A highly toxic and unnecessary treatment alternative
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Transcript of A highly toxic and unnecessary treatment alternative
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A highly toxic and unnecessary
treatment alternative
CH
LO
RIN
E
AM
MO
NI
A
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VA Beach tap water
Chloraminated Tap Water
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Chlorine Most effective disinfectant for drinking
water Effectively kills e-coli, rotaviruses and
polio 1 Successfully used nation-wide over 100
years Dissipates quickly - sparing environment
and minimally affecting people
So, Why Chloramine?
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Organic Material + Chlorine = Disinfection Raw Water
Byproducts
(DBP)DBPs of Chlorine
Trihalomethanes (TTHM)Haloacetic Acids (HAA)
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DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
(TTHMs) Trihalomethanes 35.6 ppb 22 - 58ppb
(HAAs) Haloacetic Acid 40.5 ppb 19 - 42 ppb
Free Residual Chlorine 1.48 ppm 0.2 - 1.9 ppm
Rivanna Water & Sewer Authority Charlottesville, VA
RWSA’s THMs ( regulated at 80 ppb) and HAAs (regulated at 60 ppb) are well within regulated limit of Stage 2 regs. No need to chloraminate this system, yet it is being scheduled.
WHY ?
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Need to reduce TTHMs and HAAs
Options offered by EPA:
Better filtration of organics before disinfectionGranular Activated Carbon (GAC)
UV LightChlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Cheapest alternative = chloramine
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CHLORAMINEADVANTAGES:
Ammonia binds to chlorine – maintains residual in longer lines – no
booster needed - reduces reactivity to organic material - thereby reducing formation of regulated
TTHMs and HAAs
- HOWEVER………
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CHLORAMINEDISADVANTAGES:
Adverse SHORT TERM health effectsAdverse LONG TERM health effectsLEAST EFFECTIVE BIOCIDEFatal to aquatic life and watershedsCorrodes pipes and fixtures/leaches leadHomeland Security riskCan’t be filtered out, does not dissipateWater wasted in excessive flushing
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HEALTHEFFECTS
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SHORT TERM HEALTH EFFECTS
Thousands of people in over 20 states reporting:
Persistent skin rashes - burnsPennsylvania
Exposed to chloraminated Not exposed to water for 3 minutes chloramine
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In Colorado
In California
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Respiratory - Asthma like symptoms Mono-Chloramine speciates into di-, tri-Chloramine with change
in temperature and pH Tri-chloramine – known respiratory
irritant In study intended to measure dermal effect – 100%
of test mice died from inhaling tri-chloramine vapor
Digestive ailments –
Reflux Colitis
Painful stomach
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LONG TERM HEALTH EFFECTS
Organic Material + Chloramine = Nitrogen
in Raw Water Disinfection Byproducts
(NDBP)
DBPs of Chloramine N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Hydrazine (rocket fuel)DXAA
Iodoacetic Acid
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LONG TERM HEALTH EFFECTS:Creates a new, more toxic family of byproducts NDMA HYDRAZINE DXAA IODOACETIC
ACID * Up to 100,000 times MORE TOXIC than TTHM/HAA
* More toxic at smaller doses * Genotoxic, Cytotoxic and Mutagenic * Cannot be filtered out * Absorbed through skin in shower, bath, pool * NDMA and Hydrazine = ‘probable’ human carcinogens * Formed in distribution system
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Iodoacetic Acids-most toxic DBPs found
Nationwide DBP occurrence study iodo-acids were identified for the first time as DBPs in drinking water disinfected with chloramines.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7175−7185Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 2011
Sources of iodine compoundssoilsea water intrusioniodinated contrast media from
hospitals
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Pharmaceuticals as NDMA precursors
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Commonly used drugs form Nitrosamines in chloraminated water
Zantac (stomach acid reducer, ulcer)Unisom (sleep aid)Imitrex (migraine therapy)Allerest 12 Hour (antihistamine)Axid (ulcer, heartburn)Cardizem (high blood pressure, angina)Clistin (antihistamine)Tetracycline (antibiotic)
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Common household products can react with Chloramine to form NDMAs
Commonly used shampoos, conditioners and soaps contain ingredients that can react with chloramine to form NDMAs
Suave shampoo and Dawn dish detergent positively identified as forming NDMAs in chloraminated water
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INEFFECTIVE BIOCIDEChloramine is the LEAST effective
biocide of all the available treatments
* 2,000 X less effective in killing e-coli, *100,000 X less effective in killing rotavirus
*ineffective against Giardia and Cryptosporidium
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FISH KILLSDocumented Fish Kills
in Virginia, California and British Columbia
* McLean in NOVA ---9 miles of stream killed - “everything down to the earthworms”
* Henrico Co Fish Kill in Feb 2012* Protected Steel Head Trout
* 1000 species of salmonids and invertebrates
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CORROSIVE – LEACHES LEADWashington D.C. – 4
years – EPA and CDC ignored and hid evidence of high levels of lead in the water after chloramine started
–law suits by parents are pending
– 1000’s of children exposed for 4 years
- no amount of lead is safe for children.
Dr. Marc Edwards exposed the levels through the press.
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Other municipalities had excessive lead in tap water after chloramine was implemented
West View, PA- * 19 out of 98 homes
elevated lead levels * levels of up to 130 ppb
* > 8X the EPA maximum
Greenville, NCDuke study
Chapel Hill, NC Lead-free brass fittings
Poughkeepsie, NYCould not control lead
leaching despite pH changes and corrosion inhibitors
Reverted back to chlorine
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Chloramine pits copper pipeCalifornia – Developer
suing water authority for pitted copper pipes throughout new development.
Seeking more than $20 million in damages, citing product liability, negligence, private nuisance and breach of warranty.
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Chloramine is destructive to plumbing
Destroys rubber plumbing gaskets
Causes pipe corrosion (leaching lead and other dangerous metals)
Shortens lifespan of appliances Hot water heater
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Representative failures from buildings after a utility switched to chloramine -from Marc Edwards 2003
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HOMELAND SECURITYRemember chlorine + ammonia is more stable,
less reactive
- Intentional contamination of our water –
Chlorine will react – levels will drop –alarms will go offChloramine will not readily react – levels will NOT drop and no alarms will go offUS Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Lab,
Champaign, Il. 61826
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FILTRATION Home v. Water treatment facility Point of Use and Whole House Filters
* only reduces the mono-chloramine * does not affect di- and tri- chloramine* does not reduce or eliminate toxic byproducts* does not protect you at school, work, vacation,
family homes, hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, etc
* expensive + continuing expense – paying for protection from water we are paying to receive
• Most households cannot afford effective filtration
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WASTES WATERChloramines allow build-up of biofilm in
distribution system Necessitates annual “chlorine burns” to clean
distribution system of bioslime. Reporting DBPs are exempted by EPA during burns
Causes water system bio-fouling forcing utilities to discharge pollution into our environment and wasting massive amounts of drinking water.
Example--Pinellas Co, FL-flushing volume increased from 5.7 to 35 million gal/month.
Poughkeepsie, NY-excessive flushing due to corrosion
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Municipalities that rejected chloramine:Seminole Co FL 2012Leesburg VA 2011Highland Park IL “upgraded to chlorine”
2011Pittsburg PA 2011Poughkeepsie NY 2011 West Columbia SC 2007
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Poughkeepsie NYMarch 2012 Water Board Meeting Minutes:
“Keith B......stated that his crews had to flush frequently wasting millions of gallons of water. Keith stated he also had multiple fire hydrant leaks. Sean E....... stated it is important that we capture what we know now to make decisions. Sean expressed concern that any action taken consider the life time costs not just capital expenses."
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States that do not use chloramine:AK AL CT GA ID NM RI UT
States where <1% of the population are on chloramine systems:AR DE HI MD NV NY OH WV
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ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1. maintains residual effects 1. Short term health effects
2. reduces TTHMs and 2. Long term health effects
HAAs 3. Ineffective biocide4. Fish kills and watersheds5. Lead leaching-pipe pitting6. Homeland Security risk7. can’t be filtered, boiled
out8. Wastes water from
excessive flushing
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Making a Case for Granular Activated Carbon
as a Water Treatment Option
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Water Treatment Diagram
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• Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)• Mercury and Cadmium• Natural Organic Matter• Synthetic Organic Chemicals (specifically:benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, dioxin)• Radionuclides
GAC is an EPA BAT for the following contaminants
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June 21 Public HearingFour Govt Boards Represented
Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority
Charlottesville City CouncilAlbemarle Board of SupervisorsAlbemarle County Service Authority
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June 21 Public HearingPanel Members
Dr. Dwight Flammia, MD, Toxicologist, Virginia Dept. of Health
Mark Edwards, Ph D., Civil Engineering Professor, Virginia Tech
Ms. Susan Pickford, Esq., Chloramine Info Center Web Site
Mr. Robert W. Bowcock, Integrated Resource Management, Inc.
Ben Stanford, Ph. D., Hazen and Sawyer Mr. Jim Moore, Virginia Dept. of Health Lexington Field
Office Mr. Steve Via, American Water Works Association Mr. Jerry Higgins, Superintendent-Manager,
Blacksburg-Christiansburg VPI Water Authority
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