (n) dear, darling, fan, devotee, beau, buff, love, admirer, beloved,

amorist, man luxury: (n) comfort, luxuriousness,

extravagance, opulence, wealth; (adj, n) delicacy, gratification, elegance; (adj) luxurious, deluxe, indulgence. ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, necessity, poverty, filth, discomfort, bareness, shabbiness; (adj) basic, inferior, cheap, Spartan

magnificence: (adj, n) splendor, brilliancy, gorgeousness; (n) glory, pomp, brilliance, grandness, greatness, dignity, majesty, loftiness. ANTONYMS: (n) paucity, modesty, shabbiness, poverty, austerity, unattractiveness

maimed: (adj) disabled, mutilated, deformed, truncated, faulty, cut short, game, cut off; (n) wounded

maintain: (v) continue, assert, aver, preserve, defend, declare, guard, conserve, affirm; (n, v) justify, allege. ANTONYMS: (v) change, neglect, abandon, transform, quit, grant, end, cancel, endanger, refute, stop

maintaining: (n) contention, continuation; (adj) affirming, assertory

making: (n) creation, construction, production, fabrication, manufacture, cartography, devising, fashioning, manufacturing, formation; (v) to make. ANTONYMS: (n) undoing, destruction

male: (n) fellow, boy, chap, guy, man, lad, gent; (adj) masculine, manly, virile, manlike. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) female; (n) woman; (adj) feminine, androgynous

manner: (adj, n) kind; (n) bearing, demeanor, method, form, appearance, carriage, way; (n, v) custom, style, habit

manufacture: (v) construct, frame, fabricate, produce, build, contrive, invent; (n) formation, construction, production, fabrication. ANTONYMS: (v) consume, destroy

march: (n, v) hike, parade, trek, ramble, journey, tramp, course; (n) demonstration; (v) process, pace, stride

market: (n) fair, emporium, marketplace, bazaar, grocery store; (n, v) shop, trade; (v) demand, sell, commercialize, exchange

marriage: (adj, n) bridal, nuptial; (n) matrimony, espousal, union, wedlock, intermarriage, alliance, coupling; (n, v) match; (v) marry.

ANTONYM: (n) separation married: (adj) wedded, conjugal,

matrimonial, connubial, nuptial, united, mixed, connected, marrying, attached, unite. ANTONYMS: (adj) unmarried, unattached, divorced, public

materials: (n) goods, resources, equipment, riches, treasures, reserves, provisions, order

matter: (n) business, substance, issue, material, affair, concern, incident, article, subject; (n, v) case; (adj, n) import

maturely: (adv) mellowly, adultly, perfectly, completely, fully, readily, agedly, oldly, primely, correctly, conscientiously. ANTONYMS: (adv) childishly, irresponsibly

mean: (adj, n) middle, low, contemptible, average, medium, common; (v) design; (n, v) imply, denote; (adj) ignoble, hateful. ANTONYMS: (adj) generous, kind, extravagant, charitable, luxurious, rich, expansive, extreme, great; (n) maximum, minimum

measure: (n) amount, criterion, extent, measurement, estimate, degree, beat, benchmark, quantity, meter; (n, v) act. ANTONYMS: (v) guess, estimate

meat: (n) food, gist, essence, core, kernel, heart, substance, marrow, crux, matter, beef

medium: (adj, n) mediocre, mean; (adj) intermediate, fair, mid; (n) instrument, vehicle, atmosphere, go-between, means, agency

melancholy: (adj, v) dreary; (adj, n) gloom, melancholic; (adj) depressed, dejected, dismal, gloomy, doleful; (n, v) low spirits; (n) gloominess, depression. ANTONYMS: (n) happiness, cheerfulness, hopefulness, optimism; (adj) happy, bright, cheery, satisfied

members: (n) convention, personnel mercy: (n) kindness, compassion,

pity, favor, leniency, pardon, forgiveness, grace, charity, humanity; (n, v) quarter. ANTONYMS: (n) cruelty, harshness, unkindness, severity, mercilessness, ruthlessness, impatience, inhumanity

merry: (adj) joyful, lively, cheerful, glad, jolly, facetious, frolicsome, lighthearted, festive; (adj, n) convivial, jovial. ANTONYMS: (adj) gloomy, miserable, serious, uptight

method: (n) course, fashion, form,



system, order, approach, arrangement, way, manner, formula; (adj, n) plan. ANTONYMS: (n) chaos, disorderliness

might: (n) power, energy, ability, influence, strength, puissance, vehemence, intensity; (v) may, can, could. ANTONYMS: (n) weakness, feebleness, meekness

milk: (v) squeeze, drain, tap, bleed, anodyne, balm; (n) buttermilk, colostrum, foremilk; (adj) gluten, chalk

million: (n) meg, myriad, one thousand thousand, heap, large integer, mint

minister: (n) envoy, priest, deputy, divine, ambassador, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, ecclesiastic; (v) supply

miscarriage: (n, v) failure; (n) flop, fiasco, spontaneous abortion, defeat, disappointment, failing, balk, frustration; (v) fail, fault

miscarry: (v) fail, founder, abort, fall, flop, break down, go wrong, backfire, fall through, miss, lose

misfortunes: (n) misfortune mistaken: (adj) wrong, erroneous,

false, misguided, inaccurate, fallacious, untrue, misleading, confused, improper, error. ANTONYMS: (adj) accurate, wise, right

modest: (adj) humble, lowly, moderate, gentle, low, meek, chaste, decent, unassuming; (adj, n) bashful, diffident. ANTONYMS: (adj) pretentious, arrogant, spectacular, conceited, showy, proud, pompous, elaborate, grand, conspicuous, ostentatious

moment: (n, v) consequence, weight; (adj, n) instant; (n) flash, jiffy, minute, import, second, time, bit, hour. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsequence, age, triviality

money: (n) currency, capital, kale, funds, means, lucre, assets, legal tender, pelf, cash, dough

month: (n) calendar month, months, lunation, minute, hour, day, period, quarter, quinquennium, year, moonshine

mortals: (n) people mother: (n) mamma, mommy, origin,

mama, ma, mammy, mummy; (n, v) father; (v) engender, generate, beget

motive: (n, v) cause; (n) account, incentive, impulse, inducement, motif, motivation, incitement, reason, subject; (v) aim.

ANTONYM: (n) disincentive move: (v) excite, go, affect, carry,

touch, instigate, travel; (n, v) act, drive, transfer, maneuver. ANTONYMS: (v) stay, restore, refrain, remain, rest, withdraw, stop, repel, come, leave

name: (v) appoint, describe, baptize, list, enumerate, identify, cite, mention; (n, v) title, entitle; (n) epithet. ANTONYMS: (n) nobody, indecency

nation: (n) state, country, kingdom, people, community, commonwealth, land, a people, body politic, nationality, tribe

native: (adj, n) aboriginal, natural; (adj) inherent, inborn, innate, congenital, inbred, indigenous, domestic; (n) autochthon, aborigine. ANTONYMS: (n) stranger, migrant, foreigner; (adj) foreign, learned, acquired, nonnative, overseas, adopted; (adj, n) immigrant, imported

nearest: (adj) proximate, immediate, close, near, next, adjoining, intimate, direct, adjacent; (adj, adv) nighest; (adv) fore. ANTONYM: (adj) distant

neat: (adj) elegant, tidy, clear, natty, graceful, dainty, pretty, clever, pure, straight, nifty. ANTONYMS: (adj) messy, scruffy, unkempt, clumsy, disordered, disorderly, diluted, large, lax, impulsive, loose

necessary: (adj, n, v) requisite; (adj, v) important; (adj) inevitable, compulsory, mandatory, fundamental, main, indispensable; (n) necessity, demand; (adj, n) basic. ANTONYMS: (adj) optional, surplus, needless, unjustified, dispensable, possible, unimportant, voluntary, nonessential, inappropriate; (n) inessential

neither: (conj) either, no-one, not either, nor, nother

never: (adv) ne'er, Nevers, always, not ever, by no means, at all times, not at all, not, NE. ANTONYMS: (adv) always, forever

nine: (n) niner, club, ball club, baseball club, ennead, Nina from Carolina, three times three, ten, nightspot, clubhouse, queen

nothing: (adv, n) naught; (adj, n) nil, null; (n) nobody, cipher, nihil, nonentity, trifle, nix, aught, cypher. ANTONYMS: (pron) anything, everything, some; (n) all

nourishing: (adj) alimentary, healthy, nutrient, healthful, wholesome, rich,

nutritive, hearty, alimental, good, beneficial. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhealthy, unwholesome, meager, insufficient

nourishment: (n) food, alimentation, meal, meat, diet, feeding, nutrition, repast, sustenance, edible, fuel

number: (n, v) amount, figure; (v) calculate, total, aggregate, enumerate, come; (n) score, act, volume, issue

nursed: (adj) care, suckled nursing: (n) attention, tending, care,

breast feeding, treatment, nurture, suckling, nurse, feeding, treat, rearing

nutritive: (adj) nourishing, nutritious, alimentary, nutrient, alimental, wholesome, eatable, rich, alible, edible, healthy

object: (n) cause, intent, meaning, mark, subject, objective, substance; (n, v) aim, end, intention; (v) except. ANTONYMS: (v) agree, approve, praise; (n) notion

objection: (n) dissent, complaint, grievance, exception, gripe, disagreement, outcry, difficulty, expostulation, disapproval, criticism. ANTONYMS: (n) approval, agreement, praise, acceptance

oblige: (v) coerce, force, drive, constrain, make, bind, accommodate, obligate, necessitate, enforce, impel. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, request, hinder

observe: (n, v) comment, notice, note; (v) commemorate, mind, guard, mention, mark, see, discover; (int, v) look. ANTONYMS: (v) feel, disregard, break, overlook, disobey, disrespect, Miss, violate

observed: (adj) ascertained, empirical, discovered, viewed, experimental, experiential, determined, visual, disclosed

obvious: (adj, v) clear; (adj) distinct, conspicuous, open, evident, flagrant, glaring, blatant, discernible; (adj, adv) apparent, manifest. ANTONYMS: (adj) inconspicuous, obscure, unclear, undetectable, hidden, imperceptible, slight, subtle, concealed, unobvious, furtive

occupation: (n) occupancy, business, craft, calling, job, place, vocation, career, function, line; (n, v) affair. ANTONYM: (n) surrender

offer: (v) give, bestow, put, tender, extend, impart, introduce, advance, propose; (n) proposal, proposition.


Jonathan Swift 27

ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, take

offered: (adj) presented, accessible, existing, obtainable, available, ready, on hand, to be had, unsolicited

offering: (n, v) gift, grant; (n) oblation, contribution, donation, presentation, offer, present, endowment, gratuity, bestowal

often: (adj, adv) oft; (adv) much, again and again, repeatedly, ofttimes, oftentimes, many times, always, commonly, again; (adj) frequent. ANTONYMS: (adv) seldom, infrequently, never

omit: (adv, v) neglect, disregard; (adj, v) miss, skip, jump, pretermit; (v) delete, forget, exclude, except, leave. ANTONYMS: (v) add, remember

opinion: (adj, n, v) judgment, feeling, notion; (n) idea, belief, conjecture, advice, guess, impression, view; (n, v) meaning

oppression: (n, v) hardship, grievance; (n) injustice, despotism, weight, stress, doldrums; (adj, n) abuse, tyranny, dictatorship, autocracy. ANTONYMS: (n) democracy, ease, freedom, liberty

order: (n, v) command, direct, decree, dictate, sort, rank, array, commission, charge; (n) instruction, edict. ANTONYMS: (n, v) request; (n) mayhem, confusion, chaos, mess, anarchy, disorderliness, disarray; (v) disturb, deregulate, supply

others: (n) rest, cessation, lie, lave, LAN, ease, acquiesce, intermission

otherwise: (adv) besides, differently, or else, yet, alias, nevertheless, on the other hand, in addition; (adj, adv) other; (n) or; (adj) different

overture: (n, v) offer, advance; (n) prelude, approach, introduction, preface, opening, presentation, feeler, bid, motion. ANTONYMS: (n) finale, conclusion, postscript

pain: (n, v) hurt, afflict, ache, bother, torment, trouble, grieve, anguish; (n) ill, agony, nuisance. ANTONYMS: (v) encourage, cheer; (n) joy, peace, content, balm, ecstasy

parish: (n) community, congregation, county, region, province, township, borough, church, grazing land, area, arrondissement

parsimony: (n) frugality, thrift, niggardliness, parsimoniousness, closeness, meanness, miserliness, avarice, stinginess, prudence, pettiness. ANTONYMS: (n)

extravagance, generosity part: (adj, n) constituent; (n) piece,

article, section; (v) break, disjoin, divide, divorce; (n, v) branch, division, character. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, entirety; (v) join, unite, meet, arrive, connect; (adv) wholly

particular: (n) detail, item; (adj) fastidious, fussy, finicky, exact, individual, careful, definite, delicate, detailed. ANTONYMS: (adj) careless, easy, vague, ordinary, collective, generalized, slapdash, universal, strong, normal, indeterminate

particularly: (adj, adv) specially, only; (adv) peculiarly, specifically, individually, expressly, separately, curiously, markedly, unusually, definitely. ANTONYMS: (adv) slightly, generally, vaguely, somewhat, unexceptionally

partly: (adj) half, semi, quasi; (adv) part, constituently, in part, sidely, moderately, halfway, incompletely, relatively. ANTONYMS: (adv) completely, wholly, entirely; (adj) fully

parts: (n) faculty, nous, quick parts, sagacity, wit, surroundings; (adj) ingenuity, cleverness, capacity, turn, talents

passenger: (n) traveler, wayfarer, occupant, itinerant, rider, stowaway, voyager, hitchhiker, commuter, passer, pilgrim. ANTONYM: (n) driver

past: (n) history, yesterday; (adj, adv, prep) beyond; (adj) former, bygone, old, prior, over, gone by; (adv) before; (adv, pref) along. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) future, present; (prep) within; (adj) current, contemporary, modern, upcoming, following, subsequent, later; (n) prospect

patriot: (n) jingoist, jingo, subject, patriotic, Garibaldi, loyalist, national, chauvinist. ANTONYM: (n) turncoat

paying: (adj, v) profitable; (adj) paid, lucrative, salaried, stipendiary, good, beneficial; (v) advantageous, remunerative; (n) payment, defrayment

penalties: (n) penalty penny: (n) change, coin, centime,

copper, groat, subunit, money, mite, doit, small change, denomination

pepper: (n) cayenne, capsicum, paprika, pimento, peppercorn, black pepper; (v) bombard, sprinkle; (adj)

spice, season, salt perfection: (n) maturity, ideal,

consummation, paragon, completeness, finish, completion, crown, flawlessness, development, ne plus ultra. ANTONYMS: (n) imperfection, fault, abandonment, ugliness, deterioration

perform: (v) execute, fulfill, accomplish, do, achieve, complete, carry out, behave, make, play, appear. ANTONYMS: (v) omit, rehearse, malfunction, stop

perhaps: (adv) mayhap, perchance, peradventure, possibly, probably, conceivably, by chance, haply, if, presumably; (n) might. ANTONYM: (adv) certainly

perpetual: (adj) incessant, continual, constant, endless, eternal, everlasting, lasting, ceaseless, immortal, continuous, perennial. ANTONYMS: (adj) temporary, intermittent, transitory, mortal, unstable, finite, inconstant, occasional, sporadic

person: (n) individual, human, man, mortal, character, soul, human being, being, creature, body; (n, v) party

personal: (adj) own, particular, human, intimate, peculiar, private, direct, proper, subjective, physical; (n) person. ANTONYMS: (adj) public, general, detached, collective, common, orthodox, formal, impersonal, outermost, external, typical

persons: (n) folk, public, society, world

physician: (n) doctor, medico, doc, medic, quack, surgeon, leech, houseman, MD, allergist, intern

pick: (n) alternative, best, option, selection, choice; (adj, n) cream, elite; (adj, v) select; (v) opt, harvest, gather. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, refuse

piece: (n) fragment, division, part, article, lump, hunk, composition, component, opus; (n, v) patch, portion. ANTONYMS: (n) whole, chunk; (v) disassemble

pigs: (n) stock, hogs, Suidae, livestock, litter, family Suidae, domestic animals, cattle, boars, sheep, farm animals

pine: (v) languish, long, ache, droop, flag, crave, fade; (n) fir; (n, v) yearn, sink; (adj) peak

pity: (n, v) compassion, ruth; (n) mercy, commiseration, condolence,



sympathy, clemency, remorse; (v) sympathize, compassionate, feel sorry for. ANTONYMS: (n) blame, cruelty, indifference, harshness, joy

please: (v) delight, charm, amuse, entertain, oblige, enchant, enrapture; (adj, v) gratify, enjoy, like; (adj) glad. ANTONYMS: (v) displease, annoy, irritate, anger, distress, sicken, disappoint, dissatisfy, sadden, repel, appall

pleased: (adj) contented, glad, delighted, content, joyful, thankful, gratified, appreciative, overjoyed, cheerful; (adj, v) elated. ANTONYMS: (adj) unhappy, annoyed, angry, worried, ashamed, disappointed, frustrated, sad, unsatisfied, ungrateful, uncomplimentary

pleasure: (n) fun, enjoyment, delectation, joy, comfort, happiness, mirth, inclination; (n, v) contentment, content; (adj, n, v) gratification. ANTONYMS: (n) irritation, nuisance, boredom, ache, displeasure, dissatisfaction, misery, pain, sadness, worry, anguish

plentiful: (adj) opulent, bountiful, ample, luxuriant, liberal, copious, fruitful, full, abundant, rich, plenty. ANTONYMS: (adj) scanty, meager, sparse, lacking, insufficient, few, infertile

plentifully: (adv) plenteously, bountifully, bounteously, abundantly, profusely, richly, fully, liberally, opulently, amply, prolifically. ANTONYM: (adv) meagerly

plump: (adj) chubby, corpulent, stout, round, obese, overweight, gross, buxom, pudgy; (adj, n) fleshy; (v) fatten. ANTONYMS: (adj) thin, emaciated, skinny, slim, slender

points: (n) turnout, handicap, interest, percentage, brownie points, commendation, credit, eight points, share, terms

poison: (adj, v) contaminate, taint; (n, v) envenom, drug, empoison; (adj) toxic, poisonous; (v) defile, intoxicate; (n) bane, venom. ANTONYMS: (n) cure; (v) clean

poor: (adj) bad, miserable, piteous, destitute, pitiful, insufficient, penniless, pathetic; (adj, v) meager; (adj, n) paltry, mean. ANTONYMS: (adj) wealthy, excellent, privileged, admirable, good, adequate, satisfactory, outstanding, favorable, dignified, comfortable

poorer: (adj) lesser, substandard, subordinate, of inferior quality, not as good as, lower, junior, minor. ANTONYMS: (adj) superior, higher

popish: (adj) papistic, papist, Roman, Romish, Romanist, papal, pontifical, apostolic, Roman Catholic

popular: (adj) general, current, fashionable, democratic, customary, plain, known, pop, celebrated; (adj, v) favorite; (n) folk. ANTONYMS: (adj) unpopular, aristocratic, disliked, companionless, out, unknown, unpleasant, minority, forgettable, highbrow, unfashionable

possibly: (adv) probably, perhaps, peradventure, likely, perchance, may, might, or, mayhap, conceivably, potentially. ANTONYMS: (adv) impossibly, definitely, certainly, indeed, implausibly

pound: (n, v) pen, hammer, thump; (v) palpitate, grind, maul, crush, bang, flap, mash, buffet

power: (n, v) might, ability, influence, dominion, faculty; (n) potency, energy, control, authority, domination, strength. ANTONYMS: (n) powerlessness, helplessness, weakness, inability, subjugation, moderation, calmness, meekness, inferiority, feebleness, ease

practice: (n, v) exercise, drill, discipline, use; (n) fashion, convention, habitude, habit, experience, form, observance. ANTONYMS: (n) theory, innovation; (v) perform

pregnancy: (n) gestation, richness, womb, abundance, fertility, affluence, wealth, profusion, conception, opulence; (adj) procreation

prescribe: (n, v) ordain; (v) enjoin, decree, dictate, fix, command, assign, determine, set, stipulate, designate

present: (adj, n, v) gift, grant; (n, v) donation, display; (adj, v) confer, bestow; (v) introduce, give, prefer, offer, perform. ANTONYMS: (v) withdraw, withhold, consume, take; (adj) missing, lost, dated, historical; (adj, n) past, future; (n) history

preserver: (n) defender, protector, custodian, conservative, keeper, conservator, savior, patron, restorer, flotation device; (adj) third person

pretender: (n) fraud, fake, imposter, sham, hypocrite, claimant, cheat,

quack, shammer, humbug; (v) fanfaron

prevent: (n, v) hinder, bar; (v) anticipate, block, forbid, avert, avoid, preclude, arrest, hamper, obviate. ANTONYMS: (v) allow, permit, promote, advance, attract, cause, let, drive, help, support, include

price: (v) appraise, assess; (adj, n) worth, merit; (n) cost, charge, expense, figure, fee; (n, v) estimate, amount

pride: (n) arrogance, conceit, egotism, vanity, lordliness, assumption, insolence, disdain, hauteur; (n, v) boast; (v) plume. ANTONYMS: (n) modesty, sorrow, dregs, disgrace, shame, baseness

prime: (adj, n) chief, best, paramount, essential; (adj) first, head, fundamental, primary, early; (n) flower; (v) ground. ANTONYMS: (adj, n) secondary, inferior; (adj) new, marginal; (n) nadir

principal: (adj, n) chief, master, cardinal, primary, leading, capital, prime, main; (adj) grand; (n) manager, leader. ANTONYMS: (adj) secondary, subordinate, peripheral, trivial, marginal, side

probably: (adv) presumably, perhaps, maybe, in all probability, in all likelihood, belike, believably, credibly; (adj, adv) doubtless; (adj) like; (n) may. ANTONYM: (adv) implausibly

procure: (v) get, obtain, buy, earn, win, gain, have, purchase, induce, derive, find. ANTONYM: (v) give

prodigious: (adj) gigantic, enormous, huge, phenomenal, portentous, stupendous, exceptional, colossal, immense, gargantuan; (adj, v) monstrous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unexceptional, normal, average, tiny, weak

profess: (v) assert, feign, affirm, avow, state, pretend, claim, confess, allege, aver; (n, v) protest. ANTONYM: (v) repress

professed: (adj) alleged, declared, apparent, avowed, pretended, seeming, supposed, affected, feigned, so-called, purported

profession: (n) employment, declaration, occupation, affirmation, calling, career, vocation, job, position, assertion, assurance. ANTONYM: (n) denial

proficiency: (n) ability, expertise, capability, dexterity, competence,


Jonathan Swift 29

efficiency, knowledge, expertness, skill, facility, craft. ANTONYMS: (n) inability, inexperience

profit: (n, v) gain, produce, net, increase, help; (adj, n, v) benefit, advantage; (n) account, earnings, lucre; (adj, n) good. ANTONYMS: (n) loss, detriment, insignificance

project: (n, v) design, jut, scheme; (v) hurl, contrive, overhang, protrude, shoot, bulge; (n) device, idea

promote: (adv, v) further, forward; (v) help, encourage, aid, push, prefer, develop, foster, advertise, assist. ANTONYMS: (v) demote, prevent, downgrade, impede, obstruct, oppose, restrain, thwart, buy, hinder, neglect

propagation: (n, v) generation, progeneration, genesis; (n) diffusion, dissemination, extension, circulation, transmission, promulgation; (adj, n) multiplication; (v) procreation

proper: (adj) due, decent, modest, agreeable, fitting, legitimate, right; (adj, v) correct, fit, becoming; (adj, n) just. ANTONYMS: (adj) inappropriate, wrong, unseemly, rude, unconventional, unsuitable, false, relaxed, vulgar, unreasonable, undue

properly: (adv) duly, decently, appropriately, neatly, exactly, rightly, becomingly, fittingly, fitly, seemly, aptly. ANTONYMS: (adv) improperly, incorrectly, inappropriately, unlawfully, unsuitably, unduly, informally, indecently, dishonorably, badly, jokingly

proposal: (n) advice, suggestion, proposition, overture, plan, proffer, offer, hypothesis, presentation, idea, view

propose: (v) bid, nominate, design, plan, proffer, move, intend, mean, aim, suggest; (n, v) advance. ANTONYMS: (v) reject, improvise, oppose

proposed: (adj) intended, projected, suggested, intentional, jutting, planned, future, projecting, predetermined, prospective; (n) moot

prospect: (n) outlook, expectancy, lookout, aspect, anticipation, hope, possibility, perspective, probability, panorama, picture

provide: (v) contribute, furnish, offer, cater, supply, afford, equip, administer, accommodate, allow, fit.

ANTONYMS: (v) refuse, withhold, divest, neglect, take, buy

provided: (adv) in case, provided always; (conj) if; (n) conditionally, as if, quasi; (adj) fitted, instructed, enlightened, arranged; (v) foreseen

providing: (v) provide; (n) provision, supply, supplying, health care delivery, giving out, alimentation, logistics; (conj) if, on condition that; (adv) in case

prudence: (n) foresight, economy, frugality, caution, care, forethought, providence, circumspection, judgment, deliberation; (adj, n) wisdom. ANTONYMS: (n) imprudence, profligacy, generosity, hindsight, recklessness, extravagance

prudent: (adj, v) discreet; (adj) cautious, circumspect, reasonable, chary, economical, careful, frugal, deliberate, advisable, canny. ANTONYMS: (adj) imprudent, reckless, spendthrift, stupid, careless, unwise, unsafe, tactless

public: (n) folk, people, populace; (adj) national, overt, civic, communal, popular; (adj, v) general, open; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) private, confidential, personal, individual, privileged, restricted, unknown, home, secret

purpose: (n, v) plan, intention, design, project, resolve, purport, end, object; (n) mind, effect, motive. ANTONYM: (n) weakness

putting: (n) placing, putt, botong, swing, puts, miniature golf, golf stroke, golf shot, placing into standby

quality: (adj, n) character, faculty; (n) class, characteristic, condition, grade, feature, distinction, description, mark, peculiarity. ANTONYMS: (adj) cheap; (n) drawback, inferiority, mediocrity

quarter: (n) part, district, neighbourhood, division, mercy, neighborhood, region, direction, portion; (n, v) place; (v) lodge. ANTONYM: (v) evict

question: (n, v) query, distrust, interrogate, matter, challenge, demand; (n) inquiry; (v) investigate, inquire, contest, examine. ANTONYMS: (n) certainty, resolution; (n, v) trust; (v) praise, reply, believe, accept

quickest: (adv) most quickly quitting: (n) departure, resignation

rags: (adj) refuse, rubble, scourings, sweepings, trash, waste; (n) clothing, tatter, orts, odds and ends, dress

raiment: (n, v) dress, garb, apparel, garment, clothes; (n) costume, attire, clothing, array, habit; (v) clothe

raised: (adj) embossed, erect, convex, inflated, brocaded, high, uplifted, lifted, exultant; (v) in relief, repousse

rather: (adv) a little, enough, fairly, pretty, moderately, considerably, very, relatively, kind of, instead, kinda. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, absolutely; (adj) complete

reader: (n) professor, lector, proofreader, subscriber, reviewer, bookworm, printer, preacher, compositor, schoolbook, scholar

ready: (v) prepare, fix; (adj, v) fit, disposed, willing; (adj) quick, prompt, nimble, apt; (adj, n) available, dexterous. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwilling, reluctant, unavailable, unready, unripe, difficult, unenthusiastic, young

real: (adj, n, v) actual; (adj, n) true, pure, authentic; (adj) physical, material, natural, concrete, positive, literal, native. ANTONYMS: (adj, v) pretend; (adj) imaginary, artificial, fake, apparent, mock, insubstantial, imitation, fantasy, false, bogus

reason: (n) account, intellect, occasion, object, understanding, argument, purpose; (n, v) cause; (v) argue, debate; (adj, n) rationality. ANTONYMS: (n) inconsistency, disincentive

reasonable: (adj) rational, just, fair, legitimate, judicious, sensible, sane, temperate, impartial, inexpensive, equitable. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unfair, expensive, unsatisfactory, inadequate, excessive, intolerable, intemperate, inexplicable, ridiculous, obsessional

reasonably: (adv) fairly, rather, quite, passably, pretty, justly, somewhat, sensibly, rationally, enough, fair. ANTONYMS: (adv) extremely, dangerously, illogically, irrationally, wrongly, extravagantly, foolishly, implausibly, intolerably, unsatisfactorily, unfairly

receipts: (n) proceeds, earnings, revenue, gain, profit, gross, gate, profit and loss account, box office, gains, emolument

reckon: (v) estimate, judge, hold, compute, guess, calculate, gauge, rate; (n, v) enumerate, count,



number recommend: (v) advocate, advise,

counsel, commend, offer, suggest, move, praise, urge, endorse, promote. ANTONYMS: (v) oppose, reject

refinement: (n) culture, cultivation, purification, gentility, polish, finish, civilization, nicety, courtesy, grace; (adj, n) elegance. ANTONYMS: (n) vulgarity, adulteration, tackiness, uncouthness, tastelessness, inelegance, coarseness, clumsiness, awkwardness, crudeness

regarded: (adj) reputed reject: (v) deny, decline, disapprove,

eliminate, dismiss, exclude, rebuff, discard, repel, ignore; (n) cull. ANTONYMS: (v) approve, choose, select, grant, acknowledge, agree, pass, welcome, propose, prefer, keep

rejecting: (adj) negative, dismissive, disdainful; (n) rejection

relations: (n) family, dealings, kin, relation, connections, people, kindred, kinsfolk, contact, relationship, folks

relieving: (adj) pertinent, comforting, applicable; (n) encouragement

remain: (n, v) abide, endure, continue, last; (v) bide, linger, stay, keep, persist, live, hold. ANTONYMS: (v) leave, depart, change, move, go, become, stop

remaining: (adj) leftover, left over, odd, surplus, extra, other, enduring, lasting, residual, spare; (adv) over. ANTONYMS: (adj) spent, finished, left, gross, fleeting, basic, transient

remedy: (n, v) cure, redress, heal, help, medicine, relief; (v) rectify, amend, relieve, correct; (n) drug. ANTONYM: (n) poison

render: (v) interpret, explain, give, offer, furnish, pay, construe, return, provide, impart, translate

renowned: (adj, n) illustrious, glorious; (adj) famous, famed, notable, noted, eminent, distinguished, great, notorious, well-known. ANTONYMS: (adj) obscure, anonymous, undistinguished

rent: (n, v) breach, fissure, lease, let; (adj, n) cleft; (n) crevice, tear, crack, break; (v) charter, engage

repeat: (v) copy, recapitulate, reduplicate, reiterate, rehearse, return, say, double, renew, iterate, duplicate

repine: (v) kick, grumble, regret,

quetch, murmur, brood, mourn, languish, whine, lament; (n) sink

require: (v) charge, crave, involve, desire, demand, exact, claim, ask, entail; (adj, v) want, lack. ANTONYMS: (v) obviate, dislike, have

reserved: (adj, n) cold, distant, frigid; (adj) coy, reticent, diffident, bashful, aloof, retiring, quiet, shy. ANTONYMS: (adj) open, forthcoming, uninhibited, relaxed, warm, communicative, talkative, free, definite, cordial, forward

resolution: (n) determination, purpose, firmness, conclusion, answer, solution, resolve, decomposition, resoluteness, perseverance, settlement. ANTONYMS: (n) problem, feebleness, indecision, irresoluteness, irresolution, weakness, indifference

rest: (adj, n) remnant, remainder, residue; (n, v) pause, balance, nap, relaxation, sleep; (n) recess, leisure; (v) remain. ANTONYMS: (n) activity, agitation, intensification; (v) change, stand, deteriorate

return: (v) recur, reimburse, restore; (n, v) pay, restitution, recompense, refund, restoration, render, retort; (n) proceeds. ANTONYMS: (n) departure, confiscation, abolition, recovery, loss, disappearance, penalty; (v) keep, depart, take, remove

rewards: (n) booty, loot rich: (adj, n) copious, luxurious; (adj)

productive, fruitful, full, deep, prolific, opulent, fat, affluent; (adj, v) fertile. ANTONYMS: (adj) poor, impoverished, destitute, broke, light, plain, lean, delicate, infertile, weak, barren

roads: (n) anchorage, anchorage ground, communications, infrastructure, port, road and rail network, transportation

roasted: (adj) fried, baked roasting: (n) barbecuing, cookery,

cooking; (adj) broiling, baking, burning, boiling, airless, blazing, close; (adj, n) scorching. ANTONYMS: (adj) airy, fresh

roman: (adj) Romanist, Romish, classical, apostolic, popish, papist, papistic; (n) Catholic, Roman type, reglet, Romanesque

rotting: (adj) rotten, decaying, decayed, moldering, mouldering, decomposing, putrid; (n) rot,

putrefaction, decomposition, deep etching

round: (n) bout, circuit, beat; (n, v) ring, compass; (adv, prep) about; (adj) circular, entire; (adj, v) plump; (adj, n, v) turn; (v) gird. ANTONYMS: (adj) sharp, slender, thin, square, harsh, reedy, evasive; (prep) exactly

rudiments: (n) grammar, fundamentals, elements, alphabet, abecedary, primer, vade mecum, bedrock, element, fundamental principle, rudiment

sale: (n) fair, disposal, sales, sales event, bazaar, market, demand, marketing, saloon, vend, vendition. ANTONYMS: (n) acquisition, purchase

saleable: (adj) salable, marketable, merchantable, commercial, vendible, sellable, profitable

salt: (adj) salty, saline, briny, brackish, pungent; (v) cure, pickle; (n) salinity, common salt, alkali; (adj, n) spice

same: (adj) identical, equal, like, corresponding, equivalent, similar, uniform, even, consistent, matching; (adv) equally. ANTONYMS: (adj) different, varying, another, unlike, other, varied

savage: (adj, v) fierce, wild, furious; (adj) ferocious, brutal, cruel, bloodthirsty, rough, pitiless; (adj, n) brute; (n) vandal. ANTONYMS: (adj) civilized, gentle, nice

scene: (n, v) aspect, view, outlook, lookout; (n) background, display, spectacle, picture, environment, panorama, perspective

scheme: (n, v) plot, design, intrigue, project; (n) contrivance, dodge, device, diagram, method; (v) devise, conspire

scraps: (n) garbage, odds and ends, scrap, bits, food waste, leftover, trash, waste, oddments, leftovers, residue

scrupulous: (adj) careful, punctilious, exact, conscientious, particular, painstaking, accurate, prudent, meticulous, rigorous, cautious. ANTONYMS: (adj) sloppy, unscrupulous, slapdash, relaxed, guilty, deceitful

season: (v) mature, flavor, salt, mellow, moderate; (adj, v) harden, inure, habituate; (n) opportunity, spell, space

seasoned: (adj) veteran, flavoured, flavored, mature, ripe, versed,


Jonathan Swift 31

hardened, confirmed, practised, accustomed, sophisticated. ANTONYMS: (adj) green, unseasoned, inexperienced, mild

secondly: (adv) secondarily, second, latterly, subordinately, duplicately, inferiorly, forwardly, additionally, furtherly, in the second place, subsequently

seem: (v) appear, feel, seeming, loom, expect, show, beseem, sound, glitter, glisten, gleam

seized: (adj) confiscate, appropriated, condemned, apprehended, grasped, taken, held, seised, detained, obtained, arraught

seldom: (adj) scarce, rare, few, infrequent; (adv) occasionally, infrequently, uncommonly, hardly, scarcely, not often, once in a blue moon. ANTONYMS: (adv) often, seldom

self: (n) ego, person, me, individual, being; (pron) myself, herself, itself; (adj) same; (v) own; (adv) personally

sell: (v) deal, handle, dispose, betray, give, promote, realize, merchandise, dispose of; (n, v) cheat; (adj) sold. ANTONYMS: (v) buy, wholesale

selves: (pron) oneself sentiments: (n) breast serve: (adj, n, v) avail; (v) assist, aid,

act, benefit, tend, attend, operate, function, do; (n, v) officiate

service: (n, v) overhaul, serve, refit, assist; (n) aid, employment, assistance, avail, ministration, ceremony; (v) attendance. ANTONYMS: (n) disservice, damage, hindrance, uselessness

settlement: (n) accommodation, colony, hamlet, payment, arrangement, conclusion, resolution, determination, contract, village, colonization

seventy: (n) large integer several: (adj, v) diverse, divers,

sundry; (adj, n) a few, some; (adj) various, individual, different, particular, special, numerous. ANTONYMS: (adj) joint, all, none

shall: (n) must, necessity; (v) require, bequeath, leave

shambles: (n) disorder, confusion, mess, butchery, abattoir, chaos, muddle, bedlam, hash, tangle; (n, v) slaughterhouse. ANTONYM: (n) order

shame: (n, v) disgrace, dishonor, discredit, humiliate, degrade, chagrin; (n) humiliation, modesty, scandal, insult; (v) abash.

ANTONYMS: (n) pride, glorification, making, worthiness; (v) acknowledge, glorify, respect, dignify

sheep: (n) goat, ram, tup, ewe, cattle, follower, Bovidae, stock, simple, simpleton, family Bovidae

since: (adv, conj, prep) because, seeing that; (adv, prep) afterwards, before; (adv, conj) for, as; (adj, adv) ago; (conj) whereas; (prep) from, of; (adv) after

sincere: (adj, v) earnest, devout; (adj) genuine, faithful, heartfelt, honest, serious, open, artless, candid; (adj, n) cordial. ANTONYMS: (adj) insincere, dishonest, guarded, flippant, affected, disingenuous, hypocritical, cunning, unfaithful, unenthusiastic, unbelievable

sincerity: (adj, n) candor, honesty, integrity, probity, faithfulness; (n) earnestness, heartiness, genuineness, candour, frankness, cordiality. ANTONYMS: (n) dishonesty, hypocrisy, flippancy, frivolity, affectedness, caution, reticence, deceit, doubt

single: (adj) celibate, odd, particular, separate, solitary, isolated, sole, lone, lonely, simple; (adj, n) one. ANTONYMS: (adj) double, multiple, divorced, attached, dual, involved, widowed, general, common; (n) record

situation: (n) employment, position, post, job, matter, location, circumstance, circumstances, condition, site, office

skilful: (adj) adroit, practised, experienced, cunning, expert, dextrous, clever, adept, proficient, practiced, good

skill: (n) artifice, capacity, capability, knack, ability, faculty, finesse, cleverness, expertise; (adj, n) craft, cunning. ANTONYMS: (n) clumsiness, incompetence, uselessness, stupidity, ineptness, tactlessness, inexperience, ignorance, inaccuracy, delay, drawback

skin: (n) hide, fur, rind, coating, shell, hull; (v) pare, scrape, excoriate, flay; (n, v) bark

solar: (adj) heliacal, sunny, solars, sunlight, suns, the sun, planetary, lunar, astral, astronomical, astrophysical

sold: (adj) depleted, interested; (v) to market

solid: (adj, v) dense, compact,

consistent, close, fixed; (adj) hard, strong, real, good, secure, substantial. ANTONYMS: (adj) soft, unreliable, loose, permeable, runny, gaseous, transparent, watery, slim, weak, brittle

something: (n) what, object, thing, article, entity, substance, somebody; (adv, n) somewhat; (adv) rather, a little, kinda. ANTONYM: (pron) nothing

somewhat: (adv) slightly, a little, fairly, a bit, reasonably, pretty, moderately, sort of; (adv, v) little; (adv, pron) partly; (adj, adv) something. ANTONYMS: (adv) considerably, very, unreasonably, totally, hugely, completely, closely, massively, absolutely, wholly

soon: (adv) shortly, presently, anon, immediately, directly, at once, before long, betimes, quickly, promptly; (adj, adv) early. ANTONYMS: (adv) now, eventually, later, slowly

sort: (adj, n, v) class; (n, v) type, group, rank; (n) variety, breed, assortment, form, pattern; (adj, n) manner, description

sound: (n, v) chime, echo, peal; (adj) reasonable, complete, healthy, sensible, sane, rational; (adj, v) fit, fast. ANTONYMS: (adj) illogical, unsound, confused, unreliable, flawed, flimsy, silent, weak, unreasonable; (n) silence; (v) devoice

spain: (n) spains, Espana spirit: (n, v) courage, mind; (n) mood,

ghost, apparition, disposition, energy, essence, soul, phantom; (adj, n) animation. ANTONYMS: (n) lethargy, body, cowardice, surface, sluggishness, lifelessness, defeatism

squire: (n, v) escort; (n) landlord, gallant, attendant, beau, gentleman, esquire, landowner, landholder, armiger; (v) attend

stand: (v) endure, undergo; (n) rack, booth, attitude, base, pedestal; (n, v) live, position; (adj, v) suffer, tolerate. ANTONYMS: (v) sit, lie, yield, forbid; (n) top

starve: (v) fast, crave, lust, hunger, thirst, perish, be hungry, deprive, benumb; (adj, v) pinch; (adj) gripe. ANTONYMS: (v) feed, eat

state: (n) nation, position, kingdom, status, country; (n, v) say, show, place; (adj) national; (v) express, expound. ANTONYMS: (adj) private; (n) monarchy; (v) conceal,



refute statue: (n) figure, monument,

statuette, effigy, idol, sculpture, carving, bust, sphinx, icon, representation

stay: (adj, n, v) remain; (n, v) rest, prop, stop, delay, abide, continue, pause, endure, halt, support. ANTONYMS: (v) change, abscond, depart, move, disappear, become, go

stealing: (n) pilferage, larceny, theft, steal, burglary, misappropriation, embezzlement, stolen, thievery, pilfering, thieving

sterling: (adj) sound, fine, authentic, reliable, genuine, pure, good, infallible, excellent; (n) pound sterling, pound. ANTONYM: (adj) spurious

stewed: (adj) poached, tipsy, intoxicated, done, drunk, huffy, inebriated, baked, tight

stir: (adj, n, v) move, bustle; (v) rouse, arouse, affect, agitate, inspire; (adj, n) movement; (n) commotion, excitement, disturbance. ANTONYMS: (v) dampen, retire, stultify, bore, steady, stifle, suppress; (n) quiet, peace; (n, v) calm

stock: (n, v) store, handle; (n) lineage, breed, goods, origin, ancestry, hoard, race; (adj, v) regular; (adj) standard. ANTONYMS: (adj) original, unusual, atypical, nonstandard

streets: (n) street strength: (n, v) power; (n) energy,

firmness, endurance, stability, potency, health, soundness; (adj, n, v) might; (adj, n) vigor, intensity. ANTONYMS: (n) frailty, shortcoming, flaw, faintness, powerlessness, moderation, limitation, instability, impotence, feebleness, disadvantage

studious: (adj) scholarly, bookish, academic, assiduous, erudite, diligent, learned, careful, deliberate; (adj, v) thoughtful, reflective. ANTONYM: (adj) negligent

subject: (n) matter, citizen, motif, question, issue, affair, point, national; (adj, v) exposed; (adj, n) dependent, inferior. ANTONYMS: (n) foreigner, resolution; (adj) impervious

submission: (n) compliance, obedience, acquiescence, bid, offer, deference, entry, presentation, conformity; (adj, n) resignation, surrender. ANTONYMS: (n)

defiance, divergence, disobedience subsistence: (n) existence, life, entity,

maintenance, food, support, sustenance, living, livelihood, esse, ens

subtract: (v) reduce, calculate, take off, add, discount, diminish, subduct, withhold, deduce, withdraw, remove. ANTONYMS: (v) estimate, credit

success: (n) conquest, prosperity, achievement, hit, passing, victory, effectiveness, accomplishment, triumph, coup, achiever. ANTONYMS: (n) flop, disappointment, prevention, debacle, defeat, fruitlessness, poverty, dissatisfaction, inefficiency, criticism

suck: (v) nurse, drink, imbibe, suckle, absorb, lactate, puff, drain, pull, suck up; (n) sucking. ANTONYM: (v) rock

sufficient: (adj) adequate, proper, commensurate, competent, good, acceptable, apt, ample, full; (adj, n) enough; (adv) quite. ANTONYMS: (adj) inadequate, insufficient, unacceptable, unsatisfactory, impossible, appalling

summer: (n) summertime, joist, rafter, beam, scaffold, season, skeleton, corner stone, lintel, transom, girder. ANTONYM: (n) winter

support: (n, v) stand, aid, keep, prop, comfort, patronage; (adj, n, v) assist; (v) brace; (adj, v) encourage, back; (n) maintenance. ANTONYMS: (n, v) neglect; (v) undermine, reject, weaken, abandon, condemn, contradict, disapprove, release; (n) hindrance, opposition

supported: (adj) sustained, backed, bolstered, based; (v) borne, carried, conveyed, supporting; (adv) on

supposing: (adv) admitting, conditionally, in case; (n) supposition, conjecture, thought, theory, assumption; (conj) although, what if; (v) suppose

sure: (adj) secure, reliable, safe, indisputable, dependable, assured, positive; (adj, v) steady, firm; (adv) certainly; (adj, adv) for certain. ANTONYMS: (adj) doubtful, uncertain, unsure, hesitant, humbled, dubious, indefinite, wavering, wobbly, unconvinced; (adv) doubtfully

sustenance: (n) living, food, maintenance, subsistence, fare,

sustentation, provisions, nourishment, nutriment, aliment, livelihood. ANTONYM: (n) extras

swine: (n) hog, boar, beast, sow, Eohyus, babiroussa, babirussa, barrow, brute, razorback, grunter

table: (n) board, schedule, chart, stand, list, desk, plateau, platen; (v) defer, shelve, postpone. ANTONYMS: (v) decide, vote, withdraw

taken: (adj) occupied, full, interpreted, appropriated, seized, overcome, affected, besotted; (v) take, get, receive. ANTONYMS: (adj) given, free

talk: (n, v) discourse, gossip, converse, lecture, chatter, chat, address; (v) articulate, speak, prattle; (n) language. ANTONYMS: (v) refuse; (n) silence

taste: (n, v) relish, sample, smack, touch; (n) flavor, liking, penchant, morsel, bit, drop, fondness. ANTONYMS: (n) dislike, tastelessness, disinclination, hate, lot, coarseness, uncouthness; (v) abstain, refrain

taxing: (adj) burdensome, demanding, trying, arduous, exacting, strenuous, heavy, troublesome, tough, laborious, hard. ANTONYMS: (adj) light, refreshing, relaxing, undemanding

teaching: (n) education, instruction, indoctrination, precept, pedagogy, schooling, doctrine, training, lesson, advice, tuition

tears: (n) cry, crying, snivel, brine, weeping, activity, bawling, bodily function, bodily process, body process, lacerations

temperance: (n) moderation, abstinence, abstemiousness, control, restraint, moderateness, soberness, forbearance, measure, gravity, asceticism. ANTONYMS: (n) intemperance, wildness

tender: (n, v) offer, proffer, bid; (adj, v) affectionate; (adj) painful, sensitive, soft, loving, sore; (v) propose, present. ANTONYMS: (adj) hardhearted, rubbery, hard, rough, uncaring, healthy, mature, unfeeling, cold, experienced; (v) withdraw

tenderness: (n) fondness, soreness, love, affection, sympathy; (adj, n) clemency, mildness, compassion, gentleness, softness, delicacy. ANTONYMS: (n) pleasure, dryness, hatred, strength, detachment


Jonathan Swift 33

themselves: (pron) myself, itself, yourself; (n) yourselves

thence: (adv) therefore, thus, therefrom, thereof, consequently, then, so, thereafter, thenceforth, since, on account of

thereby: (adv) whereby, hereby therefore: (adv) thence, so, hence,

accordingly, as a result, thus, for that reason; (conj) since, because, then, ergo

thing: (n) affair, occurrence, object, event, concern, something, article, happening, substance, occasion, being

things: (n) gear, belongings, equipment, garb, garment, clothes, paraphernalia, goods, life, property, palliament

thirdly: (adv) third, tertiarily, in the third place, thrice

thirty: (n) large integer, termination; (adj) thretty

though: (adj, conj) however; (conj) still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, albeit, whereas, while; (adv) even, after all, tho'; (adv, conj) tho

thoughts: (n) mind, opinion, depth of thought, feelings, reflection, ideas, workings of the mind, view, stance, position, considered opinion

thousand: (adj, n) one thousand, k, m; (n) grand, g, thou, cat Valium, constant of gravitation, grounds, curtilage; (adj) a thousand

thousands: (n) myriad, much, many thrifty: (adj) careful, economical,

provident, sparing, prudent, stingy, saving, spare, parsimonious, chary, scotch. ANTONYMS: (adj) wasteful, spendthrift, profligate, extravagant, generous

throughout: (prep) during; (adv, prep) about; (adv) every inch, in extenso, en masse, on the whole, bodily, en bloc, passim, everywhere, thoroughly

thus: (adv) then, so, consequently, hence, thence, accordingly, as a result, ergo, thusly, for that reason, as

till: (conj, prep) until, unto; (v) plow, hoe, farm, dig; (adj) up to; (n) tiller, drawer; (adv) so far; (prep) to

times: (n) present time, modern times, contemporary world, multiplication, time, period, era, many years duration, epoch, present, arithmetic operation

title: (n, v) call, style, designation, term, designate; (adj, n) claim, right; (n) caption, denomination,

appellation, epithet. ANTONYM: (n) possession

told: (v) related, narrated; (adj) numbered, oral, spoken, legendary, verbal, manifest

tolerably: (adv) well enough, passably, acceptably, reasonably, enough, moderately, to a tolerable degree, pretty, to an adequate degree; (adj, adv) somewhat; (adj) pretty well. ANTONYMS: (adv) unbearably, intolerably, unacceptably, unreasonably, insufficiently, inadequately

tough: (adj) difficult, strong, arduous, rugged, severe, stout, laborious, sturdy; (adj, v) tenacious; (n) bully, rowdy. ANTONYMS: (adj) weak, easy, flimsy, soft, lightweight, simple, feeble, gentle, kind, fragile, facile

towardly: (adj) timely, seasonable towards: (prep) to, facing, until,

opposite to, till, unto, upon; (n, prep) against; (adv) about, by; (n) at

town: (adj) municipal, urban; (n) borough, township, village, burgh, burg, municipality, townspeople, metropolis; (adj, n) community. ANTONYMS: (adj) country, private

trade: (n, v) deal, exchange, swap, merchandise, switch, barter, change; (adj, n) business; (n) commerce, profession, occupation. ANTONYMS: (n) purchase, entertainment, fun, pastime; (v) buy, wholesale

travel: (adj, n, v) go, pass, run; (adj, v) proceed; (v) roam, move, ride, sail; (n) stroke, tour; (n, v) voyage. ANTONYMS: (v) remain, settle

trouble: (n, v) inconvenience, pain, bother, disquiet, disorder, worry, annoy, fuss, afflict, torment; (adj, n) difficulty. ANTONYMS: (v) please, help, assist, aid, placate, soothe, comfort; (n) fitness, pleasure, advantage, ease

true: (adj, n) genuine, authentic; (adj) right, faithful, even, correct, accurate, honest, straight, truthful; (adj, v) actual. ANTONYMS: (adj) inaccurate, untrue, bogus, untrustworthy, unrealistic, mythical, fraudulent, faithless, disloyal; (adv) wrongly, dishonestly

turn: (n, v) curve, roll, twist, go, coil, round, change, bent, spin; (n) bout; (v) revolve. ANTONYMS: (n) failure, Miss, stagnation; (v) unbend

turned: (adj) off, curved, rancid, twisted, false, bent, altered, sullen,

having inflections, versed, glowering. ANTONYM: (adj) unturned

twelve: (adj, n) dozen, XII; (n) boxcars, large integer

twenty: (adj) vigesimal; (n) large integer, twenty dollar bill

under: (adj) lower, down, nether, bottom, inferior, low, subject; (adv, prep) beneath, underneath; (adv) downstairs, infra. ANTONYMS: (adv, prep) over, above; (adv) primary, higher, major

unite: (v) associate, meet, connect, link, blend, join, coalesce, unify, tie, amalgamate; (adj, v) fuse. ANTONYMS: (v) divide, cut, disband, disconnect, diverge, segregate, split, undo, unpick

unjustly: (adv) wrongly, wrongfully, wickedly, iniquitously, inequitably, undeservedly, illegally, foully, injuriously, unrighteously, unjustifiedly. ANTONYMS: (adv) rightly, reasonably

unknown: (adj, n) secret, alien; (adj) hidden, unfamiliar, unidentified, obscure, nameless, foreign, anonymous; (n) stranger, foreigner. ANTONYMS: (adj) familiar, recognized, famous, documented, identified, transparent; (n) native

unless: (adv) but, if, yet, besides, except with, further; (adv, conj) save; (conj) without, if not; (n) provisionally; (adj) not necessary

upon: (adv, prep) above; (prep) up, onto, against, towards; (adv) on, on that occasion, then, before, by; (n) at

upwards: (adj, adv) upwardly, up; (adv) over; (adj) improving, open. ANTONYM: (adv) down

useful: (adj) helpful, beneficial, practical, handy, advantageous, valuable, convenient, effective, functional, efficient, gainful. ANTONYMS: (adj) worthless, ineffective, unusable, negative, decorative, destructive, detrimental, disadvantageous, ineffectual, irrelevant, theoretical

useless: (adj) pointless, unnecessary, needless, worthless, fruitless, hopeless, abortive, idle, barren, superfluous, unavailing. ANTONYMS: (adj) helpful, effective, competent, convenient, valuable, necessary, brilliant, great, meaningful, usable, worthwhile

using: (n) colonialism, employment, enjoyment, victimisation, mistreatment, victimization,



development; (adv) through, via, by; (adj) usant

usual: (adj, n, v) ordinary, common, customary; (adj, n) habitual, accustomed, familiar, average, regular; (adj) everyday; (adj, v) frequent, general. ANTONYMS: (adj) unconventional, extraordinary, abnormal, irregular, atypical, exceptional, unprecedented, uncommon, rare, changing, unacceptable

usually: (adv) generally, ordinarily, normally, frequently, habitually, customarily, mostly, regularly, typically, as a rule, in general. ANTONYMS: (adv) rarely, exceptionally, occasionally

utterly: (adv) completely, absolutely, totally, entirely, extremely, altogether, expressly, purely, dead, fully, wholly. ANTONYMS: (adv) partly, uncertain, slightly, incompletely, hardly, somewhat

vain: (adj) proud, arrogant, conceited, fruitless, idle, empty, abortive, ineffectual, unproductive, narcissistic; (adj, v) useless. ANTONYMS: (adj) shy, successful, possible, persuasive, selfless, fruitful, humble, useful, responsible, worthwhile, effective

valuable: (adj) costly, beneficial, expensive, helpful, useful, admirable, important, invaluable; (adj, n) estimable, worthy; (n) treasure. ANTONYMS: (adj) useless, unimportant, valueless, insignificant, ineffectual, shabby, cheap, detrimental, disadvantageous; (n) trash, garbage

value: (adj, n, v) price; (n) cost, importance, consequence; (n, v) rate, appraise, measure; (v) appreciate, evaluate, esteem, assess. ANTONYMS: (n) disadvantage, futility, uselessness, insignificance, detriment, inefficiency, inferiority; (v) scorn, disregard, disrespect, hate

vanity: (n) egotism, pride, emptiness, arrogance, futility, inanity, vainglory, conceitedness, pretension, pomposity; (adj, n) amour propre. ANTONYMS: (n) selflessness, humility, importance, value, effectiveness

vast: (adj) large, immense, spacious, extensive, immeasurable, enormous, gigantic, wide, boundless, colossal, great. ANTONYMS: (adj) narrow, tiny, cramped, small, miniature, affordable, bounded, insignificant,

slight, shallow, restricted vein: (n) vena, strain, nervure, mine,

temper, blood vessel, tone; (adj, n) mood, humor, strip, frame of mind

venison: (adj) turtle; (n) beef, chicken, ham, lamb, mutton, pork, red meat, animal protein, white meat

vermin: (n) bug, varmint, louse, trash, pest, brute, varment, scum, riffraff, ragtag and bobtail, rabble

violently: (adj, adv) vehemently, hotly, madly, ardently; (adv) wildly, passionately, strongly, hard, furiously, turbulently; (adv, n) vigorously. ANTONYMS: (adv) gently, nonviolently, feebly, impassively, peacefully, tamely

virtues: (n) brawn, sinew, qualities, nerve, manner, habit, disposition, custom

visionary: (adj, n) utopian; (adj, v) imaginary; (adj) airy, fanciful, unreal, dreamy, ideal, romantic; (n) seer, dreamer, prophet. ANTONYMS: (adj) foolish, unromantic, practical, real, realistic, unimaginative

voluntary: (adj) optional, deliberate, unforced, willing, gratuitous, intentional, conscious, willful, intended, unpaid; (adj, n) volunteer. ANTONYMS: (adj) compulsory, forced, instinctive, unwilling, obligatory, welcome, professional; (n) draftee; (adv) paid

walk: (adj, n, v) step; (n, v) gait, ramble, march, pace, hike, course, saunter, stroll, roam; (n) path. ANTONYMS: (v) run, ride, stride

want: (n, v) lack, desire, miss, wish; (n) poverty, deficiency, deprivation, famine, necessity, destitution, shortage. ANTONYMS: (n, v) hate; (n) glut, despise, luxury, option, prosperity, supply; (v) disinterest, answer

wanted: (adj) welcome, cherished, precious, treasured, marketable, invited, necessary, needed, desirable, desired, loved. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwanted, unwelcome

wanting: (adj, v) missing; (adj) deficient, lacking, absent, defective, short, failing, insufficient, devoid, poor, incomplete. ANTONYMS: (adj) sufficient, satisfactory, adequate, full, present

wearied: (adj) jaded, tired, spent, fatigued, weary, prostrate, limp, haggard, shattered, worn, fatigate

weather: (v) survive, withstand,

resist, brave, stand, brave out, wear; (n) climate, atmospheric condition, downfall, inclemency. ANTONYMS: (v) succumb, reject

weigh: (v) press, study, measure, matter, consider, count, deliberate, contemplate, assess; (n, v) balance, poise. ANTONYMS: (v) ignore, neglect

weighed: (adj) determined, deliberate, tared

when: (adv, conj) once, as soon as; (adv) then, because, than, since, after; (conj) although, while, if; (prep) during

where: (adv) there, here, wherever, whither, in which, wherein, in what; (adv, pron) anywhere; (pron) everywhere; (n) point, spot

whereas: (conj) while, though, whenas, where, albeit; (adv) when, whilst, then; (prep) because; (n) grounds for a decisions

whereby: (adv) how, hereby wherein: (adv) in what, in which,

where whether: (pron) where whoever: (n) anyone, somebody;

(pron) whosoever, whatsoever person

whole: (adj, v) entire; (adj, n) total, integral, sum, aggregate, well; (adj, adv, n) all; (adj) complete, healthy, intact, full. ANTONYMS: (adj) incomplete, broken, partial, imperfect, unhealthy, deficient, destroyed, fractional, impaired, half, sick

wholesome: (adj) healthy, beneficial, salubrious, healthful, salutary, sound, good, nutritious, nourishing, pure, hale. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwholesome, unhealthy, impure, indecent, sordid, warped, tainted, decadent, deadly, unsavory

wholly: (adj, adv) totally, entirely, altogether, quite, exclusively, perfectly, solely; (adv, pref) all; (adv) fully, utterly, absolutely. ANTONYMS: (adv) partially, inclusively, hardly, incompletely, slightly

wife: (n) matron, missis, partner, married woman, spouse, consort, helpmate, housewife, lady, woman, viscountess

winter: (n) wintertime, season, time of year, hiems, frost, chill; (adj) wintery, wintry; (v) spend. ANTONYM: (n) heat

wise: (adj) reasonable, sensible, sound, rational, sagacious,


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intelligent, prudent, shrewd, discreet; (adj, n) knowing; (n) method. ANTONYMS: (adj) unwise, stupid, ignorant, mistaken, illogical, reckless, naive, irrational, dense

within: (adv, n, prep) inside; (adv, prep) in; (adv) indoors, internally, inwardly, inly; (adj, n) interior; (prep) into, on, between; (adj) inwards. ANTONYMS: (prep) beyond, out

without: (adv, n, prep) outside; (adj, adv) except; (adj) lacking, save barring; (prep) out of, sans; (n) minus, provisionally; (adv) save, beyond; (adv, prep) besides. ANTONYMS: (prep) with, having; (adv) inside

wives: (n) woman women: (n) sex, gentle sex world: (n) cosmos, nature, creation,

earth, public, sphere, society, realm, globe, macrocosm; (adj) global

worse: (adj) worser, subordinate, waur, worsened, warre, unrelieved, minor, lesser, junior, poorer; (n) badness. ANTONYMS: (adj) improved, healthier, higher

worthy: (adj) noble, good, meritorious, valuable, estimable, respectable, deserving, worthwhile, virtuous, honorable; (adj, n) celebrity. ANTONYMS: (adj) bad, unrespected, disreputable, mediocre, petty, poor, unimpressive, insignificant, dishonorable, despicable; (n) nobody

yearly: (adv) annually, each year, every year, per annum, per year, by year; (adj) perennial, anniversary, periodic, annual tickets; (n) a year

yield: (n, v) produce, return, allow, give; (v) surrender, concede, submit, give up, grant, cede; (n) output. ANTONYMS: (v) persevere, survive, stand, withstand, repel, reject, prevent, withhold, acquire, oppose, veto

young: (n, v) offspring; (adj, n) juvenile; (adj) immature, fresh, adolescent, new, raw, baby, childish, early; (n) progeny. ANTONYMS: (adj) old, mature, adult, ripe, older, late; (adj, n) aged


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