A longer and healthier lifeAll you need to know about the orthomolecular principle

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3190

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Dr. Kristian Glagau

Orthomol pharmazeutische Vertriebs GmbH

Herzogstr. 30 40764 Langenfeld Germany export@orthomol.de www.orthomol.com

We Value Your Health!

Contents

4 A longer and healthier life

4 Ideal conditions with orthomolecular medicine

5 Substances present in the body – the key to good health

6 Valuable supplement to traditional medicine

9 Successful usage of orthomolecular substances

9 The correct dosage is essential

9 Long-term usage

11 Suitable and well-balanced combination

12 Micronutrients – components of good health

12 The foundation

14 Vitamins

19 Characteristics and features of vitamins

24 Oxidative stress and the importance of antioxidants

26 Vitamin-like compounds

28 Minerals and trace elements

31 Phytonutrients

35 Essential fatty acids

39 Probiotics and prebiotics

40 Objectives of the orthomolecular principle

40 Improving the micronutrient balance

41 Taking care of the cardiovascular system

42 Strengthening the body’s regeneration and defense system

49 Promoting mental development across all age groups

51 Notes

Dear Reader,

More than 30 years ago, the biochemist Linus Pauling caused a small-scale

revolution in the field of nutritional medicine. His findings established that

micronutrients, in particular vitamins, protect the body against chronic

diseases and are even able to prolong a person’s life – a fact that has since

been confirmed by physicians and nutrition experts all over the world.

However, this is only possible if the body receives an optimum supply of

micronutrients. And that is exactly the problem.

Many people have a greater need for micronutrients – i.e. vitamins, anti-

oxidants, minerals and essential fatty acids – than they realize. An optimum

supply of these components is fundamental to health and is particularly

important in times of increased mental and physical activity, during growth

phases, during pregnancy, or as people grow older.

Often enough, people fail to reach even the minimum requirements due to

poor eating habits. This results in deficiencies which have negative effects

on your health and performance over the long term.

We hope that this brochure will inspire you to track down your own nutri-

tional deficiencies. However, at the same time we hope to show you how

to guarantee an optimum supply of micronutrients with the consistent

usage of orthomolecular substances.

So that you live a longer and healthier life.

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Substances present in the body – the key to good healthOrthomolecular medicine exclusively uses substances that are found

naturally both in food and in our bodies. These substances are micro-

nutrients. However, our body cannot produce all these substances by

itself. An adequate supply of micronutrients must be regularly ingested

to ensure that we remain fit and healthy.

The individual micronutrient levels are dependent on various external and

internal factors, e.g. eating habits and lifestyle, age, general health and en-

vironmental influences. Under certain circumstances, these factors increase

the need for micronutrients to such a degree that an optimum supply

frequently cannot be achieved even with a healthy, balanced combination

of foods. A micronutrient deficiency is almost unavoidable.

Pauling drew attention to the nutritional problem resulting from an inade-

quate supply of micronutrients and the health-related consequences in

the scientific journal “Science” as early as 35 years ago. Pauling’s recommen-

dation: health protection and preventative health care with an optimum

dosage of orthomolecular substances.

A longer and healthier life

Ideal conditions with orthomolecular medicineThe human body needs a number of different micronutrients in order for

all organs to stay healthy and function properly. These include vitamins,

minerals, trace elements and essential fatty acids. Orthomolecular medicine

is based on the realization that the correct quantity and concentration of

micronutrients offers the best health protection and can protect the body

against disease.

The founder of this therapeutic principle, Linus Pauling – the American

biochemist and two-times Nobel Prize laureate, defined the operating

principle as follows:

“Orthomolecular medicine is the preservation of good health and the

treatment of disease by varying the concentration of substances that are

normally present in the body and are required for health.”

Pauling remained mentally alert and physically fit until the advanced age

of 93. He was regarded as the best proof of the success of orthomolecular

medicine.

The term “orthomolecular” is derived from “orthos” (Greek) meaning

“right, good”, and “molecular, molecule” (Latin) meaning “structural unit

of substances”. Linus Pauling chose this term in 1968 because it reflects

the therapeutic principle so well.

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Orthomolecular therapy for selected diseases

Disease Orthomolecular method

Arteriosclerosis Omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6

Age-related eye diseases Zinc, vitamin C, lutein, beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acids

Rheumatism Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids

Cancer Selenium, vitamins E, C and A, mixed carotenoids

Celiac disease Wheat-free diet

Phenylketonuria Reduction in the amino acid phenylalanine

Orthomolecular medicine, i.e. influencing the body’s functions and diseases

by varying the concentration of substances that are normally present in

the body, has long been used in the field of medicine. The term “ortho-

molecular” has simply not yet been used to describe this practice.

The aim of orthomolecular therapy is to prevent and rectify the causes

of disease. The basis of this therapy is the intake of an adequate dosage

and suitable combination of orthomolecular substances that are normally

present in the body. There is acceptance of any necessary therapeutic

medicaments. However, special attention is paid to the weighting of

effects and side-effects.

Valuable supplement to traditional medicineIn Anglo-Saxon regions, orthomolecular medicine is described as “com-

plementary medicine”. It is thus regarded as an adjuvant nutrition-based

therapy alongside orthodox medicine.

Orthomolecular medicine is based on medical and biochemical foun-

dations. Many scientific studies have since confirmed the orthomolecular

concept first published in 1968 by the molecular biologist Pauling.

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Successful usage of orthomolecular substances

The correct dosage is essentialOne of the most important maxims in the orthomolecular principle is

ensuring an optimum dosage instead of being satisfied with the minimum

levels. This means using a large quantity of vitamins – excluding A, D

and K, with a sufficiently high dosage of minerals, trace elements,

vitamin-like compounds and antioxidants.

From the viewpoint of orthomolecular therapy, multivitamin preparations,

even if they also contain minerals, have minimum benefit. At most, they are

able to prevent deficiencies. However, they cannot achieve a preventative

or even a therapeutic effect in an orthomolecular sense if the dosage of

the substances is too low.

Long-term usageChronic as well as a large number of nutrition-related diseases develop

over a long period of time. It is not possible to gain control of them

with short-term therapeutic measures or treatments of limited duration.

The same is true for complaints and diseases that were caused by an

undetected micronutrient deficiency over a long time span.

As has since been confirmed by numerous studies, it is only possible to

achieve an ideal result with orthomolecular substances if they are used

regularly for a long time and with a sufficiently high dosage.

A Swedish study established that the risk of heart attacks in men and

women could be lowered by 21% and 34% respectively as a result of the

regular intake of multivitamins. It therefore follows that the combined

intake of micronutrients in addition to long-term usage is a component

of active health protection.

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An Australian study with 2,873 people revealed that the development of

a cataract was significantly reduced by the regular intake of multivitamin

supplements over a long period of time.

In summary: in order to prevent disease, the daily dosage previously

recommended by official sources should be multiplied many times over,

e. g. four times for vitamin C = 400 mg/day, at least six to eight times

for vitamin E = 75-100 mg/day.

Suitable and well-balanced combinationWhy isn’t it a good idea to take a vitamin or mineral as an individual

substance, e. g. only vitamin C, vitamin E or magnesium? And why are

incomplete combinations of the antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E and

beta-carotene unsuitable for preventing disease?

Chronic diseases are normally the result of several circumstances. There

is consequently also a need for several micronutrients. According to the

orthomolecular principle, a disease should be treated with a suitable and

well-balanced combination of essential micronutrients; this provides an

optimum supply which balances out the micronutrient levels. In the case

of disease, a combination should be selected that is ideally tailored to the

specific condition.

Opponents of the orthomolecular principle are skeptical about this

approach. They maintain that a complex, high-dosage treatment with

various substances present in the body is not necessary for some patients

and that the substances are partially eliminated from the body with the

urine without having any effect.

With this in mind, would it not be more intelligent to use a suitable and

also well-balanced combination of orthomolecular substances and accept

a harmless elimination of partially unused substances rather than take an

unnecessary risk with your health?

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Overall, more than 40 micronutrients are necessary to ensure that our

body’s metabolism functions properly. As some of these micronutrients

cannot be provided by our body – or only to an inadequate extent –

they must be ingested through food or in the form of supplements.

Micronutrients are absolutely essential, for example, for strengthening the

body‘s defenses, boosting cell regeneration and preserving our metabolic

functions – to name just a few of their important responsibilities.

Micronutrients – components of good health

The foundationThe energy value and nutrient content of food must be well-balanced

and suited to individual needs. Both a deficiency and an oversupply can

interfere with your health and performance. In this context, it is alarming

that when a person suffers from a micronutrient deficiency, their calorie

intake is usually far too high. Nowadays even children frequently suffer

from this nutritional deficiency.

A healthy diet, as well as vitamins, vitamin-like compounds, antioxidants,

minerals, trace elements and essential fatty acids are therefore the founda-

tion of the orthomolecular principle.

Listed below are several orthomolecular recommendations for a healthy

diet and lifestyle which can be followed by everybody in the long term –

without affecting their enjoyment and quality of life:

Orthomolecular rules for a healthy diet and lifestyle*

1. Eat whatever tastes good – as long as your diet is varied, healthy and balanced, not too fatty or high-calorie. Meat and eggs are good foods, but smaller quantities are better for your health.

2. Emphasis on complex carbohydrates; sugar consumption should be drastically reduced.

3. Eat more fresh fruit, salads and vegetables, if possible five portions per day in total (five-a-day campaign by the German Nutrition Society [DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung]).

4. Plan two meals with fish every week.

5. Drink a large volume of mineral water or unsweetened fruit/herbal teas, approx. 1-1.5 liters per day.

6. Reduce or give up alcohol and nicotine consumption.

7. Integrate orthomolecular micronutrient combinations in your daily diet as a contribution to the daily supplementation of your need for micronutrients.

* N.B.: These rules for a healthy diet do not apply to the specific dietary situation with metabolic disorders.

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VitaminsChemically, vitamins are completely different substances which have one

thing in common: they are essential. A vitamin deficiency leads to major

health problems, a complete lack of one or several vitamins even leads to

death. In the past, classical diseases as a result of vitamin deficiencies were

therefore greatly feared, e. g.:

Classical diseases with vitamin deficiencies Lack of …

Scurvy Vitamin C

Rachitis Vitamin D

Beriberi Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Pellagra Predominantly vitamin B3 (nicotinamide)

Pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Over the past 100 years, successful research has been performed into the

causes of these diseases. When the operating mechanisms were clarified,

the deficiencies could be treated with corresponding vitamin supplemen-

tation.

No shortage of deficiencies

Nowadays, most people receive an adequate supply of macronutrients

and therefore calories, but their vitamin intake remains insufficient. In

our modern, affluent society we can even say that there is no shortage of

deficiencies because many people do not consume the quantity of vitamins

that has been established as necessary by present-day findings. In the case

of many micronutrients, the majority of the population does not even reach

the very moderate reference values for dietary supplements. For instance,

the nutrition report from 2004 revealed that the intake levels recommended

by the German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernäh-

rung) were not reached for a number of micronutrients.

Among others, the intake of calcium, folic acid and vitamin D3 was rated

as particularly critical.

6 steps downwards to deficiency

The various stages set out by the vitamin researcher Brubacher clearly

illustrate that vitamin deficiencies develop gradually and remain

undetected for a long time until they finally escalate into a health risk.

• Stage 1

The vitamins stored in the tissue are partially depleted. The laboratory

values and general health are initially unchanged.

• Stage 2

The body’s reserves are increasingly drained. The laboratory values show

a reduced elimination of vitamins in the urine. The blood levels still remain

unchanged, however. People can feel slightly unwell at this stage.

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• Stage 3

Limited vitamin-dependent enzyme reactions are discernible. There is a

slight change in the blood level values. Physical, mental and emotional

capacities are reduced. In the long term, the causes of chronic diseases

that will occur at a later stage can develop during the first three stages.

• Stage 4

Although a dramatic drop in the vitamin values still fails to be revealed

in the vitamin level, degeneration of the general health is increasingly

noticeable, e. g. increased vulnerability to infections, deterioration in the

general condition, nervous complaints, decreasing resilience, reduced

vision in the dark, headaches, etc.

• Stage 5

Characteristic symptoms of vitamin deficiencies are recognizable. However,

it is possible that these symptoms can be cured with appropriate vitamin

supplementation.

• Stage 6

Tissue and organs are irreversibly damaged, leading to major, long-term

diseases or death.

The stages show that a vitamin deficiency is only recognizable beyond

doubt in the blood values when it has developed into a major, clinical

deficiency, i.e. when it is far too late. The vitamins stored in the cells could

be entirely depleted even though the blood values are still “normal”.

As a consequence, people who are foresighted and health-conscious

regularly supplement their daily diet with additional vitamins.

Supply and demand

Although they are unaware of the fact, many people need more vitamins

than they consume. There are special phases in life when the need for

vitamins is particularly high:

• For children and young people during periods of growth

• In times of increased mental and physical strain

• During pregnancy and breast-feeding

• In the change of life

• In old age and with (chronic) diseases

• During longer-term medicine intake

Smokers and alcoholics are particularly at risk with regard to vitamin defi-

ciencies. This is not only because tobacco and alcohol increase the need for

vitamins, but also because these people tend not to follow a healthy diet.

They are therefore faced with a wide range of negative consequences.

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Vitamin dosage

How many vitamins do we need? Nutritionists and physicians are be-

coming increasingly aware that a daily supplementation of vitamins and

other micronutrients is good for the health.

The official recommendations by the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche

Gesellschaft für Ernährung – DGE), as shown in the following table, only

refer to healthy people in order to protect them against nutrition-related

health problems. People who are ill or recovering are not taken into

account, nor are the long-term consequences that can occur after disease.

Even though the level of vitamin dosages is a subject of animated discus-

sion, it is clear that a much larger amount of vitamins should be taken

than previously assumed.

Characteristics and features of vitaminsVitamin C

Ascorbic acid, which is familiar to us all as vitamin C, has been thoroughly

researched during recent years. Newly obtained findings have fundamen-

tally changed views with regard to possible applications and dosage. It

has been revealed that vitamin C can do more than simply protect people

against colds. Its most important characteristic is its antioxidant effect.

A series of studies have examined the role played by vitamin C in cancer

prevention. The results of many studies indicate a connection between a

high vitamin C intake and a low rate of susceptibility to cancer.

The effects of heavy metal exposure can also be reduced by vitamin C sup-

plementation. Furthermore, vitamin C prevents the formation of nitrosamines

from nitrite that is contained in cured sausage products, for example.

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Nitrosamines enter the body via tobacco smoke, for example, and contain

cancer-inducing properties. In addition, a low vitamin C level is associated

with the occurrence of coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Smokers

also have an increased need for vitamin C.

There is still controversial discussion surrounding how much vitamin C

would be ideal in order to protect against disease. If you take the require-

ment figures in human biogenesis as a basis, then a daily dosage of 500 mg

is ideal. Scientists have established that this was the daily dosage of pre-

civilization man.

Vitamin B complex

The vitamins in the B group are absolutely indispensable to all metabolic

processes in the human body. They are closely connected with each other

and never remain stationary.

In addition, the vitamin B complex is essential for supporting and regener-

ating the nervous system. Latent deficiencies are frequently detected with

nervous disorders, bowel diseases, alcoholism, or reduction diets. But preg-

nant women, high-performance athletes and older people also usually

intake insufficient supplies of B-group vitamins.

Vitamin A

This vitamin is known to most people as the “eye vitamin” because a lack

of vitamin A can lead to vision disturbances or in severe cases even to

blindness. However, such deficiencies are rare in industrialized countries as

they are based on a lack of nourishment. So why is it important to ensure

an optimum vitamin A intake?

In addition to the aforementioned function, this fat-soluble vitamin has

other responsibilities in the human organism and is necessary for ensuring

that many metabolic processes run smoothly. Vitamin A also plays a role

in the development of the skin and the mucous membranes as well as

in reproduction. In addition, it is vital for cell division and differentiation

processes.

Vitamin E

The numerous therapeutic and preventative effects of vitamin E are pre-

dominantly based on its antioxidant function for protection against free

radicals. A series of studies have proved the benefits of vitamin E for various

diseases. For example, smokers, sufferers of cardiovascular diseases and

patients undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy should consider

an additional vitamin E intake. However, it should be noted here that

individual intake of vitamin E alone is not recommendable. Vitamin E is

regenerated by vitamin C. Scientists therefore emphasize that both micro-

nutrients should be supplemented in combination.

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Essential vitamins for good health and well-being

Vitamin Chemical term

Primary origin* Reference value** Characteristics and features

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Citrus fruit, fruit, vegetables G: 100 mgG (smokers): 150 mgUSA: 75-90 mg

Prevents scurvy, regenerates vitamin E, powerful antioxidant, improves immune response, positive influence on cardiovascular diseases, beneficial effect on emotional disorders, anticarcinogenic

Vitamin B1 Thiamin Meat, fish, pulses, whole-grain products

G: 1.0-1.3 mgUSA: 1.1-1.2 mg

Prevents beriberi, energy metabolism, beneficial effect on diabetic sequelae such as diabetic neuropathy

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Milk, eggs, cheese, fish, liver, whole-grain products

G: 1.2-1.5 mgUSA: 1.1-1.3 mg

Protein and energy metabolism

Nicotinamide Whole-grain products, pulses, nuts, meat, fish

G: 13-17 mgUSA: 14-16 mg

Prevents pellagra, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, central role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, positive influence on cerebral metabolism

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Meat, poultry, fruit, milk, vegetables, cereals

G: 1.2-1.5 mgUSA: 1.3-1.7 mg

Neurotransmitter synthesis, helps to reduce homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, positive influence on PMS

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Liver, eggs, meat, cheese, milk, fish G: 3.0 μgUSA: 2.4 μg

Used for pernicious anemia, involved in build-up of red blood cells, helps to reduce homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, involved in DNA synthesis, important for cell division and growth processes

Vitamin A / Beta-carotene

RetinolBeta-carotene

Vitamin A: Liver, eggs, milk, butterBeta-carotene: Yellow and orange vegetables, spinach

G: 0.8-1.0 mg (2,640-3,300 IU)USA: 0.7-0.9 mg (2,310-2,970 IU)

Anticarcinogenic, strengthens the immune system, provides support for skin diseases such as acne or pigment disturbances, antioxidant, centrally important to vision, important for reproductive functions, growth and differentiation of bone and epithelial tissue

Vitamin E Tocopherols Vegetable oils, wheatgerm, pulses, fennel

G: 12-15 mgUSA: 15 mg

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, e. g. for rheumatism, positive influence on cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases

Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Fish, liver, chanterelles, egg yolks G: 5-10 μg (200-400 IU)USA: 5-15 μg (200-600 IU)

Prevents rachitis, supports bone mineralization, beneficial for osteoporosis together with calcium, positive influence on cardiovascular and immune system

Vitamin K Phylloquinone Vegetables, pork, liver, milk, soybean oil

G: 60-80 μgUSA: 75-120 μg

Prevents bleeding (synthesizes blood coagulation factors), supports bone metabolism, beneficial for osteoporosis

Folic acid Pteroylmono- glutamate

Vegetables, lettuce, whole-grain products, meat, milk

G: 400 μgUSA: 400 μg

Involved in DNA syntheses, cell differentiation and cell division, growth processes, helps to reduce homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, neurotransmitter metabolism, build-up of red blood cells, beneficial effect on neurological diseases, reduces neural tube defects during pregnancy

Pantothenic acid

Widespread/particularly large amounts in beef, salmon, herring, avocado, liver

G: 6 mgUSA: 5 mg

Energy metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis

Biotin Fish, pork, liver, eggs, pulses, cereals G: 30-60 μgUSA: 30 μg

Energy metabolism, supports skin, hair and fingernail metabolism

** Adequate for healthy people in order to prevent visible deficiencies.Reference values for Germany (G) according to D-A-CH 2000; for USA National Institute of Health 2001.

* Souci-Fachmann-Kraut. 2007.

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Oxidative stress and the importance of antioxidantsThe aforementioned vitamins A, C and E belong to the group of antioxidants.

Together with selenium, zinc, beta-carotene and other micronutrients, they

are responsible for neutralizing free radicals and therefore rendering them

harmless.

Free radicals are aggressive, extremely reactive compounds and metabolic

products that harm the body’s own protein and fat, and also the genetic

substance DNA, with oxidative processes and can prevent them from

functioning properly. At worst, the cells degenerate into tumor cells.

If there are an excessive number of free radicals, and the concentration

of the body‘s own antioxidants is insufficient, an “oxidant stress situation”

arises. This is frequently the case in situations with increased physical and

mental activity, infections and inflammatory processes in the body and

within the context of natural aging. Additional strain as a result of free

radicals is created, for example, by cigarette smoke, UV radiation, environ-

mental pollution, medicaments and chemicals.

The body’s defense system, which protects against attacks from free radicals,

consists of antioxidants and the body’s own antioxidant enzymatic protec-

tion system. These substances are rapidly depleted when combating

radicals in the body.

Continual supplementation of cell-protecting antioxidants with a suitable

and well-balanced combination and dosage has therefore proved to be

beneficial in view of the increasing internal and external strain, to preserve

good health and to protect against disease.

And this is all the more important because it is now regarded as certain

that free radicals contribute to the development of cancer, cardiovascular

and neurodegenerative diseases, for example.

The antioxidants complement each other well. While vitamin E and beta-

carotene scavenge the free radicals in the cell membrane, vitamin C is

active in the watery inner cell. They form an effective defense team to-

gether with selenium and zinc as components of the enzymatic protection

system.

Supply and demand

There is no difference between nutrition which is occasionally recommend-

ed as antioxidant and the rules for a healthy diet that were established by

the orthomolecular principle decades ago: more fresh fruit and vegetables,

less meat, etc.

24 25

The necessary quantities of antioxidants cannot be fully guaranteed even

with a healthy, varied diet, however. Antioxidant dietary supplementation is

unavoidable for effective protection against disease.

From the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle, daily supplementation

is recommended for the following antioxidants, for example:

Dietary supplementation Recommended additional supply (daily)

Vitamin C at least 300-500 mg

Vitamin E 100 -200 mg

Mixed carotenoids approx. 5-20 mg

Selenium approx. 50-100 μg

There are other micronutrients with an antioxidant effect, such as bioflavo-

noids, anthocyanins, zinc and iron, which can also be used for active health

protection.

Vitamin-like compoundsThese vital substances have vitamin-like characteristics and were previously

known as vitaminoids. The body can produce a limited quantity itself and

they are also ingested through food. Deficiencies do not develop as long

as there are no problems with the body’s own production or the external

supply.

The need for coenzyme Q10, in particular, increases considerably when

a person is ill or growing older. And if the supply through food is also in-

adequate, then an undetected deficiency in vitamin-like compounds

develops. This does not have an immediate effect, but harms your health

over the long term.

The following information on important vitamin-like compounds shows that

such risks can be reduced by orthomolecular dietary supplementation.

Carnitine

This vitamin-like compound plays a key role in fat burning. In general, the

daily carnitine intake is 10-70 mg. High carnitine levels are found in meat,

but also in milk and rice. In contrast, vegetable foodstuffs have a very low

carnitine content, which means that vegetarians should consider carnitine

supplementation.

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)

Responsible for important functions in the energy metabolism. Natural

sources of ubiquinone are meat, eggs and vegetable foodstuffs, in partic-

ular germ oils. When a person reaches the age of 40, the concentration of

ubiquinone reduces in the body, particularly in the heart. Supplementation

of coenzyme Q10 therefore seems sensible as a person grows older and for

patients with cardiovascular diseases.

26 27

Dosage

Recommended daily intake figures are available for minerals and trace

elements as well. These substances also have a beneficial effect on a

person’s health and can positively influence certain diseases. As synergy

effects exist for several trace elements, these should preferably be taken

in the form of micronutrient combinations and not as mono-products.

Supply and demand

A deficiency in minerals and/or trace elements can frequently be detected

in a person’s appearance. For example, brittle nails, poor skin or lackluster

hair with a tendency to break are all signs of a deficiency in these micro-

nutrients. It is logical that a balanced consumption should be guaranteed

in view of the importance of minerals and trace elements for health and

performance.

Anybody who intends to meet the daily requirements – both the quantity

and variety – with a balanced diet alone must become very thoroughly

acquainted with the topic. It is not just enough to know about the mineral

content of individual foods. Practical knowledge about the correct storage

and preparation is also necessary as storage, processing, preparation and

conservation processes continually reduce the natural mineral content

of foods. It is therefore becoming increasingly difficult to guarantee the

necessary supply of minerals and trace elements from food. However,

nutrition-related deficiencies and additional needs are not necessarily

problematic because they can be covered very easily and specifically with

orthomolecular dietary supplementation.

Minerals and trace elementsUnlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic substances. However, they are

necessary for the smooth running of essential biochemical reactions in the

human body. A continual external supply is necessary as the body cannot

produce them itself.

Trace elements occur in the body in far smaller quantities than minerals –

hence their name (only occur in traces).

Minerals and trace elements are eliminated from the body with sweat,

urine and feces. Their importance for health and performance can be

easily comprehended if we consider the specific details for the individual

substances in the table.

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The most important minerals and trace elements at a glance

Minerals/ Trace elements

Recommended daily requirement*

Characteristics and features

Natural sources**

Magnesium 300-400 mg Essential for nerve, heart and muscle functions, component of many enzymes

Pulses, whole-grain products, milk, dairy products

Calcium 1.0-1.2 g Development and pre- servation of bones and teeth, nervous condition

Milk, cheese, broccoli, curly kale

Iron 2-15 mg Hemoglobin production (oxygen transport)

Meat, pulses, lamb’s lettuce

Selenium 30-70 μg Boosts immune system Fish, meat, eggs

Copper 1.0-1.5 mg Component of antio-xidant protection system, build-up of red blood cells

Fish, shellfish, pulses

Manganese 2-5 mg Component of anti-oxidant protection system

Whole-grain products, nuts, pulses

Iodine 180-200 μg Important for thyroid gland function

Seafish, shellfish

Chromium 30-100 μg Carbohydrate metabolism

Shellfish, eggs, oatmeal, tomatoes, mushrooms

Molybdenum 50-100 μg Uric acid metabolism Cereals, pulses, mushrooms

* Reference values according to D-A-CH 2000 or National Institute of Health 2001.** Souci-Fachmann-Kraut. 2007.

PhytonutrientsThe term “phytonutrients” was first used around 100 years ago by the plant

physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate Albrecht Kossel. In English-language

literature they are also labeled “phytochemicals”, and the term “phyto-

protectants” is sometimes used as well. A large number of studies docu-

ment their protective, health-promoting characteristics. Phytonutrients

are numerous compounds with very different chemical structures. They

only occur in very small quantities and, depending on the plant, in various

forms.

In an organism of plant origin, phytonutrients have various responsibilities,

including defending against pests and disease, regulating growth and

adding color. They influence the selection of food chosen by people in the

form of aromas and flavoring. Approx. 1.5 g of phytonutrients are ingested

daily with a mixed diet, considerably more with a vegetarian diet.

It is not known how many phytonutrients occur in nature. The current

assumption is between 60,000 and 100,000.

Characteristics of phytonutrients

Anticarcinogenic Anti-inflammatory

Antimicrobial Regulate blood pressure

Antioxidant Reduce cholesterol

Antithrombotic Regulate blood glucose

Boost immune system Digestive

30 31

The better known phytonutrients include the carotenoids, such as beta-

carotene, lutein and the polyphenols contained in red wine, whose preven-

tative effect for arteriosclerosis is the subject of discussion. The phytoestro-

gens from soy and linseed are the focus of current research. A number of

studies have revealed that phytoestrogens can contribute to the protection

against breast and prostate cancer. Their operating mechanisms also have

a positive influence on symptoms during the change of life.

Carotenoids (e.g. beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein)

Carotenoids are colorings that are very common in plants. Approx. 700

carotenoids are known so far, of which only about 40-50 are ingested by

humans and processed in the metabolism. Epidemiological studies show

that high levels of carotenoids are associated with a lower rate of cancer,

cardiovascular diseases and age-related macular degeneration.

Phytoestrogens (isoflavones)

The chemical structure of phytoestrogens is similar to that of estrogens.

However, their estrogen activity is lower by a factor of 10-2 to 10-3. Phyto-

estrogens also possess antioxidant characteristics. In epidemiological

studies, major differences were established between the development of

hormone-dependent types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer.

West European women have a 4-6 times higher risk of breast cancer than

Asian women. But these are not the only differences. Asian people are also

more rarely affected by ovarian and colon cancer. These differences are

primarily attributable to their diet. In Asia soy is a basic foodstuff and the

average intake of isoflavones is stated as 20-50 mg per day. In contrast,

the intake in western countries amounts to less than 5 mg per day.

Polyphenols

Flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, anthocyanins) belong to the group of poly-

phenols. Flavonols and flavones are responsible for yellow plant coloring;

anthocyanins for red, blue and violet coloring. Polyphenols have antioxi-

dant characteristics, among others, and can contribute to the protection

against cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are contained above all in the

outer layers of foods. This means that peeling apples or removing tomato

skins reduces the flavonoid content.

Phytosterines

Phytosterines are similar to the animal sterines, such as the cholesterol.

Sunflower seeds and sesame, as well as native soybean oil, are particularly

rich in phytosterines. It is probable that phytosterines inhibit the absorp-

tion of cholesterol in the gut.

32 33

The most important phytonutrients at a glance

Phytonutrients Natural forms Contained in Characteristics and features

Carotenoids (plant colorings)

Contain oxygen: Xanthophylls, e.g. zeaxanthin, lutein

Vegetables, e.g. spinach, curly kale

Preserve vision, promote cell development and cell communication, possess antioxidant characteristics, protect against UV radiation

Oxygen-free:Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene

e.g. tomatoes, carrots, apricots

Phytoestrogens Isoflavones Soybeans, peas, lentils, beans and other pulses

Risk reduction for certain carcinomas (primarily breast, prostate and colon cancer), reduction in menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, influence on bone metabolism, positive influence on risk factors for cardio-vascular diseases, e. g. cholesterol reduction

Lignans Whole-grain cereals, berries, linseed, flaxseed

Polyphenols Flavonoids, e. g. flavonols

Almost all plants because they deter-mine the coloring of flowers and fruit, etc.; for example, in onions, curly kale

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, regulate blood pressure and blood coagulation, protect against cardiac disease and cancer

Flavones e. g. celery, parsnips

Anthocyanins e. g. berries, red wine

Phytosterines e.g. beta-sitosterol Particularly common in fatty parts of plants, e.g. sunflower seeds, sesame, native soybean oil

Reduce cholesterol, anticarcinogenic with relation to colon carcinoma

Essential fatty acidsMany people not only eat too much, but they also eat fat that is unfavorable

from a nutritional point of view. In order to preserve a strong heart and

healthy vessels, therefore, physicians and nutritionists recommend on the

one hand a reduction in fat consumption and on the other a preference

for foods with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.

Unsaturated fatty acids

A difference is made in dietetics between monounsaturated and poly-

unsaturated fatty acids. Unlike monounsaturated fatty acids, the body

cannot produce polyunsaturated fatty acids itself. These must therefore be

ingested in sufficient amounts through food. Polyunsaturated fatty acids

belong to the group of essential nutrients and as they have fundamental

structural responsibilities in the cell, they are indispensable for the human

organism and are invaluable for preserving good health.

Omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)

The recommended daily amount is 6-8 g. If intake is too low over a longer

period of time, deficiencies can develop that are connected with delayed

growth, skin lesions or a reduced ability to reproduce.

As today’s mixed diet commonly contains enough linoleic acid, there is not

much probability of health problems as a result of a lack of nourishment. In

contrast, it is frequently very difficult to guarantee an optimum supply of

omega-3 fatty acids from a mixed diet.

34 35

Omega-3 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)

The recommended daily requirement for omega-3 fatty acids is around

0.3-0.4 g. This need increases in the case of common diseases, such as

rheumatoid arthritis or cardiovascular diseases.

High concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are contained in coldwater fish

such as mackerel, herring, salmon and cod. Game also has a relatively high

omega-3 fatty acid content.

A deficiency in adults only becomes noticeable after a long period. A lack of

these fatty acids is related to restricted vision or reduced learning abilities.

More attention should therefore be paid to ensuring a regular intake of

the necessary quantities. Seafish could make a contribution here, but un-

fortunately fish consumption in western countries, with their predominant

typically “western“ diet, is generally far too low. Only 100 g of fish is con-

sumed on average per person/week; this is not enough to guarantee an

optimum supply with a beneficial effect for your health. At the same time,

it is very important in view of the risk reduction for cardiovascular diseases.

There are good reasons for a targeted dietary supplementation of omega-3

fatty acids, e. g. in the form of fish oil capsules. It is particularly valuable due

to the contribution to maintaining healthy vessels.

37

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids:

• Positive influence on inflammatory processes,

e. g. in the case of rheumatoid arthritis

• Positive influence on arteriosclerotic vessel changes

• Inhibit conglutination of the blood platelets

• Enlarge vessels and lower blood pressure

• Improve blood fluidity

Probiotics and prebioticsProbiotics (pro bio = for life) are defined, living microorganisms of which

sufficient quantities enter the gut in active form and have a beneficial

effect on a person’s health.

Probiotics also contribute to a stable gut flora and a healthy intestinal

mucous membrane. At the same time, they boost the gut-associated

immune system. Probiotics can also prevent the settlement of pathogens.

The usage of probiotics can restrict allergic reactions and proves to be

good in cases of lactose intolerance, among other things. Therapeutic

measures, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or treatment with

antibiotics, can lead to changes in the gut-associated microflora. Here too,

the intake of probiotics can achieve a decrease in unwanted effects, such

as diarrhea. More recent study findings imply that probiotic cultures have

a positive influence on irritable bowel.

Prebiotics are indigestible substances. They enhance the growth of certain

microorganisms in the gut. The influence of prebiotics on the immune sys-

tem is increasingly becoming a subject of discussion in literature. There are

also indications that prebiotics have a beneficial effect on the development

of colon cancer and tumor growth. One well-known member of the group

of prebiotics is inulin, which is extracted from chicory.

39

Improving the micronutrient balance“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

The above definition by the World Health Organization wholeheartedly

underlines the objectives of the orthomolecular principle:

• Considerable enhancement of individual health

• Preservation of vitality and performance into advanced age

• Prevention of diet-related and chronic degenerative diseases

The basis of excellent health and physical resistance can only be achieved

if preferably all the substances present in the body are available in ideal

quantities.

Unfortunately, there is an increasing imbalance in the micronutrient levels

of many people as they approach old age. Frequently, people fail to reach

even the reference values required by the German Nutrition Society (DGE –

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung). Micronutrient levels could be con-

siderably improved as a result of the additional intake of orthomolecular

substances with a balanced quantity and dosage. This would actively

contribute to the preservation of health.

The previous chapters primarily described individual micronutrients.

The following pages will provide you with an insight into orthomolecular

treatment and its way of working.

Objectives of the orthomolecular principle

Taking care of the cardiovascular systemNowadays, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the most common

disease-related causes of death. In order to reduce the frequency of

these diseases, it is necessary to influence their development at an early

stage by modifying lifestyles, such as adopting nutritional measures or

exercising. Numerous orthomolecular substances can counteract the

development of both cardiovascular diseases and cancer. These are chronic,

degenerative diseases which are based on changes in important metabolic

processes. Cancer is related to changes in the DNA and protein structures,

40

cardiovascular diseases focus on changes in the fat metabolism. Ortho-

molecular substances can have a beneficial effect with regard to the pre-

vention of these changes. It is most effective for the prophylaxis and therapy

of cardiovascular diseases if preferably all of the orthomolecular substances

that are important for this area of application are taken continually and over

the long term with a sufficiently high dosage. In addition, all orthomolecular

substances that optimize the metabolism should be used. The table on

the following double page provides an overview. At the same time, pre-

scription heart medication from the physician should not be reduced

or stopped by the patient without prior consultation!

In addition to the intake of orthomolecular substances, a healthy lifestyle

with sufficient exercise and a balanced diet with a large quantity of fruit,

vegetables and fish also have a beneficial effect on the treatment and

prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol should be greatly reduced

and nicotine should be avoided completely.

Strengthening the body’s regeneration and defense systemDuring research processes into the connections between nutrition and the

aging process, several crucial questions repeatedly arise which are outlined

here from the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle.

Which nutritional deficiencies are common as people grow older?

A deficiency in important micronutrients presents a health risk much more

frequently in old age than generally assumed. While the values for an

ideal energy and protein intake have been established, the ideal intake for

micronutrients is still being discussed by nutritionists and physicians.

Vitamin deficiencies in pensioners living in retirement homes

Daily intake as a %

100 *

Own catering Third-party catering

* Recommended DGE reference values (German Nutrition Society)

It is clear, however, that even healthy people who follow a “normal” diet still

receive an insufficient supply of vitamins in old age. This is also shown in

the nutrition report from 2004: on average, people who are older than 65

years of age ingest less than 50 % of the recommended daily allowances for

iodine, folic acid and vitamin D. Considerable deficiencies were detected in

a study of pensioners who live in retirement homes. The study examined

the micronutrient intake of 67 women with an average age of 86 years.

It revealed that the reference values for vitamins recommended by the

German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung)

were not reached for any of the vitamins, even though the necessary quan-

tities could be comprehensively covered in a relatively simple manner by

regular dietary supplementation in the form of orthomolecular substances.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B6

Folate

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Calcium

Magnesium

Iodine

20 40 60 80

42 43

Minerals/ Trace elements

Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system

Magnesium 100-300 mg Cardiac excitation conduction, lowers blood pressure, positive influence on cardiac rhythm

Zinc 10-20 mg Antioxidant

Selenium 50-200 μg Antioxidant

Manganese 2-5 mg Antioxidant

Copper 0.5-4 mg Antioxidant

Chromium 30-150 μg Component of glucose tolerance factor

Molybdenum 60-300 μg Component of important enzymes

Iodine 150-300 μg Important for the thyroid gland

Essential fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids In the form of fish oil, approx. 0.5-1 g

Prevent conglutination of the blood platelets, positive influence on cardiac rhythm, lower blood pressure, improve blood fluidity, lower blood lipids (triglycerides)

Vitamin-like compounds

L-carnitine 0.2-0.6 g Energy provision in the heart, helps the heart to function normally

Coenzyme Q10 (= ubiquinone)

10-50 mg Energy provision in the heart muscle cells, antioxidant, important for heart metabolism

Orthomolecular substances for the prophylaxis and nutrition-based therapy of the cardiovascular system

Vitamins Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system

Vitamin C > 500 mg Antioxidant, lowers blood pressure, stabilizes blood vessels, lowers overall cholesterol levels, regenerates vitamin E

Vitamin E 100-500 mg Antioxidant, prevents oxidation of the LDL cholesterol

Vitamin A 2,000-5,000 IU Antioxidant

Vitamin B1 7.5-40 mg Important for carbohydrate metabolism

Vitamin B2 7.5-40 mg Central role in the carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

Nicotinamide 50-200 mg Lowers LDL cholesterol, central role in the carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

Vitamin B6 7.5-40 mg Lowers homocysteine

Vitamin B12 5-15 μg Important for build-up of red blood cells, lowers homocysteine

Folic acid 0.4-1 mg Build-up of red blood cells, lowers homocysteine

Pantothenic acid 10-30 mg Development and degeneration of carbo- hydrates, fatty acids and amino acids

Biotin 100-500 μg Involved in the development and degeneration of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids

Vitamin K 30-120 μg Blood coagulation

Carotenoids 5-20 mg Antioxidants

Bioflavonoids 5-20 mg Antioxidants

44 45

How important is nutrition for the immune system?

The immune system acts simultaneously as the health police force and

a repair service. It recognizes and combats harmful, exogenous intruders

such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. But it also repairs damaged cells or

destroys and disposes of them if they are irreparable. Good nutrition and

a well-balanced supply of micronutrients are important prerequisites for

a healthy immune system.

A study of 96 pensioners who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement

showed that they had a better immune response after 12 months than

pensioners who did not receive a supplement (Chandra 1992). It there-

fore follows that supplementation with a suitable combination of micro-

nutrients can improve the immune status of pensioners.

There are also numerous connections between the development of cancer

and the performance of the immune system. This explains why orthomo-

lecular substances for strengthening the immune system can have a bene-

ficial effect on the development of cancer and its progression.

The gut – the largest immune organ of our body

With a surface area of about 400 m², the gut is the central point of the

immune system and therefore plays a significant role in a person‘s immune

response. The intestinal mucous membrane forms a natural barrier against

pathogens and pollutants with its immunocompetent cells. Disease which

involves the gut or intestinal mucous membrane could result in a weakened

immune response.

As already mentioned, the intake of pro- and prebiotics has a beneficial

effect on the gut flora. Due to the special role played by the gut in the

immune system, probiotics are also particularly good for the immune

system. For example, supplementation with probiotics enhances the

activity of important defense cells.

A healthy and well-balanced diet, together with the intake of need-based,

combined micronutrients, boosts the immune system.

Physical performance and the immune system

Sport has a beneficial effect on the emotional and physical state of health.

In addition to other lifestyle factors, physical activity can counteract the

civilization diseases in today’s society. An increased number of free radicals

are generated as a result of the high oxygen consumption involved in

sporting activities. This can lead to an “oxidative stress situation”. The neu-

tralization of these free radicals places a strain on the immune system and

is characterized by decreasing concentrations of vitamin C and the anti-

oxidant enzymes, among others. In order to enhance regeneration of the

body’s immune system and ensure preservation, athletes should take

a supplement with antioxidants.

4746

Embryonic development of the fetus

Fetal development in the womb is characterized by a high cell division rate.

The fetus is completely dependent on the mother to supply the essential

micronutrients. An adequate supply of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (doco-

sahexaenoic acid) is particularly important. This is necessary for the healthy

development of the brain and nervous system. At the same time, it also

enhances the intellectual capacity and the development of vision for the

growing organism.

In order to enable a trouble-free pregnancy and reduce the risk of physical

and mental disabilities in the child, other important micronutrients such

as folic acid, iron, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, selenium and magnesium should

be supplemented in addition to the omega-3 fatty acids.

Promoting mental development across all age groupsThe brain controls many metabolic processes in our body. It enables us to

store pieces of information and recall them as needed. At the same time, it

is possible that even minimal deficiencies in micronutrient supplies which

causes tiny, insignificant changes in the activity of an individual enzyme,

can join together with additional, otherwise insignificant changes in activity.

In the end, this causes measurable impairment of a person’s intellectual

performance. In order to remain mentally alert until an advanced age and

therefore meet the requirements of everyday life, the body should receive

a continual supply of essential micronutrients.

4948

NotesLiteratureBiesalski HK, Fürst P, Kasper H, Herausgeber. Ernährungsmedizin. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004. (ISBN 978-3-13100-293-8)

Chandra RK. Effect of vitamins and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 1992;340(8828):1124-7.

DGE/ÖGE/SGE/SVE. D-A-CH-Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 1. Aufl. Frankfurt a.M.: Umschau/Braus; 2000. (ISBN 978-3-82957-114-2)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Ernährungsbericht 2004. Frankfurt a.M.: DGE; 2004. (ISBN 978-3-88749-183-3)

Dietl H, Ohlenschläger G. Handbuch der Orthomolekularen Medizin. Heidelberg: Karl F. Haug; 2001. (ISBN 978-3-83040-627-3)

Holmquist C, Larsson S, Wolk A, et al. Multivitamin supplements are inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction in men and women. Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). J Nutr 2003;133(8):2650-4.

Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, et al. Use of the supplements and cataract: The Blue Mountain Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132(1):19-26.

National Institute of Health (NIH). Food and Nutrition Board. DRI Tables; 2001. Available under: www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf, www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/294/0.pdf [01.09.2009]

Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID, Young K, et al. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on the intelligence of American schoolchildren: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2000;6(1):19-29.

Souci-Fachmann-Kraut. Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel. Nährwert-Tabellen. [Food Composition and Nutrition Tables]. In German, English and French. 7. ed. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers, 2007. (ISBN 978-3-80475-038-8)

Watzl B, Leitzmann C. Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln. 3. unv. Aufl. Stuttgart: Hippokrates; 2005. (ISBN 978-3-83045-308-6)

JournalsAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ISSN 0002-9165 Journal of Nutrition, ISSN 0022-3166 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ISSN 0954-3007 Nutrition Reviews, ISSN 0029-6643 Alternative Medicine Review, ISSN 1089-5159

Publisher/Further informationOrthomol pharmazeutische Vertriebs GmbHHerzogstr. 30 • 40764 Langenfeld • GermanyPhone +49 (0)2173 9059-0 • Fax +49 (0)2173 9059-111export@orthomol.de • www.orthomol.com

© Orthomol GmbH 2009. This work and all parts thereof are protected by copyright. All rights, particularly those relating to the reproduction, copying, distribution and translation, are reserved. No part of this brochure may be reproduced or stored, processed, reproduced or distributed using electronic systems in any form without the written permission of the company Orthomol.

Also important at an early age!

Although the embryonic phase is the phase with the highest cell division

rate, small children also have an increased need for micronutrients. This

special requirement must be met in order to ensure optimum develop-

ment. Supplementation with micronutrient combinations increased the

intellectual performance of school children between the age of 6 and 12

compared with those who did not receive a supplement (Schoenthaler et

al. 2000). Once again, this confirms the orthomolecular principle of using

complex micronutrient combinations instead of mono-products.

The fear of forgetting

As a person grows older, their intellectual capabilities can diminish. Alzheimer-

type dementia (Alzheimer’s disease) is a disease of the central nervous

system which is associated, among other things, with the loss of cognitive

capabilities. An excessive attack by free radicals and the related increased

oxidative stress are linked with the development of the disease. A diet

which is rich in fruit and vegetables can possibly contribute to an individual

reduction in the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have shown

that pensioners whose cognitive performance had decreased benefited

from a supplementation of antioxidants and also omega-3 fatty acids.

50 51