1. The History of Education

2. The History of Education1900- 1950KATHERINE BURNS , KEISHABRISON, GRETA SAMUELS, PAULA CARRENO AND ERICA ROGERS 3. 1900sChildren in Schools Children at Work 4. Higher Institutions of Learning Established Association of American Joliet University founded inUniversities founded in 1900 1901 in Joliet, Illinois Goal to promote higher Nations 1st Public Communitystandards for universities College in the U.S. U.S. Universities become equal Founders J. Stanley Brown andpartners with European William Rainey HarperUniversities 5. Mary McLeod Bethune African American educator,1904 founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training Schoolfor Negro Girls in Daytona Beach, Florida 1923 it merges with the Cookman Institute and becomes acoeducational high school, which becomes - Bethune-CookmanCollege, now Bethune-Cookman University. 6. Ivan Pavlov 1903 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING INTRODUCED AT THE1 4 TH I N T E R N A T I O N A L M E D I C A L C O N V E N T I O N I N M A D R I DAUTOMATIC OR REFLECTIVE RESPONSES AND NOT VOLUNTARY BEHAVIORBEHAVIORISM- INDIVIDUALS RESPONSE TO DIFFERENTENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI SHAPES OUR BEHAVIORS 7. The Binet-Simon Scale 1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon Created a measurement instrument that would identify students withmental retardation. 8. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Founded in 1905 by Andrew Carnegie chartered in 1906 by Congress Established a standard system for seating time turning time spent intoHigh School credit Responsible for: Flexner Report GRE Graduate Record Examination Educational Testing Service Motivation Approach builds on the scholarship of teaching and learning, where they: Learn from each other Improve on what they know works Continuously create new knowledge Take what they have learned and make it usable by others 9. Ella Flagg Young 1909 1st Female Superintendent of Chicago Public Schools 10. PROGRESSIVE ERA JOHN DEWEY 1859 1952 FATHER OF PROGRESSIVISMAUTHOR THE SCHOOL AND SOCIETY 1899THE CHILD AND THE CURRICULUM 1902DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION 1916EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYINVESTIGATION PROBLEM SOLVING PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY GROWTHCURRICULUM DEVELOPED BY BOTH STUDENTS ANDTEACHERS 11. John Dewey - INFLUENCESFriedrich FroebelJohan Heinrich Pestalozzi Educating the whole Children need anchild emotionally secure environment for Father of Kindergarten successful learning Use of practical work Sensory Learningand direct material Children should arrive Engage with the worldat answers themselvesyou gain and use theirunderstandinghands, heart and head. 12. Progressive Education MovementThe belief that education is based on theidea that humans learn best in real-lifeactivities with people 13. Montessori SchoolsIn 1911 the first Montessori school in the U.S. opens in Tarrytown, New York.Two years later (1913), Maria Montessori visits the U.S., and Alexander GrahamBell and his wife Mabel found the Montessori Educational Association at theirWashington, DC, home 14. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 1914 - THE SMITH-LEVER ACT ESTABLISHES A SYSTEM OF COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICES CONNECTED TO LAND GRANT UNIVERSITIES AND PROVIDES FEDERAL FUNDS FOR EXTENSION ACTIVITIES. 15. Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education1.Health2.Command of fundamental principles3.Worthy home membership4.Vocation5.Civic education6.Worthy use of leisure7.Ethical character 16. 1916Louis M. Terman and his team ofStanford University graduate studentscomplete an American version of theBinet-Simon Scale. The StanfordRevision of the Binet-Simon Scalebecomes a widely-used individualintelligence test, and along with it, theconcept of the intelligence quotient (orIQ) is born. The Fifth Edition of theStanford-Binet Scales is among themost popular individual intelligencetests today. 17. Working Conditions of TeachersThe American Federation of Teachers addressed manyissues for teachers in 1916. They wanted to improveteaching conditions, increase pay, and provide benefitsfor teachers. 18. Deweyseducationphilosophyhelped forwardthe progressiveeducationmovement, andspawned thedevelopment ofexperientialeducationprograms andexperiments 19. John Dewey & ProgressivismJohn Dewey, considered as one of the greatest thinkers ofthe 20th century, contributed greatly to the field of earlyeducation and changed the structure of classroom. Deweybelieved educators had a duty to move beyond rigid andtraditional instruction to a more progressive approach tolearning. This approach included encouraging students toask questions, work in teams, and engage in dialogue in theclassroom. Dewey also thought this would help childrendevelop socially and encourage their overall participation.Instructors observed the interests of students and assistedthem and essentially the instructors and students learnedtogether. Deweys invaluable contribution to learning is thereason he is known as the father of modern education. 20. Nursery SchoolsThe Bureau of Educational Experiments is founded inNew York City by Lucy Sprague Mitchell with thepurpose of studying child development and childrenslearning. It opens a laboratory nursery school in 1918and in 1950 becomes the Bank Street College ofEducation. Its School for Children is now "anindependent demonstration school for Bank StreetCollege." This same year (1916), Mrs. Frank R. Lilliehelps establish what would become the University ofChicago Nursery School. 21. 1917Implementation ofintelligence testingfor the UnitedStates Army pavedthe way foreducationalstandardizedtesting 22. 1919The Progressive All states have lawsEducation Association isproviding funds forfounded with the goal oftransporting children toreforming Americanschool.education. 23. The Progressive Education Association Doctrine Inspired by John Dewey1. The conduct of the pupils shall be governed by themselves, according to thesocial needs of the community.2. Interest shall be the motive for all work.3. Teachers will inspire a desire for knowledge, and will serve as guides in theinvestigations undertaken, rather than as task-masters.4. Scientific study of each pupils development, physical, mental, social andspiritual, is absolutely essential to the intelligent direction of his development.5. Greater attention is paid to the childs physical needs, with greater use of theout-of-doors.6. Cooperation between school and home will fill all needs of the childsdevelopment such as music, dancing, play and other extra-curricular activities.7. All progressive schools will look upon their work as of the laboratorytype, giving freely to the sum of educational knowledge the results of theirexperiments in child culture.Novack, 2005 24. Classical Conditioning ofChildrenIN 1920 JOHN B. WATSON AND HISASSISTANT ROSALIE RAYNER CONDUCTTHEIR EXPERIMENTS USING CLASSICALCONDITIONING WITH CHILDREN. OFTENREFERRED TO AS THE LITTLE ALBERTSTUDY, WATSON AND RAYNERS WORKSHOWED THAT CHILDREN COULD BECONDITIONED TO FEAR STIMULI OFWHICH THEY HAD PREVIOUSLY BEENUNAFRAID. THIS STUDY COULD NOT BECONDUCTEDTODAY BECAUSE OFETHICAL SAFEGUARDS CURRENTLY INPLACE. 25. Progressive Education 1921 - 1930 26. Lewis M. TermanLewis M. Terman was a psychologistwho developed some of the earliest andmost successful measures of individualdifferences. He joined the faculty ofStanford University in 1910, he revisedthe Binet-Simon intelligence scale andpublished the Stanford-Binet IQ test(1916), which soon was adopted in theU.S. During World War I. Terman developed group intelligencetesting for the U.S. Army, and in 1921 helaunched a long-term program ofintellectually superior which werestudies on gifted children. He wrote TheMeasurement of Intelligence (1916) andcoauthored Genetic Studies of Genius. 27. Lewis M. Terman contd Intellectually Superior Hermans "Termites" as they are known were chosen to test the early ripe-early rot myth.High IQ children had intellectual success or failure as adults. According to Terman, unusually precocious children were more likely to turn out wellthan poorly in their later lives. Terman found that the gifted were taller, healthier, physically better developed, superiorin leadership and social adaptability, dispelling the often held contrary opinion. Termans points of view regarding gifted youth include: They are the top 1 percent in intelligence They should be identified as early as possible in childhood They should be accelerated through school They should have a differentiated curriculum and instruction They should have specially trained teachers They should be viewed as a national resource for the betterment of society They should be allowed to develop in whatever directions their talents and interestsdictate 28. Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Founded at Columbia Universitys Teachers College (1922) Elizabeth Farrellwas unanimously elected president at that first meeting, and the Counciladopted what it called its three "aims": To unite those interested in educational problems of "special children." To emphasize the education of "special children" rather than his/heridentification. To establish professional standards for teachers in the field of specialeducation. 29. Abigail Adams Establishes the Ruggles StreetNursery along with help from Mrs.Henry Greenleaf Pearson. Rugglesnursery is one of the first educationalnurseries in the U.S. , which laterbecomes Eliot-Pearsons Childrensschool and is now affiliated with Eliot-Pearson Department development atTufts University. Elizabeth Pearson established theRuggles Street Nursery School inBoston to serve children living inpoverty in 1922. Dedication to the study and wellbeingof children, families, and theircommunities. 30. Max Wertheimer Gestalt Theory(1924):Emphasis on learning throughinsight and grasping the wholeconcept, which becomesimportant in the 20th centurywith development of cognitiveviews of learning and teaching. Gestalt is a psychology termwhich means "unified whole". Itrefers to theories of visualperception. These theoriesdescribe how people tend toorganize visual elements intogroups or unified wholes whencertain principles are applied.These principles are: 31. Functionalism Essence or shape of an entitys complete form" The Gestalt Principles Similarity Is when objects look similar to one another. People often perceivethem as a group or pattern. 32. Functionalism ContdContinuation Continuation occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one objectand continue to another object. Closure Closure occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completelyenclosed. If enough of the shape is indicated, people perceive the whole byfilling in the missing information. Proximity Proximity occurs when elements are placed close together. They tend to beperceived as a group. Figure and Ground The eye differentiates an object form its surrounding area. a form, silhouette, orshape is naturally perceived as figure (object), while the surrounding area isperceived as ground (background). 33. Tennessee VS John Scopes(Monkey Trial) In 1925 John Scopes a High school Biology teacher was ontrial and charged with the crime of teachingevolution(Darwin). The religious creationists adopted the age-old tactic ofridiculing their opponents position. John Scopes wasconvicted. Traditionalists worried that everything valuable was ending.Younger modernists no longer asked whether society wouldapprove of their behavior, only whether their behavior metthe approval of their intellect. Intellectual experimentationflourished. Americans danced to the sound of the JazzAge, showed their contempt for alcoholicprohibition, debated abstract art and Freudian theories. Ina response to the new social patterns set in motion bymodernism, a wave of revivalism developed, becomingespecially strong in the American South. Controversy of evolution versus creationism still continuetoday. 34. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) First administered in 1926. Based on Army Alpha test. First called the Scholastic Aptitude Test, then the ScholasticAssessment Test, and now SAT. Test is intended to assess a students readiness for college. SAT assesseshow well the test takers analyze and solve problemsskills they learnedin school that they will need in college. 35. Jean Piaget In 1929 Piagets book is published TheChilds Concept of the word He becomes an important influence inCognitive Developmental psychology andeducation. The Childs Conception of the World exploresthe ways in which the reasoning powers ofyoung children differ from those of adults.He has studies on what conceptions of theworld does the child naturally form at thedifferent stages of its development.The extent that the child distinguishes theexternal world from an internal or subjectiveworld and what limits does he or she drawbetween the self and objective reality. 36. Piagets Stages of Development and Cognitivetheory 37. The Great Depression Economic depression which followed World War II and iscommonly used as an example of how far the worlds economy candecline. The depression originated in the U.S., after the collapse instock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and becameworldwide news with the Stock Market Crash of October29, 1929( Black Tuesday). Economy is down leaving people homeless, hungry, layoffs. Schoolsare closed, teachers laid off and lower salaries. 38. The Great Depression contd Teachers and the education of children suffered: Children dropped out of school to sell newspapers and shine shoes.Students were also forced to wear worn out, mended clothes andwere too embarrassed to go to school. People couldnt pay their property taxes so school districts werelacking funds. Few teachers were hired and there wasnt enoughmoney to buy books and supplies. Students were forced to use worntextbooks which sometimes had pages missing. Students were forced to bring their own supplies to school. Sincemany parents couldnt afford to buy these supplies, studentsdropped out. Schools were forced to drop classes like home economics, physicaleducation, art, and foreign languages. Just the basic courses ofreading, writing, and arithmetic were taught. 39. Alvarez vs. The Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School. 1931 San Diego, CA Lemon Grove school creates a segregated building for Mexican students.The building is old and not suitable for these students. Board of trustees do this because they said Mexican students were slowerlearners, and needed special education. Mexican students refused to go this new building everyone called LaCaballeriza (the barnyard) The Mexican community took the school to court where the judgeconcluded:I understand that you can separate a few children, to improve theireducation they need special instruction; but to separate all the Mexicans inone group can only be done by infringing the laws of the State of California.And I do not blame the Mexican children because a few of them are behind(in school work) for this segregation. On the contrary, this is a fact in theirfavor. I believe that this separation denies the Mexican children thepresence of the American children, which is so necessary to learn theEnglish language." 40. Presidential Election 1932 F R A N K L I N D E L A N O R O O S E V E L T I S E L E C T E D P R E S I D E N T I N H I S F I R S T H U N D R E D D A Y S H E P R O P O S E D T H E N E WDEAL DUE TO THE UNEMPLOYMENT CRISIS IN THE NATION.H E W A S R E - E L E C T E D I N 1 9 3 6 B Y GRAND MAJORITY. 41. Anna Eleanor RooseveltC H A N G E S T H E R O L E O F T H E F I R S T L A D Y B Y U S I N G HER KINDNESS TO HELP PEOPLE. S H E T R A V E L E D A L L O V E R T H E W O R L D T O F E E D HUNGER AND HELP NEEDED FAMILIES. S H E A L S O W A S V E R Y V O C A L A N D S U P P O R T I V E O F THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND THE AFRICANAMERICAN RIGHTS.A F T E R R O O S E V E L TS D E A T H I N 1 9 4 5 , S H E B E C O M E S THE AMERICAN SPOKESPERSON IN THE UNITEDNATIONS. 42. Because of the GreatThe Work ProgressDepression, millionswere unemployed.AdministrationNumbers wereincreasing until FranklinRoosevelt signed aproject that allowedthose unemployed towork in public sites.The Work ProgressAdministration (WPA)was a relief program thatput Americans to workin order to gain somefinancial balance. Out ofthe 10millionunemployed, 3 millionwere helped .Most work sites werepublic schools andparks. 43. The Ballpoint Pen 1938 Biro became very frustrated with the smudges andstains caused by fountain pens. Ladislas Biro and his Brother Georg improved theinvention of John Louds 1888 ballpoint pen inHungary. They created it more designs and better ink to use inthem. 44. Yellow School BusI N 1 9 3 9 , F R A N K W . C Y R , A P R O F E S S O R A T C O L U M B I A UNIVERSITY, ORGANIZED A NATIONAL CONFERENCE ONSTUDENT TRANSPORTATION.H I S I S S U E W A S T H E D I F F E R E N T M E T H O D S O F S C H O O L TRANSPORTATION WERE UNSAFE AND NEEDED TO BESTANDARD. S T U D E N T S U S E D H O R S E - D R A W N W H E A T WAGONS, TRUCKS AND EVERYDAY VEHICLES TO GET TOSCHOOL. B E C A U S E O F T H E C O N F E R E N C E , T H E P O P U L A R Y E L L O WSCHOOL BUS WAS AND STILL IS THE STANDARD FORM OFSCHOOL TRANSPORTATION TODAY. 45. Yellow School Bus (cont) T H E C O N F E R E N C E C H O S E T H E C O L O R YELLOW, BECAUSE IT WAS A BRIGHT COLORTHAT COULD BE SEEN CLEARLY AT DAYLIGHT AND NIGHTLIGHT. A L S O , I T W A S H I G H L Y V I S I B L E F O R O T H E RMOTORISTS WHICH ALLOWED THE STUDENTS TO RIDE IN A SAFE VEHICLE. 46. Deviation IQ 1939 David Wechsler develops The Wechsler Adult IntelligenceScale Wechsler believed that intelligence could be best measuredby assessing an individuals performance on a wide array oftests. He also introduces the concept of Deviation IQ whichcalculates the scores on how far they differ from anotherindividuals score in the same age range. 47. Deviation IQ Graphs 48. References 1900 -1910 John Dewey http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2336/Progressive-Education.html Child Labor 1900 http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade00.html Children in schools 1900 http://library.thinkquest.org/J002606/early1900s.html Johan Pestalozzi http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2319/Pestalozzi-Johann-1746-1827.html 49. References 1911 - 1920 Novack, G. (2005). John Deweys Theories of Education. from http://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/1 960/x03.htm 50. References 1921-1930 Abigail Eliothttp://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Fin_Aids/OTexts/eliot.html Famous trials in the U.S.http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm The Daily: History Page, Multiple choice page on SAThttp://www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/06/040612-opinions-history-sat-keenan-1-3 Useful charts- Piagets stages of developmenthttp://www.usefulcharts.com/psychology/piaget-stages-of-cognitive-development.html Max Wertheimers Biographyhttp://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/max-wertheimer.htmcom- MaxWertheimers Biography Jean Piaget, NNDP http://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/ Jean Piaget: How a child thinks (video)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jw33CBsEmR4 51. References 1931-1940 http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/86spring/lemongrove.htm http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/eleanorroosevelt http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-creates-the-wpa http://www.life123.com/hobbies/First-Ball-Point-Pen http://www.transportationheroes.org/heroDetail.php?id=19 http://www.pearsonassessments.com/NR/rdonlyres/6F6A90D0-9EF9-41CC-BF21-EB3FE7E9A5B2/0/Assess_Focus_Spring_02.pdf http://allpsych.com/researchmethods/distributions.html 52. References 1941-1950Effects of WWII:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_World_War_II Servicemens Readjustment Acthttp://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=76 Kathleen Casey-Kirschlinghttp://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-12-29-first-boomer_x.htm Mendez vs. Westminsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendez_vs._Westminster:_For_All_the_Children ENIAChttp://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/Eniac.htm National School Lunch Acthttp://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch Everson V. Board of Educationhttp://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0330_0001_ZS.html McCollum V. Board of Educationhttp://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1949/1947/1947_90 Higher Education for American Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_for_American_Democracy Public Law 81-740https://www.ffa.org/documents/about_publiclaw105225.pdf 53. Progressive Education 1900-1950 1900-1910 by Greta Samuels 1911-1920 by Keisha Brison 1921-1930 by Erica Rogers 1931-1940 by Paula Carreno 1941-1950 by Katherine Burns