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1. Health sector Creating New Organs

Gene therapy

Genetic information on genes is often used to produce proteins needed to fight diseases. When

specific genes are missing or defective, the proteins will not be expressed correctly, causingcertain inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy, as well as acquired

diseases such as cancer. Gene therapy is a technique that replaces these missing or defectivegenes with normal ones. The aim of gene therapy is to use actual genes to help the patient's own

cells express the needed protein. This is a better, safer, and cheaper way of fighting the diseasesthan by treating the patient with recombinant proteins (proteins made by genetically altered

microorganisms, such as bacteria, with the necessary gene on it). Gene therapy may also help

fight diseases that would not be affected by recombinant proteins.

Producing Human InsulinCertain human proteins, such as insulin, are sometimes needed on demand. Unfortunately, our 

 bodies can not produce them on the spot. This can be very dangerous for some people, like those with

diabetes. Diabetics do not produce enough insulin, and therefore they need a way to obtain new insulin.Through genetic engineering, insulin can be created to be ready when needed.

Genes can be transplanted from one organism to another through the use of genetic engineering.

The genes can then be combined with genes of the second organism. This is used to move human genes

into mammals such as goats and sheep so that the animals can then produce great quantities of human

 proteins, such as insulin. Microorganisms are also used to help produce human proteins. This is useful so

that there will always be a supply of insulin for people with diabetes. The proceduce of transplantinggenes is shown below using a bacterium.

A major problem that exists in the United States today is the unavailability of organs for

necessary transplants. However, with the use of a new technique, man-made tissues or

organs, known as "neo-organs" are being created. This would increase the supply of organs and therefore save many lives. (Kidney, Heart, etc.)There are two procedures used to fix a wound or an organ that needs to be regenerated. The first

 procedure creates new tissue and involves a tissue engineer injecting a given molecule, such as agrowth factor, into the wound or organ. The patient's own cells are caused to migrate into the

wound site, change into the correct cell type, and regenerate the tissue. The second procedurecreates new organs and involves placing cells into three-dimensional scaffolds of biodegradable polymers. The whole structure of cells and scaffolding is placed into the wound site. The cells

then replicate, reorganize and form new tissue. At the same time, the artificial scaffolding breaksdown, leaving a totally natural product, a neo-organ.

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Cloning Organism

There are two distinct types of cloning: molecular and organismal. Molecular cloning isthe removal of a stretch of DNA, usually a gene, from an organism, and its insertion into another 

 piece of DNA, such as a plasmid, to form a substance called recombinant DNA. This

recombinant DNA may then be expressed in, or simply carried passively by, another organism,such as bacteria. Organismal cloning, the subject of this entry, is the production of geneticallyidentical organisms and, as such, can be used to produce genetically identical copies of livestock 

or may be used to produce new members of endangered or even extinct species. It may beespecially cost-effective to clone animals that produce therapeutic proteins such as blood clotting

factors, thus combining both types of cloning. Cloning is controversial, however, because our understanding of the procedures needed to clone mammals may be applied to human cloning,

which gives rise to profound ethical issues.

2.Agriculture sector 

Agricultural biotechnologyAgricultural Biotechnology has more than one positive effect. The productivity of crops

increases by reducing the costs or production by decreasing the needs for inputs of pesticides. New strains of plants are developed that give higher yields with fewer inputs, can be grown in a

wider range of environments, give better rotations to conserve natural resources, provide morenutritious harvested products that keep much longer in storage and transport, and continue low

cost food supplies to consumers.

The new varieties of crops that are produced by way of genetic engineering are generallyresistant to insects and herbicides and generally have delayed fruit ripening. These transgenic

crops have better weed and insect control, higher productivity, and more flexible cropmanagement. Although these are benefits for the farmers and agribusinesses, there are also

economic benefits to the environment and the community because of the decreased use of   pesticides, which contribute to a more sustainable agriculture and better food security.

Tissue Culture

tissue culture, a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from plant is

transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function. Thecultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a population of cells, or a whole or part of an organ.Cells in culture may multiply; change size, form, or function; exhibit specialized activity or 

interact with other cells.

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Livestock 

Livestock could, in theory, be genetically altered to give maximum output at minimum cost to

farmers. Cows could be engineered for high milk production or high meat output, depending on

their intended function. Sheep could be engineered for optimum wool growth, and pigs could bealtered to have large amounts of meat with a minimum of fat. Advantages of this livestock specification are obvious and immediate: lower costs for manufacturers, lower prices for 

consumers, and higher output on the part of the animals.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597042/tissue-culture# 

http://www.answers.com/topic/cloning-organisms 

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-genetic-engineering.html