Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers2000, 32 (3), 482-500

A Japanese logographic characterfrequency list for cognitive science research

NOBUKO CHIKAMATSUDePaul University, Chicago, Illinois

SHarCHI YOKOYAMANational Language Research Institute ofJapan, Tokyo, Japan

HIRONARI NOZAKIAichi University ofEducation, Kariya, Japan

ERIC LONGNational Language Research Institute ofJapan, Tokyo, Japan

and

SACHIO FUKUDAYokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan

This paper describes a Japanese logographic character (kanji) frequency list, which is based on ananalysis of the largest recently available corpus of Japanese words and characters. This corpus com­prised a full year of morning and evening editions of a major newspaper, containing more than 23 mil­lion kanji characters and more than 4,000different kanji characters. This paper lists the 3,000most fre­quent kanji characters, as well as an analysis of kanji usage and correlations between the present listand previous Japanese frequency lists. The authors believe that the present list will help researchersmore accurately and efficiently control the selection of kanji characters in cognitive science researchand interpret related psycholinguistic data.

In many empirical psycholinguistic studies, word fre­quency is used as an independent variable to select ma­terials having desired frequency characteristics or as acontrol variable to match two or more sets ofmaterials inorder to minimize performance differences attributableto word frequency effects in word recognition, memory,or retrieval performance. It is sometimes important inpsycholinguistic research to focus on the frequency effectsoflinguistic units smaller than words, such as letter clus­ters (e.g., bigrams or trigrams), syllabic-type units (sylla­ble vs. nonsyllable), morpheme units, as well as position(i.e., word-initial, word-middle, or word-final positions;Appleman & Mayzner, 1981; Grainger & Jacobs, 1993;Srinivas, Roediger, & Rajaram, 1992). For example, logo­graphic character frequency is a crucial factor to considerin word experiments using languages with logographicscripts, such as Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, where eachlogographic character may function as a word (Matsunaga,1996). In short, it is important to carefully control the fre­quency ofprinted characters and/or words when empiri­cal psycho linguistic studies are conducted.

The authors thank the reviewers of the paper for their valuable sug­gestions. Correspondence concerning this article may be sent toN. Chikamatsu, Department of Modern Languages, DePaul University,802 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614 (e-mail: nchikama@condor.depaul.edu).

In the past, compiling linguistic corpora was an ex­tremely labor-intensive process, plagued by reliabilityconcerns caused by human error. However, as computertechnology continues to develop, researchers are obtain­ing more reliable linguistic corpora and compiling wordor character frequency lists on the basis of these corporafor linguistic or cognitive science research. For AmericanEnglish, some widely used word frequency lists are theBrown corpus (Kucera & Francis, 1967), the AmericanHeritage WordFrequency Book (Carroll, Davies, & Rich­man, 1971), and the Thorndike-Lorge count (Thorndike& Lorge, 1944; see the summary in Solso, Juel, & Rubin,1982). Many of these corpora and lists are available incomputer database form and/or through the Internet. Con­sequently, researchers may use these corpora and lists tocontrol word frequency in empirical language researchmore easily, efficiently, and accurately than in the past.Corpora for non-English languages, including Japanese,remain limited in number or are still under development(Edwards, 1993; Leech & Fligelstone, 1992).

Word and CharacterFrequency Lists in Japanese

Over the last two decades, researchers in the area ofexperimental psychology, especially word recognition andmemory, have increasingly focused on the Japanese lan­guage, owing to the uniqueness ofits writing system (Kess

Copyright 2000 Psychonomic Society, Inc. 482

& Miyamoto, 1994; Paradis, Hagiwara, & Hildebrandt,1985; Yokoyama, 1997). In particular, kanji (charactersin a logographic script that is one of three scripts used inwriting Japanese) has been widely used in experimentalmaterials in order to examine new aspects of cognitiveprocessing, relative to alphabetic language systems, inword recognition and memory and hemispheric involve­ment in the acquisition and usage oflanguage. However,although many studies have been conducted that useJapanese words, the development of Japanese word fre­quency lists or kanji character frequency lists has not keptup with the demand for such lists. As a result, for exam­ple, the kanji character or word frequency of selectedkanji items has often not been controlled or mentioned inJapanese word recognition studies when frequency has notbeen used as a dependent variable (e.g., Eko & Nakamizo,1989; Flores d'Arcais & Saito, 1993; Flores d'Arcais,Saito, Kawakami, & Masuda, 1994; Kikuchi, 1996; Mor­ton, Sasanuma, Patterson, & Sakuma, 1992; Nagae, 1994;Naito & Komatsu, 1989; Osaka, 1992; Sekiguchi & Abe,1992; Wang, 1988; Yokosawa & Shimomura, 1993). Inmany other studies, the frequency of kanji characters orwords is controlled on the basis of(1) the researcher's sub­jective, intuitive judgment (e.g., Flores d' Arcais, Saito,& Kawakami, 1995; Hatta, Koike, & Langman, 1994;Shimomura & Yokosawa, 1991), (2) the examinee'sjudg­ment, such as subjects' rating on selected items (e.g., Ya­mada, Mitarai, & Yoshida, 1991), (3) the categorizationof kanji characters standardized by the Japanese Min­istry of Education (e.g., Kyoiku kanji or Gakushu kanji 1;see, e.g., Hayashi, 1988; Hirose, 1992; Nakagawa, 1994;Sakuma, Itoh, & Sasanuma, 1989), (4) lists compiled byexaminers themselves (e.g., Wydell, Butterworth, & Pat­terson, 1995; Wydell, Patterson, & Humphreys, 1993), or(5) the National Language Research Institute's (NLRI's)1962 or 1976 word/character frequency lists (Cabeza,1995; Morikawa, 1985; Naito & Komatsu, 1988; Sasa­numa, Sakuma, & Kitano, 1992; Tsuzuki, 1993).

One of the main impediments to the development ofJapanese word frequency lists is that the electronic rep­resentation of Japanese characters is more complicatedthan that ofalphabetical languages. At present, there arethree primary electronic coding systems for Japanesecharacters (i.e., kana and kanji): Japanese IndustrialStandards (JIS), Shift-JIS (SJIS), and Extended Unix Code(EUC). Generally, EUC is used in Unix workstations onthe Internet, whereas JIS is used for Japanese electronicmail. However, SJIS has been adopted for use with per­sonal computers. Consequently, if different coding sys­tems are used across tasks or methods, one must transferone character code to another, using a converter such asthe network kanji code conversion filter (NKF).

Another factor impeding the development of Japanesefrequency lists is the Japanese writing system itself,which comprises three types of orthographies-hira­gana, katakana, and kanji. Hiragana and katakana aresyllabic scripts in which each symbol represents a soundunit (a syllable). These scripts each contain 46 basic forms,with additional diacritic and historical forms giving a total

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 483

of 83 hiragana and 86 katakana forms encoded in JIS andEUe. Hiragana and katakana share the same syllabic­sound representation and can be transcribed one by theother (e.g., a syllable I sa I is transcribed as ~ in hiraganaand '!t in katakana). The third Japanese orthography,kanji, is a logographic script adopted from the Chineselanguage, in which each symbol represents meaning andfunctions as a morpheme. A single kanji character mayrepresent an independent word (e.g., * I hon I, book) orpart ofa word (e.g., * in B* Inihon/,Japan). The mean­ing of each constituent (i.e., a single character) in a kanjiword is sometimes less clear or transparent than that ofanindependent word. Owing to the manner in which kanjicharacters were transferred from the Chinese to the Japa­nese language over the centuries, a single kanji charac­ter may have obtained more than one reading and maybe pronounced in several different ways. For instance,the character Wi, which means head, is read as Ito/,Idol, Izul, Iju/, /saki/, latama/, Ikashira/, Ikobe/,I kaburi I, and /tsumuri/ (Coulmas, 1989). Furthermore,a great number of homophones (i.e., kanji characters thatshare a common pronunciation but represent differentmeanings) occur in Japanese kanji usage. For instance, *(tree), ~ (feeling), • (chance), 1tl(toglow), WI (period),and many others are all pronounced Ikil. Thus, in con­trast to both hiragana and katakana, kanji characters donot have a systematic sound representation or a one-to­one relationship between sound and symbol. The numberofkanji characters is quite large and practically uncount­able (i.e., kanji dictionaries may contain between 12,000and 50,000 entries; Kindaichi, 1991; Morohashi, 1989).

Among hiragana, katakana, and kanji, usually only oneis conventionally chosen and used to write a given Japa­nese word. Hiragana is used primarily for words that havea grammatical function, such as particles or case-makers,and for some native Japanese content words. Katakana isused for loan words (i.e., words mainly borrowed fromwestern languages, such as English, French, and Por­tuguese). Kanji is used for content words, such as nouns,verbs, and adjectives.? Thus, a single Japanese sentenceis usually written with all three scripts combined.

However, choice of script is not always consistent andmay vary, depending on a writer's intention or a publish­er's guidelines for style. For instance, the Japanese wordmeaning egg, pronounced Itamago I, could be written as'k"iJ;.Z:: in hiragana in one context, but as j~ in kanji inanother context. In their study ofthe subjectivefrequencyofscript type, Ukita, Sugishima, Minagawa, Inoue, andKashu (1996) studied 750 Japanese words that can bewritten in more than one Japanese script. The study wasconducted by asking 836 Japanese college students tojudge whether a given word (written in a given script) isseen often, occasionally, or rarely. The results showedthat more than half of the tested words were identified aswords seen in more than one script. This inconsistency inorthographic representation makes word counting in Japa­nese extremely difficult and complicated. In addition,word segmentation in Japanese is more complex than thatin English, since word boundaries are not separated with

484 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

spaces in written texts. A single kanji character could bea morpheme ofa part ofa word or a word by itselfand maybe pronounced differently, depending on the context. With­out clear word boundaries, compound words are easilyformed. Thus, complications in word counting and seg­mentation present nontrivial challenges for those compil­ing word frequency lists in Japanese.

Owing to these problems, few have attempted to makeword and kanji character frequency lists in Japanese. TheNLRI in Japan published a word frequency list in 1962,based on a corpus derived from 90 different journals andmagazines with five different genres, all published in1956. A total of 140 million tokens, consisting of 40,000different words (i.e., types), were analyzed in order to de­velop a frequency list of words possessing a frequency ofat least nine. In 1976, the NLRI also published a kanji(character) frequency list based on a corpus published in1966derived from three major newspapers, Asahi, Yomi­uri, and Mainichi. This corpus provided a total of991,375 kanji tokens and a frequency list of 3,213 dif­ferent kanji characters. This was the first attempt to an­alyze a Japanese corpus with computers, and the resultswere used to standardize and regulate the use of kanjicharacters for mass media and education in Japan. Forthe past three decades, researchers have used these lists asan informative resource for many language-related re­search projects. In 1997, the NLRI published its 1962 listin floppy disk format (NLRI, 1997).

However, several problems are associated with the useof the NLRI lists for empirical studies. First, the lists arebased on dated media samples. Almost three or fourdecades have passed since the corpora of the 1962 and1976 lists were collected. Consequently, the reliability ofthese lists is open to question, since the use of words orkanji in mass media and education may have changed.Second, the 1976 list does not identify low-frequencykanji. The 1962 word list does not contain words possess­ing a frequency less than nine, and the 1976 kanji list doesnot provide characters possessing a frequency less thannine. Low-frequency words or characters with the fre­quency of one are required for many empirical languagestudies. Third, the lists are not easily accessed, sinceboth were available only in hard copy form until recently.Although the NLRI 1962 list is now available in floppydisk format' it is not as accessible, especially to re­searchers outside Japan, as other language lists that areavailable over the Internet. It is crucial that these lists beaccessible to researchers in computer database format tohelp make the control and selection ofword and kanji fre­quency simpler, more effective, and more accurate.

In 1994, the situation for Japanese corpus linguisticschanged for the better, when CD-ROM databases ofnews­paper articles became available at a relatively low cost.These computerized corpora ofnewspapers made it pos­sible to develop an updated kanji frequency list accessibleon computers and over the Internet.

The purpose ofthe present project is to develop a newkanji character frequency list to be made accessible

through the Internet. In consideration of the word seg­mentation and other problems mentioned above, the au­thors decided to start by developing frequency lists ofkanjicharacters before attempting kanji word frequency lists.Furthermore, the current usage of kanji in printed massmedia is analyzed on the basis ofa comparison with 1966frequencies from the NLRI 1976 list.

Source of Data, Method of Analysis, and ResultsThe present corpus is available on a CD-ROM entitled

CD-HIASK'93 (Nichigai Associates & Asahi, 1994),which contains the text of articles appearing in a majornewspaper, covering 1 year of morning and evening edi­tions published in 1993. The data analysis was conductedon Unix workstations, with the program written by theauthors in Perl and awk. First, headlines were excluded­from the approximately 110,000 articles> in the data. Sec­ond, all the printable characters were counted and rankedby frequency from highest to lowest in each category (e.g.,kanji, hiragana, or katakana). Frequency ratio (%) and cu­mulative frequency ratio (%) were also calculated.

The corpus provided a total of 56,563,595 printablecharacters,v making it, at the time, the largest corpusused for the compilation ofJapanese word/character fre­quency lists. Ideally, in addition to newspapers, corporawould be collected from other printed texts, such as mag­azines and novels of various genres. However, most ofthese printed materials are not yet available in computer­readable form. As a result, it is not currently feasible togather sufficient amounts of data from these materials.Furthermore, copyright issues complicate the process ofcopying and studying printed mass media in Japan andmay pose an obstacle to making lists based on such ma­terials freely available to the public.

The 56,563,595 characters in the 1993 collection oftheAsahi newspaper form the basis of the present characterfrequency list and break down into the general categoriesshown in Table I. A total of23,408,236 kanji tokens werefound, making up 4,476 different types. Kanji covered41% of all the printable characters in the newspapers.The central result of this survey is a list ofthe kanji char­acters found, sorted according to their frequencies. Thefirst 3,000 characters are listed in Appendix A with theirranking, raw frequency, frequency ratio (%), and cumu­lative frequency ratio (%). In addition, frequency lists ofhiragana and katakana characters are also included in Ap­pendices Band C,7 respectively, with the same headings.

Cumulative percentage of kanji character use. Thecumulative frequency ratio of kanji characters, rankedfrom high to low frequency, is shown in Table 2. Althoughit has been conventionally said among learners andteachers of Japanese that knowledge of 2,000~3,000kanji characters is required for one to read Japanese news­papers, this conventional wisdom was not supported bythe present data. According to the results of the presentanalysis, the top 500 most frequent kanji characters ac­counted for approximately 80% oftotal kanj i use. Further­more, the top 1,600 most frequent characters covered 99%

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 485

Characters Types Tokens Frequency Ratio (%J

Table 1Printable Character Type Totals

DiscussionIn the present project, the authors introduced the first

computer-based kanji character frequency lists derivedfrom the largest corpus of Japanese newspaper texts. Itis important to control the frequency of kanji charactersin psycholinguistic studies, although researchers haveoften neglected this variable, owing to the unavailabilityof reliable frequency lists. Using the present list, the au­thors have compared kanji usage observed in data from1966 and 1993. Although changes in language usage areoften discussed in Japanese linguistic studies in terms ofsyntax, phonology, lexicography, and pragmatics, theusage of kanji characters did not show any significantvariation over the past 30 years.

However, there are several issues left to discuss in thepresent study. First, the corpus ofthe present word list was

of total use and the rest-that is, the next 3,000 charac­ters-made up only 1% of the total kanji use.

The cumulative frequency ratio obtained from the1966 corpus (i.e., the NLRI 1976 list) is also indicated inTable 2. The results from the two corpora, which are30 years apart, indicate almost identical ratios for eachfrequency level. Furthermore, according to the currentfrequency list, of the 500 most frequent characters rankedin 1966, 445 characters are also ranked among the 500most frequent characters in the 1993 corpus, but all ofthose 55 characters lower than the first 500 fall within the1,000 most frequent characters in the 1993 corpus. Thus,the high-frequency kanji characters that account for over80% of the total kanji use have not changed much in thelast 30 years.

Correlation coefficient of chronological characteruse. To examine change in kanji usage over the past 30years, a correlation analysis was conducted between thepresent 1993 list and the NLRI 1976 list based on the 1966newspaper corpus. The raw frequencies of the 3,000highest frequency characters in the present list'' and theequivalent characters in the NLRI 1976 list were con­verted to their base-1 0 logarithmic equivalents? and sub­mitted to a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Theresult indicates a high correlation (r = .95) and was sig­nificant [F(l,3029) = 28,037.67,p < .01]. In Figure 1,although low-frequency characters scatter more than high­frequency characters, the distribution is close to linear.t?Thus, on the basis ofthe analysis, it appears that the over­all pattern of kanji usage has not significantly changedover the past 30 years.

Cumulative Frequency Ratio (%J

1993 1966

10.00 10.6127.41 27.6440.71 40.1557.02 56.0580.68 79.4294.56 93.8898.63 98.4099.72 99.6399.92 99.9099.97 99.98

1050

100200500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Frequency Rank

Note-Frequency rank ~ size of the group of highest frequency char­acters.

developed from a single newspaper. Although the news­paper used in the present project is a major Japanese news­paper that currently publishes 10 million copies everyday for 120 million people in Japan (one paper is usuallyread by more than one person), there may be some biasin terms of the selection of topics and style. Goto (1995)warned ofthis problem for researchers using a corpus de­rived from newspapers, arguing that newspapers usuallyfocus heavily on politics, economics, and foreign policy.As a result, vocabulary related to those areas may appearin newspapers more often than in other types ofpublishedmaterials. In addition, each newspaper has its own regu­lations or standards for choosing words and expressions.Furthermore, the number of newspaper writers, comparedwith the number ofreaders, is limited, and consequently,the effects of idiosyncratic writing styles and word selec­tion may be exaggerated, causing a bias in any analysisbased exclusively on such data. Since the present char­acter list was made from a corpus of newspapers, futureresearch should be aimed at employing a variety of genresand types of publications to develop linguistic corpora.

To examine this issue of the bias in the present news­paper corpus, a correlation analysis ofkanji frequency wasconducted among the present list developed with 1993newspapers, the NLRI 1962 list with 1956 magazines,and the NLRI 1976 list with 1966 newspapers. The re­sults indicated a significant and high correlation be­tween the 1956 magazine list and the 1966 newspaperlist (r = .92,p < .01), and between the 1956 magazine listand the 1993 newspaperlist, (r= .89,p < .01; see Table3).The higher correlation between the 1956 and 1966 listswas probably due to the closer timing of data collection,compared with that between the 1956 and 1993 lists.However, these high correlation results may indicate thatthe data collected from a single newspaper in this presentanalysis may be a reliable resource for predicting kanjicharacter frequency in printed mass media in general.

To examine the reliability of the present list, an addi­tional correlation analysis was conducted with the kanjicharacters grouped according to frequency level. The3,000 ranked characters were divided into three groups:(l) high-frequency characters ranked from 1 through1,000, (2) mid-frequency characters ranked from 1,000

Table 2Cumulative Frequency Ratio of Kanji Character Use

4,476 23,408,236 41.3883 20,711,361 36.6286 3,608,288 6.3899 7,406,035 13.0910 1,169,902 2.0752 259,773 0.46

KanjiHiraganaKatakanaPunctuation and symbolsArabic numeralsLatin alphabet

486 CHlKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

6

s.....,,.-...--

t4o

cQ):::;zr +Q) + +....

+ + ... ..J.-.-S 3 .+. .,. +

(Q + * J +.. *.... +!'-"'

+ *. +0 * dpl ++0'1

III ~ ::: ·02Co ++:~:+ +

(Y) + +(J) !'t>*1tt(J) .,... ~.-- .~ *i +++ ~+

~. ..:

O:}----+----+----+----+------Io 2 3 4 s

1966 [log 10 (r aw frequency+ 1)]

Figure 1. Kanji usage correlation distributions of top 3,000 characters between 1966and 1993.

though 2,000, and (3) low-frequency characters rankedfrom 2,001 through 3,000. Although the correlations vary,depending on the levels and lists, all were significant atthe p < .01 level (see Table 4).

The results indicate high correlations at the high­frequency levels between the present list and the othertwo lists. Notably, a high correlation of the 1993 news­paper list with the 1966 newspaper list at the high­frequency level (r = .92) indicates again that the presentlist can be a reliable resource, especially at the high­frequency levels, although the data were collected from asingle newspaper.

In contrast, at the low-frequency levels, the correla­tions of the present list are low with the 1966 list (r = .43)and with the 1956 list (r = .28). This may imply a drasticchange of kanji usage over the decades or some unrelia­bility of the present list at the low-frequency level. Thefirst interpretation is easily dismissed, considering theoverall high correlations with other lists, as indicated inTable 3, and the similar low correlation between the 1966and 1956 lists at low-frequency level (r = .40), whichwere developed relatively close in time. Does this meanthat the present list is not reliable at the low-frequencylist? That does not have to be the conclusion. The mostlikely interpretation is that the low correlations are dueto the differences in size of the corpora of the three lists.

The size of the 1993 kanji corpus was much greater thanthe other two, containing 23,408,236 tokens and 4,476types. The 1966 list was compiled on the basis of 991,375kanji tokens and 3,213 types, and the 1956 list was basedon 280,094 kanji tokens and 3,328 types. Since the pres­ent correlation analysis was conducted with the 3,000highest ranked characters in the 1993 list, some charac­ters did not even exits in the 1966 or 1956 list. For in­stance, among the 38 characters ranked at 2,996 in the1993 list, 17 characters were not included in the 1956list, and 23 characters were not included in the 1966 list.Thus, the size difference in the corpus seems to be themost probable reason for the low correlation between thelists. If that is the case, the largest corpus could be themost reliable information for low-frequency characters­that is, the present list can be plausibly used as the most

Table 3Correlation of Kanji Frequency Among 1993, 1966,and 1956 Lists With All 3,000 Ranked Characters

1993 N 1966 N 1956 M

List r r r

1993 N 1.001966 N .95 1.001956M .89 .92 1.00

Note-N, newspapers; M, magazines.

Table 4Correlation of Kanji Frequency Among 1993,

1966, and 1956 Lists With High-, Mid-,and Low-Frequency Ranked Characters

1966N 1956M

List Frequency r r

1993N high .92 .80mid .68 .55low .43 .28

1966N high 1.00 .86mid 1.00 .60low 1.00 .40

Note-N, newspapers; M, magazines. High = characters ranked from1st through 1,000th. Mid = characters ranked from 1,001st through2,000th. Low = characters ranked from 2,001st through 3,000th.

reliable resource. Thus, the correlation analysis amongthe three lists can support the high reliability of the pres­ent list.

Another issue relating to the present project is the re­liability of a computerized Japanese corpus (i.e., CD­HIASK'93), transformed from the original hard copyform (i.e., the Asahi newspaper). There are few instancesin which kanji characters appearing in the newspaper didnot appear encoded as kanji in the current CD-ROM cor­pus. The original locations of those characters in thenewspaper were marked by symbol characters, such asthe "geta mark" (=) in the electronic format (Yokoyama,Sasahara, Nozaki, & Long, 1998). This is due to severalrevisions made in JIS, 11 which is an electronic characterencoding standard and assigns a code to approximately6,300 kanji characters. Although only a few hundred ofthese cases were observed out of23 million kanji tokensin the current CD-ROM corpus and these were amongthe lowest frequent characters, this inconsistency betweenprinted and electronic data formats should be kept in mindwhen low-frequency characters are used or focused on.

In the present project, a new kanji character frequencylist was developed with the largest newspapers corpus inJapanese corpus linguistic history. Although there arestill some issues left, the present list provides useful in­formation on kanji usage in the current printed media.Furthermore, the present list has become available andaccessible in computer database over the Internet, 12 whichhelps researchers control and interpret logographic psy­cholinguistic studies more accurately and efficiently.

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NOTES

I. The set of Kyoiku kanji contains 881 characters to be taught in el­ementary schools. These characters were selected by the Ministry ofEducation in 1948. This set was revised, and 1,006 characters were se­lected and defined as Gakushu kanji for the same purpose in 1989.

2. Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are often written in a combinationof kanji and kana characters. The stem of those words, which does notchange in conjugation, is written in kanji, and the inflectional endingsin hiragana. For instance, 1t""oQ Ita-berul(to eat), *~L' loo-kiil(big), and !!!< Ihaya-kul (early) are all written with the first characterin kanji and the rest in hiragana.

3. Owing to Japanese copyright ownership issues, it may not be fea­sible to provide the 1976 NLRI kanji list in computer database form inthe near future.

4. Headlines were excluded from the present analysis because incon­sistencies were observed in headlines in hard copy versions ofthe news­papers, as compared with headlines downloaded from the CD-ROM.

5. In addition to the articles downloaded from CD-ROM, 114 articleswere input manually into the database, since they were not included inthe CD-ROM.

6. These printable characters include kanji, hiragana, katakana, Latinalphabets, Arabic numerals, punctuation, and symbols (commas, peri­ods, quotation markers, etc.).

7. Appendix C, katakana frequency list, is cited from Nozaki, Chika­matsu, and Yokoyama (1997).

8. The first 3,000 ranks included 3,031 characters in the 1993 list.9. Logarithmic transformation was used because the data were posi­

tively skewed-that is, there were more low-frequency characters andfewer high- frequency characters. A value of I was added before the log­arithmic transformation,-that is, log I0 (raw frequency+ 1) instead of10gi0 (raw frequency). This is because many oflowest frequency char­acters in the 1993 list were not found at all in the 1966 list (i.e., zero oc­currence), which would make the logarithmic transformation impossi­ble.

10. No value of logarithmic transformation was plotted between 0and I in the y-axis because all top 3,000 ranked characters occurredmore than 13 times in the 1993 list and the value oflog IO(raw frequency+ I) was more than I.

II. lIS has been revised four times over the last two decades, in 1978,1983, 1990, and 1997. In each revision, a few new codes were added orreplaced with old codes for kanji characters. Consequently, although itis very rare, some characters may appear different, depending on theversion used for decoding on computers. For instance, four kanji char­acters that are part of the 1983 JIS standard were replaced by symbolcharacters on the CD-ROM. For further discussion, see Yokoyama et al.(1998).

12. The presently developed kanji character frequency list is availableat http://nozaki-Iab.ics.aichi-edu.ac.jp/on the World-Wide Web.

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 489

APPENDIX AKanji Character Frequency List

R C r R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

1 B 336465 51 1't 79543 101 1& 50477 151 M 36776 201 [Ii] 29488 251 W 252122 285089 52 13 79040 102 ffl 50447 152 3t 36750 202 *li 29372 252 m 249923 + 254534 53 iI1li 76965 103 N1 50357 153 f1:J 36728 203 Ili'iJ 29329 253 ~ 249444 223075 54 pq 76927 104 !JiI. 49844 154 1JQ 35822 204 ~ 29150 254 m 248525 A 218967 55 Ei 76402 105 $ 49730 155 rfij 35672 205 * 29075 255 ~ 247616 * 218693 56 ~ 75885 106 ~ 49272 156 ~ 35583 206 I=l 28933 256 ~ 24643uu

7 4p 216931 57 -t; 75735 107 *£ 49270 157 Jf 35472 207 ffl 28881 257 ~ 246018 ~ 214989 58 ;<E 72917 108 0 48710 158 '!X. 35185 208 ,Iiij 28645 258 11 245989 00 199502 59 ~ 72711 109 ~iS 48152 159 il! 34984 209 ~ 28644 259 * 24517

10 = 173495 60 I't-J 72485 IlO :Iii 47347 160 "'" 34845 210 is 28343 260 i1' 24395'Ji}

Jl :$: 170127 61 ~ 72438 1Il !I!f 47088 161 ~ 34842 211 ~ 28332 261 Itk 24379~

/2 :& 141025 62 Cf 71638 112 )J[ 46819 162 71< 34761 212 '31 28252 262 1ilIi 2423713 r:j:t 138362 63

.....71475 113 * 46750 163 ~ 34483 213 ~ 28078 263 1ft€ 24203si.

J.+ Ii 129146 64 EEl 70301 114 ~ 46373 164 I 34475 214 Ii. 28047 264 rr 2414315 l±l 128173 65 @.] 69078 115 lliiJ 46263 165 ili 34449 215 11:. 28035 265 at: 24010'"16 :$ 117146 66 ~ 66881 Il6 ;;. 46208 166 3"1i 34355 216 flJ 28026 266 :(£ 2396117 t± 116636 67 4- 66659 Il7 IK 45537 167 'I: 34184 217 itt 27919 267 ~ 2379918 rTi 116094 68 it 65066 Il8 11= 45442 168 J~\ 34036 218 Idf 27543 268 'It 2369319 * 114768 69

""64462 119 it!: 45322 169 ~ 34030 219 ;X 27526 269 IJ 23422

20 J3 114266 70 ft; 64343 120 Wl 45294 170 ~ 33863 220 # 27462 270 riO 2338421 1m 113331 71 00 64144 121 ~ 44641 171 B 33828 221 *t 27355 271 m 2330022 :fL 113226 72 f-J 62107 122 ~ 44302 172 ~t 33755 222 ~ 27353 272 ~ 2321523 [jiJ 107910 73 tJ 61533 123 ~ 44160 173 j(; 33499 223 ;f)t 27286 273 ~ 2319024 13 107594 74 ~ 60381 124 * 43502 174 X 33456 224 ~ 27200 274 ~ 2315325 J& 104317 75 ~ 58480 125 ~ 43500 175 if 33206 225 jffi 27115 275 iliili 2302526 ~ 103394 76 ajj 58291 126 1J 43371 176 ~a 33090 225 iIit 27115 276 {)): 2284127 ~ 103093 77 UJ 58290 127 #!t 43047 177 1JJ 32808 227 1£ 27108 277 ~ 2276828 71 99180 78 !Ilb 57575 /28 -g 42392 /78 - 32752 228 M 27081 278 19- 2267229 1: 98454 79 li 57238 /29 i!£ 42157 /79 ~ 32680 229 ~ 26996 279 Et 2240230 Jlij 96880 80 im 57128 130 ,eX; 41775 /80 Jf.f 32674 230 ~ 26698 280 '1: 2237131 ~ 95740 81 § 56649 131 ~ 41498 18/ fl 32619 231 {JIIJ 26673 281 $ 2224432 A 95483 82 T 56562 132 f4 41321 /82 § 32609 232 fA 26386 282 1/i 22213'-'

33 fi 95351 83 ::£ 56089 133 #i 40315 183 IllT 32408 233 m 26328 283 :}H 2210834 it~ 95054 84 Jj1: 55727 134 ~ 39517 184 t!!: 32407 234 ~' 26272 284 l£ 2207135 it!!. 94297 85 ~ 55624 135 fI1i 39433 185 9:. 32208 235 ~ 25994 285 1m 2203836 ~ 88040 86 r,,~ 54953 136 jfi 39407 186 * 31999 236 m 25973 286 ~ 2199937 III 87500 87 i;k; 54695 137 {* 38994 187 ~ 31607 237 im 25858 287 ~ 2186438 }'t 87133 88 t§ 54614 138 ~ 38775 188 1f: 31539 238 # 25779 288 * 2184339 /\ 86828 89 *= 54562 139 1m 38645 189 :tt 31519 238 'go 25779 289 W. 2180840 .IX 86051 90 ~ 54077 140 ~ 38639 190 IN. 31240 240 >1< 25754 290 ~ 2161241

..i.. 85900 9/ ~ 54048 /4/ DR 38404 191 En 31087 241 ¥ 25640 29/ ~ 215331\

42 ~ 85767 92 ~ 54047 /42 ,~, 38272 192 ~ 30621 242 }JIJ 25521 292 11 2153043 ro~ 84934 93 ~ 53796 /43 J;J. 37777 193 T 30617 243 ~ 25465 293 'ff.,. 2147244 tIT 84073 94 l!!1 52743 {44 5i 37577 /93 ~ 30617 244 If: 25377 294 ~ 2145645 ~ 83847 95 1f. 52129 /45 3jZ 37547 195 Ii!JI 30581 245 ~ 25330 295 1* 2133846 A 82282 96 {t 52076 146 t~ 37433 196 it 30563 246 • 25292 296 :m 2121147 ~ 81652 97 ltIIJ 51942 147 m 37309 /97 !f!IJ 30441 247 @: 25281 297 ~ 2097348 fI3 80909 98 jiJf 51314 148 8b 37052 198 'Ji:. 30439 248 ~ 25279 298 -g 2096949 = 80845 99 Ij\ 51107 149 tiS 36971 /99 jl§ 30405 249 *lE 25273 299 1ljl 20783'T

50 * 79738 100 /F 50768 150 ~ 36947 200 m: 30219 250 II 25253 300 A 20690CF 27.4104 CF 40.7119 CF 49.9366 CF 57.0228 CF 62.8109 CF 67.7131

---

490 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

301 L!: 20667 357 l& 17216 407 IT 14694 451 I: 12884 501 ~ 11241 551 1< 9865302 Ii: 20579 352 & 17108 402 it 14668 452 :Wi 12865 502 fjj 11203 552 ff!!. 9828303 '* 20557 353 m 17106 403 iiI 14659 453 :Ibi. 12820 503 ~ 11197 553 i'I.tJ 9827304 $ 20507 354 ,@ 17040 404 {t: 14601 454 ~ 12773 504 ~ 11174 554 ij( 9805305 jIfIJ 20281 355 bi!i 16982 405 1'j- 14566 455 #Ii 12765 505 ~ 11130 555 n 9796306 ~ 20234 356 f;t 16925 406 om 14564 456 I1f 12713 506 ~ 11 I15 556 :w: 9792307 :P 20100 357 *It 16851 407 Ii~ 14471 457 ~ 12706 507 t~ 11066 557 llli 9780~~..308 ± 20027 358 iE9 16798 408 ~ 14383 458 ~ 12685 508 W. 11047 558 ~2 9768309 iJii 19987 359 * 16746 409 • 14369 459 * 12631 509 W 11046 559 jj. 9762310 1f 19917 360 k1< 16712 410 IlR 14335 460 ~ 12610 510 WI 11037 560 {~ 9722311 ~ 19884 361 lm 16709 411 ~ 14264 461 ffej 12585 511 5!l! 11020 561 fpJ 9711372 :0 19633 362 ~ 16660 412 ~ 14262 462 $ 12552 512 * 11012 562 t-t 9708373 ~ 19561 363 ~ 16657 413 :fit 14202 463 {!!; 12544 513 1IIl 10955 563 .ijj. 9699314 ~ 19517 364 ~ 16610 414 ~ 14129 464 l!i 12482 514 ltt 10871 564 j! 9684375 ~ 19363 365 ~ 16602 415 a 14120 465 '¥ 12461 515 tl 10822 565 ** 9642316 ~\ 19359 366 M 16563 416 11}] 14113 466 )il 12443 516 1$ 10796 566 jl}J 9634317 ilii 19320 367 W 16520 417 1m 14053 466 £ 12443 517 1i 10795 567 ~ 9624378 lit 19254 368 ~j£ 16463 418 ~ 13949 468 1Ii! 12393 518 Vi- 10790 568 ~ 9595319 jiIff 19246 369 ~ 16324 419 * 13933 469 fj 12334 519 :k 10752 569 *-: 9546320 ~ 19104 370 ~ 16308 420 ~ 13911 470 ~ 12259 520 ~ 10695 570 ~~ 9532321 :l* 18976 371 iR 16280 421 m 13818 471 Jil 12175 527 1i 10644 571 ~ 9444322 ~ 18815 372 1N 16259 422 ~ 13817 472 $ 12148 522 S 10564 572 ~ 9436323 m 18796 373 ~ 16201 423 JfIi 13803 473 ~ 12137 523 ~ 10563 573 !A 9377324 t'l. 18746 374 .fF 16165 424 ~ 13788 474 § 12125 524 IDi 10557 574 ~ 9337325 iiJf 18714 375 1Jl, 16136 425 ~ 13711 475 Tr. 11987 525 ill 10535 575 ±: 931713 <=t

326 ~ 18702 376 ~ 16093 426 !i~ 13708 476 )J! 11983 525 im 10535 576 /.iii 9314327 JfX 18605 377 ~ 16063 427 P 13646 477 'iT 11968 527 n>¥ 10451 577 ~ 9311328 W 18596 378 ~ 16052 428 1:t 13624 478 it 11946 528 I4l 10447 578 :i1[ 9310329 Wl 18557 379 :If 16023 429 1'iIJ 13525 479 ~ 11923 529 ~ 10345 579 ~ 9281330 'fjl: 18521 380 ~ 16017 430 iJt 13490 480 ~ 11863 530 ftiji 10289 580 l3€ 9254331 1l~ 18513 381 M 16005 431 tt 13480 487 ~ 11808 531 5E 10288 581 ~ 9160332 It 18385 382 * 15978 432 ~ 13479 482 ::t: 11804 532 !In: 10249 582 ~ 9104333 iR 18379 383 1; 15916 433 J.f! 13458 483 X- 11756 533 ~ 10228 583 • 9101334 ffil 18302 384 fftl 15729 434 ~ 13379 483 $ 11756 534 U 10224 584 i# 9083335 ~ 18194 385 {Iffl 15708 435 ~ 13312 485 ~ 11739 535 Wi 10220 585 ~ 9081336 I/tf 18109 386 11]" 15703 436 t5t 13292 486 M 11721 536 ~ 10197 586 i'& 9009337 ff 18075 387 Wf 15625 437 :I: 13285 487 * 11681 537 ~ 10107 587 00 9000338 m 18056 388 .fJt 15566 437 p~ 13285 488 m 11648 538 fJiX 10094 588 JpJ: 8998339 EB 17958 389 • 15514 439 W, 13241 489 ~ 11624 539 {~ 10093 589 fJ< 8989340 Ilt 17877 390 5ll 15401 440 m 13219 490 It 11516 540 ft 10057 590 • 8975341 ~ 17855 391

".,.

15245 44/ ~ 13194 491 Jll 11465 541 fti 10029 591 llJ 8951F

342 U; 17850 392 ~ 15241 442 itt 13150 492 ~ 11440 542 ~ 10023 592 )6J 8940343 'Ff 17845 393 ~ 15190 443 ,. 13125 493 ~ 11433 543 !it 9992 593 ~ 8902344 Ji 17785 394 1'8. 15101 444 ~ 13069 494 W 11398 544 [lW 9991 594 ti 8892345 *- 17655 395 9'J 15078 445 ~ 13056 495 :ffi 11388 545 m 9986 595 • 8867346 ± 17596 396 3i 14952 446 ~ 13043 496 1l 11306 546 ~ 9967 596 ~ 8856346 ft 17596 397 ~ 14941 447 1Jf 13009 497 J(f. 11296 547 ... 9944 597 m 8847348 !? 17527 398 ~ 14846 448 "f 13004 498 .it£: 11293 548 71f; 9908 598 M 8815349 12 17505 399 IW 14835 449 ~ 13000 499 frJ 11289 549 :IX 9882 599 ~ 8737350 %" 17362 400 ~ 14780 450 ~ 12958 500 £. 11273 550 ~ 9873 600 -1m 8733CF 71.7398 CF 75.1727 CF 78.1088 CF 80.6841 CF 82.9314 CF 84.9251

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 491

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

601 t: 8727 65/ ffl 7701 701 ~ 6760 751 ~ 6064 801 f.&, 5313 85/ ii 4810602 ~ 8705 652 fj 7693 702 fj 6748 752 ~¥ 6063 801 ~ 5313 852 t: 4798603 7E 8703 653 ~ 7692 703 W 6740 753 W 6062 803 ~ 5300 853 it 4796604 rI 8700 654 J!! 7691 704 *& 6736 754 ~ 6021 803 ~ 5300 854 m 4787605 ~ 8656 655 i1t 7654 705 it 6735 755 ~ 6009 805 :l1Ji 5293 855 j'jIJ 4780605 $) 8656 656 -=- 7624 706 m 6728 756 II 6003 806 ~ 5292 856 @; 4760;n:;

607 ri!i 8652 657 ~ 7616 707 ~ 6725 757 tb 5980 807 i1IU 5280 857 ~! 4759608 Jffi 8614 658 ~ 7594 708 ~ 6689 758 m 5949 808 • 5273 858 llt 4754609 tw 8547 659 t.:. 7545 709 :f.t 6683 759 f'€f 5939 809 fjJ 5270 859 ~ 4747610 14k 8543 660 ~ 7507 710 ~ 6664 760 'W 5920 809 ilJ 5270 860 1# 4724611 s: 8533 661 $ 7503 711 c±r 6632 761 IlB 5845 811 ~ 5254 861 }f 4720:0: A

612 tv 8517 662 ~ 7492 712 • 6627 762 ~ 5831 812 !lEt 5251 862 ~ 47166/3 ~ 8505 663 ~ 7454 713 ~ 6625 763 J.'R 5817 813 f'? 5231 863 ~ 47156/4 f@ 8477 664 gt 7440 714 ~ 6623 764 i!t 5811 814 ~ 5217 864 m 4710615 ft\ 8473 665 ][ 7423 715 T 6590 765 1ft 5768 815 ij#' 5208 865 ~ 4701616 ~ 8472 666 :j:f 7422 716 tit 6556 766 lilri 5766 816 $A 5201 866 i:1iil. 4675617 7$ 8468 667 ~ 7402 717 ;pJ 6552 767 :jffI 5747 817 $! 5196 867

,..,4674fl.

618 ~ 8448 668 ~ 7382 718 L: 6545 768 lfu 5742 8/8 ~ 5172 868 *:g 4672619 ~ 8444 669 ~ 7376 719 J!g 6536 769 J$ 5738 8/9 1m 5169 869 tlJ 4663619 J6J 8444 670 Hi: 7357 720 Wt 6529 770 ~ 5727 820 m 5163 870 *f1l 4637621 if 8443 671 ~ 7351 721 1* 6527 771 JIll 5724 82/ rjfj 5158 87/ jp 4627622 {df1 8430 672 ~ 7339 722 W 6524 772 Wi! 5703 822 M 5143 872 W 4623623 1l' 8422 673 ~ 7285 723 M 6507 773 1lfl 5686 823 • 5141 873 % 4622624 Mr 8327 674 *C 7224 723 # 6507 774 }tIJ 5650 824 ~U 5120 874 ~ 4612625 il 8320 675 JriS 7201 725 jff1 6505 775 ~ 5647 825 m 5118 875 ??r 4595626 m 8298 676 f~ 7188 726 ~ 6501 776 ~ 5635 825 ,!t 5118 876 *~ 4591627 ~ 8248 677 !i& 7176 727 ~ 6488 777 ~ 5618 827 ~ 5109 877 sfj 4585628 ~ 8194 678 ~ 7175 728 tL 6480 778 1m 5601 828 jJ 5106 878 JIll 4553629 @: 8165 679 if 7168 729 th 6472 779 ~ 5590 829 m 5094 879 Ij\ 4532630 tit 8156 680 llt 7135 730 ;6;. 6447 780 ~ 5587 830 ~ 5082 880 1m 4521m

631 * 8129 68/ tli 7106 731 £ 6380 780 fflJ 5587 831 [{ili 5080 881 fll; 4513632 ~ 8125 682 fB 7083 732 rF 6372 782 i1J! 5584 832 f~ 5064 882 m 4512633 ~ 8106 683 j)!; 7069 733 E§ 6355 783 ~ 5572 833 fl 5056 883 ~ 4499634

.",.

8102 684 ;'fi 7061 734 f$ 6332 784 m~ 5568 834 lilt 5037 884 ,~ 4492,."

635 ~j;\ 8101 685 ~ 7036 735 ~ 6327 785 iM 5547 835 JSL 5024 885 ~ 4466636 Jl 8098 685 ~ 7036 736 ~ 6324 786 ill 5499 836 ~ 5021 886 *PJ 4452637 18 8090 687 ,~ 7023 737 * 6310 787 ji! 5496 837 iE! 5018 887 ~ 4449638 Me 8069 688 J! 6959 738 m 6276 788 ~ 5477 838 ~ 4984 888 ~ 4446639 it 8047 689 x: 6921 739 :E 6251 789 tr 5458 839 it 4981 889 )l 4439640 *L 8007 690 'J 6910 740 It 6237 790 ~ 5439 840 ~~ 4967 890 Jill 443364/ itt 8002 690 ~ 6910 74/ ::K 6233 79/ JlJ 5433 84/ ~ 4961 891 ~ 4432642 M 7982 692 * 6902 742 rtlI 6225 792 ~ 5427 842 ~ 4930 892 ~ 4431643 ~ 7968 693 fi 6891 743 ~ 6224 793 IIIIi 5388 843 Ilt1 4918 893 !l 4407644 ,~ 7943 694 &. 6874 744 !iii 6217 794 X 5346 844 ~ 4904 894 1: 4404645 'If. 7915 695 ~ 6836 745 ~ 6210 795 W 5344 845 it 4887 895 ~ 4400646 § 7908 695 1t 6836 746 is 6186 796 m 5333 846 ,~ 4874 896 ~ 4397647 ~ 7901 697 JliJj 6796 747 m. 6159 797 ~ 5326 847 ~ 4862 897 ili1i 4387648 m 7881 698 ~ 6791 748 ~p 6099 797 fit 5326 848 Z 4848 898 f'rl 4379649 =Itf 7851 699 Wi 6780 749 ~ 6094 799 ~ 5324 849 tl 4837 899 ~ 4378649 #t 7851 700 ~ 6779 750 '$ 6067 800 m 5314 850 Jf!. 4823 900 ~~ 4370CF 86.6954 CF 88.2397 CF 89.6189 CF 90.8281 CF 91.9183 CF 92.8971

492 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C I' R C F R C F R C F R C F

90/ m 4368 951 :l't 3878 1000 * 3387 1051 ~ 2893 1/01 ~ 2556 1/51 ~ 2262902 ttJ 4362 952 1l 3875 1002 #.< 3376 1052 ID 2886 1/02 f! 2554 1/52 ~ 2260903 ~ 4346 953 • 3866 1003 i!I! 3372 1053 JlI 2884 1/03 ~ 2552 1/53 4> 2259'"904 e: 4345 954 ~ 3858 /004 m: 3362 1054 1Ji 2883 1/04 m 2548 1/54 tx 2244905 i2't 4304 955 ~± 3854 1n05

~ 3358 1055 :j!f 2882 1/05 IJ& 2537 1/55 Ml 2240aD m906 ~ 4298 956 i1i 3853 1006 li'P 3355 1056 ~ 2876 //06 ~ 2528 1/55 .- 2240"l!

907 it 4293 957 IlJ 3840 1007 1$ 3344 1057 :J$ 2874 //06 m 2528 1/55 11( 2240908 1'11 4284 958 7 3835 1007 Ii 3344 1058 ~ 2857 //08 r.t 2519 1/58 w!l 2239909 ~ 4278 958 ~ 3835 1009 ~ 3329 1059 q: 2849 //09 C. 2515 1/59 )If 2237909 ~ 4278 960 M; 3831 1010 ~ 3308 1060 ~ 2848 1110 1>] 2513 1/60 =§ 22369// i'l] 4271 961 iliIil 3827 1011 trf 3290 1061 ~ 2846 1111 ~ 2509 1/61 *L 22359/2 frj1 4262 962 r;h 3820 1012 Ilfi1 3287 1062 nl'l 2814 1/12 ~ 2501 1162 j;j,t 2232913 fro 4261 963 ~ 3818 1013 m 3260 1063 ~ 2810 1113 ~ 2496 1163 ~ 22309/4 11- 4245 964 ~ 3817 1014 ~ 3254 1064 M 2807 11/4 1m 2495 1164 ~ 2229915 tJj 4239 965 ~ 3802 1015 ~ 3253 1065 ml 2806 11/5 ~ 2480 1165 ~ 2201916 Wi 4230 966 !jJ 3793 1016 m 3245 /066 ~ 2796 1/15 $ 2480 1/66 ~ 2189917 :;; 4198 967 ~ 3773 1017 ~ 3238 1067 ~'J 2790 1/15 'flU 2480 1/67 1:!1 2183918 fir 4190 968 ~ 3749 1018 lJf 3220 /068 ~ 2789 1/18 #f 2472 1168 m 21799/9 *,J 4188 969 ;(p 3731 10/9 ~ 3217 1069 lli 2788 11/9 ~ 2468 1/69 J£ 2162920 #f 4174 970 ~ 3728 1020 AA 3194 1070 ~ 2787 1/20 ~ 2460 1/70 Jitif 215192/ ~ 4113 971 ji;j 3714 1021 fll; 3186 /071 ~ 2782 1/21 m 2457 1/7/ E2: 214992/ W. 4113 972 ~ 3707 1022 ~ 3185 1072 ~ 2770 1/22 ~ 2452 1/72 m 214892/ ~ 4113 973 !7 3704 1023 fa 3183 1073 IlX 2767 1/23 * 2448 1/73 * 2143924 itt 4109 974 ~ 3691 1024 {IE 3149 /074 jill 2764 1/24 ~ 2441 1/74 i* 2141925 W: 4095 975 fa; 3649 1025 J1 3131 1074 ,~ 2764 1125 {~ 2439 1175 {= 2139926 ffl' 4077 976 M 3645 /026 ~ 3128 1074 !Iff 2764 1/26 z 2437 1/76 ~ 2135927 'f 4069 977 ~ 3637 1027 i'i 3114 1077 * 2752 1127 ~ 2428 1I77 ~ 2133~c.....

928 n 4059 978 ~ 3634 1n28 16 3113 1078 £ 2751 1/28 ~ 2413 1178 ~ 2129929 Jij 4053 979 ~ 3598 /029 *' 3106 1079 ~ 2744 1/29 ~ 2405 1179 ~ 2117930 ~ 4036 980 !X 3591 1030 WlJ 3079 1080 fr{ 2739 1/30 tpp 2397 1/80 ~ 210893/ t«I: 4034 98/ $: 3586 103/ 1ll: 3078 108/ ltf 2737 1/31 ft 2390 118/ :Wl 2089932 11' 4033 982 i!t 3572 /032 ~ 3077 1082 tfi. 2712 1132 I/l} 2388 1182 1l. 2081933 m. 4031 983 ~ 3564 1033 fiib 3066 1083 ~ 2687 1133 * 2381 1183 fg; 2079934 fJT 4024 984 5lIt 3556 1034 ~ 3055 /084 1ft 2679 //34 Il 2375 1184 7E 2075935 lltl 4019 985 ~ 3553 1035 iii 3042 1085 JFjq 2670 1135 ~ 2372 //85 flJ. 2062936 Wi 4010 986 ~ 3548 1036 • 3033 1086 13: 2667 1136 ~ 2349 //86 ~ 2061937 N.iIi 4009 987 t'2 3538 1037 {JiJ 3032 1087 !Ii 2659 1137 Ji[ 2341 1/87 ~ 2057938 ~ 3995 988 1W 3531 1038 III 3015 1088 ~ 2655 1138 ME 2335 1188 l:f 2056939 m 3969 989 tit 3515 1039 ~ 3006 1089 Jijj 2650 1I38 ~ 2335 1189 ~ 2052940 fl1fl 3963 990 fl 3511 1040 fOC 3004 1090 iii 2645 1140 ~ 2334 1190 ~X; 2043941 aR 3961 99/ ~(!j 3509 1041 ~ 2993 109/ ~ 2639 /14/ ~J 2325 1/9/ ~ 2029942 n 3957 992 ~ 3496 1042 • 2962 1092 ~ 2632 1142 ilii< 2320 119/ ~ 2029943 nt 3953 993 {tj 3467 1043 ~ 2959 1093 ~ 2631 1142 ~ 2320 1193 llPJ 2028944 5J, 3923 994 m 3465 1044 ~ 2948 /094 4:i 2622 1144 ~ 2312 1194 ~ 2025945 M 3919 995 1W 3452 /045 tilQ 2925 1095 5£ 2621 1145 l'i!i 2303 1194 Ml 2025946 ~~ 3913 996 {l.. 3451 1046 ~ 2923 1096 ~ 2599 ll46 ~ 2294 1196 ~ 2022947 tR 3900 997 JJ! 3430 1046 itt 2923 1097 7/lf 2595 ll47 m 2281 1197 ~ 2019948 W 3893 998 ~ 3412 1048 f,Ij 2918 1097 ~ 2595 1148 ~ 2274 ll98 llli 2011949 W 3887 999 ~ 3393 1049 .Ii 2912 1099 lIT 2580 1148 ~ 2274 ll99 :it 2008950 ~ 3880 1000 * 3387 1050 fI3 2902 1100 * 2559 1150 :till 2272 /200 ~ 2002CF 93.7751 CF 94.5564 CF 95.2278 CF 95.8138 CF 96.3309 CF 96.7869

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 493

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

1201 liF 2000 1251 *- 1774 1301 m 1616 1351 ~ 1425 1401 M 1222 1451 ~ 10751202 if 1996 1252 ~ 1771 1301 ~ 1616 1352 r¥ 1424 1402 ~ 1221 1452 *,J 10701203 l!'P 1991 1253 • 1767 1303 Mi 1615 1353 R1l. 1408 1403 Jli 1212 1453 ifIJ 10671204 ~ 1982 1254 fJt 1758 1304 iJil 1614 1354 ~ 1406 1404 #3 1210 1454 JJL 10631205 r:i 1959 1255 rAe 1756 1305 ~ 1612 1354 ~ 1406 1405 ~ 1204 1455 m 10601205 ~ 1959 1256 j:j[ 1754 1306 .Ii 1611 1356 ~ 1404 1405 :ill! 1204 1456 ~ 10561207 ~ 1957 1257 ~ 1748 1307 lit 1608 1357 it 1395 1407 tt 1201 1456 r\Jl 10561208 ". 1954 1258 "" 1747 1308 ~ra 1607 1357 m 1395 1408 ~ 1200 1458 1J1! 1054m 1"1

1208 ilP 1954 1259 ~ 1744 1309 :f.!l. 1601 1359 R 1391 1409 1* 1199 1458 Iii 10541210 iWl 1952 1260 }il 1743 1310 {~~ 1600 1360 ~ 1389 1410 {'R 1195 1460 ~ 10521211 ij! 1950 1261 ~ 1741 1310 tt 1600 1361 *'J 1387 1410 ~ 1195 1461 rM 10461212 ~ 1946 1262 ~ 1737 1312 tt 1596 1362 ~ 1380 1410 Ili1 1195 1462 ~ 10451213 11 1943 1263 §'\ 1736 1313 m 1584 1363 rll 1377 1413 !IEl 1189 1463 '/[ 10411214 ~ 1941 1264 ~ 1734 1314 )jJ 1578 1363 '>l'~ 1377 1413 ~ 1189 1463 u 10411215 ;fiil 1940 1264 ~ 1734 1315 f'J, 1577 1365 ~ 1373 1415 ~ 1187 1463 )(IJ 10411216 ~ 1936 1266 ~ 1732 1316 .!} 1569 1366 til 1370 1416 iii 1185 1466 11 10401217 if! 1933 1267 • 1731 1317 ~ 1568 1367 M 1360 1417 1.! 1183 1467 r~ 10351218 ~ 1926 1268 ~ 1730 1318 r~ 1566 1367 foil 1360 1418 11 1181 1468 jrli 10311219 1£ 1923 1269 ~ 1729 1319 ~ 1562 1369 '$ 1354 1419 JlI!i 1179 1469 ~ 10301220 ~ 1922 1270 • 1726 1320 ~ 1560 1369 ~ 1354 1420 iff 1174 1470 ~ 10281221 $ 1919 1271 /ffJJ 1706 1321 'Jt 1559 1371 ijj;JJ 1351 1421 # 1172 1471 IE 1023j~'"

1221 fR 1919 1271 Jtill 1706 1322 ;tJI[ 1547 1372 rm- 1346 1422 rrr. 1166 1472 ~ 10191223 ~ 1915 1273 ~ 1704 1323 fj- 1541 1373 ~ 1345 1423 -5 1160 1473 fE 10171224 ~ 1905 1274 it 1688 1324 Y: 1538 1374 fA 1338 1424 JfJ 1159 1474 1't 10161225 nt 1904 /275 qJ)II; 1687 1325 1J~ 1531 1375 *5J 1332 1425 ~ 1151 1474 L![ 1016

1226 ~ 1897 1276 it 1682 1326 IE 1528 1376 ~ 1329 1425 ~J 1151 1476 ~ 10141227 M 1883 1277 tJ§ 1680 1327 • 1527 1377 ~ 1321 1427 Iii 1142 1476 Hi 1014

1228 M 1881 1277 * 1680 1328 ~ 1525 1378 ~ 1320 1428 tt 1140 1476 1.iE 10141229 ~ 1880 1279 .!ilIJ 1677 1329 9'.t 1524 1379 ~ 1309 1429 IIJ{ 1139 1479 III 10131230 m 1872 1280 ~ 1676 1330 ~ 1521 1380 ~ 1306 1429 1ft 1139 1480 iW; 10081231 Mt 1871 1281 ill 1675 1331 fII.! 1517 1381 '11ri 1300 1431 ~ 1136 1481 IlJj. 10001232 ~ 1870 1282 r~ 1668 1332 • 1516 1382 ~ 1298 1432 ~Jl 1129 1482 ~ 9971233 "" 1867 1283 Mi 1661 1333 'fff 1511 1383 m 1297 1433 fllIf 1127 1483 ~ 995a

1234 iB 1864 1284 ~ 1658 1334 1\ 1507 1384 ~ 1292 1434 tr ll20 1484 FJi 9871235 fk 1860 1285 tfi 1656 1335 ~ 1490 1385 III 1289 1434 it 1120 1485 3t 9781235 5t. 1860 1286 ;Wi 1654 1336 ~ 1489 1386 ;jfjJ 1286 1436 ~ 1119 1486 ~~ 973

1237 ~ 1859 1287 XL 1653 1337 g 1487 1387 Il& 1285 1436 I'ifJ 1119 1486 )ffi 973"!!.

1238 5If 1857 /288 m 1649 1338 ~ 1484 /388 ~ 1284 1438 ~ 1111 1488 '~ 9721239 ~ 1849 1289 jW 1641 1339 1:£ 1483 1389 mi 1267 1438 11 1111 1489 ~'.i 9701240 ~ 1842 1290 * 1640 1340 '* 1482 /390 fJi 1264 1440 # 1110 1490 U~ 9681241 m; 1841 1290 @ 1640 1341 ~ 1481 139/ m 1257 1441 1Yj~ 1107 1491 3rji 964/242 ~ 1829 1290 T 1640 1342 Jj~ 1478 /392 ~ 1256 /442 ~ 1102 1492 fJ& 9631243 ~ 1825 1293 il 1639 /343 ~ 1476 1392 'tt 1256 1443 3ii 1094 1492 II!!l 9631244 ltt 1819 /294 ~ 1637 1344 ~ 1475 /394 'Ilr 1255 1444 ifr 1086 1494 It! 9591245 ~ 1804 1295 1'Jj] 1631 1345 ~ 1471 1395 ~ 1254 1445 .m 1085 1495 ~ 958

1246 It 1802 1296 ~ 1626 1346 )iJi 1456 1396 1* 1253 1446 11 1083 1496 ~ 9571247 In[ 1799 1296 ~ 1626 1347 Wi 1449 1397 ~ 1246 1446 Ilfi!J 1083 /497 ;it 954

1248 1m 1788 1298 t# 1625 1348 ~ 1447 1398 ~ 1231 1448 MJj 1078 1498 ~ 9531249 ~ 1785 1299 frl 1623 1349 if! 1437 1399 $X 1228 1449 1* 1077 1498 m 9531250 M 1779 1300 kW. 1622 1350 im 1435 1400 1l 1223 1450 ~ 1076 1500 ~ 948

CF 97.1912 CF 97.5529 CF 97.8808 CF 98.1645 CF 98.4101 CF 98.6258

494 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C r R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F1501 Ilt 943 1551 rfj 818 1601 H 729 1650 ~ 649 1701 ~ 559 1750 m 4841502 ~ 942 1552 lli 815 1602 ;!I 728 1652 m 648 1702 m 558 1750 f\1t 4841503 f~ 940 1553 :R 814 1603 11 727 1653 ~ 645 1703 '* 555 1753 n~ 4831504 * 939 1554 ~ 813 1604 i1t 725 1654 i'.fl 639 1704 tM 554 1753 t~ 4831505 ft* 937 1555 ~ 811 1605 ~ 722 1655 fJ< 636 1704 'I: 554 1755 f(.,'J 4801506 ~ 936 1556 !Iff 809 1605 1€1 722 1656 :$ 634 1706 I!/ll 553 1756 ~ 4751507 tff 935 1556 ~ 809 1607 • 721 1656 w: 634 1707 *~ 552 1757 It 4741508 ff 932 1558 ~ 807 1608 :$ 719 1656 lb 634 1708 ~ 545 1757 ~~ 4741508 P~ 932 1559 *1l 796 1609 I~ 716 1659 Z 632 1709 ~t1i 541 1759 :£ 4721510 llJii 929 1560 .& 793 1610 !9! 715 1659 fliIi 632 1710 $ 540 1760 ~ 4691511 fib 919 1561 '& 792 1611 £iii 714 1659 li 632 1711 ~ 539 1761 8 466t=l

1512 ~ 917 1562 ~ 787 1612 ~ 709 1662 jjiiJ 628 1711 tJji 539 1762 ~ 4631513 jig 915 1563 ~ 786 1613 ~ 708 1662 w.: 628 1711 $ 539 1762 l'k 4631514 *4 913 1563 ~ 786 1614 if 706 1664 if 625 1714 .. 535 1764 7ifl 4621515 ~ 912 1565 T 784 1615 m 704 1665 jl 624 1714 ~ 535 1765 00- 4611516 tr 903 1566 ~ 782 1616 • 702 1666 1t 622 1716 ~ 534 1766 ~~ 458/517 * 902 1567 JJ 781 1617 i.l 700 1667 ~ 618 1717 ~,f 533 1767 ;i 4561518 ~ 895 /567 i't 781 1618 If.\" 699 1667 ~ 618 1717 ~ 533 1768 7'J 4541519 {eb 887 1567 ~ 781 1618 Id: 699 1669 m 615 1719 ~ 528 1768 ~ 4541520 M 883 1567 l?j 781 1618 it 699 1669 ~ 615 1719 If 528 1770 u± 4531521 ~ 881 1571 m 779 1621 JftIl 698 1671 .m 614 1719 1j: 528 1771 ~ 4511522 !'! 876 1571 lft 779 1622 :n 695 1671 Wt' 614 1722 ~ 527 1771 ~ 4511523 ~ 875 1573 *El 778 1623 ~ 691 1673 ~ 612 1723 f1 523 1773 l!I 4491524 ill! 874 1574 ItF 777 1623 ~ 691 /673 ~ 612 1724 mr 520 1774 ~ 4441525 • 873 1575 m 773 1625 m 689 /675 ~ 6Il 1724 -g9( 520 1774 lifl 4441525 ~ 873 1576 mi 770 1626 '~ 687 1676 IJJL 608 1726 1/1:1 519 1774 ~ 4441527 :mt 868 1577 ~ 767 1627 ~ 685 1677 m 606 1727 * 518 1777 ~ 4431528 ~ 865 1578 nl:! 766 1628 FK. 682 1678 ~ 605 1727 f.ft 518 1778 ~ 4411529 i:ll: 864 1579 *-!c 764 1629 ~ 680 1679 {/II 589 1727 $ 518 1779 ~ 4401530 nl'i 862 1579 * 764 1630 ~ 679 1680 #e! 587 1730 .- 514 1780 ~ 4391530 ~ 862 1581 ""= 762 163/ 1lll 676 1681 ~ 586 1730 ;hi: 514 1781 m 436F'

1532 ~ 861 1582 *'li 761 1632 ~ 675 1682 t}j 584 1730 ~ 514 1782 P¥ 4341533 ~ 860 1582 ~ 761 1633 fs 674 1683 ~ 583 1733 IlE 513 1783 ~ 4321534 1E 858 1582 r11l 761 1634 -'it 673 1684 ~ 582 1734 * 512 1783 ~ 4321535 ~ffi 855 1585 lffil 759 1635 ~f. 671 1685 $)( 581 1735 m 509 1783 'if 4321535 ~ 855 1586 ~ 758 1635 pq 671 1686 -m 580 1736 -t 508 1783 an. 4321537 ;W 854 1587 * 754 /637 :liT 668 1686 ~ 580 1737 ~ 503 1787 IE 4311538 ~ 852 1587 ~ 754 1638 J1j 667 1686 $G 580 1738 mt 502 1787 * 4311539 rr 850 1589 J* 753 1639 ~ 664 1689 *.§. 578 1739 'R' 496 1787 * 4311540 1ti 847 1589 W1: 753 1640 fJlJ 662 1690 ~ 574 1740 ~ 494 1790 ~ 4301540 lW1 847 1591 fdf 751 1641 8lt 660 1690 Ii§" 574 1741 IE 491 1791 f.j 4291542 jffl 846 1592 #: 750 1642 7f 659 1692 '* 573 1742 Jjifi 490 1791 ~ 4291543 71< 843 1593 lIPJ 748 1643 r,E 656 1693 t& 572 1742 #i 490 1793 iii 4251544 iii 842 1594 ?!t 747 1643 • 656 1694 it 567 1744 III 489 1793 IJlIi 4251545 III 838 1594 111 747 1645 !t. 655 1694 :It 567 1744 -m 489 1795 Ii!J 4241546 1$ 832 1596 • 741 1646 It 652 1694 :B 567 1744 00 489 1796 ~Q 4231547 fi!i 825 1597 tJjIj 739 1646 Ii'{ 652 1697 ~ 566 1747 n 487 1797 ~ 4191548 '!l 821 1598 ~II 735 1646 iII 652 1698 IiA 565 1747 ~ 487 1798 ~ 4181549 ~ 820 1599 lf1,\J 734 1649 it 650 1699 S 563 1747 ijl 487 1799 71. 4161550 ifJL 819 1600 fI 732 1650 tJi. 649 1700 "1 560 1750 ,. 484 1800 Wi 415CF 98.8138 CF 98.9790 CF 99.1262 CF 99.2550 CF 99.3665 CF 99.4618

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 495

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

1800 f,jj 415 1851 ~ 363 1901 ~ 302 1951 !'KJ 254 2000 ~ 206 2049 f~ 169/802 * 411 1852 ~ 360 1902 ?,f 300 1951 j£ 254 2002 ~ 204 2052 ~ 168

/803 1Jm 410 1853 tE 359 1903 :!jr 299 1951 ~ 254 2002 ~ 204 2053 illi 167

1804 ,fl¥j 408 1854 Ii 358 1904 ~Ill 295 1951 1t 254 2004 ~ 202 2054 .~ 166

1804 frIiX 408 1855 ,j:g 354 /904 ~ 295 1955 z, 252 2004 JM 202 2055 m 165

1806 mE 405 1856 ~ 351 1904 #l! 295 1956 ifir 251 2006 ifl 201 2056 ~ 164

1806 ~ 405 1857 ~ 350 1907 M 293 1957 iii 250 2(J(J6 ~ 201 2(J57 m 163

1808 iJi{ 404 1857 $ 350 1907 1" 293 1957 ~ 250 2008 ID& 199 2057 ~ft 163

1808 ~ 404 1857 *7) 350 1907 ~ 293 /959 Iii 249 2008 • 199 2059 ~ 162

1808 * 404 1860 ifJ; 348 1907 ifIIJ 293 1960 t& 248 2010 ~ 198 2059 f~ 162

1808 ~~ 404 1861 tt 346 19J1 *It 292 1960 l!4 248 2011 ~ 197 2059 f!£ 162

1812 ~ 402 1861 ffl! 346 1912 5* 288 1962 ~I'J 247 2011 iii 197 2062 15k 161

/812 i3 402 1861 f$ 346 1912 ~ 288 1963 ~ 246 2013 #l 195 2063 fJJ 160

/8/4 f7e 400 1864 ~ 344 /914 ~ 287 1964 Mi 245 2014 II~ 194 2064 !f 159

1815 ~ 399 1864 ~ 344 1914 :Mi 287 1965 f1I 243 2015 ~ 193 2064 $ 159

1816 i1J. 398 /866 '$: 340 1916 f;lk 286 1966 M< 241 2016 M 191 2066 • 157

1817 ¥* 397 1867 ~ 334 /9/7 ~ 285 1967 B 239 2016 ~ 191 2066 jij!j 157

1818 ~ 396 1867 ffi 334 /918 ~ 284 1968 8 237 2016 ff,j 191 2068 m 156

1818 ~ 396 1869 R 333 /9/9 • 283 1969 .1b 236 2016 if[, 191 2068 1"1 156R

18/8 • 396 1869 Ef$ 333 19/9 • 283 1969 ~Ij 236 2016 1i 191 2070 frl!i 155

1821 ~~ 395 1871 ~ 332 1921 ~~ 282 /971 J§ 233 2016 ~ 191 2070 iI 155

1821 ~ 395 1872 X 329 1922 ~ 278 1971 $Jt 233 2022 fji 190 2072 ~ 154

/823 ~ 389 1873 it 327 1922 m 278 1971 ~ 233 2023 PX 189 2073 ~ 153

/824 m 388 1874 f~ 326 1924 Ilij 277 1974 # 230 2023 JI\ 189 2073 :&l 153

1825 ~ 385 1874 • 326 1925 nfOJ 274 1975 ~ 228 2025 1'5 188 2073 if! 153

1826 fiJi 384 1876 ill 323 1925 Ijl 274 1976 ~ 225 2U26 J![ 187 2073 :~ 153

1827 ~ 383 1876 f'f 323 1925 R 274 1977 ~ 223 2026 JIt 187 2077 *lE 150

1828 i'Jll 382 1878 ~ 322 /928 • 272 1978 ~ 221 2028 t* 185 2078 itJ 149

1829 Jlft 380 1878 '!!i 322 1929 It! 271 1978 tv 221 2028 JO.: 185 2U79 ~ 148

1830 ~ 379 1880 ~ 321 1929 JL 271 1978 1'& 221 2028 M 185 2079 11 148

183/ }L 377 1880 'II 321 /93/ j(: 269 /981 ~ 219 2028 m 185 2081 * 146

/831 f.m 377 1882 !f:t 320 /93/ RJJ 269 1982 »f. 217 2032 it: 183 2081 il 146

183/ ~ 377 1883 * 319 193/ '1 269 1982 ~ 217 2032 ~ 183 208/ ~ 146

1834 ~ 376 1883 ~ 319 1934 lOft 268 1984 • 216 2032 f!f 183 2081 m 146

1835 tt 374 1885 i~ 316 1934 i'l 268 1984 f8 216 2032 * 183 2085 ~ 142

1836 ;i 373 1886 1f. 315 1934 ~ 268 1984 4- 216 2036 * 182 2086 :tit 141

1836 B 373 1886 tu 315 1937 • 267 1987 III 214 2036 ~ 182 2087 ~ 140

/838 ~ 372 1888 t~ 314 1937 ~ 267 1987 • 214 2038 ** 181 2087 f's. 140

1!?39 fl 371 1889 ~ 312 1939 m 266 1989 1# 213 2039 • 180 2089 JlJR 139

/839 II 371 /890 7iIJ 311 1940 ~ 265 1990 ~ 212 2040 iilli 179 2089 5Mi 139

/839 ~ 371 /890 ~ 311 1940 ~ 265 1990 1!It 212 2041 i!iJJ 176 2091 )i 138

1842 ill 370 /892 00 310 1942 ~ 264 1990 JlI 212 2041 ~ 176 2091 JiiI 138

1842 1l! 370 1892 Jlt 310 1943 *' 263 1993 • 210 2043 • 175 2091 f!l 138

1844 ~ 369 1894 IPl 309 /943 u~ 263 1994 tHI 209 2044 it 173 2094 at 137

1845 J! 368 1895 ill« 308 /945 lfl 262 1995 ~ 208 2045 .ftf 172 2095 fIfi 136

/846 6 367 1895 fR 308 1945 • 262 1995 *- 208 2045 it 172 2095 tt 136

/847 *Ji: 366 1897 * 307 1947 Itt 258 1995 00 208 2047 ~ 171 2095 tri'i 136

/848 ~ 365 1898 11.1 305 1948 ~ 256 1998 JIjj 207 2048 '* 170 2095 ~ 136

1848 ~ 365 1899 ~ 303 1949 W. 255 1998 ~ 207 2049 if!, 169 2099 ~ 135

/850 ;DL 364 1899 is 303 /949 ~ 255 2000 m 206 2049 ~ 169 2099 ~ 135a

CF 99.5445 CF 99.6146 CF 99.6736 CF 99.7226 CF 99.7627 CF 99.7953

496 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F

2099 ~ 135 2150 m 112 2200 i#. 95 2249 ~ 79 2298 m 67 2351 ~ 592099 1L 135 2152 ffi. 111 2200 flUj 95 2249 ~ 79 2298 '1~ 67 2351 JlJit 592103 fIX 134 2152 R: 111 2203 ff 94 2253 ~ 78 2298 w: 67 2351 :tt 592103 ~ 134 2152 jIJl 111 2203 ~ 94 2253 m 78 2298 ~ 67 2351 itJ 592105 }J:t 133 2152 fc 111 2205 ~ 93 2253 7f 78 2305 li; 66 2351 m 592105 * 133 2156 ~ 110 2205 {IE 93 2256 • 77 2305 ijI 66 2351 BrlJ 592105 *f1f 133 2156 JIti' 110 2207 iii 92 2256 te 77 2305 {g 66 2351 i1t 592105 fill 133 2156 * 110 2207 III 92 2256 :M! 77 2305 ~ 66 2351 rlJj 592105 ~ 133 2159 j1( 109 2209 ~ 91 2256 ~ 77 2305 1{ 66 2351 M 592110 • 132 2160 ~ 108 2209 ~ 91 2260 ;ti~ 76 2310 JiI\ 65 2351 ~Dl 592110 m 132 2160 ft 108 2209 ~ 91 2260 ~ 76 2310 ~ 65 2351 ~ 592112 ;9t 131 2162 ffii 107 2212 ~ 90 2260 if 76 2310 ~ 65 2351 M 592112 :It 131 2162 ~ 107 2213 1f 89 2260 nI 76 2310 ~ 65 2351 ¥- 5921/-1 !Ill 130 2164 !i!! 106 2213 ~ 89 2260 ill!! 76 2310 1if 65 2364 'If 5821/-1 H 130 2165 J#! 105 2213 ~ 89 2265 ~ 75 2310 ~ 65 2364 J!l 582116 1m 129 2165 ~ 105 2213 ~t 89 2265 • 75 2310 .t1J 65 2364 ti£! 582116 j! 129 2167 11$ 104 2213 ~ 89 2265 ~ 75 2317 Ii 64 2364 1i 582118 PI'l 128 2167 it 104 2213 * 89 2265 jt! 75 2317 {bo 64 2364 M 582118 ~ 128 2167 ~ 104 2219 jlJf 88 2265 :Ii 75 2319 1!f 63 2369 ~ 572120 'I&- 127 2167 iIi: 104 2219 JE 88 2270 * 74 2319 ?(i 63 2369 itE 572121 !llf 126 2167 M 104 2219 • 88 2271 1!- 73 2319 1:>1 63 2369 ~13 572122 ~ 124 2167 if 104 2219 it 88 2271 fm 73 2319 II! 63 2369 tit 572123 iffi 122 2167 m 104 2223 ~ 87 2271 • 73 2319 • 63 1373 1fI\ 562123 I!l!I 122 2174 $ 103 2223 I!!l 87 2274 ~ 72 2319 ~ 63 2373 it 562125 !lII1:i 120 2174 n 103 2223 ~ 87 2274 if 72 2319 URP 63 2373 ~8 562125 iI 120 2174 1f 103 2226 *t 86 2274 fIA 72 2326 !,it. 62 2373 ~ 562127 fit 119 2174 if 103 2226 $1 86 2277 Jiir 71 2326 m 62 2373 U{t 562127 ~ 119 2174 !tt 103 2226 1m 86 2277 m 71 2326 tJ 62 2373 t$ 562129 ~ 118 2179 ~ 102 2226 iii 86 2277 ~ 71 2326 ~ 62 2379 m 552130 ~ 117 2179 ~ 102 2226 ~ 86 2277 ~ 71 2326 fJ> 62 2379 • 552130 fJ 117 2179 ± 102 2231 m 85 2281 ~ 70 2326 11 62 2379 ;lit 55n

2130 % 117 2182 m 101 2231 • 85 2281 jJ" 70 2326 4iJf 62 2379 • 552130 M§ 117 2182 it 101 2233 m 84 2281 Ii 70 2326 I:}'i 62 2379 ruk 552134 it 116 2182 lit 101 2234 ~ 83 2281 ~ 70 2326 ~ 62 2379 a& 552134 ~ 116 2185 ~ 100 2235 ~ 82 2281 fiij 70 2326 1M. 62 2385 ~ 542134 • 116 2186 !IE 99 2235 1m 82 2281 §l!j 70 2336 III 61 2385 #Ii 542134 '&£ 116 2186 ~ 99 2235 m 82 2287 III 69 2336 i'lJ 61 2385 flL 542134 "'" 116 2186 ~ 99 2235 ~ 82 2287 rt 69 2336 W: 61 2385 ~ 54'E

2139 ~ 115 2186 1& 99 2235 1ft 82 2289 ~ 68 2336 Wlf 61 2385 f# 542139 11.ti 115 2186 ~ 99 2235 P)l 82 2289 ~ 68 1336 15 61 2385 11 542139 V 1I5 2191 ~ 98 2235 ~ 82 2289 :m 68 2336 ({] 61 2385 ~ 542139 ~ 115 2191 ttli 98 2235 iii 82 2289 ~ 68 2336 ~ 61 2385 ~ 542143 ft 114 2191 ~ 98 2243 ~ 81 2289 11f 68 2336 m 61 2385 ~ 542143 JfiJ 114 2194 ~ 97 2243 • 81 2289 m 68 2336 ~ 61 2385 ~~ 542143 ff. 114 2195 m: 96 2243 Jfla 81 2289 U 68 2336 ftlt 61 2385 ;jl 542143 IIMJi 114 2195 ~ 96 2243 (£ 81 2289 • 68 2336 'It 61 2396 MIl 532147 8 113 2195 Iff 96 2247 IW 80 2289 .. 68 2347 ~ 60 2396 .. 532147 ~~ 113 2195 ~ 96 2247 • 80 2298 ~ 67 2347 ~ 60 2396 Pm 532147 ~ 113 2195 ~ 96 2249 ~ 79 2298 m 67 2347 {Jt 60 2396 @ 532150 ft 112 2200 It 95 2249 il¥ 79 2298 ;fib 67 2347 ~ 60 2400 • 52CF 99.8220 CF 99.8434 CF 99.8626 CF 99.8776 CF 99.8926 CF 99.9039

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 497

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R e F R C F R C F R C F R C F

2400 B 52 2449 ~ 46 2496 J.Il 40 2543 !Ill 35 2599 ~ 31 2646 ~ 282402 ~ 51 2449 !l5e 46 2496 it 40 2543 ~ 35 2599 m 31 2646 ~ 282402 J& 51 2449 1ri! 46 2503 ~ 39 2543 :I!l 35 2599 It 31 2646 FoX 282402 If?{ 51 2449 ~ 46 2503 !\!\! 39 2543 ~ 35 2599 .m 31 2646 let 282402 ~ 51 2449 ~ 46 2503 Ii 39 2543 jlj 35 2599 !!1. 31 2646 • 282402 ~ 51 2449 if:! 46 2503 ~ 39 2543 ~ 35 2599 tit 31 2646 14' 282402 ~ 51 2449 ~ 46 2503 jili)i 39 2543 ~ 35 2599 ifi 31 2646 ~J 282402 ffi. 51 2449 J]p 46 2503 ~ 39 2543 :f!lt 35 2599 • 31 2646 1.t 282402 ~ 51 2459 ~ 45 2503 ~ 39 2559 ~ 34 2599 it 31 2646 ~ 282402 fJi 51 2459 i'Jf 45 2503 MIJ 39 2559 nit 34 2599 ~ 31 2646 ~ 282411 g 50 2459 ~ 45 2503 *" 39 2559 WJ 34 2599 IlfB 31 2646 ~ 282411 fi 50 2459 at 45 25/2 il!I 38 2559 ~ 34 2599 Il 31 2646 {lL 282411 ~ 50 2459 A 45 25/2 ~ 38 2559 ~ 34 2599 mJ 31 2646 QOO 2824fl @ 50 2464 'Pf 44 2512 JlIl 38 2559 :It 34 2599 !I'J 31 2664 ~ 27

24fl * 50 2464 fIJ 44 2512 ~ 38 2559 ~ 34 2599 Pfi 31 2664 Il!J: 272411 J]lf 50 2464 -;Jf 44 25/2 m 38 2559 lil 34 2616 it: 30 2664 ;1'2 272411 {# 50 2464 Wi 44 2512 ~ 38 2559 ~ 34 2616 ~ 30 2664 ~ 272411 ~ 50 2468 * 43 2512 • 38 2568 ~ 33 2616 • 30 2664 ~ 2724JJ ~ 50 2468 ~ 43 2512 ~ 38 2568 /Rl 33 2616 1m 30 2664 fi 2724fl ~ 50 2468 iif 43 2512 • 38 2568 ~ 33 2616 im 30 2664 00 2724JJ ~ 50 2468 ~ 43 2512 *BIt 38 2568 iIJJi 33 2616 M 30 2664 ~ 272422 ~ 49 2468 ~ 43 25/2 ~ 38 2568 ~J 33 2616 JtE 30 2664 1m 272422 ~ 49 2468 ~ 43 25/2 -m 38 2568 tal 33 2616 i;Ili 30 2664 '$ 272422 1# 49 2468 ~ 43 2512 IIi* 38 2568 ~ 33 2616 3": 30 2664 ~ 272422 g 49 2475 ., 42 25/2 ~ 38 2568 III 33 26/6 !Itt 30 2664 i? 272422 5E 49 2475 ~ 42 2512 (4f 38 2568 * 33 26/6 mt 30 2664 ~ 272422 m 49 2475 M 42 2527 • 37 2568 m 33 2616 :g£ 30 2664 ~ 272422 1M; 49 2475 ia 42 2527 PI 37 2568 • 33 2616 ~ 30 2664 ~ 272422 ~ 49 2475 ,. 42 2527 M 37 2568 • 33 2629 ~ 29 2664 ~ 272422 Fr 49 2475 • 42 2527 B: 37 2568 ~ 33 2629 • 29 2664 !Rt 272422 i1lJ 49 2475 IIf 42 2527 it( 37 2581 $ 32 2629 iAl 29 2681 M 262432 W 48 2475 ~ 42 2527 ~ 37 2581 ~ 32 2629 ~ 29 2681 ~ 262432 'I1J 48 2475 m 42 2533 i1ill 36 2581 ~ 32 2629 $ 29 2681 • 26

2432 II 48 2475 .. 42 2533 ,fit! 36 2581 M 32 2629 II 29 2681 1C. 26

2432 #!!! 48 2475 7.X 42 2533 lit 36 2581 ~ 32 2629 !M 29 2681 ~ 26

2432 m 48 2486 ~ 41 2533 51! 36 258/ ffl'I 32 2629 ~ 29 2681 m 26

2432 P1! 48 2486 :it 41 2533 i'ili 36 258/ ~ 32 2629 ~ 29 2681 ~ 262432 l'IJ 48 2486 IBJ 41 2533 4: 36 2581 tt 32 2629 ~ 29 268/ ~ 26

2432 11: 48 2486 iltf 41 2533 IT 36 258/ lit 32 2629 iI 29 268/ :~ 26

2440 ~ 47 2486 ~ 41 2533 {iJi 36 258/ P'f 32 2629 i~ 29 2681 W 262440 ~ 47 2486 " 41 2533 ~ 36 2581 ~ 32 2629 • 29 2681 tl 262440 !ill 47 2486 ~ 41 2533 !i 36 2581 ~ 32 2629 W 29 2681 ~ 262440 1$ 47 2486 Pl! 41 2543 ~ 35 2581 i6!t 32 2629 Jft; 29 268/ fa 262440 ~ 47 2486 trJi 41 2543 Ii 35 2581 WI. 32 2629 $ 29 2681 M 262440 mi 47 2486 it 41 2543 ~ 35 258/ ~ 32 2629 ~ 29 2681 m 26

2440 #i 47 2496 tlj 40 2543 it 35 258/ ~ 32 2646 ~ 28 268/ • 262440 ~ 47 2496 ~ 40 2543 m 35 2581 !G 32 2646 # 28 2681 ~ 26

2440 11# 47 2496 ~ 40 2543 '* 35 258/ :Ill: 32 2646 ~ 28 2681 .I;€ 262449 :¥Ill 46 2496 TiIJj 40 2543 w.Jt 35 2599 ~ 31 2646 1# 28 2681 ~ 262449 ~f 46 2496 Em 40 2543 Yi 35 2599 • 31 2646 f! 28 268/ M 26CF 99.9139 CF 99.9239 CF 99.9331 CF 99.9381 CF 99.9431 CF 99.9481

498 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIX A (Continued)

R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F R C F268/ IR 26 2725 ~Ji 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 :¥f 19 2886 if! 17 293/ m IS2702 Il!k 25 2752 J5 23 2785 ~ 21 2836 It 19 2886 ~ 17 2931 Ii~ 152702 It 25 2752 ~ 23 2785 • 21 2836 p~ 19 2886 ?&. 17 293/ jg IS2702 ~ 25 2752 ~ 23 2785 '* 21 2836 *HI 19 2886 ~ 17 2931 • IS2702 ~ 25 2752 fiji 23 2785 ~ 21 2836 1l 19 2886 ~ 17 2931 ft IS2702 &Ii 25 2752 Ilf 23 2806 II 20 2836 1Il~ 19 2886 m 17 2931 JEt 152702 ~r 25 2752 ,~ 23 2806 Jjf 20 2836 Sf 19 2907 ft 16 2931 ~i'f 152702 t:I 25 2752 III 23 2806 Kl 20 2836 1# 19 2907 IlR 16 293/ frJI 152702 flI 25 2752 ~ 23 2806 ~ 20 2836 rtJ 19 2907 3i.} 16 293/ ~ 152702 ~ 25 2752 m 23 2806 ~ 20 2836 • 19 2907 fa: 16 2931 ~ 152702 i1lt 25 2752 Q 23 2806 • 20 2861 ~ 18 2907 m 16 2931 10 152702 ~ 25 2752 • 23 2806 ~ 20 2861 ¥J). 18 2907 *L 16 2931 mJ 152702 Il% 25 2752 :!1i 23 2806 lEI 20 2861 a: 18 2907 * 16 2931 !I* IS2702 ~ 25 2752 ~ 23 2806 V1f 20 2861 :Ii!i 18 2907 m 16 2931 !IW 152702 ~ 25 2752 ~ 23 2806 II#i 20 286/ ** 18 2907 ~ 16 2931 '!Ii 152702 *n 25 2752 .IE 23 2806 ~ 20 2861 ~ 18 2907 :RlJ 16 2966 j$ 142702 ,w 25 2752 m 23 2806 ~ 20 286/ ~ 18 2907 WJl 16 2966 11 142702 ~ 25 2752 ~ 23 2806 ~ 20 286/ JJJZ 18 2907 7§. 16 2966 1m 142702 ~ 25 2752 &if 23 2806 fi 20 2861 tI 18 2907 ~ 16 2966 JI3't 142702 Jl1{ 25 2752 ~ 23 2806 ii!i 20 2861 FX 18 2907 '& 16 2966 R 142702 ~ 25 2752 #. 23 2806 ffi 20 2861 it 18 2907 M: 16 2966 ~ 142702 :fa 25 2772 iii 22 2806 • 20 286/ If{; 18 2907 tilt 16 2966 1ft 142702 ~ 25 2772 1@: 22 2806 T1J:. 20 2861 !l 18 2907 t-J 16 2966 ~ 142702 • 25 2772 1* 22 2806 ffl 20 2861 m: 18 2907 ~ 16 2966 J:l 142725 !l'I 24 2772 ~ 22 2806 ~p 20 2861 fJ 18 2907 !mi 16 2966 ~ 142725 ~ 24 2772 ~ 22 2806 1t 20 286/ %5 18 2907 ,. 16 2966 ~ 142725 ~ 24 2772 & 22 2806 ~ 20 2861 fit! 18 2907 il& 16 2966 ~ 142725 ~ 24 2772

of± 22 2806 Wi 20 2861 ~~ 18 2907 i!!I. 16 2966 ~ 14IT,,"

2725 £j~ 24 2772 jjfl 22 2806 i$ 20 2861 ~ 18 2907 ~ 16 2966 lth 142725 JJJD 24 2772 ~~ 22 2806 ~ 20 2861 ~ 18 2907 fit 16 2966 T 142725 Wi 24 2772 ~ 22 2806 * 20 2861 ~ 18 2931 ~ 15 2966 m 142725 ft{ 24 2772 7Mt 22 2806 ~ 20 2861 :Hi 18 2931 ~l 15 2966 vJ; 142725 :II\! 24 2772 ~ 22 2806 ;!!!;; 20 2861 Jm 18 2931 00 15 2966 ~ 147C

2725 ~ 24 2772 ~ 22 2806 {frt 20 2861 ~ 18 2931 ~ 15 2966 :;~ 142725 Pm 24 2785 ,fl 21 2806 1£ 20 2861 ~ 18 2931 ii 15 2966 flIL 142725 iii 24 2785 wm 21 2836 it 19 2886 • 17 2931 ~ 15 2966 t1i 142725 #i! 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 If* 17 2931 to 15 2966 m 142725 m 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 :n 19 2886 m 17 2931 ~ 15 2966 til 142725 ~ 24 2785 tJ 21 2836 :tS 19 2886 ~ 17 2931 if IS 2966 :II 142725 iOO 24 2785 IIQl: 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 • 17 2931 Ii IS 2966

""14

2725 ~ 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 ft 17 293/ EI IS 2966 ~ 142725 • 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 T* 19 2886 II 17 2931 ~ IS 2966 ~ 142725 e 24 2785 ~ 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 :jp 17 2931 fIij IS 2966 .fti 142725 til 24 2785 1$ 21 2836 IJlI¥ 19 2886 ~ 17 2931 tJi IS 2966 W 142725 Il'F 24 2785 fllJ 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 Il\I 17 293/ * 15 2966 ~ 142725 J$ 24 2785 ;l 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 ff1 17 2931 m 15 2996 J$i 132725 .z: 24 2785 l4l 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 rx 17 2931 fA 15 2996 ilH 132725 ilk 24 2785 5'1 21 2836 f<f 19 2886 Jl1J 17 2931 it 15 2996 m 132725 -tJ; 24 2785 IliH 21 2836 tIl 19 2886 .5l!l 17 2931 l,t 15 2996 • 132725 :i\l; 24 2785 m 21 2836 ~ 19 2886 1l! 17 2931 m IS 2996 III 13cr 99.9531 CF 99.9581 CF 99.9631 CF 99.9681 CF 99.9731 CF 99.9781

JAPANESE CHARACTER FREQUENCY LIST 499

APPENDIX A (Continued) APPENDIXB

R C F Hiragana Letter Frequency List

2996 ;m 13 R C F R C F

2996 ~ 13 1 (J) 1918313 49 '1 48752

2996 !Ill 13 2 vi: 1108840 50 '" 47013

2996 JlI(f 13 3 t: 1067566 51 rJ 32312

2996 ill 13 4 v\ 1060284 52 tJ 31212

2996 ~ 13 5 I;): 937811 53 ~. 26965'-

2996 *!Ji: 13 6 :a: 936356 54 :tJ. 23490

2996 fi 13 7 .!:: 927938 55 ~ 23280

2996 :JjiiJ 13 8 ~ 916652 56 <" 21549

2996 m 13 9 tJ' 860742 57 ~ 19865

2996 ~ 13 10 L- 848132 58 V- 19148

2996 ~ 13 11 -r: 764834 59 J: 14425

2996 :r-J 13 12 -c 758316 60 .-:5 13125

2996 '" 13 13 tt. 720156 61 1£ 12402

2996 I!DII 13 14 tJ' 537294 62 « 12108

2996 1Jtf 13 15 -o 467350 63 h 11606

2996 fj 13 16 n 450805 64 ~ 11522

2996 11{; 13 17 G 423294 65 e 10047

2996 IiIiI 13 18 b 396142 66 I1l 8486

2996 f7} 13 19 ? 352965 67 -If 6893

2996 ~ 13 20 T 340654 68 ~ 5124

2996 11 13 21 ~ 333999 69 1-;1: 4349

2996 ii\'f 13 22 ~ 312227 70 ~ 2755~

2996 n 13 23 ti. 280911 71 rJ 1608

2996 m 13 24 't 278599 72 It 1315

2996 !tj 13 25 ~ 258960 73 ~ 986

2996 ~ 13 26 ~ 233505 74 '" 477

2996 M 13 27 ~ 223806 75 i:> 125

2996 ~ 13 28 < 221960 76 ;t 106

2996 ~ 13 29 .:b 204256 77 "t? 82

2996 ~ 13 30 It 199362 78 2- 75

2996 it'S 13 31 E 196555 79 d;) 48

2996 ~ 13 32 Iv 190068 80 ;to 21

2996 ~ 13 33 ;t 163664 81 v- 21

CF 99.9815 34 J:: 154206 82 n 335 -o 153999 83 :; 1

Note-R = Rank of frequency, C= Character ofkanji, F= Frequency 36 ~ 146156occurrence in23,408,236 character corpus.37 -t- 13161138 b 12307739 ij 9918340 7-f.. 8926441 tt 8344442 0 7346743 t!:" 7222844 j;J 6587045 t;. 5685746 A. 5600547 i' 5325648 Ij' 49126

Note-R = Rank of frequency, C = Character of hiragana, F = Fre-quency occurrence in20,711,361 character corpus.

500 CHIKAMATSU, YOKOYAMA, NOZAKI, LONG, AND FUKUDA

APPENDIXCKatakana Letter Frequency List

R C F R C F

1 :/ 290948 49 * 224622 Iv 189442 50 jJ 220613 A 178214 51 /'\ 218394 !- 162802 52 '7 217845 7 127845 53 'J 207846 .{ 120807 54 -7 206337 '7 117203 55 'E 200708 !J 106744 56 J 195729 17 98209 57 7:' 1924010 ~'/ 86894 58 I! 18692J1 7J 82982 59 * 1820412 ~ 80626 60 zr; 1781713 lj 75319 61 :3 1773114 0 75301 62 "'" 1488115 F 74257 63 ::1' 1393116 '/ 61171 64 .y 1252617 7 61115 65 ~ 1073218 i- 60608 66 ::l 1031819 j. 60230 67 ~ 1014420 ::J 58724 68 7" 1012121 -:(' 56123 69 -tt' 768922 7' 54159 70 t 728923 T 53404 71 '" 712924 s; 50758 72 ::L 665325 T 48437 73 If 648126 /-\ 44970 74 :t 624527 ~' 44462 75 ~ 289728 If 40433 76 '/ 264029 :\'- 39608 77 ij 114530 r7 39323 78 ? 105031 -t)- 39202 79 T 14932 ::::- 38711 80 'Y 12733 -r 38047 81 =:1 12234 J:. 36458 82 I 7335 7' 35920 83 4- 4036 /-\ 35416 84 ;h 1437 -e 34883 85 'J 938 ;;f" 34718 86 -7" 239 -1 3374740 T 3266541 ::t. 3261642 ~ 2926243 -\' 2814444 ~ 2665145 lj' 2639646 'Y 2454147 ~ 2374248 .r( 22755

Note-R = Rank of frequency, C ~ Character of katakana, F = Fre-quency occurrence in3,608,288 character corpus.

(Manuscript received February 2, 1999;revision accepted forpublication February 27, 2000.)