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Transcript of A mental image or best example of a category A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees...
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CHAPTER 7B FLASCHARD CHALLENGE
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PROTOTYPE
A mental image or best example of a category
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ALGORITHM
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
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CONCEPT
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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HEURISTICA simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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INSIGHTA sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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COGNITIONThe mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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CONFIRMATION BIASA tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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FIXATION
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
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CREATIVITY
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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MENTAL SETA tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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REPRESNTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
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AVAILABILITY HEURISTICEstimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
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OVERCONFIDENCEThe tendency to be more confident that correct – to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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BELIEF PERSVERENCE
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited.
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INTUITIONAn effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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FRAMING
The way an issue is posed
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LANGUAGE
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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PHONEME
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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SYNTAX
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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BABBLING STAGEBeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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MORPHEME
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
TYPICAL
A-typical
ATYPICAL
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TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
Early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs.
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GRAMMAR
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
A preposition is
a word that you
should never end a sentence with.
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LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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SEMANTICSThe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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ONE-WORD STAGE
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words