A Guide to Saltwater Aquarium (Viet)_20121030

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____________________________________________________________________________________ Ti liu do lpcuong @ www.aquabird.com.vn , thnh vin CLB C cnh bin H Ni, su tm v lc dch

Hng dn v b c nc mn

MC LC Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

B san h v b c nc mn: S khc bit l g? .................................................................................... 2

Trc khi mua c .......................................................................................................................................... 4

S khc nhau gia nc mn v nc ngt l g? .................................................................................... 4

Cc yu t quan trng ............................................................................................................................... 4

Thit b cn thit ....................................................................................................................................... 5

Thit lp b ............................................................................................................................................... 9

La chn C ................................................................................................................................................. 12

C nc mn cho ngi mi bt u chi ............................................................................................. 12

ng vt khng xng sng dnh cho ngi mi bt u chi ............................................................ 13

La chn c nc mn ............................................................................................................................ 15

Mang c v nh ....................................................................................................................................... 15

Bo tr b nc mn ................................................................................................................................... 17

Bo tr b nc mn ............................................................................................................................... 17

Chuyn i sang nc mn .................................................................................................................... 18

Lu chung ............................................................................................................................................. 19

Cc iu cn lu tit kim thi gian v tin ........................................................................................ 21

Thi gian ................................................................................................................................................. 21

Kin nhn ................................................................................................................................................ 21

in n nh ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Quan tm n mi trng v sinh vt .................................................................................................... 21

S ng h ca ngi chng / v / i tc hoc mt mnh .................................................................. 22

Khng gian............................................................................................................................................... 22

GFCI ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Tin.......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Thu nhp kh dng ................................................................................................................................. 23

Thi gian ................................................................................................................................................. 23

Tm tt thng tin .................................................................................................................................... 23

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Gii thiu Nhiu ngi ang t hi liu mt b c nc mn c ph hp vi chng khng. Hu ht mi ngi tin rng nui b c bin l v cng kh khn hn so vi nc ngt. Khng phi nh vy. S tht n gin l c v ng vt khng xng sng nc mn khng kh nui hn, chng ch cn c mt s yu cu khc hn so vi c nc ngt v mt cht t quan tm trnh nhng sai lm. Cha kha hiu bit y phn ny l hiu ni dung c bn c trnh by y.

Vi v p ni bt ca loi c nc mn, chc chn l rt nhiu ngi c th chi c m nui mt b c bin. Nhng hng dn y dnh tr li nhiu cu hi mt ngi mi chi c cnh bin c th c v a ra mt s hng dn c bn v la chn v chm sc cho c nc mn v ng vt khng xng sng. Ngoi ra, hy vng rng tt c cc nc mn ngi chi c bin s c thm nhiu cun sch khc v ch ny.

B san h v b c nc mn: S khc bit l g?

C nhiu cch khc nhau m bn c th thit lp mt b c ph thuc vo nhng g bn mun nui v nhng g bn quan tm nht trong th chi ny. Theo , ngi nui c c xu hng t tn trn cc loi khc nhau ca b cnh nc mn c th c thit lp bi v chng c yu cu tng t ty thuc vo vic phn loi b.

Bch c c

Bch c c l mt b l dnh ring nui c, m khng c bt k loi san h, hi qu hoc trai, s no khc. Chng c th cha thm mt s ng vt khng xng sng di ng ch yu l gip gi b sch s. Thit lp ny l d dng hn thit lp v t tn km so vi mt b san h. Loi b ny c th c phn thnh hai loi nh, l bch c c (FO fish only) v bch c c vi sng (FOWLR fish only with live rock).

B san h

B san h cha rt nhiu dng sinh vt sng vi trng tm chnh l san h v hi qu. Loi h thng ny thng c cha mt s lng ln cc loi i hi mt thit lp rt chuyn ngnh. Nhu cu ca san h, hi qu c u tin trong khi c trong b c coi l ph. Mc d chng ta thng phn loi tt c cc b vi san h trong n nh l mt b san h, nhng vn cn c nhng loi b rn san h khc nhau nh b san h mm, b san h cng xc tu ln (LPS) v b san h cng xc tu nh (SPS). Ba loi b ny cng c nhng yu cu khc nhau.

Di y l mt bn tm tt ngn gn v mt s trong nhng yu cu thit b khc nhau cho hai loi b:

Yu cu B san h B c

kim (alkalinity) C Ty chn

Lc hp (canister filter) Khng Ty chn

My to can xi (l canxi) Ty chn Khng

Can xi C Ty chn

o t trng ( mn) C C

nh sng cng ln C Khng

sng C Ty chn

Ct sng Ty chn Ty chn

Kh nitrat C Ty chn

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My tch bt (protein skimmer) C C

Nc qua lc thm thu ngc v kh ion (RO/DI) C Nn c

B lc (sump) Nn c Ty chn

B lc ph (refugium) Nn c Ty chn

My nh git nc vi (Kalk dripper) Nn c Ty chn

o pH C C

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Trc khi mua c

S khc nhau gia nc mn v nc ngt l g?

Vy gia nc mn so vi nc ngt khc nhau nhng im no? Nh nu trn, c nc mn nhy cm hn vi nhng thay i trong mi trng ca chng. C nc ngt c thy trong cc sng, sui, ao, b, c nc mn c nh bt t bin v i dng. Nh vy, mi trng t nhin ca chng l kh n nh v chng khng sn sng thch ng vi nhng thay i ln v mt ha hc hoc nhit ca nc. Ngoi ra, t c nc mn gn nh tt c v ng vt khng xng sng b bt trong t nhin (nhiu c nc ngt l hoc nui ln ln trong b hoc trong ao), c nhiu ri ro hn lin quan n x l v vn chuyn. Nhng ri ro, chi ph vn chuyn v nh bt, quan h cung v cu cng lm cho vt nui nc mn tn km hn so vi nc ngt.

Cc yu t quan trng

Cc yu t quan trng ca mt b nc mn l pH, nitrat (NO3-), mn v nhit . Trong qu trnh

chy chu trnh, amoniac (NH3/NH4+) v nitrit (NO2

-) cng c th l mt vn . Nhng yu t ny khng

phi l khc so vi trong mt b nc ngt, nhng mc m chng c th sai khc l rt khc nhau.

Mc pH ca mt b nc mn

pH ca mt chic b c bin l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht. C bin v ng vt khng xng sng l c bit nhy cm vi nhng thay i nhanh chng trong pH, do , gi bin ng pH trong vng 0,2 mi ngy l rt quan trng. Tt c cc sinh vt bin a thch pH gn mc 8,2, thay i trong khong t 8,0 n 8,4. PH khng bao gi nn gim xung di 8.0.

Nitrat (NO3)

Yu t quan trng tip theo l nitrat. C nc mn c th chu ng nitrat cao hn so vi cc ng vt khng xng sng (ni chung), nhng vn a thch nitrat thp hn 20 ppm, so vi mc thp hn 5 ppm m hu ht cc ng vt khng xng sng yu cu. Nhng ngi chi san h c xu hng coi bt c khi no cao hn 0,5 ppm l khng th chp nhn c, nhng iu ny l mt mc tiu khng thc t cho bch c c hoc rt nh i vi b c ng vt khng xng sng.

mn

Yu t tip theo quan tm l mn, hoc trng lng ring. Ni khi qut, trng lng ring l lng mui trong nc. Nhiu ngi chi cc cnh coi trng lng ring v mn l ging nhau, nhng v mt k thut, chng khng ging nhau. T trng l ph thuc nhit v mn khng ph thuc vo nhit . Hu ht cc my o t trng cht lng (my o t trng cht lng o trng lng ring) c cn chnh o trng lng ring chnh xc nhit 59F (15 C). V y l nhit hi thp cho hu ht cc b, nn my o t trng cht lng dng cho ngi chi c bin thng iu chnh nhit o trng lng ring chnh xc ti hoc xung quanh 77F (25 C).

T trng

Trong mi trng hp, hu ht cc sinh vt s thch nghi vi hu nh bt k mc trng lng ring (v mt s l do), min l n khng thay i nhiu. Trng lng ring ca mt b nc mn nn c khong 1,022. Cn lu rng mn ca nc bin t nhin thay i theo v tr khc nhau (i dng, m ph, ca sng), nm trong khong t 1,020 n 1,030. V vy, c ngun gc khc nhau c th l quen vi mn khc nhau v c th cn mt thi gian thch nghi vi mt mc mn khc.

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Nhit ca mt b nc mn v c bn l ging nh mt b nc ngt. Bt c mc no gia 75F n 80F (24 C n 27 C), vi mc 77F (25 C) l trung im tt. Thay i nhit lin tc lm c b tng cng thng v lun lun dn n bnh, do , mt my si nng (hoc my lm lnh) phi l mt iu bt buc. Loi my si chm, treo ng mt bn thnh b c a thch hn so vi cc loi treo trn, pha sau. Ngoi ra, chng dng nh c ng tin cy hn so vi cc loi kp (clip-on) r tin hn.

Cc yu t khc cn quan tm l kim v canxi. kim ca mt b nc mn l thc s quan trng cho thnh cng lu di. Nu khng c mt mc kim tt, pH ca b s gim theo thi gian v gy nguy him cho cuc sng ca vt nui. kim ca mt b nc mn nn c khong 2,5 n 3,5 meq/l.

Canxi l mt vn ca ngi chi b san h hn l bch c c. Tuy nhin, mt khi bn tin ln v mun nui nui ng vt khng xng sng, theo di cc mc canxi phi tr thnh mt iu bt buc. Nu khng c canxi v cc nguyn t vi lng khc, ng vt khng xng sng c th to thnh b xng ngoi ca chng khng ng cch v s khng tn ti c. Nng canxi (Ca+) nn l 400 n 450 ppm.

Mt s cc ng vt khng xng sng d nui hn nh tm, cng cn b sung thng xuyn ca it v cc nguyn t vi lng khc. Hu ht cc loi thc phm s cung cp cc khon tin cn thit ca nhng yu t ny. Tuy nhin, nu bn ang s dng mt my tch bt (protein skimmer), nhng yu t ny s ly ra khi nc v cn phi c thay th b sung th cng.

Thit b cn thit

By gi chng ta cm thy quen vi cc yu t c bn ca mt b nui c nc mn, chng ta hy nhn vo nhng g l cn thit chy mt b thnh cng.

Cc thnh phn cn thit chy mt b nc mn thnh cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhng ngi bn trao i. Bn khng bao gi nn hnh ng ch theo li khuyn ca mt ngi. V d, nhiu ngi ng h s dng lc di nn si lm lc sinh hc. Tuy nhin iu ny phi c suy ngh cn trng. Mt b nc mn chy b lc di nn si (UGF) vi lu thng ti thiu s c nhiu vic hn mt so vi mt h thng ang chy mt b lc kh/t v mt vi u bm in. B lc kh/t c thng cn bo dng t hn, UGF c xu hng d b tc theo thi gian.

ng i vo qu chi tit, cc thnh phn c bn ca mt b nc mn l:

B

Vt liu trang tr

H thng lc (bao gm c my tch bt protein skimmer)

Chiu sng

Nc

Cc b kim tra th nghim

Kc c ca b

Mt trong nhng quyt nh quan trng nht trong vic bt u mt b nui c nc mn s l kch thc ca b. Nguyn tc c bn l cng ln cng tt. Mt b ln hn s d dng hn kim sot v lm mt cho mt t thi gian hn mt cht cho nhng sai lm ( l khng th trnh khi). Cc b nh nht cho ngi mi bt u nn khng t hn 20 gallon (160 lt), thm ch cn tt hn nu l b 55 gallon (220 lt). i vi mt ngi thnh tho trong nui c (tc l chuyn i t nc ngt sang nc mn), b 10 hoc

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15 gallon (40 hoc 60 lt) s lm c, nhng khng nn. Ni chung, c thch b di v rng. Mt chic b c din tch b mt cng ln th trao i kh cng tt hn s v s tt cho c hn.

M nui th c

Trc khi kt lun v kch thc b, hy nh rng mt c nc mn thp hn nhiu so vi nc ngt. Ngha l, bn khng th th nhiu c trong mt b nc mn nh bn c th th trong mt b nc ngt. Th hn 2 con c nc mn trong 10 gallon (40 lt) nc b l gy ra rc ri. Mt quy lut chung l 4" (10cm) chiu di c nh n trung bnh cho mi 10 gallon, hoc 2" (5cm) ca loi c ln hn hoc pht trin nhanh cho mi 10 gallon. y ch l mt c tnh s b s lng c. Khng c con s chnh xc k cho mt th c v phi tnh n lc, bo dng, lch trnh cho n .v.v.

Ngoi s lng c m bn mun nui gi, kch thc ca b cng s nh hng n lc v la chn nh sng, c v chi ph v thit k. Chiu di b l 48 inches (122cm) thng r hn khi b tr nh sng v n loi chiu dy ny c sn hn. Tuy nhin, b cng ln th bn s cn phi cung cp cho c dn ca bn cng cn nhiu nh sng hn. Hn na, mt chic b ln hn cn lc hiu qu gi cho h thng pht trin mnh. Mt b kch thc tt l khong 55 gallon (220 lt).

Cng lu , xem xt k lng mng n cn thn. Nhiu loi mng n c thit k cho b 48 (122cm), nhng cn phi c hai n 24" (62cm) ch khng phi l mt n 48. n 24" (60cm) ny thng t hn n 48 (120cm).

Trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh sng mt tri

Mt khi bn quyt nh v mt chic b, chc chn rng bn c mt ni t n. B khng t di nh sng mt tri trc tip hoc trong mt khu vc c nhiu gi la. Ngoi ra, hy rt chc chn chn b s c kh nng gi trng lng ca b, cng vi cht nn, cng vi , cng vi nc. Tng cng, b 55 gallon (220 lt) c th s nng hn 800 cn Anh (khong 400 kg).

La chn vt liu nn b

Sau khi la chn b, cn phi cn nhc vi lp nn b. Tt nht l s dng mt cht nn c cha canxi nh san h nghin hoc dolomite. Nhng cht nn s gip m nc bng cch thm cc ion vo h thng m, t nht l lc ban u.

Ni chung cc cht nn khng nn qu nh b ht vo b lc hoc my bm v khng phi l qu ln lm cho b kh coi. Ngoi ra, mt s loi c (v d, bng - Gobies) thch lp b mt nn b nh hn so vi hn nhng nn b c kch thc hn. Kch thc ht nn b nm trong khong 2 - 5mm c v c nhiu ngi chp nhn.

Ct sng l mt trong nhng cht nn m gn y c c s ng ngi s dng. Cng ngh ny l thc s trong giai on ban u v khng c khuyn co dnh cho ngi mi bt u chi. Bn c th tm thm thng tin tham kho thm.

H thng lc

Sau khi bn chn mt cht nn, hy xem xt h thng lc bn c k hoch s dng. S la chn ca bn trong lc c th nh hng n s lng ti cht nn bn cn. Mt b lc di nn si (UGF) hoc b lc di nn si o ngc (RUGF) cn phi c cht nn b dy khong 2-3(5cm) loi trung bnh (2-3mm) che cc tm lc. Bn c th khng cn cht nn b khi bn s dng cc b lc khng phi l lc di nn b (UGF) (v d, cc b lc in treo pha sau b), nhng hu ht mi ngi s dng trong khong 1/2n 1" (1,5 cm n 2,5 cm) cho cc b nh th. Cn lu rng cht nn qu nhiu trong mt h thng b khng dng lc di nn si c th dn n cc im cht m c th git cht c dn ca bn (ni cn cm ht lm sch si thng xuyn).

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Vt liu trang tr

Tip theo, hy xem xt cc vt liu trang tr. San h cht, sng v nhiu vt liu khc c th c s dng. Mnh san h c yu thch nht, nhng cng c mt s t tin nht. nham thch v thch (tufa) r v c th xp thnh nhng hnh dng rn san h hp dn (nhng hin t c dng ngi dch) sng l mt trong nhng vt liu c nhiu ngi dng v c rt nhiu ngi a thch. sng ch n gin nht l ly t mt h thng rn san h c dn c ca nhiu sinh vt khc nhau (hoc ly t bin v qua x l ngi dch)

sng: m m rng t nhin

Nhiu ngi chi c cnh a thch cc thit lp bch c c ang bt u khm ph nhng li ch ca vic c sng trong h thng ca h. sng ny s to mt mi trng t nhin hn cho c v cng h tr trong qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat. iu ny c ngha l sng khng ch l mt vt liu trang tr, n thc s cn l mt phn ca h thng lc. Mc d rt kh s dng sng l ngun duy nht ca h thng lc trong mt thit lp bch c c, chc chn n c th c s dng mt cch hiu qu gim nitrat. Vic s dng sng trong cc thit lp bch c c phi c gim st cht ch. Nu mc dinh dng trong b cao, sng s l th u tin chng minh thc t ny. sng trong b c mc cc cht dinh dng cao s pht trin cc to tc c hi v trong mt s trng hp, to cyano (slimealgae). trnh bng pht to c hi, phi c theo mt vi quy tc n gin.

Trc tin, bn phi bt u bng sng cht lng cao, sng c to tm (coralline) bm nhiu. Trnh sng m c to tc pht trin trn . Thng xuyn b sung canxi cng c th cn thit nui to tm (coralline) pht trin mnh. Tip theo, bn cn phi gi mc nitrat [NO3] thp (10 ppm) v m bo bn c mc gn nh khng th pht hin ca phosphate [PO4] (~ 0,02 ppm.). Cui cng, thc n t, phn hy thc phm l mt trong nhng con ng chnh lm tng phosphate / nitrat v gp phn gy ra cc vn to hi.

Nu bn c k hoch thm sng vo h thng ca bn, hy nh sng c cha cc sinh vt sng, do , chng c th b git cht cng vi bt k sinh vt no khc trong b ca bn. tng tt l ch n sau khi b c lm xong ri mua sng. Khng c ni no tt lu tr sng khc hn trong mt chic b c lu thng nc. C gng lm khc s l thm ha v tn km. Ngoi ra, nu bn ang nh t sng vo mt b c thit lp, sng phi c x l (bng thi lung, sc kh, c th c chiu sng trong vng t nht 1 tun ngi dch).

Lc di nn s o ngc (RUGF): thit lp dng chy ngc

C nhng khc bit nht nh m cn c lu . Nu bn quyt nh s dng mt lc di nn si (UGF), cc thit lp c dng chy ngc tt hn. Mt RUGF s gi nitrat thp hn bng cch gi sch b mt v s gip chuyn ng ca nc v lu thng nc. (Lc ny hay c s dng di hnh thc b lc bng san h vn chia nhiu ngn t pha di b, tuy nhin hay b tc - ngi dch)

Lun chuyn nc thch hp

Ngoi ra lc tt, lu thng nc l iu bt buc phi c trong b nc mn. Nu khng c lu thng nc h thng s khng n nh v thng c xu hng pht trin nhiu to hi v cc sinh vt khng mong mun khc. Cch d nht c c chuyn ng ca nc l c mt u bm (thi lung) trong b. Cn cn thn, mt u bm (thi lng) kch thc trung bnh trong mt chic b nh s d dng to ra mi trng ging nh cn lc xoy v l nguyn nhn gy ra vn cho cc sinh vt nh hoc chm di chuyn.

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Lc k /t: h thng lc tt nht cho mt bch c c

Mt trong nhng h thng lc tt nht c th cho mt b c bin ch l mt b lc kh/t. Mc d cc thit lp bn sn l kh tn km, mt b lc kh/t c th c thc hin rt r ti nh vi t n lc. c rt nhiu thng tin v vic xy dng lc kh/t trn cc din n (cng nh cc d n lin quan n cc loi c khc).

Nhiu ngi ng h b lc kh/t cho b c bin ni l nhng gii php duy nht c chp nhn. iu ny ch n gin l khng ng s tht. Bt k h thng lc ph bin no cng c th c s dng cho mt chic b c bin. Cha kha thnh cng l cung cp y lc sinh hc m khng gi li cc mnh vn bn. Mnh vn bn lu cu to ra nitrat v chc chn s dn n bng pht to hi. Cho d bn chn h thng lc no, hy m bo ra cc vt liu lc c hc t nht mt ln mt tun. L tng nht l bn nn ra sch cc vt liu lc trong nc mn c t b, gim thiu s gin on s pht trin ca bt k vi khun kh nitrat trn cc vt liu lc.

My tch bt (Protein Skimmers P/S)

Mt phn ca lc m gn y nht c chp nhn rng ri l my tch bt (Protein Skimmers), hoc to bt. P/S l yu cu bt buc cho mt b nc mn v n ly ra cc ht hu c ha tan t nc trc khi ht hu c chuyn i sang nitrat.

n gin l c qu nhiu nhng loi v cc nh sn xut, nhng c hai thit k c bn l sc kh (air-driven) v bm kh (venturi):

My tch bt sc kh (Air-Driven Protein Skimmers)

My tch bt sc kh s dng mt cc sc kh bng g hoc thu tinh to ra bong bng trong mt ct nc. (Thng dng cho b dung tch nh - ngi dch)

My tch bt bm kh (Venturi Skimmers)

My tch bt bm kh s dng mt van bm bong bng vo ct nc.

C loi my tch bt u c thit k nc v kh ng hnh (co-currnet) hoc ngc chiu (counter-current), my tch bt ngc chiu dng nc l tt hn nhiu so vi loi ng hnh.

Trong quyt nh v mt my tch bt, c mt s iu c bn cn xem xt. i vi my tch bt sc kh, cc si kh phi c thay th mt cch thng xuyn (thng l mi thng hoc lu hn). Ngoi ra, chng thng yu cu bo tr hn my tch bt bm kh duy tr hot ng thch hp. Mt khc, my tch bt bm kh yu cu my bm rt mnh m t c tch cht m (protein) hiu qu. Nhng chng cng thng t hn so vi loi sc kh. Ngoi ra, nn trnh bt k P/S nh hn 24 (60cm) i vi b c mt ln.

Chi ph ca my tch bt

Bn mua P/S kiu no, chi ph cui cng ca P/S khng c b qua s cn thit ca mt my bm nc bn ngoi v c kh nng c mt my bm kh. Mt P/S bm kh gi $200 thng khng bao gm mt my bm p sut cao gi $150, y mt thc t l hu ht mi ngi dng nh b qua trong ln u tin i mua.

(Thc t cc loi P/S hin ny thng dng bm c cnh qut dng bi nhi hoc bnh xe kim bm khng kh vo ct nc chy ngc chiu v bnh xe kim khng cn thay thng xuyn nh bnh xe bi nhi v cng sut tiu th in ca bm nh. Ph bin nht l loi dng bnh xe kim v gi bn P/S bao gm c my bm kh ngi dch)

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Yu cu nh sng

Vi cc thit lp gn nh hon chnh, bn cn phi xem xt yu cu chiu sng trc mt v di hn. Nu bn c k hoch lm mt bch c c mi mi th bn ch cn duy nht mt bng n ton ph (full spectum). Tuy nhin, nu bn c k hoch thng tin trong th chi v nui cho ng vt nhy cm hn nh hi qu, san h, bn phi cn thn la chn nh sng (v tt nht c lc na). Hi qu yu cu nh sng rt mnh, y , b sung vi bng mu xanh actinic. Quy lut chung l ti thiu 3-4 watt cho mi gallon (4 lt, hay ti thiu 1W/lt), vi cc cc b su hn (ln hn 18-24 inch, tc l 40 hay 60cm) th cn cng sut chiu sng cao hn. Mng n Perfecto tiu chun s khng cung cp nh sng nui sng hi qu (hoc ng vt khng xng sng cn nh sng khc).

i vi mt ngi mi chi c cnh bin, n hunh quang c l l tt nht. n halogen kim loi thc s nui sng tt rn san h v b thy sinh nc ngt. Trong bt k trng hp no, nu bn mun hoc s cn nhiu hn mt ngn n duy nht th s la chn ca bn b hn ch. iu tt nht lm l dng mng n ca ring ca bn vi nh sng ty chnh. Gi ca ca hng c thng ngn cn ngi nui c c c nh sng ph hp.

Nu bn chn mt mng n hunh quang ty chnh, sau bn s phi la chn gia sn lng bnh thng (NO normal output), sn lng cao (HO high output) v u ra rt cao (VHO very high output). Hu ht nhng ngi chi bch c c dng n NO. C n HO v VHO yu cu chn lu c bit, l t hn n NO v cn phi c thay th thng xuyn hn ($$).

c mn

Mt trong nhng mt hng quan trng trong mt b nc mn m khng thc s ph hp vi bt k ch trn m phi t n ra mc ring l mui bin. C rt nhiu thng hiu khc nhau ca cc mui trn th trng, tt c trong s l v c bn l ging nhau. S khc bit duy nht trong s l c hoc khng c nitrat v phosphat. C hai cht ny u rt khng tt cho b, do cn phi trnh mui c chng. Cc loi mui tt bao gm Instant Ocean (IO), Reef Crystals v Coralife. Lu , mui m thng thng khng th c s dng thay th cho hn hp mui bin. Mui m khng cha cc yu t quan trng m cc sinh vt bin cn tn ti. (Mui i t hoc mui n thng thng cng nh vy- ngi dch)

o trng lng ring ca nc mn ( mn ca nc), bn s cn mt t trng k. C hai loi my o t trng cht lng c bn bn sn cho ngi nui c bin, cc loi ni m thng cng o lun c nhit v loi bng nha vi mt kim ch ni. l loi o mn c bn, nhng cc loi nha c thang o ln hn v d dng hn c. (Loi ng nhm chun xc hn nhng cng t hn- ngi dch)

B dng c kim tra th nghim

Thnh phn cui cng l cn thit chy mt b c nc mn thnh cng b dng c th nghim. Theo th t quan trng, chng l: pH, nitrat, phosphate, kim, nitrit, amoniac v Canxi (i vi b rn san h, b dng c xt nghim canxi l quan trng hn nitrit v amoniac). Mt b dng c th nghim pH tt l rt quan trng v mt mn hnh in t o pH lin tc thm ch cn tt hn. Kim tra Amoniac v nitrit ch cn thnh thong sau khi chy chu trnh ni-t. B dng c th nghim nitrat l mt th nghim tng th tt cho cht lng nc sau khi b b thit lp. Bn nn thc hin kim tra pH mi tun mt ln v th nghim mt nitrat hai tun mt ln. Cc b dng c khc khng cn thit, nhng c th cn thit gii quyt cc vn c th hoc sau khi bn tin ti nhng sinh vt tinh t hn.

Thit lp b

Phn di y mt gii thch nhanh nhng g bn cn lm bc u thit lp b ca bn.

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V tr t b

iu u tin bn cn lm l t chn b v tr cui cng ca n (khng thay i v tr). Hy m bo l chn b cn bng theo mi hng. Tip theo, t mt ming xp hoc cao su trn mt chn b ni m t b ln. iu ny gip loi b nhng khong trng nh gia chn b v b gim im p lc m c th gy ra v b sau khi c y nc. Sau khi chn b c t vo v tr, t b trn chn b. Hy m bo l b l cn bng theo tt c cc hng.

Lu : mt chic b khng cn bng c nguy c ln b nt sau khi n c y nc.

Mt khi bn t b v tr no rt c th l ni s l ni n s c t trong sut thi gian tn ti ca n. Bn khng bao gi nn di chuyn mt chic b c nc trong v y l mt cch chc chn lm nt v b.

C t b lc

Sau khi b c t, ci t lc. Nu l mt UGF th t cc tm lc trn y b ( Vit Nam thng lm thnh b lc san h vn chia nhiu ngn tc dng nh b lc UGF ngi dch). Nu l mt b lc kh/t th kt ni cc b lc th v tt c cc ng.

Vt liu nn b

Trc khi thm cc vt liu nn b, ra bng nc sch cho n khi nc trong v sau thm n vo b. Trn b mt, sp xp cc vt liu trang tr. By gi nc mn c th c thm vo. Cch d nht thm nc vo mt chic b l t mt ci a trn b mt nn b v nc vo a.

T m nc kh clo v pha mui tng hp

Khi ban u thit lp b ca bn, y b bng nc kh clo v sau thm hn hp mui l chp nhn c (nn pha mui trc v mt thi gian trc vo b nh thay nc- ngi dch). Tuy nhin, ln thay nc tip theo cn phi c pha trn trc. Nc mn c pha trn trc c thc hin v hai l do, th nht c thi gian cho mui tan trit v cng cho php cc yu t nc n nh. Thm 10 gallons (40 lt) nc ngt v sau mt lng mui thch hp vo mt chic b c thit lp l mt sai lm ln (v mt cch d dng lm cht c dn).

Lu v nc mn: Ngun nc m bn s dng pha trn l cc k quan trng cho s thnh cng v sc khe tng th ca h thng. C th ni v iu ny sau, nhng by gi, hy hiu rng nc my c th s khng c tt cho b ca bn.

Khi cho ton b nc vo, khi ng h thng lc v kim tra xem c bt k r r (ca c nc v khng kh). Hy b chy trong mt ngy hoc lu hn lm trong nc (lc cng chy). By gi bn c th thm c. (thm rt t v ch nhng loi c c bn cao ngi dch)

Bn cho vo bao nhiu c trong qu trnh chy chu trnh ph thuc vo kch thc ca b v phng php chy chu trnh m bn chn. Bn c th chy chu k mt chic b m khng c bt k con c no. Trong trng hp ny, bn thm amoni clorua (NH4Cl) m phng cht thi ca c v mt ngun ban u ca vi khun nitrat (cch ny khng nn dng, ch nn cho mt t thc n cho c hoc 1 mu tht tm ngi dch). Tt nht l cho mt t vi khun nui t mt b nc mn ang chy tt. iu ny c th di hnh thc ca mt s t cht nn b, cc vt liu lc lc c, hoc mt s v to Caulerpa sp. sng cng l mt ngun tuyt vi ca vi khun nitrat.

Nu bn chn chy chu trnh b bng cch s dng c, m l iu v cng th v hn nhiu so vi mt b ch c nc trong khi chy chu trnh, s lng c cn thit ph thuc vo kch thc ca b. Trong bt k trng hp no, hai con c l thch hp hn l mt. Nu mt con c cht, bn vn s con c mt con kt thc chy chu trnh. Tt nhin c con c th hai c th vt qua. Nu tt c c cht th khi bn cn

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phi loi b tt c cc cht gy nhim ra khi b v th vt nui khc (coi iu ny l bt u li t u).

Mc d, chy chu trnh khng phi ch gii hn ch th c. Cua v nhuyn th cng c th c s dng. Tuy nhin, v khi cc sinh vt ny khng to ra nhiu cht thi nn s mt nhiu thi gian chy chu k b.

(Tt nht l chy chu trnh trong vng t nht 2 tun v b sung vi sinh lin tc, cho mt t thc n ca c cung cp dinh dng cho vi sinh v ch cho c vo b khi o th thy NH3/NH4

+ v NO2 bng 0 -

ngi dch)

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La chn C

C nc mn c o ngi mi b u c

Rt d phm nhng sai lm khi thit lp b nc mn u tin ca bn. C v c v v tin ca bn, hy bt u ch vi mt vi con c r tin v bn (khe). Hu ht cc loi c bin c nh bt trong t nhin ch khng phi l ln ln t nui nht, do , nhng sai lm ca bn s tc ng cc i dng trn th gii!

Thia (Damsel)

C mi bt u tt nht cho mt b bin l thia. Nhng con c ny rt khe mnh, c th chu c iu kin nc ti t hn so vi hu ht cc loi c bin khc, chng khng phi l nhng con vt n ung cu k v chng kh r tin. Cc nhc im l chng l kh d. Mt hoc hai con s cng tn ti trong mt b. Nu bn th nhiu hn s c rt nhiu cuc chin. Cc ca hng th nhiu c ny trong b gi cho chng khng nh nhau v b qu ng nn c khng th thit lp mt vng lnh th ring. iu ny l khng th chp nhn c trong thi gian di. Tt nht l s dng c thia bt u mt b mi. Nu bn sau s thm cc loi c d khc, bn c th nui thia xanh. Nu bn mun nui cc loi c nht nht hay nhy cm, bn nn tr li c thia cho ca hng vt nui khi bn v b ca bn sn sng cho nhiu c hn.

Mt s loi thia, chng hn nh mt thia xanh v thia xanh ui mu vng, khng d nh nhng loi khc, chng hn nh thia ba sc v domino. Trong bt k trng hp no, thia chc chn c tt nht bt u.

C by mu (Mollies)

Mt s ngi thch bt u b mi vi c by mu c thch nghi vi nc mn. iu ny cho bn nhng li ch trong vic bt u b bng c r tin v lm quen vi vic duy tr mn v pH bng c khng qu nhy cm. Mc d an ton hn, bn khng c c nhiu kinh nghim v nc mn theo cch ny. C by mu (Mollies) c nui ln v nhn ging trong iu kin nui nht.

Nu bn mua c by mu cho vo b nc mn, bn c th thch nghi bng cch nc mn vo ti trong mt khong thi gian 6-8 gi, b bt mt t nc khi ti qu y. T t tng mn theo thi gian c by mu lm quen vi mi trng mi. Bn c th nui c by mu trong b sau khi chy chu trnh xong, nhng bt k loi c d no cng s lin tc quy ri c by mu. (Cch ny t dng ngi dch)

C h

C h lin quan n thia v kh khe. Tuy nhin, chng c nhiu kh khn thch nghi vi mt b mi. C h ni chung c tnh chim hu rt lnh th, nhng khng tch cc ngoi tr khi c thm c h khc. Chng s sng tt m khng c hi qu, m l tt v nui hi qu l kh khn hn nhiu. Hi qu yu cu nc rt sch s v nh sng cht lng cao. Ngoi ra, mi loi h thch loi hi qu ring v khng loi no trong s chng thng xuyn sng trong hi qu Caribbean, loi hi qu ny khng tn km v d dng nui sng. Mt s ch h c nui ln trong iu kin nui nht.

Bng (Blennies / Gobies)

Nhng con c nh ny l thng khe v khng gy rc ri cho con c khc trong b ca bn. Mt s loi trong s chng cho thy rt nhiu c tnh, mc d chng s b mt trong mt b ln. Nhiu loi trong s loi c ny l nhng b sung tuyt vi gip kim sot to trong mt b. Tuy nhin, mt s loi tm kim thc n trn b mt nn b v s rt kh nui trong mt bch c c (v d, c trng nguyn mandarin goby).

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u gai (Tangs - surgeonfish)

Cc loi ui gai kh khe mnh, mc d chng rt d b nmich. L loi n to, chng hu ch th khi b ca bn bt u c to mc. Chng phi c cho n rau l xanh nu khng c to ph hp pht trin trong b (to lc). Cc loi ui gai khc nhau thng thy c gi c hp l.

B (Triggerfish) / C mao tin (Lionfish)

Nu bn ang thit lp mt b nhiu c d ln, bn c th bt u vi c b hoc c mao tin v chng khe. Tuy nhin, nhng sai lm vi chng l c th s rt tn km, v vy bn c th mun thc hnh bng c t tn km v d dng hn. Ngoi ra, n tht c chng hn nh b v mao tin nn c cho n bng s (ngao) v nhiu loi sinh vt bin khc. c bit, nhiu ngi cho mao tin n bng c mi. y thc s l mt thc t khng tt bi v c vng l c nc ngt v khng cung cp dinh dng ging nh mt con c nc mn. Hn th, cho c nc mn n c nc ngt c th sm gy ra suy gan v s bnh u c.

Thin thn (mang gai angel) v o (bu erfly f s )

y l nhng c phi c b qua trong khi trong cc ca hng th nui - tt c chng u nhy cm v kh nui. C o c ch n t bit m lm cho chng kh c th duy tr s sng trong iu kin nui nht.

C Batfish (c bin) cng l loi c cn phi trnh.

Nhng loi khc

C nc mn khc c th th nui mt ln khi bn kim sot c v mi trng ca c l c hawkfish, grammas, dotty back, basslets v Wrasses. Mt s loi kh nui hn so vi nhng loi khc, nhng khng kh nh mang gai v bm.

Cc loi c nn trnh nui

Tt c c mang gai (angel), tt c cc loi c o (butterflyfish), c cha vi (pipefish), c nga, mi di Filefish, thin long (Blue Ribbon Eel), c mt qu (Stonefish) v th l (Idols Moorish). C trng nguyn (Mandarin) cng nn trnh trong b khng c san h (chng rt kh nui).

ng v k ng xng sng dn c o ngi mi b u c

Nhiu ngi tin rng ng vt khng xng sng ch dnh cho b nh (mini) hoc b rn san h siu nh (micro). Khng phi nh vy. C mt s ng vt khng xng sng sng tt trong b khng c san h. Tuy nhin, khng c nhiu ng vt khng xng sng m ngi chi c nc mn thiu kinh nghim nn c gng nui. Di y l mt bn tm tt ngn gn v cc loi ng vt khng xng sng khe m ngi chi c cnh bin c th tm thy.

Tm

C tm khc nhau c sn trn th trng, hu ht trong s chng l hon ton thch hp cho mt b nc mn mt thp. Trong thc t, mt s loi tm l ph hp hn cho b c v ng vt khng xng sng so vi mt b san h k v chng thch n san h.

Mt s tm ph bin l tm bc s (Lysmata amboinensis), tm y t (Lysmata debelius), tm hi qu (Periclimenes brevcarpalis) v tm lc s (Coral banded - Stenopus hispidus). Tm bc s c c trng l c trng v xen k gia lng. Chng l kh r v d nui. Tuy nhin, chng nn c nui thnh cc nhm nh (3 4 con), v iu ny lm chng sinh hot x hi nhiu hn v ra ngoi thng xuyn hn. Tm y t c mu m hn v mt s m trng. l mt ng vt rt ni bt, nhng thng c mc

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gi cao. Tm lc s rt ph bin vi ngi c b san h, nhng phi c theo di st sao nu c c nh. Tm ny c bit n l n c nh.

Hu ht cc tm l loi n xc thi v khng nht thit cn phi c cho n ring (chng thng n thc phm ca c ri xung). Nu c ca bn c ca bn tiu th hu ht cc thc phm trc khi ri xung y b th nn thm mt s thc phm cho tm sau khi c c cho n, hoc cho n vo ban m (hu ht tm vo ban m). Tm sn sng chp nhn hu ht cc thc phm ng lnh v cc loi thc phm kh (tm ngm nc mui brine shrim, thc phm dng l mng -flake .v.v.).

Trnh xa tm Harlequin (Hymenocera sp) v sao bin l ngun thc n duy nht ca chng.

Cua

C rt nhiu loi cua khc nhau, nhng cc ging ph bin nht c thy cua qu Neopetrolisthes ohshimia, cua mi tn Stenorhynchus seticornis v cua n s (c mn hn) Dardanus megistos. Cua qu sng trong hi qu, cng nh c h (v d nh loi Sebae) v thay i rt nhiu mu sc v hnh dng. Ngi chi thng mang chng gin tip v nh khi mua mt con hi qu, nhng i khi c bn ring. Nhng con cua ny nn c mt hi qu sng cng sinh cm thy thoi mi. Cua mi tn l ng vt rt th v cn c nui mt con trong mt b v nu c 2 con th chng s nh nhau lin tc. Ngoi ra, cua mi tn khng nn c vi tm lc s v chng s nh nhau. c mn hn cng th v v thay i v mu sc v kch thc. Hu ht cua u hin (khng d), nhng mt s cua n san h v cc ng vt khng xng sng khc.

Cua thng n tp v sn sng chp nhn cc loi thc phm nh c ca bn. Ging nh tm, cua ch c th n thc n khi lng xung y ca b. V vy, m bo mt it thc phm trong tm vi cua ca bn.

Nhm bin (cu gai - uchin) v sao bin (Starfishes)

Hu ht cc loi cu gai v sao bin ph hp cho nhng ngi mi bt u chi c mt vi thng kinh nghim. Chng cng rt khc nhau v kch thc, hnh dng v mu sc. Hy coi chng, mt s loi cu gai c. Hu ht thc n cho cc loi cu gai v sao bin l mnh vn bn (detritus) v cc loi to (algea) v cc ht nh thc n ri xung trong tm vn ca chng.

Hi qu

n gin, ngi mi bt u chi c bin khng nn nui hi qu (xin li cc bn). Chng i hi nh sng rt mnh v iu kin nc tuyt vi. ng tin mt ngi bn hn ca hng bn c ni vi bn khc th! Tr khi bn sn sng u t rt nhiu tin cho nh sng thch hp, khng nn c gng nui hi qu.

Mt s ch v ng v k ng xng sng

ng vt khng xng sng rt nhy cm vi cht lng nc. Du hiu ca s cng thng do cht lng nc km thng s c xut hin u tin ng vt khng xng sng. Do , tm, hi qu v ng vt khng xng sng khc khng bao gi nn c s dng chy chu k b. Hn na, bn khng bao gi nn thm mt ng vt khng xng sng vo mt b b bnh hoc mt b m khng c yu t cht lng nc n nh (v d, pH, nhit .v.v.).

im khc cn lu . Tm cn i-t (iodine) cng nh canxi lt xc. Nu bn khng thay nc thng xuyn (m bn cn phi lm th!), hoc nu bn khng thng xuyn cho n bng thc n ti sng hoc ng lnh th bn c th cn phi b sung vi i-t vo nc ca bn. Nu khng c mc i-t thch hp, tm s khng lt xc ng v rt c th s cht. Ngoi ra, kim loi ng (Cu) git cht ng vt khng xng sng nng thp hn nhiu so vi c. Nu bn tng s dng ng trong b ca bn, KHNG th ng vt khng xng sng vo b. Khi cho vo b, bn s khng bao gi c th loi b

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ht tt c ng (Cu) c th nui ng vt khng xng sng sng v vui v. Cui cng, c mn hn sm hay mun thng ln hn v ca chng. V vy, bn s cn phi cung cp mt v mi ln hn (chng thng th vi ln trc khi gn b vi mt ci v, v vy bn c th s cn t nht mt vi ci v).

ng v k ng xng sng nn trnh nui

Trai (s) Tridacna (chng cn nh sng mnh), s in (Flame scallops) (chng l gn nh khng th nui trong b knh v chng c n bng cch lc), Bch tuc (chng c tui th rt ngn), Hi sm (hay sn bin) (chng rt kh hay khng th nui c), bt k san h cng hoc mm (chng cn nh sng rt mnh), mc (squirts) (chng c th phun cc cht c xung nc).

La chn c nc mn

V c nc mn thng t hn so vi c nc ngt nn bn cn c c gn ln hn khi em chng v nh sng v nui cho chng sng trong thi gian di. Bn cn phi hiu l hu ht c m bn nhn thy trong cc ca hng bi li trong i dng rng ln ch mt tun trc y. Nh vy, s cng thng ca vic nh bt v vn chuyn c th tn ph cc qu trnh sinh hc ca ng vt.

iu quan trng nht khi mua mt con c l khng vt qua c ham mun mua c. Trc khi mua bt k ng vt no, bn nn t hiMnh c th nui chng sng hn p c c khng?". Ch n thun l nui c hoc ng vt khng xng sng sng khng c ngha l chng l hnh phc. Nm mi con c vng c th sng trong mt b cha 10 gallon (40 lt), nhng chng chc chn chng s khng hnh phc hay khe mnh. Mua mt con c m bn khng bit g v v sau i hi xem bn c th nui cho c hnh phc hay khng l l mt thc t rt xu. Ngoi ra, rt kh ni iu ny, ng cm thy nh bn ang lm n hu mt con bt k c b bnh no bng cch mang n v nh. Nu bn c khng gian v thi gian nui dng c b bnh th bn nn gip to ra mi trng v chm sc cho c b bnh hn l cho n cht. Tuy nhin, nu bn ch cn th c vo b chnh ca bn bi v bn khng c thi gian v mong mun thit lp mt ln mt b kim dch th bn khng nn bn tm. N s ch dn n c cht v lm nh v ca bn i.

Mt khi bn quyt nh mt con c c th, ng ngi khi yu cu cc ca hng gi n cho bn. Mt ca hng tt s lun lun gi mt con c cho bn (khng mua t cc ca hng m khng lm nh vy!). Ngoi ra, yu cu xem c n. Nu c khe mnh v n th n rt c th l mt vt nui tt. Cui cng, kim tra c cht ch xem c cc im trng, cc mng xc bt thng, mt vy v nhng vt thng ca c. Vy b rch thng s cha lnh c v khng phi l mt vn ln.

Mang c v nh

Khi bn nhn c c, bn nn t ti vo trong b nh th, do cho php cn bng nhit gia ti cha v b. Sau khong mt na ting hoc ting, thm 1/4 cc nc b vo ti cha. Lp li qu trnh ny 15 pht mt ln trong mi mt gi, b nc nu ti qu y. Nn b tt c nc bn b ra khi ti. Nc trong ti rt c th s cha k sinh trng v nhng th khng tt khc.

Sau khi c thch nghi vi mi trng ha hc ca nc ca b (lm nh trn), c mt vi iu bn c th lm. Bn c th th ngay c vo b chnh v hy vng v iu tt nht, bn c th cho c ngm mnh nc ngt v sau th n vo b, hoc bn c th th c vo b cch ly.

Kch bn tt nht l cho c ngm mnh nc ngt v th n vo mt b kim dch. Gi c trong b kim dch trong 2 tun v xem cc du hiu ca bnh. Nu c b bnh, bn c th tr bnh trong b kim dch m khng nh hng n c tnh ha hc ca b chnh. Nu bn kim dch c, bn nn thch nghi c vi c tnh ha hc ca nc b kim dch, khng phi l b chnh.

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Nu bn khng s dng mt b kim dch th cho c tm nc ngt trc khi th n vo b chnh ca bn l mt tng rt tt. B tm nc ngt s lm cho bt k k sinh trng bm vo c s b ri ra v li trong nc ngt (v cht i). Nu khng, k sinh trng s bm li trn vt ch ca chng v s sinh sn rt nhanh trong iu kin nui nht v thng ly nhim tt c cc c trong b.

lm cho c bin mt b ngm nhng nc ngt, chun b mt thng cha nc ngt kh clo vi tnh cht ha hc tng t nh ca b ch. chnh l m bo pH v nhit cng gn cng tt vi b ch (iu ny l rt quan trng!). Sau khi b c t ti cha v th c vo cc thng cha t 3 n 5 pht. Theo di c cht ch xem c xut hin cc du hiu ca s cng thng hay khng. Nu c dng chuyn ng hoc bt u ni, b c ra ngay lp tc v t c trong b ch (hoc b chnh hoc kim dch).

Trong vic th c vo bn tm nc ngt, khng bao gi c vo thng cha. S dng mt hp nha hoc li bt c v th vo cc b tm nc ngt. Nc t ca hng khng bao gi c cho vo b tm nc ngt, hoc bt k b no ca bn. Nc ny thng c cha tt c cc loi bnh v cc sinh vt c hi.

Nu bn th c vo b chnh v n c bnh th nn b n sang b kim dch ngay lp tc. ng c nguy c ly lan bnh cho c khc trong b (mc d n c th l qu mun).

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Bo tr b nc mn

Bo tr b nc mn

Qu trnh chy chu trnh chc chn s l thi im cng thng nht cho bn v b mi ca bn. V vy, di y l mt hng dn cho b ca bn trong vi ngy u v thng u.

Gim st amoniac (NH3/NH4+) v nitrat (NO3

-)

Qu trnh chy chu trnh thng thng trong b ca bn din ra trong sut 4 n 6 tun u tin. Trong thi gian quan trng ny, bn nn cn thn theo di amoniac (NH3) v nitrit (NO2

-) trong b. Nu nhn

thy c b cng thng (stress) (nh l bi nh tn bn xung quanh b, th hn hn hoc khng di chuyn), c th phi thay nc mt phn. Nu c trng c v thc s khng khe, c th cn phi di chuyn chng n mt b cha hoc b nui gi khc cho n khi c tnh ca b gim xung. Bn nn lun lun c sn mui tng hp v nc kh clo thay nc khi cn.

Gim st PH

Cng vi gim st amoniac v nitrit, bn nn lu cn trng v pH (bn nn lun lun theo di pH, khng ch trong qu trnh chy chu trnh). pH s c xu hng gim theo thi gian v cn tng ln. Cch d nht nng pH l thng qua b sung sodium bicarbonate (tc l baking soda, hay NaHCO3). Trn mt mung baking soda trong mt ly nc kh clo v t t thm vo b. T t c ngha l trong qu trnh ca mt hay hai gi. Baking soda s gy ra s st gim pH trong ngn hn, nhng s mang li pH ln 8,2 theo thi gian.

c bay : m nc mi vo b

Qua thi gian, nc s bc hi ra khi b v cn phi c b sung. Nc bay hi l nc ngt v cn phi c thay th bng nc ngt. Bn khng bao gi nn s dng nc mn lm nc b sung (tr khi bn mun tng mn ca b).

Lm sch to

Khi b chy mt thi gian, to s bt u pht trin (thng l khong 2 hoc 3 tun). Thng thng to nu, nu khng c gi l to ct (diatoms), s l to u tin xut hin trong b. To nu thng s bao ph tt c mi th trong b v cn phi c lm sch mi tun hoc hn. Qua thi gian to lc vt qua nhng to ct v to nu s bin mt. Nu khng, c th l khng c nh sng cho to mu lc cnh tranh vi to ct.

T ay nc ln u tin

Sau khi hon tt b chy chu trnh, n thi gian cho thay nc ln ln u tin. Mc d lng nc thay thc s l ty thuc vo bn nhng phi l mt phn ln nc. Mt t l trong khong 40 n 50% lng nc b, thay 100% nc b khng phi l khng ph bin. Khi thay nc, si nn cng nn c lm sch. C rt nhiu dng c ty ra si nn c bn trn th trng.

c tnh ha hc ca nc thay nn cng gn nc ca b cng tt. pH ch nn sai khc trong vng 0,2 v nhit nn c khc bit trong vng 1-2 . Tt hn l thay nc m hn l nc lnh hn (hy tng tng mt c sc do tm nc lnh v bn s bit lm th no c ca bn s phn ng vi thay nc lnh hn).

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Lch bo tr t ng xuyn

Sau khi thay nc ln u tin, bn nn thit lp mt lch trnh bo tr thng xuyn. Mt hnh ng ging nh thay nc hng thng, co b to hng tun v cho n mi hai tun l bnh thng.

Lu v d n dng

Nc mn c cn ch n ung a dng. Thng xuyn cho c ca bn n thc phm dng l mng (flake) c th cung cp cho chng tt c cc loi vitamin v khong cht cn thit, nhng iu ny cui cng c th gy ra s thiu ht dinh dng cho cc loi. Mt s kt hp tt l cho n xen k gia tm v ngao ct nh, thc phm dng l mng (flake) v tm ngm nc mui (brine shrimp) ng lnh hoc ti sng. Cc loi c n thc vt, nh ui gai vng (Tangs x bch vng), cng thch x lch romaine hoc Nori (hay sushi - mt loi to thng xuyn c bn ti cc ch hng chu ) mt cch thng xuyn.

Chuyn i sang nc mn

Mt trong nhng cu hi thng gp l lm th no chuyn i t nc ngt sang nc mn. Nhng thit b cn thay th, nhng g cn phi mua .v.v.

Trang thit b cn thit

Hu ht cc thit b c s dng trong nc ngt c th c s dng trong mt h thng nc mn, vi mt vi ngoi l. Bn nn bt u bng cch thay th si ca bn vi mt s loi vt liu c cha canxi. V d nh b san h vn, dolomit v aragonit. S dng cc loi cht nn c xu hng gip m nc v to ra mt mi trng n nh hn. Tip theo, bn cn phi kim tra tt c cc thit b xem bt c ci g bng kim loi. Nc mn s lm r st bt c vt g ngoi tr thp khng g lp cao cp nht. C thp khng g bn trn th trng m s g khi tip xc vi nc mn.

Khng cn phi ni thm, bn cn phi thay th hoc loi b bt c vt liu g c lm bng kim loi.

H thng lc

H thng lc c s dng trong h thng nc ngt ca bn thng s c y cho mt h thng nc mn. Tuy nhin, bn c th tn dng c hi ny nng cp hoc thay i c ch lc. Ngoi ra, vi bt c loi h thng lc bn ang s dng, bn nn thm mt s loi lu thng nc b. Nc mn c hm lng oxy ha tan thp hn so vi nc ngt, v vy bn cn gi cho nc trong b di chuyn. Trn thc t, n cn phi lm nhiu hn so vi di chuyn. Bn cn phi ph v vng trn b mt ca nc ti a ha chuyn giao oxy vi kh quyn.

Chiu sng

nh sng m bn s dng cho h thng nc ngt bn cng s ph cho mt b nc mnch c c. Tuy nhin, nu bn mun nui ng vt khng xng sng, bn s cn phi nng cp (khng ch nh sng cho b).

D n dng

Mt phn ca mt h thng nc ngt m cn phi c thay th l thc n. C bin cn ch n ung a dng. Bn cn cung cp cho c ca bn mt s kt hp ca thc phm ti sng, ng lnh v thc phm sng. Thc phm dng l mng, mc d y nhng khng nn l phn quan trng ca ch n ung ca c ca bn.

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T ay nc

Cui cng, khi bn sn sng chuyn sang nc mn, bn thc s cn phi thay tt c nc trong h thng ca bn. Tt nht bt u vi nc khng c nitrat gim thiu nguy c cho cc vn v to. Ngoi ra, nhiu ngi ngh rng vic thm mui vo mt b nc ngt chy chu trnh s mang li mt b nc mn chy chu trnh. Kinh nghim cho thy iu ny khng ng. Vi khun nitrat ha trong nc mn l khc nhau hn so vi vi khun nitrat ha nc ngt, v vy chng phi c nui cy t u. L mt lu , vi khun nitrat ha dng nh l nhy cm vi pH v nhit . V vy, di chuyn mt s si nn t mt b cha nc mn m (~ 85F/24oC) vo mt b nc mn n i (72F/21oC) s gy sc cho cc vi khun, v hiu ha bt k li th no t vic s dng si (v d, rt ngn thi gian chu k).

Lu chung

B kim dch l rt quan trng

Lm mt b kim dch l c bit quan trng cho cc b nc mn. Rt kh iu tr mt con c b bnh khi n c lin tc b c khe mnh quy ri. Ngoi ra, mt s loi thuc, c th l ng, s git cht ng vt khng xng sng. Bn khng bao gi nn cho ng vo b chnh ca bn. Tri ngc vi nim tin ph bin, bn s khng bao gi c th ly ra c tt c ng (Cu) trong ca b. Ngoi ra, s dng ng trong mt b cha sng s tiu dit cc dng sinh vt sng trn sng, hu ht trong s l ng vt khng xng sng.

Ngun nc l rt quan trng

Ngun nc cho b nc mn cng rt quan trng. Mc d cc cng ty nc sch ni rng nc my l thch hp cho s tiu th ca con ngi, nhng nc my n c th khng ph hp cho c ca bn. Nc my thng cha clo v chloramines, m s git cht c ca bn. Mc d nhng yu t ny s c tc dng ngay lp tc trn c ca bn, nhng thng c cc cht gy nhim khc trong nc my cn c thi gian nh hng n b. c bit, pht pht s gy ra tng trng mnh ca to tc v c kh nng bng pht vi khun cyano (to mu - slime algea). Nu khng c nc ngun cht lng tt, b ca bn s khng em li nim vui lin tc m bn hy vng.

Cc b lc tt nht

My lc nc tt nht trn th trng l b lc thm thu ngc (RO). B lc ny, cng vi b phn c nha kh ion ha (DI), to ra nc l 98% tinh khit. Nu gi ca mt b lc c s kt hp RO v DI l qu ln th bn lun lun c th s dng nc ct (nc sui). Tuy nhin, nc ct c th c lu tr trong cc thng cha ng (Cu) s git cht ng vt khng xng sng. Trc khi bn bt u lm b nc mn, hy tm mt ca hng gn bn. Ca hng tt s c nhn vin am hiu v th hin mt mi quan tm chung v chm sc ca cc loi ng vt. Nu ca hng c b cha nc mn, vi rt nhiu c b bnh hoc cht th khng mua bt k c , ngay c khi chng trng khe mnh.

Mt v d v b nc mn: (b tham kho theo gi M v cng ngh lc kh/t)

B 30 gallon (120 lt) $30

Mng n Tu chnh $20

Chn b Tu chnh $30

1 n (trng) Phillips Ultralume $11

1 actinic xanh CoralLife $15

Chn lu (tng ph) in t Wizard $28

B lc kh/t t lm ly (DIY) $30

Lc th Amiracle $50

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Bm chnh Eheim 1250 $69

My tch bt bm kh T lm 30" (~75cm) $50

u bm (thi lung) Hagen 801 $22

Bm kh Tetra Luft G $20

Bm lung (lu hnh) Hagen 301 $15

Si EBO Jaeger 100W $16

Si nn dolomite 20 lbs $8

Cc loi (trang tr) $15

C 2 Domino (thia) $10

Tng $439,00

Gi tham kho v lm mt b, theo gi bn l cng b ca cc ca hng H Ni

(tnh theo nghn ng, kich thc b: 90cm x 50 cm x 50 cm)

STT T b G SL Gi Tr g Ghi ch

1 Chn b 90dx50rx86c 1 3000 3,000 G t nhin

2 B knh knh 10mm, khng ging, du keo 1 950 950 90dx50rx50c

3 B lc 70dx35rx35c knh 8 ly 1 550 550

4 C

Nemo, khoang c , b vng, bp n, thia xanh 5 250 1,250

5 Protein Skimmer Aqua Exel AE- CHS 1 3250 3,250

6 n Oddysea T5HO 4x54W (90m)

(Hoc n T8) 1 750 750 2 bng 1 trng 1 xanh

7 Bm chnh ATMAN II, AT-106 (35W) 1 250 250 8 Thi lung JVP 101 (6W) 3000l/h 1 200 200 9 Mui bin Marinium (Thi Lan) 1 400 400 10 Si ATMAN 300W 1 200 200 24 C

11 sng tm 50 30 1,500 tnh theo kg

12 Nn b Ct C T 30 20 600 tnh theo kg

13 cm Lioa 6 , 6 cng tc 1 200 200

14 Hn gi (cho n) 1 100 100

15 Thc n cho c JBL 1 250 250

16 B sung m RedSea Reef Foundation ABC+ 1 350 350

17 Vi sinh Mai Vit 3 20 60

18 Ti lc + Gi treo 1 300 300

19 Kh NO3 Lc ct hoc multi-filter 1 250 250 dng Denitrator

20 Bm l kh NO3 AtMAN 2, (2,5W) 1 70 70

21 Vt liu kh NO3 Denitrator (Seachem) 0.5 500 250 tnh theo kg

22 Than hot tnh 3 30 90

Tng cng:

14,820

Lu : B dng theo cch dng P/S v sng duy tr b, c th th thm san h d nui (khng cn nh sng mnh v nhit n nh) v ch chi san h trong ma ng (lnh). Cch lm b c c lc bng san h vn (thc ra l lc di nn si undergravel filter) cng dng c nhng hn ch v s lng c nui v cho n i km vi thay nc thng xuyn).

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Cc u cn lu tit kim thi gian v tin La chn thit b ph hp l rt quan trng, v d nh my tch bt (skimmers), c ngha trong tit kim ngun lc, thi gian .v.v. Nu bn ang thiu mt s cc mt hng ny rt c kh nng bn s tht bi v ri b th chi, git cht rt nhiu sinh vt tuyt vi v phi dnh rt nhiu tin trong qu trnh ny. V vy, gip bn tit kim thi gian v tin bc, c mt s li khuyn v th thut s gip bn tit kim thi gian v tin bc qu bu ca bn! V vy, chng ta hy bt u danh sch:

Thi gian

Mt b c nc mn mt rt nhiu thi gian thit lp v duy tr. Trong giai on thit lp, d kin mt t nht 10 gi mt tun nghin cu, xy dng, mua sm .v.v. N c th d dng bin thnh 20-100 gi mt tun nu bnnghin!

Giai on ny c th ko di vi ngy n vi thng ty thuc vo thit lp b bn s lm ln nh th no. Khi b ca bn thit lp ln u tin vi ng vt, thc vt sng v chy chu trnh (thit lp mt b lc sinh hc v tr thnh mt b n nh), bn s dnh t nht 10-20 gi mt tun vo n, i khi nhiu hn ng k nu c vn pht sinh. Ngay c khi tt c mi th ang chy hon ho trong mt b c thit lp, bn vn s cn phi dnh 10 pht mi ngy v 2 n 4 gi mt tun vo cc ngy cui tun duy tr b.

Bn khng c thi gian? ng bt u lm mt b cho n khi bn c th!

Kin nhn

Mi th u cn thi gian pht trin trong th chi ny. Nu bn thy mnh thay i th chi mi tun hoc bn khng th cam kt bt c iu g di hn, bn c th s tr nn nhanh chng chn ca th chi ny v thy cc thit lp b tr gi $1000 bn mua 3 thng trc y ch c bn vi gi $100 khi qua s dng.

Nu bn khng kin nhn, n lc chn mt th chi khc!

in n nh

Nu khng c in n nh b ca bn s hng v rt hi thi. n trong nh ca bn nhp nhy nh n cy Ging sinh? Bn sng ni c th mt in trong nhiu ln trong mt tun? Khi , tr khi bn u t rt nhiu tin vo mt my pht in d phng th bn c nn chuyn nh hoc yu cu cng ty in lc cung cp cho bn mt dch v n nh. V vy, ni cch khc: chuyn.

Khng c in n nh? Ti xem cc b nui c nc mn a phng, nh / cn h ca bn khng phi l mt ni tt lm b.

Quan m n m rng v sinh vt

Trong khi mt s ngi s cho rng th chi c cnh bin l khng tt cho mi trng (Rt nhiu nguyn liu v in nui mt vi ng vt hoang d trong nh ca bn), th chi c mt tc dng c li cho th gii, nu c thc hin ng cch. Bn nn dnh thi gian nghin cu s la chn ca bn v b nc mn ca bn c hn ch cht chc cho c dn trong b. Th 10 con c nc mn trong mt b c 10 gallon (40 lt) th s hoc kt cc l c cht, hoc ch lm bo mt loi c sn mi ln.

ng mua hng vi vng ti cc ca hng c hay trn mng trc khi bn bit cn c chm sc mt con vt hoc cy trong b nh th no.Finding Nemo" l mt b phim tuyt vi, nhng n dn n rt

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nhiu ch c h cht v nhng ngi khng dnh thi gian tm hiu lm th no chm sc cho chng.

Bn mun c 7 con c ui gai trong b 20 gallon (80 lt)? Mun nui san h SPS trong mt b su vi n c cng sut bnh thng? Hy nghin cu v thy rng nhng tng rt t hoc ch nn nui mt con c vng trong mt b 10 gallon (40 lt) nc ngt.

S ng h ca ngi chng / v / i tc hoc mt mnh

B nc mn s lm bn mt nhiu tin v thi gian hn l bn c th mong i, tr khi bn l qun l siu tt. Nu bn l mt mnh, bn c th b qua yu cu ny, nhng phi lun ngh n vic ny khi la chn mt i tc (v/chng). B c nc mn ca bn c th mt i khi bn kt hn. Hy suy ngh nghim tc, mc d b nc mn ch lm va mt bn nhng s tiu tn thi gian v tin bc rt nhanh.

Nu nh i tc (v, chng) ghen t vi iu ny hoc yu cu ca tin v thi gian c chi tiu tt hn cho cc vic khc, bn nn trnh th chi ny. Ging nh th 2 con c ln ging nhau vo cng mt b v thy rng bn phi t b mt thng sau do n gy ra s cng thng trong gia nh / cc mi quan h ca bn.

Khng gian

y khng ni v vic c khng gian vt l c cc b, l hin nhin. Vn l vic c mt sn nh khe v bng phng, rt nhiu cm in c GFCI gn , mt im xa nh sng mt tri trc tip hoc mtphng c" l tng ni bn c th gi tt c cc thit b bn cn cho b. Hu ht cc cn h u c gii hn trng lng cho sn nh v nu bn vt qu th b ca bn c th b ri xung hng xm ca bn pha di.

Bn c sng pha bn ca mt ngn ni dc nghing v pha ngi nh ca bn? Bn c suy ngh v vic t b $1000 ca bn ln trn tm thm c tr gi $20.000? Hy ngh li v mua mt chic bnh ph hp vi tm thm, b nc mn khng dnh cho bn.

GFCI

Ln gia in v nc l khng phi l mt tng tt. c bit l nc mn, n l mt cht dn in rt tt. Nu bn inh c mt b nc mn bn CN phi c cng ngh ngt mch tip t (GFCI) trn tt c phch cm m i bt c ni no gn b ca bn. Ti sao? Bi v nu bn khng c, n c th git cht bn. Hoc t nht l b in git. Lm cng c chc chn trn b c ca bn, chng hn nh n, cng trn phch cm c bo v bng GFCI, bn cui cng s chm mt ci g c in ln thnh b nu bn trong th chi lu.

Bn munb qua" chi ph ny? Khng mun tr tin thu mt th in lm vic ny? Bn c tr nh hoc vt nui m khng bit khng chm tay vo mt b nc mn? Nu th, ng bt u th chi ny, khng ng gi phi chu au n hoc thm ch t vong.

Tin

B nc mn ca bn s tr thnh mt l en vi bt k s tin b ra ca nh hoc trong v ca bn. Tt, c l khng phi l t n th, nhng i khi s cm thy nh bn ang ly t 20 la bm nh ra v cho n con c thia (damsel) gi 3 la ca bn. khng phi cch chi!

y c l l th chi t tin nht m ti tng th chi, mc d ti nghe l i du lch vng quanh th gii trn tu du lch ch hi t hn mt cht. i khi cc ca hng c a phng ca bn s c gng thuyt phc bn y l mt th chi rt hp l v c gng bn cho bn mt b tng thnh y (kit)

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gallon 55 hoc 75 gallon (220 hoc 300 lt) vi gi di $1000, i khi di $500. Bn s t mnh quay tr li ca hng thay th nhng thit bc bn" h bn cho bn m khng hot ng tt. Ti dnh gn $2000 vo b 75gallon (300 lt) v c coi l phi gi hoc r theo hu ht nhng ngi c b c nc mn.

Ngh bn c th c th chi gi r? SAI! Chc chn c nhng cch gim chi ph v tit kim, nhng nu bn ngh rng bn c th thit lp mt b 75 gallon (300 lt) vi $75, ch l iu s khng bao gi c.

Thu nhp kh dng

Hy i cht, chng ta ni chuyn v tin bc phi khng? C v khng. C th bn c mt t khai thu thu nhp c nhn rt ln, do bn bt u lm mt b 200 gallon (800 lt), bn lun lun mun, nhng vic duy tr n nh th no? Ch tn vi xu phi khng? Khng! Nu bn tnh chi ph mui, b dng c kim tra, in, ph tng thay th .v.v. bn nn c k hoch chi tiu t nht l $50 - $100 mt thng duy tr b. Bn c mun thc s thm san h v c vo b ca bn mt cch thng xuyn? Hnh dung t nht l $100 - $300 cho mi thng.

Bn c th tn dng ht hn mc? Bn tui 50 m khng c tin tit kim hu tr? Thu nhp ca bn ch $10 mt thng? Th th gi khng phi thi im tt c mt b nc mn. Hy tr li th chi ny khi bn c thu nhp kh dng tt hn.

Thi gian

Bn cn thi gian nghin cu, c bit l nu bn th nhng tng tin tin. Thi gian mt i tm hiu v th chi ny l ng kinh ngc. Nghin cu l cn thit thnh cng trong th chi ny. V phi mt thi gian, do , ch cn c chun b sn sng lm iu .

Bn khng mun nghin cu, hc hi? Tt hn bn nn thu mt cng ty bo tr b c chm sc b ca bn, mc d chc chn rng bn s c c mt cng ty tt nht.

Tm tt thng tin

Ti liu ny ch c gng gip bn tit kim thi gian v tin bc v cng c gng cu rt nhiu con vt ng yu, ngy th, d thng trnh phi b cht sm.

A Guide to Saltwater Aquarium (Viet)_20121030

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