A GUIDE TO BIOSPHERE RESERVE HARAGEMEIIT: .A METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO FRENCH BIOSPHERE RESERVES

Fredkric Bioret, Catherine Cibien, Jean-Claude G6not and Jacques Lecomte

D 0 Q E 0 57 0 c3

The first version of this text was drafted by the authors and was then circulated amongst a number of people who have helped to make it more workable. The following persons contributed to this document in this manner: the members of the French biosphere reserve network (who will recognise the fruits of their discussions during their annual meetings in 1995 and 1996) Sylvie Blangy (ecotourism consultant), Pascal Bras (Direction de la Nature et des Paysages [Nature and Landscape Directorate] French Ministry of Land-use Planning and Environment), Fraqois Lerat (Direction de la Nature et des Paysages, French Ministry of Land-use Planning and Environment), Gilbert Long (MAB France), Jean-Marc Gonzales (Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserve) and Jane Robertson Vemhes (UNESCO).

This work was undertaken with the financial support of the Direction de la Nature et des Paysages [Nature and Landscape Directorate] of the French Ministry of Land-use Planning and Environment.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this digest are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of UNESCO or the authors’ employers.

Addresses of the editors and authors of this report:

Frederic BIORET Laboratoire Gtosystemes Universite de Bretagneoccidentale BP 809 29285 BREST CEDEX Tel : 33 - (0)2 98 01 66 87 Fax : 33 - (0)2 98 01 66 26 e-mail : Bioret@univ-brest.fr

Catherine CIBIEN MAB France BP 34 3 1321 CASTANET TOLOSAN CEDEX TEL : 33 - (0)5 61 73 57 02 FAX : 33 - (0)5 61 73 54 77 e-mail : CCibien@compuserve.com

Jean-Claude GENOT Reserve de biosphere des Vosges du Nord Maison du Part 67290 LA PETITE PIERRE Tel : 33 - (0)3 88 70 46 55 Fax : 33 - (0)3 88 70 41 04

Jacques LECOMTE DNP Minis&e de I’Environnement 20 Avenue de SCgur 75302 PARIS

Overall direction: Pierre Lasserre Series editor: Malcolm Hadley Preparation of this digest and its translation into English: Jane Robertson Vernhes Design and layout: Eric FrogC Photo on cover page: Cultivated terraces in the Cevennes Biosphere Reserve.

Photo: Michel Verdier

Suggested citation: Bioret, F.; Cibien, C.; G&tot, J.-C.; Lecomte, J. 1998 A Guide to Biosphere Reserve Management: a Methodology Applied to French Biosphere Reserves. MAB Digest 19. UNESCO, Paris

Published in 1998 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Printed by UNESCO 0 UNESCO March 1998 Printed in France

MAB Dkest 19

s ince the beginnings of the MAB Programme in the late 196Os, the quest for the “scientifK

basis ,for the rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere” has found its

most tangible and effective expression in the formulation of the biosphere reserve concept.

With time, this concept has evolved and been refined.

The Seville International Conference on Biosphere Reserves in March 1995 was a landmark date in this

evolution. It gave the opportunity to present the experience of putting the biosphere reserve concept into

practice in very different ecological and socio-economic conditions and to draw up conclusions to prepare

for the future. Thus the Seville Conference gave rise to two important documents. The fit is the Seville

Strategy which sets out the main goals and actions at the level of individual biosphere reserves, as well as

at the national and regional levels. The second document, the Statutory Framework, gives for the frst time

a formal definition of biosphere reserves, their functions, the criteria for designation and the nomination

procedure. In particular, it makes provision for a periodic review procedure for biosphere reserves designated

over ten years with the aim of helping countries to “revise” existing sites to make them conform better

to the concept as it is accepted today. Indeed, the Seville Conference made a quantum leap in giving

increasing emphasis to the “M” of MAB biosphere reserves. It affirmed that biosphere reserves are “more

than protected areas” but rather a “pact” between the local community and society as a whole. Management

should be “open, evolving and adaptive”.

This new course for biosphere reserves is attractive in theory but - as with all interdisciplinary approaches

- it is notoriously difficult to implement in the real world dominated by linear thinking and sectoral

institutional structures. In most countries, this situation is compounded by rigid legal instruments for nature

protection and land use planning. Hence putting the biosphere reserve in practice requires foresight,

imagination, tenacity and an ability to bring together very different user groups and stakeholders to reach

agreements on how a given piece of land or water will be managed.

This MAB Digest presents a methodology elaborated by the co-ordinators of biosphere reserves in France

in response to the challenges set by the Seville Conference. The French MAB National Committee has

organized annual meetings of these co-ordinators who collectively recognized that a methodology was

required to guide the elaboration of the “management plans” specific for “their” biosphere reserves. As

with many countries, France has a number of biosphere reserves of which were designated at the beginning

of the MAB Programme and which do not yet correspond to today’s criteria and zonation system. They

cover a range of natural systems, from the small coastal islands of lroise to the forests of the Vosges,

and a range of socio-economic situations, from the abandoned upland villages of the Cevennes to the

booming tourist centres of the Guadeloupe Archipelago. Also, the French biosphere reserves are made

up of a variety of entities with a mix of land ownership and legal status such as regional nature parks,

strict nature reserves, regional protected biotopes, communally owned forests, lands managed by military

forces, private lands, etc. Although this methodology has been elaborated for France, that is in an

industrialized country with a well-elaborated legal system, it does cover a range of ecosystem types and

a variety of socio-economic situations. It is this variety which makes this methodology and approach of

relevance to other countries. Indeed, during a presentation of this work at the I996 meeting of the co-

ordinators of the biosphere reserves of the EuroMAB region in the Tatra Biosphere Reserve, Slovakia,

many participants expressed their interest in receiving copies of this guide for testing out in their own

biosphere reserves. Prompted by this request, the UNESCO MAB Secretariat is happy to publish this

guide in both English and French in the MAB Digest Series.

Pierre Lasserre

Secretary, International Co-ordinating Counsil for the MAB Programme

MAB Digest 19 m

I

II

Ill

INTRODUCTION 5

WHY A GUIDE TO BIOSPHERE RESERVE

MANAGEMENT? 7

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOSPHERE

RESERVES COMPARED WITH OTHER TOOLS

FOR LAND-USE PLANNING 9 I Biosphere reserves do not have their

own legal status 2 Biosphere reserves have a zonation

system 3 In general, the biosphere reserve

manager is neither the owner, nor the real manager of the territory of the biosphere reserve

4 Various structures can be set up to implement the biosphere reserve concept

5 There are different sizes of biosphere reserves

6 Biosphere reserves are organized in a Network

IV TOOLS AND STRUCTURES

FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES 19

I Guide to biosphere reserve management

I. I Guide for the management of the care area(s) Phase I - Stock-taking of knowledge

1.2 Guide to the management of the buffer zone(s) Phase I - Identification

Phase 2 - Evaluation

Phase 3 - Conditions to improve

the situation

Phase 4 - Proposals for action

I.3 Guide for the management of the transition area Phase I - Identification

Phase 2 - Evaluation

Phase 3 - Workplan

1.4 Activities in common for all zones I .4. I Education, training and information

I .4.2. Research

1.4.3 Tools and techniques

1.4.4 Major constructions

1.5 Evaluation of the Guide

2 Management structures 2. I Management board 2.2 Scientific advisory committee 2.3 Making use of the media

The Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme was launched in 1970 by UNESCO with the aim of establishing the scientific basis [or improving the relationships between people and the environment. addressing problems such as the rational use of natural resources and their conservation, and ecologically sound land use. Since 1976, biosphere reserves have been set up as sites where the MAB principles are put into practice (UNESCO, 1984: Batisse, 1986, 1996). These sites receive this designation from UNESCO because of their ecological and biogeographical representativeness, as well as their objective to reconcile nature conservation and human development. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves consists, in 1996. of 337 sites located in 85 countries. selected according to a specific procedure (UNESCO 1996a).

The different functions of biosphere reserves and of the Network have been defined and explained in the Statutory Framework (UNESCO I996a) which wax approved by the UNESCO General Conference in November 1995. This Statutory Framework also makes provision for a review procedure every ten years.

Biosphere reserves have three main objectives: conserving biological and cultural diversity: providing models of land management and experimental sites for

Biobgical divwsity exists at all levels Today, it appears that, through human action, of life: from molecules and genes to cells and the rate of extinctions is increasing without organisms, to populations and communities to being compensated by the generation of new ecosystems, to landscapes and the biosphere. biological diversity. For various reasons, which Biological diversity concerns micro-organisms are ethical to some and utilitarian to others, as well as higher plants and animals. It also people generally agree that it is time to act and includes the diversity of cultivated plants and stop this loss of biological diversity. This action domesticated animals. can take on various forms: improving knowledge

This biological diversity evolves and on biological diversity and on its role in extinctions, as well as the appearance of new maintaining the integrity of the systems making species, have always occurred. In the history of up the biosphere, conservation, and also planet Earth, there have been massive sustainable use (Academic des Sciences 1995). extinctions, followed by periods of enrichment.

I

MA6 Digest 19 ;-

‘(9661 a~woxq) Xsea aq IOU sXeye Xew sy qBnotp ua~a ‘I! %u!Xldde 10 sa8e1ue~pe aye pue wwdolamp alqeuysnsun 40 s.~a%uep ayl jo sn aw!huo3 01 yloq dlat. ~J!+M saldwexa lemas aAey MOU a~

,uogsanb ON! ldawo, atp md IOU saop a8uey~ ue, amom e 10 asn atp 1ey1 mj aql 3sn n! ~0 hyqeuysns a41 luoy amom e 10 Xi!g!qe.mp ayl ys$h!is!p 01 Xsea s! I! ‘weld WJ ayl UI ,,$ydluyano IOU saop au0 I! anleA Sl! a,eJ~suowap 01 Xsea S! I!

‘JaaaMoH $66 I ueumy>ag) uoysoddo 40 leap ~002 e law sry pue XIsnoau0.m pasn sau1~3awos s! luatudolahap a[qeu!eans 10 Idamo> aql

TUO&J S,PI.IOM aye 1s8uotua Q!nba pue &was 01

~ @aads 10 wopaay ay103 ‘uoympa JO y~leay

01 ssa,~ aldtuexa .ioj) mudo/ahap le!,os pue lemln3 01Supela.1 SUO~IOU sapnly os~e lnq @IO~EJ samow a[qeMauaJ %u!sn Xldtu! kluo IOU saop luawdolahap alqeu!nsns WawdolaAap alqeyeans 10 morel u! suogle lyyds lno Bupias 1 z epua%j paldope (166 1) waludolahaa pue ~ua~uuo~~~u~ uo wua~a~uo~ suopet\l paayn ayl ‘.mlncyed UI .ldamo, sy Xldde pue auyap Jaywj 01 payAohl am!s aheq sa!poq snogeA

.,,s~!ay~ law 03 suopuaua2 amnj JO k!yqe aye Bu!z!p.teda! Inoyl!m spaau uasaAd aaatu yyq~ luaurdolanaa,, :uo@~yap %!MO(IO~ Xjl Sal\@ L/3!ljM pW2 pU~~~pUn”fl ‘H’Q rhj paJ!eLjZ

wawdolama pue IUJ~AJOJ~J~ uo uo~ssg~wo~ pl~o,i,,f ayi 10 tiodat( ayl tp!~ pazyelndod SEM /XlE ‘f&l U! lUiXUUOJ!AU~ URUFlH a@ UO

a3ua.myo3 wfoyy303s ag 2~ s%~u!uu~%q sy peq waudopnap a1qwyvns p IdamoD aq1

-

~p,7tll”Lltqdttl! clq ll1?1, s111,)111,15.1Fh: 3Vl~1 &lJL[ M \al!s [‘?!xKi\

a.lo,lxt3L~~ 3).Il? 5,7,$.l3\m ml~dwg ‘;(j(, ( 111 “!)I ll! lUxttdolJ,2,7[~ pu1: tllalttlto.t! 1113

110 .,Xt~.t~~LtO~ WO!ll:,~ p”,!tli] 211) 40 1: t!~Xl.‘f+/ I”‘” ()%(,I ll! ~“tl:[,plltl.tg ‘H’f]

;cq pap~q LIO~\\~LIILLIO~~ ,?qj ,jo I.IO~;I~ 37~11 LI! ~XI!~~IIO \I: tumldoj~.\y a~L~t?uyws

.lOj tsmh q pm (;)I> ‘\,,7.~!135.1!(] lll:aclo.tll~ 3111 ‘110!111J2L10~ 1t1t0g XI1 ~Lto!llta~\llo~]

pltl:[,aM .I”SllIl!~~ ;)I[) ‘,<)!Y.lJ.i!(l Il:3!~O[“!g II0 LtO!lLl~.\lt~~~] X[l) /c)!S.t:,~!p [l:~!~O[“!~ ,I0

llO1)t:,\JXLtO.7 .X{l ~lll\W[‘~7l: ~ttOltLl;1 \llO> [l:llOt]l:Ll.l~lLl! SllOt.ll: \ 3Ll) ]LtXll~~dLllt 01 ,7.2.1.X

ss~\J;rsa o.tsqclso!q JO pLtl: allll;tl:.lTh.l~ g\rcq Xl) JO ‘;cl!l!.\!lX aq1 ‘tlo!ly>p” LtI

‘~~~~~~~llltrLlLLlo.~ [l?X~[ al]1 l[)!,M Lloymdooo JO OLIO/

JO l?xll! Llo!)~\Ltl:.lt .I31110 111: pu1: 5llO/ .t3,~,~llq p”,l?xl’~~p t: Sllld ‘llo!tc 2.lxllo.2 a.ltllt:lI

JO/ 41:3.111 3.to.3 q]tk\) p311:“2l\ap FIJI: \t:cuc lllxts~~lp .~qa.lal~.~I Llla)s.<Y LIo!ICLtoL c 01

~1ll[‘.“‘““” paL~ltl:d.to ;).t1: ~a!)!.\!t.,l: ‘SllO!l3LltlJ )Lt.Xl~~,~!P XX[J 3)t?.thllt! 01 JSPJO 111

~~rl~ll!l:.t, p1t1: Ltoy!nnpa

‘dlll.tol!LIollt ~n)rlalltLlo.tl.\lt~ ‘L(.m!X3.I .lOI S;a)f5 \I? ;;‘ll! \.lX :llt~Ltldo~“.\2p qql?llyYlls

The three biosphere reserve functions can be implemented only through involving and mobilizing all the structures and stakeholders concerned. This requires method, rigour, and a strong will at the local level. A Guide to biosphere reserve management can give a framework for concertation, placing the required actions more appropriately in time and space, and must be approved by all the partners concerned. Such a Guide aims at giving a direction and a consistency to the various steps required for a realistic project on land use.

Thus the Seville Strategy recommends to “ensure that each biosphere reserve has an effective management policy or plan and an appropriate authority or mechanism to implement it” in order to “ensure better harmonization and interaction among the biosphere reserve zones”.

As in the majority of countries, one of the characteristics of the French biosphere reserves is that they do not have their own legal status. They are placed under the authority of the Ministry of the Environment, more particularly under the Direction de la Nature et des Paysages (Directorate for Nature and Landscapes) under the Law (Arr2tt) dated 11 January 1994 of the Journal Ojficiel. French biosphere reserves are generally mainly built upon areas protected by law (national park, nature reserve, art-&&s de protection de biotope [protected biotopes], etc) and they preferably come under the authority of a public administrative structure (national park, regional nature park, syndicat de communes [syndicate of municipalities]). However, this lack of general legal powers allows great flexibility in implementing the concept. Thus a biosphere reserve can be innovative and imaginative in developing the means for consultation, decision making, information exchange, and empowering its stakeholders to seek management solutions to reconcile nature conservation with human development. A biosphere reserve can also serve as a laboratory, or pilot site, seeking a new equilibrium between people and nature, whose experience can be transferred to other areas. It can also serve as a privileged site for undertaking observations and measurements in the longer term (strategy of environmental observatories) (UNESCO 1996a).

In France, given their lack of legal powers, biosphere reserves are not in a position to plan land use or manage resources directly. Thus one cannot elaborate an overall management plan but rather a “helping” guide to biosphere reserve management aiming to define and prioritize the main management actions in

function of available knowledge and the context and the circumstances of the different biosphere reserve zones. This guide can concretely be translated into “contracts” between the actors and/or with the administrative structure responsible for the overall biosphere reserve or for specific activities therein.

The method for elaborating Guides for biosphere reserve management can of course be used for areas which have not been designated as “Biosphere Reserves” as such but in which approaches to sustainable development are being explored, taking account of the conservation of biological diversity and involving the local communities.

BIOSPHERE RESERVE ZONATION

rmj Core area

i Buffer zone

x Transition area

.b Human settlements

RI Research station or experimental research site

m, Monitoring

E Education and training

1 Tourism and recreation

MAB Digest 19

1. Biosphere reserves do not have

This characteristic is at once a strength and a weakness, allowing considerable flexibility and putting new ideas into practice in a variety of contexts. Biosphere reserve management does not depend solely on applying rules and regulations to carry out specific activities, except when these exist for the structure in charge of the site. On the contrary, biosphere reserve management relies on convincing the local communities and on obtaining their support before any action can be under- taken with the MAB label. In this way, the existence of a biosphere reserve can facilitate the cohabitation of different structures concerned with the piece of land.

However, in France as in other countries, biosphere reserves are designated on the basis of proposals from governments and an international evaluation through UNESCO. This procedure implies that the national and international public author- ities make a commitment to implementing the biosphere reserve concept.

2. Biosphere reserves

The different biosphere reserve functions (conservation of cultural and natural heritage, sustainable development, logistic support to research, monitoring, education and training) are organized and carried out through a system of zonation (See box page 0

The core area or areas have long-term legal protection in order to conserve bio- logical diversity, to monitor relatively undisturbed ecosystems and to undertake non-manipulative research and other passive activities such as education.

MAB Chest 19

r .- ‘SalnlelS J!ayl U! paUyap Se UJJSUO3 UOWUJO3 puel 3ayunwwo3 1e301 atp pue alns ayl tpoq jo JO sanss! ssa~ppe 01 JapJo u! (saguno3) sww hl!q!suodsaJ paJeqs aql Japun au103 (xnouo~~~t -uD@p alOYM JO sd!ysuMol ‘SJ8ell!A JJl/laSOl s~a.in~~u sxod) SyJed ainleu leuo$ay %l!Jq (salexpuk) saIx!w s1LvpuAs aq1 ‘wyJno3 pue

~Xlyoylne po1 e xq JO uognl sa2JnosaJ IeJmeu jo asn snoyowJey JO ah!ua!qo , -!ISU! xlqnd e JO ‘uo!3e!3osse ue xq paseueur aJe aql seq au02 IeJaydyad aql se SeaJayM uo!Pal

Xaq1 .anleh y!w3!3s pue le@olox y%!y e aheq -oJd aJnleu 33!~32 01 paiohap s! eaJe a~03 aq1 tpy~ sluaaXso,a paualeaJq3 Jo aJeJ ‘a$eJj .paxJeuy a2eS Xlle!iuassa aJe pue uogeJ2s!uype Su!ualoJd @I!JIS le w!e SaAJasaJ aJnlel\l yqnd e kq pazeueut aJe SyJed feuo!iet\l

~luawdolahap youo3a pue le!Jos pue ‘(966 I J”Ju uo!ualoJd pzwawuoJ!Aua uaahuaq a>ueleq e Bu! -UOJ!AU-~ ayl jo X~nyw) *sah+8asar araydsoiq -Jnsua le sw!e q3g~ Jaueq3 e Xq pauJano8 s! asn q3ua.4 j )o sampnps p,tawaBauew

1

-)t?go3au 3.101.31? x-q) ~u!UIJo,yI! LI! ,Ct?ld 0) ,7[OJ .l0(i?Ul t! Sl!lj Ja;il:usUl ;3AJcIS32J m,qd

-so!q aql snqL ~S~q~~.tapy~on sa!.n:~ ayx:Jd olu! I! lnd 01 ssau3u~~~!m .t!cy puv ,daxwo wcwJ aJaqdw!q ~141 JO s$x+nnouy .I!X[L .o)a *sag!(t?d!n!unul wn!;\.~as snnwa~u~~?w /(Kerr, puI! IJodsutxl ‘SJ3)SaJOj %1m.l,7qy ‘SJXuJt?j :aAJX3J m+ko!q I! ,)O ~hW!.U3) .2ql

ii! aiia,4.1a~ti~ Cpna.~!p o/.w/’ c717 oq~ kJa3t:in:iii pin? s.iaL1~4wput?~ sno.i;7wnu aJt: a.taqL

‘r:nJt! uo!)~\uKl) ;7q, put? au07

Jqylq aq) .I0 :C)!sJ;)\!p \1:3!so[“!q ,7q1 111110.).313 ONI! ayt?) 1SllUl 3,2JxaJ mqd4Oq aq) JO

sas!)st:.rd )uxuadtxlt:Lu aq, SnqL ‘SRJJI? x10.) aq) 10 suluol)nun~ [““lso[om 3qf ;7JllSUJ

Snq) put? S.lOp!J.l03 St? 3\.laS Will: LIl:T) t?aJt! UO~)~\Ut~J) Cllj) I’LlI: ;)1107 J3jjnq “yJ_.

‘JCjj p3[[1?” S’ S!y) J! XNKl)dUl~~r, ~Z!)l!J)S!LI~UIpt: S)! J>pLill \;7UlO1) q.7!1[.*

)I:ql plJOhq l?JJt: ut? U! CIJlllXlJ)S )UXU3~l:UtXll Cll[) j” uO!)U~AJXl! 31) &lSll( Ut:3 11

~PLlt?~~ )t? WtlSS! CX[) q)!M XXltTp.lO.7X? u! &?‘ul?q.-, Lit?.) put? p”Uqap ilJt?3[” ,~[!Jt!SS~XIU IOU

S! )!“I![ JCl)llO ‘;,! [Xl” SXIOL J2y)O Sq) Ul:q) .ldJtY[ .i[[t?J”u”d S;! CXl(YL S!yL Y.l3plOqayt?)S

JXj)” put? SuO!)t:.l)SlUlUlpt? [l?UO”t?” put: [l%?O[ ‘SJ~~JOM q3Jt?X3J XJXlMOpul:[ ‘S2!)!JO~)lll?

yq aq) ~.I~&XII?UI k3).2JFISCI.I aJaqdso!q 5q) ~~aam)aq uoy.lado-on qfho.lq~ II.MOLI~ 2pt:Ul

s;! .~tsn[oJd 3AJ-X;a.l wqdso!q., aql 2JC+I4 oseld aq, s’ %!q~ W+I aql JO S33JllO\~J

3q) dO[-3A”p put? a%u~?Ul 0) JCIL&h) YJOM SJClplOqayt?)S JX[)O put? sas!JdJaVIa alt?.y.ld ~sdii0.1~ It?.inllnn w~o~~i?~.x~sst~ I!~I!~ ~s~s~~i~s~ss wyxia% ~0~~t:4~3~i10.7 *4a!)ytiuiilon ~t:cmI

a.~sq,n luau~dola~~p alqcuysns JO s~aporu sncyJc.4 3u!iClddt? .ICIJ xzld aql s! 11 xy!,4!1x: ulXull~[ SIlO!Jt?A SU~C)UOS ‘uo!)t?Jado-os JO t?aJt? 2q) pCIl[t?” WI’: ‘l?3Jt? uO!)!Sut:J) aqL

‘S23JllOS2J [t?Jn1t?U CI~~t?““U”J 4” Xl1

alqt!,lllS put? UOl)l:~J3Xt 10 SUIJO+ Ult?)JX3 St? [I”” Sl: UOl~l?Xlp3 put: ~Ulult?J) ‘q3Jl:Xa.l .

st: q.-ms ~a.iay ino ~,~I.I.II:~ a.it? sa!)!;\!l.x: “[41:54 /~[[‘!“!801”3g .<lordul! ucwnq UIOJJ

(uI~)) )! slnalo.ld pw (S)tmt: mm 2111 O) tum:[pt: S;! JO spuno.lJn~ XIW .ICJ~JII~ 34~

LOCATION OF BJOSPHERE RESERVES IN FRANCE

1 Her d’lroise 1 Regional nature park L- /-- Designation: 1988 Area: 2 1,400 ha

1 Vosges du Mord 1

Syndicate of muncipalities for land management and

1 Desimhm: I990

Archipel de Guadeloupe

(French Polynesia) Designation: I977 Area: 2,000 ha

Cevennes

Biosphere reserve

Limit of region

0 100 200 km I I I Adapted from a map by G. Barnaud 1995

I I

MAB Digest 19 Ii ,:

ing contractual agreements and co-ordinating the various activities being undertaken. To be effective, the biosphere reserve manager must forge good formal and informal relations with these different partners. Hence. to become accepted, the biosphere reserve manager must combine a well structured and negotiated project with a talent for negotiation and incentives. The battle will be won once the manager has become an indispensable lynchpin. coordinator and facilitator of dialogue between actors. The aim is to enable the various partners concerned to identify themselves with the bios- phere reserve. For this, it is essential for the manager to integrate his/her action with the local development and land use policies.

4, Various structures can be set up to implement the biosphere reserve concept

There are currently eight biosphere reserves in France, including two in non- metropolitan France. The management structures are national parks (CCvennes and the Guadeloupe Archipelago), Ptrrcs ntrturels ~+,qiorzaux [Regional nature parks] (Mer d’Iroise. Fango. Vosges du Nerd), a R&set-ve ttcrturelle [nature reserve] (Camar- gue), a Syndiccrt tnixte d’arnh~agetnen~ et d’r’yt4ipetnent [land management and devel- opment syndicate of municipalities1 (Mont Ventoux). and a private land area in part set up as a nature reserve under the legislation of French Polynesia - constituting a special case (Atoll de Taiaro).

The various management structurcx have different degrees of legal powers, bud- gets and staff. It should be noted that two of the biosphere reserves in Pcrrcs tzctturels rc;gioncrux cover only a small part of these sites (Fango and the Mer d’Iroise), whereas the Vosges du Nord corresponds to the entire Put-c.

5. There are different sizes of biosphere reserves

Biosphere reserves can consist of a micro-territory or a vast land area and address different issues using different means according to their situation.

While in all cases it is necessary to have an overall strategy for each biosphere reserve. it can be useful to divide large sites into units defined by geographical and/or human factors. Specific activities can be carried out in these different units

Size of biosphere reserves Certain bios- phere reserves designated at the beginning of the MAB Programme still consist only of a core area several dozen hectares in size. One of the world’s largest biosphere reserves is the Mata Atlantica in Brazil, with some 30 million hectares. The smallest biosphere reserve in France is the

Camargue (l3,l IO ha) and the largest is the CCIvennes (323,000 ha). The current tendency is to designate larger sites than in the past, bring ing together the stakeholders concerned by entire regions defined in geographical, ecologi- cal and human terms.

I

MAB Digest 19

EXAMPLE OF A BIOSPHERE RESERVE WITH MULTIPLE UNITS: BOOKMARK BIOSPHERE RESERVE, AUSTRALIA

In 1977, the Danggali Conservation Area was designated as a biosphere reserve. In 1995, this site was considerably extended and renamed. The Bookmark Biosphere Trust was created to coordinate activities

of the participating units. The zonation is currently under study.

.f-V MORGAN

%

:i

BOOKMARK BIOSPHERE

RESERVE

MorganVale Ruins

DANCGALI (Conservation Park)

LOCH LUNA (Game Reserve

& privately ow;ed)

OVERLAND CORNER \

HERONS BEND \

15 km

GOAT ISLANDAND PARINGA PADDOCK (Local govt. reserve)

(Murray River National Park) 0 L-

Source: Brehaut, M. (Compiler) 1997. Bookmark Biosphere Brief: an endorsed information guide to the Bookmark Biosphere Reserve as it stands today. Printed in The Murray Pioneer.

MAB Digest 19

EXAMPLE OF A BIOSPHERE RESERVE WITH MULTIPLE UNITS: THE MAYA BIOSPHERE RESERVE, GUATEMALA

This biosphere reserve is located on the northern border of Guatemala with Mexico and Belize. The core areas, which include the natural and cultural resources, are fully protected and include five national parks and three “protected biotopes”, covering a total area of about 788,000 ha. The “multiple use zone” of some 8 14,000 ha serves as the buffer for the core area and promotes sustainable use of natural products such as the collection of chicle latex for chewing gum and xote leaves for export for the florist market. Together, the

core and buffer zones have been legally established as the Maya Biosphere Reserve under Guatemalan Law in 1990. In addition, a I5 km strip of land to the south has been identified as a area de omortiguomiento serving as a transition area which focuses on efforts to slow the advance of the agricultural frontier. The overall adminstration of the Maya Biosphere Reserve comes under the responsability of the Consejo Nacionaf de Areas Protegidas (CONAP) which is supported by various NGOs and bilateral projects.

Mirador Naachtun National Park- dos lagunas biotope

Rio Azul National Park

Laguna del Tigre National Park

:::.:.,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘.~.‘.‘.‘.‘_~.~,‘.‘,‘.‘.~. ‘.~.‘.~.‘.‘.‘.~,‘.‘,‘.‘.‘. ‘.‘.‘.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.

\ \. .,::y::,:,: ,...,. .,y:::::.,: _.; :.I:: kz ‘7 :I:.: ._.,. :.:: .-..:.: .,.;

Sierra del Lacandon / “qz q

National Park/ - I

i- - - Transition area 0 50 km I I

Sources: Santiso, C. 1993. The Maya Biosphere Reserve: an alternative for the sustainable use of resources. Nature & Resoures 29( I-4) and Conservation International, US-MAB Program, Ecosur and US-AID, 1995. Evalua- tion of the Conservation of the Selva Maya. Map 1:800,000

MAB Digest 19

The Ckennes Biosphere Reserve COV- ing as examples for larger units once the meth- ers 323,000 ha, distributed mainly over two ods of work had been proven and given satis- d@artemen& (the Lox&e and the Gard) and is factory results. This is the case of the project made up of several distinct geographical and on the conservation and development of the human units: the Causses, the Mont Lo&e, the Gateizon Valley, a small catchment basin with Aigoual and the C&enol valleys. Promoting the five villages in the southern part of the Bios- biosphere reserve concept over the whole area phere Reserve. This project was carried out in was not possible due to differences in approach a favourable context and resulted in interesting and means (the economic, social, cultural and results (Louche 1995). Given the success and ecological contexts of these units are very dif- the popularity of this project with the local com- ferent). The manager of this Biosphere Reserve munities, similar projects have been launched in considered it w&Id be preferable to undertake other parts of the Biosphere Reserve. targeted actions for individual micro-units, serv-

in function of the opportunities they present and thereby serve as examples to be emulated in the other units of the biosphere reserve. Thus ;1 biosphere reserve can develop strategies which can be transposed to other land areas.

6. Biosphere reserves are organized in a Network

THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL The MAB Secretariat at UNESCO is responsible for the co-ordination of the World

Network al the international level. An international bulletin is published with infor- mation on the main meetings and experiences related to biosphere reserves. An Inter- net server presents the World Network and the various sites (http://www.unesco.ol-glmab). Discussion groups are being started to facilitate exchanges of information between scientists and managers from different countries. A world directory of biosphere reserves is published by UNESCO as well x il colour map showing all biosphere reserves by major biogeographical region. In Europe and

Transfrontier biosphere reserves have orated a common workplan with joint activities been developed in the last few years in partic- relating to research, environmental education ular at the frontiers of the countries of Eastern and tourism, notably proposals for managing Europe: the Tao-a Biosphere Reserve has thus common natural heritage (fauna and flora), dis- been established at the frontier between Slova- covery trails in each biosphere reserve, a bilin- kia and Poland, and the Carpathians Biosphere gual information brochure presenting the nat- Reserve between Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine. ural and cultural riches and the transfrontier

The Vosges du Nord Biosphere Reserve in biosphere reserve project. France and the Palatinat in Germany have elab-

GVENNES BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The core areas and the buffer zones of the whereas the peripheral zone of the Cevennes Biosphere Reserve correspond National Park has administrative to those of the Cevennes National Park boundaries. In this way, the National Park which provides the management structure authority has created a more ecologically of the Biosphere Reserve. The transition rational planning unit whose inhabitants area of the Biosphere Reserve was defined have similar development problems. following biogeographic characteristics

f . . ,/ ,- -\ / .’ ,’

Mende 0 ,_-’

_-.> I

-$aimt )eam du Card

I’ I

-- ’ m Core area

t Buffer zone

EL7 Transition area

0 5 IO 15 km I I I I Limit of the peripheral zone of

the CCvennes National Park

MAB Digest 19

An example of twinning: The CLvennes schoolchildren, sports men and women, and Biosphere Reserve ha been twinned with the people engaged in specific trades, a common Montseny Biosphere Reserve in Spain since research programme was begun on the 1987. Co-operative activities are planned in functioning of the sweet chestnut forests and programmes for 3 years. In addition to frequent on wild boar. Joint exhibits have been displayed exchanges of management personnel, at several events.

North America (the EuroMAB region as defined by UNESCO), meetings of bios- phere reserve managers are organizcd on a regular basis. A directory of biosphere reserve addresses (ACCESS 1993) and of datasets on environmental monitoring in each site has been published (ACCESS 1996). Specific thematic meetings and train- ing courses will be developed. Other regional and sub-regional networks are emerg- ing, for example the East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network and in Africa (Biosphere Reserves for Conservation and Sustainable Development in Anglophone Africa).

In addition, UNESCO encourages twinning arrangements and transfrontier bios- phere reserves where workplans are elaborated and carried out in common.

THE NATIONAL LEVEL. Each MAB National Committee is responsible for co-ordinating national bios-

phere reserve networks and the means to do so varies from country to country. The French network consists of eight sites, the managers of which have met

together for several days once a year since I99 I. These meetings. as well as the- matic workshops, aim at promoting the exchange of experience and developing joint activities. They also serve to make contacts with other actors. such as scientists or local authorities, who both play essential roles within biosphere reserves. Working groups or studies on specific topics can be organized as necessary. In addition, since 1990. a bimonthly newsletter the Lettre de lu BiosphPrc (Biosphere Letter) provides information on French biosphere reserves and on the French MAB National Com- mittee.

As with all networks, it is essential that each member invests in making the net- work operational: indeed the head of the network co-ordinates activities, but a net- work will neither be operational nor efficient it’ its members do not continually feed it with their ideas and contributions. A network is not a vertical, heirarchical struc- ture but rather an undefined, horizontal one to which all can contribute and find arcas of interest.

MAB Digest 19

THE VOSGES DLJ NORD-PF~LZERWALD JRANSFRONTIER BIOSPHERE RESERVE (FRANCE-GERMANY)

N

t

The establishment of the Vosges du Nord-Pfal- zerwald as a transfrontier biosphere reserve will be finalized by requesting UNESCO to give a joint designation. Since 1994, these sites have developed a workplan in common, addressing topics such as nature conservation, education, tourism and landscape management. It will then be necessary to develop a joint biosphere reserve management plan and ensure that the zonation is consistent.

0 5 IO I5 20 km

Y

..C ore areas

/ Buffer zone

// Transition area

- - - - French-German boundary

MAB Digest 19

A biosphere reserve must have the necessary tools to help it reach its various objectives. The overall strategy of a biosphere reserve should be set out in a Guide to management in line with the thinking that all conservation areas and sites promoting sustainable development should be managed such that they are integrated into regional and national land use planning policies (SNBR 1995; IUCN 1994).

rve management

The Guide to management is drawn up by the structure responsible for the management of a biosphere reserve together with the institutions directly concerned: the objective of the Guide is to clearly define the policy to be followed for a given land area. This implies that it serves as a reference for all stakeholders and spells out the specific actions to be carried out and how they are to be organized in space and time. Drawing up a Guide to management is a team effort, involving the real managers and resource users (farmers, foresters, fishermen, etc), scientists, local authorities, representatives of users’ associations and the funding partners. A biosphere reserve must serve as an agent for integrating and co-ordinating the efforts of all its stakeholders, without forgetting historical rights of appropriation of lands or resources.

This approach should highlight the specificity of biosphere reserves in relation to other networks of protected areas (Council of Europe 1995). It is different from the process of establishing management plans for other types of protected areas in France in that there are no legal obligations and it lies at the interface between science and socio-economics. The biosphere reserve approach must seek the best means to truly associate local people in decision-making and turning these

r

CAMARGUE BIOSPHERE RESERVE*

Part Nature1 Regional de Camarnue

RBserve des lmpbriaux

~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.’.~.~.~.~.~ ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.’.’.~.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.’.’.’.’.’.

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.’.

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.’.

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.‘.’

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.~

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.‘.~.~.~.~.~

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.‘.~.‘.~.~.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saintes Maries de la Mer

Reserve Nationale

m Core area editerrane~

Voluntary nature reserve La Palissade/

11 Departmental reserve

I Areas owned by the Conservatoire du Littoral

m Regional nature park 0 I

5 IOkm I I

* The Camargue Biosphere Reserve was designated in 1977, in the early years of the establishment of biosphere reserves, and consists only of a strictly protected core area. It is planned to revise the delimitation of the site to make it correspond better to the zonation in the Statutory Framework, building upon the possibilities of the surrounding areas to create buffer zones and transition areas.

decisions into action: it has a dimension and reference system which is international and its zonation system and human activities involve a wide range of partners. It should be reiterated that the main part of a biosphere reserve has no protection other than through the agreement of its stakeholders. It is interesting to note the recent efforts to define policies for ecosystem management outside protected areas based on a dialogue and consensus of the various partners concerned (The Keystone Centre 1996).

The zonation system confers different functions to each zone (core, buffer and transition area). Thus each zone should be approached differently, defining its specific objectives and identifying its particular partners. The actions defined for each zone should be designed so that they are complementary and fulfil the objectives of the biosphere reserve in its entirety. This means that an evaluation procedure should be built in to review the existing zonation and revise it as necessary.

In France, the authorities in charge of the management of biosphere reserves have either management plans (the case of nature reserves) or sche’mas d’amknagement [planning directive] (national parks), or charters (regional nature parks), for all or part of the area covered by the biosphere reserve. The relations of these documents to the biosphere reserve Guide to management must be clearly

The Archipel de Guadeloupe Biosphere Reserve is made up of the Guadeloupe National Park (itself consisting mainly of a state owned forest) and the Grand Cul de Sac Marin Nature Reserve. This latter is a Ramsar site and is managed in accordance with the RAMSAR Wetland Convention. The national park has a schema d’amenagement [planning directive] and the nature reserve has a management plan. These two documents should be integrated together within the biosphere reserve Guide to management. Photo : Maurice Anselme

- . _.._ ._____ .___ -.---_. .-_- I ._ _--Id - ., ,..^

RESERVE DE BIOSPHERE DE L’ARCHIPEL DE GUADELOUPE

The Archipel de Guadeloupe Biosphere latter area is itself made up of mangroves, small Reserve is a “cluster” biosphere reserve made islands and coral reefs. Different management up of two parts: the tropical humid forest (central regimes are required for each of these different zone of the National Park) and the marine area of ecosystem types. the Grand Cul de Sac Marin Nature Reserve. This

Port Louis \

fieux Habitants

Atlantic Ocean

Basse Term p

[ml Core area

r7q-p Buffer zone

m Transition area

_ _ _ _ Limit of the marine transition area

MAB Digest I 9

understood and the latter should integrate them to ensure harmony between the protected area and its surroundings. In addition, certain resource managers within a biosphere reserve may have their own management policies or plans, for example the management plans of state owned or state run forests. In this case, in France, the directives of the French OfJice national des for&s [National Forest Service] concerning the conservation of biological diversity in these forests are the most important elements.

I.1 GUIDE TO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CORE AREA(S) The objective of the core area or areas is to conserve biological diversity through

strict protection as is practised in a nature reserve. Human activities involving the use of natural resources are strictly controlled. Scientific activities such as long- term monitoring or ecological management practices can be undertaken. The core areas sometimes coincide with strict protected areas (r&serves intkgrules).

The Guide for managing these areas is therefore similar to the management plans for nature reserves: in France the methods for elaborating such plans have been set out by the Confe’rence permunente des r&ewes nuturelles [Standing Conference on Nature Reserves] (1991). The management guide should emphasize the reciprocity of influence of the buffer zone and transition area with the core, as well as relations of the entire biosphere reserve with areas situated outside, which, for example in the case of migratory species, can be located some distance away. The management guide for the core area is elaborated by the following steps:

Phase I - Stocktaking of knowledge + inventory of the areas with legal protection and of the type of protection + inventory of inventories of flora, fauna, habitats, etc. + for the natural heritage, up-to-date list of species by taxonomic group + for the cultural and landscape heritage, inventory of sites and features of special

interest + analysis of literature + analysis of land-use history + impact of human activities in the past + impact of current human activities

This stocktaking excercise will be all the more useful if the biosphere reserve manager compiles a database and a bibliography.

Phase 2 - Evaluation I Evaluation of knowledge Biosphere reserve management must be based on a sound knowledge of the area

in question. Past and present research results and inventories should be reviewed in order to identify gaps and needs to complete this knowledge base.

2. Evaluation of heritage values This step serves to identify special sites and features, to define their relative

importance within the core area, and to establish a rating system to prioritize the protection of different species and habitats.

The Vallee du Fango Biosphere Reserve has analysed the research undertaken in the area and compiled a bibliography as a first step in elaborating a Guide to management . A computer-based bibliography has also been set up (Guitraud 1995). Photo : AGENC

+ Natural heritage (Example: Table 1) This evaluation is undertaken through existing inventories of species, habitats

and the types of protected measures taken: - list of species protected at the international. national and regional levels; - red books or red lists of species threatened at the international, national and regional

levels and all documents providing relevant information; - ecosystems included in national or international inventories (ZNIEFF*, ZICO**,

“Habitats, Fauna and Flora” Directive); + Cultural, landscape and historical heritage

- historical and landscape values: inventory of classified or protected sites (1930 Law), of historical monuments, of protected landscapes, of sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List;

- cultural values: inventory of traditions, local festivities and special events.

* Zone Nature& d’Inte@t Ecologique, Faunistique et Floristique ]Site of special interest for ecology, flora and fauna] ** Important Bird Arw (identijed it1 Fnrnce ,for the EC Bird Directive)

VALLEE DU FANG0 BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The Vallee du Fango Biosphere Reserve covers the the Mediterranean region, for which numerous entire catchment basin of the river and its altitude scientific studies have been carried out (forest goes from sea level up to 2556 m. The main objective dynamics, entomology, ethnology, etc). is to conserve one of the best Holm oak forests in

For&t communale

For&t communale de Filosorma

~.‘.~.~.~.‘.~.~.~.‘. ‘.~.~.~.‘.‘.‘.‘.~.~.~ ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.f

. . .~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.f.~ ‘.~.‘.‘.‘.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . :.:.:.:.:.:.:.: . . .

:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:

:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.

~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.

For&t domaniale/ du Fango

BC ore area

0 Buffer zone

j Transition area 0 5 km

Limit of the marine transition area I 1 1 1 1 - - - I

MAB Digest 19 “;) F

Nationat &em Bonn Habitat ‘g&#& .: ,s%ame Book (I) protectian Conventian Convention Directive

~1~ * * * *

Hur~efus nY@ls * * * * *

l.esser white- Cm&ho toothed shrew suoveo/e~s

(I) Maudn and Keith (I 994)

The natural history of the islands making up the core area of the Mer d’Iroise Biosphere Reserve was evaluated when drawing up a management plan (Blond 1995). Each group of vertebrates was presented as a table (see example for mammals, table 1). This was also done for the flora. For rare and threatened habitats, the Classification of Western Palaearctic Habitats (1996) was adopted.

3. Review of protective measures An evaluation of the efficiency of existing protective measures should be

undertaken as a function of possible threats and the fragility of the heritage concerned. It is important to review protective measures already in place and whether they will remain in place in the long term. They should be also examined in view of current or potential pressures such as from tourism or over-use. In some cases, it may be best to re-direct certain activities towards the buffer zone, or to strengthen the protection of the core area.

Phase 3 - Determining the objectives In some cases, it may be necessary to define management sub-units corresponding

to different ecosystems or to different units of a cluster biosphere reserve.

I. Identifying objectives related to knowledge on biological diversity and the impact of human activities Research programmes, studies and additional inventories may be required to

complete existing information. Environmental monitoring systems should also be set up in the core area. Such

systems should be compatible with existing programmes at the national level which in France are co-ordinated by the Institut pour 1’Etude et la Gestion de la Biodiversite’ [Biodiversity Study and Management Institute] and the Znstitut Fraqais de 1’Environtnent [French Environment Institute]. They should also contribute to international monitoring programmes such as the BRIM (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring), those of the European Environmental Agency and its Thematic Centre for Nature Conservation, the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, etc. Particular attention should be paid to studies on different resource use practices and to quantifying the impact of human activities.

2. Identifying management objectives This is based on the analysis of available data and is carried out using the

following steps: + defining objectives as if in an ideal situation + identifying the actors and resource users concerned and their objectives for

the territory of the core area + identifying constraints (problems of land ownership and land use, historical

aspects, natural constraints (earth tremors, bad weather) + identifying conflicts in resource use and any convergences of interest + defining objectives which are attainable at the time of drawing up the Guide.

This step involves negotiating with the actors and informing the users once a priority has been set for the different nature protection projects

+ finalizing the required territorial delimitations.

3. Identifying objectives for nature protection The evaluation phase will highlight whether it is necessary to redefine the limits

of the core area or to take recourse to other protective measures if existing ones are found to be inadequate. Long-term protective measures should be favoured.

Phase 4 - Workplan Each objective concerning management, research and protected status is translated

into a list of actions. Their implementation over time is set out in a workplan. A financial estimate is required. The manager of the biosphere reserve mobilizes the partners needed to reach these objectives (research workers, government services and institutions (Regional Environmental Service (DIREN), the forest service (ONF), government services responsible for transport (DDE) and energy, and for agriculture and forestry (DDAF)), nature protection associations, etc.

Phase 5 - Evaluation of workplan An evaluation is made of each of the actions which has been begun and to what

extent it is meeting its particular objective. The evaluation consists of reviewing the progress of each action, analysing the reasons for failure or success, and envisaging what is needed to finalize them. The evaluation is made in terms of ecology (changes with respect to species and habitats between the time of drawing up the workplan and the date of the evaluation), sociology (social change, impact of various activities), techniques (specific management problems) and economics (human and financial resources used or needing to be mobilized to reach the objectives).

By a feedback mechanism, the evaluation can re-set the management objectives to take account of unforeseen events beyond the control of the manager (natural catastrophes, extreme weather events, etc).

1.2 GUIDE FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE BUFFER ZONE(S) The buffer zone aims both at ensuring the protection of the core area and also

promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. Human activities compatible with biological diversity conservation but which also have an economic and social interest as well as an experimental and educational dimension, are carried out here: ecologically rational natural resource use (for example through alternative

agricultural and forestry practices), research work, long-term ecological monitoring, leisure activities, training and education.

New or alternative resource use practices can be tested and evaluated from the scientific and economic points of view.

Phase I - Identification I. State of knowledge, in particular on resource use practices, their impact on

biological diversity (ecological and socio-economic research), and on regulations in force (town and country planning regulations, etc).

2. Inventory of resource use and management practices: agriculture, forestry, tourism, hunting, fishing, gathering and collection of berries, mushrooms, shells, etc.

3. Inventory of regulations in force (town and country planning measures, etc)

4. Identification of actors involved in the buffer zone: real resource managers, institutional partners, actual and potential users (private or public bodies, professional workers, teachers, research workers, associations)

A research programme underway in the Vosges du Nord aims at comparing the effects of two different types of management on forest biodiversity. An economic evaluation is also foreseen. Photo : Part nature1 Ggional des Vosges du Nord

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - AN IDEA WHICH IS COMPLEX AND PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO PUT INTO PRACTICE

There is an abundant literature about sustainable development. Biosphere reserve managers are called upon to apply this concept which is the subject of much discussion and has many definitions. Villeneuve proposes a simple representation of this concept as a tetrahedron, where the four apexes of the tetrahedron correspond to the various components of sustainable development. According to his analysis, a human activity can be considered as contributing to sustainable development when it responds to the following four needs:

+ Material needs such as food, physical safety, housing and transport, etc;

4 Social needs related to individual aspirations such as health, education, freedom, love, recognition by peers;

+ Needs for environmental quality such as rational use of renewable and non-renewable resources, access to a healthy environment and self-regenerating ecosystems within the limits of ecological succession and evolution;

4 Needs related to equity between different groups of people.

This representation can help to analyse human activities and their impacts within biosphere reserves: each activity can thus be “positioned” and analysed in relation to others.

Needs for environmental quality

Needs related to equity

Social needs

Material needs

Source: adapted from Villeneuve, C. 1995.

MAB Digest 19 qm

5. Inventory of environmental education and training activities for adults, children and resource users.

Phase 2 - Evaluation This evaluation uses the procedure set out by Villeneuve (1995) in the form of

a tetrahedron.

I. Evaluation of ecological impacts Here, a review is made of land use practices in relation to environmental quality

(healthy environment: management of waste, pollution, non-degraded ecosystems), maintaining biological diversity and the possibility for resources to renew themselves.

2. Evaluation of economic impacts This aims at measuring the real income derived from different uses of natural

resources. A stocktaking should be undertaken, showing in particular the amounts received from various subventions.

Attention should be paid to showing the difference between market goods and services which create income for the economic actors, and the non-market goods such as heritage value. The aim is to intemalize the costs of the biosphere reserve activities.

3. Evaluation of social impacts This aims at identifying who is benefiting from human activities (locally and

off-site), at examining the relevant social contexts (seasonal work, short-term contracts not necessarily leading to full employment, etc), as well as at determining the general quality of life in terms of health, education, security, freedom, etc.

4. Evaluation of impacts related to equity This aims at analysing resource use

practices from the point of view of social *““_*j”i”~“i.~.i_i. .^( _, :$>rci~.F::;l :i_in_: ̂. : “_ .,~~s”~“p”‘~“~ :, :11”IH6;:~-~lr~~l::-‘ _: _n 1: ..,. =*“i <.b.~ .i”ae.+.i” ._(_i

and intergenerational equity (equal ti@S~-illlt?XMl~ opportunities for both sexes, relations

’ capdng is a craft devel-

with minorities), as well as from the de Guadaloupe losphere point of view of global relationships t&ient quality wood is (bridging the North-South gap, etc). Io&Iy afid it is necessary to import

An evaluation of the inter-relations wood fmm the Amazon forest which is often of the main resource uses can be hatvested unsustainably. Obviously, this wood facilitated by drawing up a table. It can carving activity cannot be considered as con- serve as a basis for further discussions tributing to sustainable development. on these uses, for example by specific working groups. It also highlights the gaps in knowledge. Table 2 shows the example for the buffer zone of the Archipel de Guadaloupe Biosphere Reserve.

Phase 3 - Improving the situation After the evaluation has been carried out, the biosphere reserve manager must

seek out the partners with whom he/she should work to overcome the perceived shortcomings. This involves several successive steps:

I. Highlighting conflicts in use and conflicts in interest - amongst resource users, institutional actors and the real land managers - with the conservation objectives

2. Convergences of interest between users, institutional actors and the real land managers

3. Evaluation of the level of consultation between the biosphere reserve manager and the other partners

4. Needs in terms of further knowledge to measure the ecological, socio-economic and cultural impacts of the various activities

Traditional wideylread, loxal

agriculture not quantikd

Settlemeta contact zone local

(shanty

towns)

introduction

of species,

forest

clearance

habitat loss,

waste,

landscape

n +negligable “‘gathering” non-respect low (impact

of laws on orotected

additional

income

cultural

aSpeCtA

no positive legal problem

concerns local

produce

(coffee, spices,

cocoa)

non respect

of laws

species)

low

low

Tourism all access foreign

roads and local

disturbance,

waste,

erosion

low

incidence

leisure

function

tour opelators low

do not convey

environmental

MAB Digest I9

This excercise leads to asking a number of question about the very functioning of the biosphere reserve:

+ is the biosphere reserve manager recognized by the institutional and individual actors for his/her role in co-ordinating activities promoting integrated land management?

+ are the management structures (management board, scientific advisory council) adequate for implementing the objectives of the biosphere reserve?

+ does the biosphere reserve (through the management body with which it is associated) play a recognized catalytic role in resolving conflicts in use, in particular by organizing meetings between the various partners and by seeking an objective basis for further reflection (which itself can be determined, at least partially, through research)?

Phase 4 - Proposals for action A review of past activities and of the human and financial resources available

should serve to draw up a well-articulated set of actions for the workplan.

I. Definition of ideal objectives These constitute the general outlines of the programme to be elaborated and

should spell out which activities are compatible with maintaining biological diversity

In the Archipel de Guadeloupe Biosphere Reserve, a system has been set up in collaboration with the local fishermen which attracts fish to specific sites within the transition area in the offshore waters. Pelagic fish concentrate at these sites and thus the fishermen can focus their efforts there (thereby limiting travel by boat and fuel expenses) and thus stop fishing in the core area of the biosphere reserve which is a breeding place for many fish species and crustaceans. Photo : Maurice Anselme

MAB Dirrest 19

and conserving natural resources in the buffer zone, and those compatible with strict protection in the core area.

2. Proposals for management practices The aim is to identify and test out different management practices, integrating

new ideas and local know-how on rational resource use. For this, it is necessary to: + identify the partners to carry out pilot activities + elaborate a protocol or terms of reference + identify one or more areas where the activity will be carried out + draw up a workplan and a budget + ensure a scientifically based monitoring system and an evaluation procedure 4 validate the activity so that it can be developed further and transposed to other

areas.

New or alternative resource use practices may be local in origin or have been introduced but they are valid only when they have been accepted and adopted by

Alternative resource use an example. On the island of Ouessant (Mer d’lroise Biosphere Reserve), the invasion of scrub following the reduction in sheep grazing is a major problem, both from the ecological point of view (loss of biological diversity and particularly of characteristic fauna and flora) as well as the sociological and landscape points of view (abandonment of the island).

A restaurant owner has cleared the scrub on part of the island to graze sheep for his restaurant. A set of quadrats have been set up on the cleared area to monitor the floristic diversity. The botanists therefore have an excellent study site and the restaurant owner has the personal satisfaction of contributing to conserving the natural heritage of the island. Photo : Louis Brigand

MAB Dieest 19

La/T MA

the local actors. Priority should therefore be given to providing intellectual, scientific and logistic support to local initiatives. Demonstrations and public consultations should be organized.

In order to improve resource use practices and try out new ones, as well as refining techniques of conservation or economic interest, it is first necessary to identify:

+ the institutional, juridicial and economic mechanisms which might block such activities (subventions, market availability, various legal obstacles, etc)

4 the partners that could be mobilized for new ideas on site or from outside (use of the network)

+ additional studies or research required + training requirements.

1.3 GUIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE TRANSITION AREA The transition area corresponds to the development zone where the manager of the

biosphere reserve should apply the results of testing out approaches to sustainable development. It is an area of active co-operation amongst research workers, managers and local people and actors where pilot activities on resource use and on daily management issues (waste, water purification, transport, etc) are carried out. While for training purposes it may be best to show the limits of the transition area on a map, it is clear that activities that are undertaken outside these limits can be associated with the biosphere reserve. It is a fact that the biosphere reserve management may depend entirely on factors from outside: this is the case particularly for marine or coastal biosphere reserves (Batisse 1990) which can be very vulnerable to outside factors such as the quality of upstream catchment basins or the proximity of an industrial plant.

The Guide for the management of the transition area in some ways corresponds to a plan for sustainable development. Research should be oriented in this direction. Education and information are also primordial. The aim is to ensure that the people living within the transition area support the biosphere reserve and, whenever possible, benefit from its existence. Attention should be paid to the situation of urban areas included in or located next to transition areas, in close collaboration with the relevant institutions.

Phase I - Identification This establishes a state of the art. The following activities are concerned:

I, Inventory of resource uses and management practices: agriculture, forestry, tourism, industry, etc.

2. State of knowledge on whether these practices lead to sustainable resource use and their impact on biological diversity (ecological and socio-economic studies)

3. Identification of environmental problems, particularly if these concern the buffer zones and the core areas

4. Identification of the actors: real land managers, institutions, actual and potential users (public and private bodies, professional workers, teachers, scientists, associations)

B Digest 19

5. Inventory of training, education and information activities for adults, young people and the various users

6. Inventory of local cultural events

Phase 2 - Evaluation This involves the same process as for the buffer zone, but evaluating the various

activities of the transition area in function of the analysis of what is required for promoting sustainable development.

Once the practices and the actors concerned have been identified, their impact can be evaluated using a table in the same manner as for the buffer zone (Table 2).

Phase 3 - Workplans On the basis of the practices and the environmental issues that have been identified

in the transition area, the biosphere reserve manager should try to predict potential threats to the buffer zone and the core area, and propose the main orientations for activities relative to education and training, sustainable development, land development and protection.

I. Activities in line with sustainable development The biosphere reserve will be more acceptable to the local communities if it is

recognized as being an organism which activly supports and promotes the local economy. For this, the biosphere reserve should:

4 support the local economy: promotion of local products or pilot activities, assistance in obtaining labels of quality for local produce. etc. The development of new technologies can also serve to develop new activities in rural areas, in particular teleworking or “telecottaging” (local office sharing), which can play an important role and should be promoted by biosphere reserves.

+ mobilize subventions or financial incentives for activities which are

kstinablea tourism, which is often This sustainable development of tourism

proposed as an acceptabb form of development, means making a considerable investment in

should be given Ppecial attention. The main information and intepretation facilities, including

danger is over-frequentation which destroys the signposts, panels and interactive information

atmosphere that is being sought by tourists as points, as well as taking on guides and wardens

well as the very values that the proponents are and thus providing employment opportunities.

trying to promote. However, it should be emphasized that the

The aim is therefore to spread out the economic benefits of sustainable tourism must tourist load over space or else to dilute it by go in priority to the local communities and creating poles of attraction not subject to wear. thereby serve to strengthen conservation Distributing the tourist load over time is another policies. solution. The spreading out of this load is A number of case studies are now available obviously beneficial ecologically and for countries promoting the development of economically. sustainable development (Blangly 1995).

MAB Digest 19

“environmentally friendly” (agro-environmental incentives, debt for nature (Dogs6 and von Droste 1990))

promote the environment through business, for example the notion of an eco- audit for a product throughout its life cycle from raw materals through to its destruction remind the institutional, public and socio-professional actors of their environmental responsibilties (water, air, waste) and encourage them to adopt technical and financial measures to avoid pollution a ~~~~ as to its geographical origin,

quality, whether tradiinal methods have been

used, the environmental impact of the production process and also the importance of such produce in the focal economy.

+ create a place for providing demonstrations and information on concrete “sustainable” activities in the fields of waste treatment, energy, transport, agriculture, etc.

2. Organizing land management and conservation Organizing human activities in the transition area, as with the buffer zone, must

be undertaken by viewing the landscape as a whole, interacting entity. The objective of the biosphere reserve is to have an economy based on maintaining cultural landscapes and using natural resources sustainably (Pokomy 1995). By following the process outlined above, the biosphere reserve manager should aim to work with local and regional actors in establishing management plans, zonation systems, landscape protection schemes and agreements with land users and managers so as to organize activities having impacts on biological diversity (tourism, water use, waste treatment, urban expansion, installation of entreprises...). In particular, the biosphere reserve should intervene in the preparation of town and country development plans to ensure that agro-sylvo-pastoral areas and natural habitats are conserved.

1.4 ACTIVITIES IN COMMON FOR ALL BIOSPHERE RESERVE ZONES

I .4.1 Education, training and information In a biosphere reserve, such activities cannot be defined by zone. The Guide

should try to identify who should be trained, in which subjects and using which means for the biosphere reserve as a whole. It is necessary to evaluate existing actions and facilities and also plan what is needed for the future.

I. Target persons Ideally, all the inhabitants of a biosphere reserve, whether permanent or seasonal,

should be concerned by education and training but the biosphere reserve manager must usually make a choice and set priorities as to the target groups of people as a function of the means available.

Special attention should be given to environmental education for young people. However, the people who live in the region and those who come to the biosphere

reserve only occasionally should also learn about where they live. In France, the groups most accessible to environmental issues are in order: nature conservation associations, hikers, hunters, fishermen, tourists, secondary home residents, consumers.

Technical information should be provided to different professional groups in order to promote efforts compatible with the biosphere reserve: these include farmers, foresters, professionals concerned with toursim, fishermen, etc. The popularization of scientific information should be highlighted.

2. Subjects + A general knowledge of the region, its natural and cultural heritage, seen from

different angles + Environmental problems and challenges for the biosphere reserve in relation

to topics such as soil and water quality, waste management, controlling urban growth, etc.

+ General information and specific knowledge resulting from land management and resource use experiments in the buffer zone and which need to be reported to a target audience. Training sessions, specialized internships and general information material should be foreseen.

The biosphere reserve manager should try to convey to all target groups the need to integrate research, management and information.

3. Means and facilities The biosphere reserve manager does not always have the means to provide

training courses or information sessions. His/her role is essentially to identify and to mobilize existing infrastructure and catalyse their activities. A special effort should be made to work with the press to make the biosphere reserve concept better known. An important phase is to identify the places and the means for diffusing information using appropriate partners such as schools and universities, in-service training specialists, government administrative bodies, tourism specialists, etc.

Training modules designed to teach young people about their region can thus be prepared for different age groups in close co-operation with teachers as part of teaching programmes. Universities can serve to reach other target groups. New teaching tools should be used. In rural areas, Intemet provides huge possibilities of connecting up with other groups, even at the primary school level. Home-made multimedia productions for training purposes are also very useful.

The biosphere reserve Guide to management should include the drawing up of a list of potential partners, making the necessary contacts and planning training on themes such as:

+ heightening awareness of the economic actors to sustainable development ideas + promoting pilot projects on sustainable development involving local

stakeholders + practical training courses for various professional groups.

including: man- - characteriring the geology of the island

An exhibit and a Conference were held at peRnission in classed sites. Ouessant at which students presented the

The main objective d the Campus was to results of their work to the inhabitants and dis- take a plur~~~~~ approach to studying cussed the problem of scrub invasion and the environmend change resulting from human future of the island in general. a&i&es on two west European island systems of about equal size (1500 ha) but with com- An International Summer School on sustain- pletely different economic and social conditions. able development took place from 9 to 23 June

This event allowed students from dierent in the “regional laboratory of sustainable devel- countries and disciptines to meet and work opment” at Saguenay- Lac St Jean (Quebec, together on defining management practices and Canada) and from 25 June to 8 July I996 in France, land uses addressing the problems of island sys- in particular in the Vosges do Nord Biosphere terns. Reserve. It brought together 25 French-speaking

The main research topic was studying the students and teachers from Burkina Faso, Canada- types and changes in land use in the two islands, Quebec, France, Haiti, Switzerland. based on scrub invasion. The environmental and Following a course on sustainable develop- social impact of changes in traditional agricul- ment by the University of Chicoutimi in Que- ture were highlighted and led to making con- bet, the participants analysed several ongoing Crete proposals for the future. projects of the regional laboratory of sustain-

These studies were undertaken by a dozen able development. In particular, participants students from Europe under the leadership of tried to apply the matrix for analysing projects French University teachers and Irish research proposed by Claude Villeneuve (I 995). workers. In France, the Summer School participants

The Campus was divided into two parts: divided into four groups in the Vosges du Nord the first two weeks were spent on Ouessant Biosphere Reserve and each group analysed a and the last week on Clare Island. The follow- case study for a week. These case studies con- ing themes were discussed: cerned: a comparative study of two types of

- the geography and biology of scrub inva- forest exploitation, management of valley floors, sion; setting up tourist facilities in a natural site, and

- the perception of scrub invasion by dif- principles of prevention of silting up of rivers in ferent social groups: local inhabitants, sec- a given catchment area. ondary home owners, visitors...

On Clare Island, the following themes were

MAB Digest 19

1.4.2 Research As has been noted above, scientific research has a major role to play in biosphere

reserves. It is essential that specialists from a variety of disciplines in the natural and social sciences take part in elaborating the management guide. Research should be based as much as possible on objective knowledge of the area and long-term observations (Dyer and Vinogradov, 1990; Barnaud and Lerat 1992). The biosphere reserve should try to encourage scentists to study land management questions and favour research programmes applied to these questions.

1.4.3 Tools and techniques The biosphere reserve must possess an up-to-date database in order to undertake

the preliminary analyses and decide on management alternatives. Databases should be completed by a Geographic Information System (GIS) which makes it possible to visualize the available data spatially and to view the impact of management practices in terms of land use patterns and locality of habitats, particularly in function of the biosphere reserve zoning. Analysing data using a GIS is delicate and the additional information derived from a GIS will never replace political decisions. However, it is highly recommended to regularly publish an atlas based on a GIS (Gourmelon et ul. 1996).

As concerns collecting data, care should be give as to the transitory nature of certain types of data.

In addition, biosphere reserves should serve to highlight research needs, either directly or else by serving as a framework for further studies on certain important topics, for example, the problems involved in ecological restoration (Lecomte et al. 1996).

The biodiversity of many biosphere reserves in Western Europe is linked with modified natural systems which are sometimes maintained by human activities. This is the case of of the Vosges du Nord Biosphere Reserve where the core areas consist of secondary bogs, moors and sparse grasslands. Photo : Part nature1 regional des Vosges du Nord

MA6 Digest 19

MER D’IROISE BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 2 1,400 ha and includes the Island of Ouessant, the Molene Archipelago and the surrounding marine area to a depth of 20 m. The core areas are formed by a group of twelve islets

of interest as sea bird colonies. The buffer zone is made up of other islets and the coastal fringe of the inhabited islands of Molene and Ouessant. Some 1,300 people live in the transition area.

“.

: fib Mokne ‘. .’ :,

Enez ar c’hrizienn

“..,. {

‘&L. Kemenez

‘,. : ,” ‘,,’ &J5&&” - $ %kgaol

l5+

‘.‘; Le C&quet 4 ‘.‘,. i

0 L.Vibn

Q L.Vraz

: o Kervourok

,. : I . . . .

m Core areas

El Buffer zone

my: Transition area

Limit of marine transition area (Outer limit corresponds to a depth of XJm)

0 I 2 34kn I 1 1 1 1

n

I-4.4 Major constructions Major construction projects, for example of dams, major highways and mines,

cannot be ignored, particularly when they directly concern a biosphere reserve. The biosphere reserve should serve as a framework to discuss whether such infrastructures are really necessary, and whether there is a possibility of alternative projects with less negative impacts on the environment. Existing infrastructures should be evaluated to see whether it would be better to expand and/or upgrade these existing ones rather than to resort to new major engineering works. Particular attention should be given to the restoration of degraded areas resulting from such constructions (Lecomte et al. 1996).

1.5 EVALUATION OF THE GUIDE TO MANAGEMENT The Guide to biosphere reserve management should be roughly evaluated each

year when annual reports are being drawn up, and evaluated in detail every ten years. + The annual evaluation will demonstrate progress made in completing the

workplan that was established when the management directions were identified. + The ten year evaluation will point to the overall successes and shortcomings

of all the activities within the biosphere reserve and will serve to define new management directions which themselves should take account of the fact that the biosphere reserve concept and the World Network are dynamic and evolving

The Mer d’lroise Biosphere Reserve has a GIS managed by the University of Brest. An atlas has been published (Gourmelon et 01. 1996) and widely distributed. Photo : OYann At-thus-Bertrand, Earth from above/UNESCO

MAB Digest 19 ,g 1

over time. This ten year evaluation should be synchronized with the ten year periodic review foreseen in the Statutory Framework of the World Network.

Biosphere reserve functioning and the elaboration and implementation of the Guide depend on the internal structures of the biosphere reserve. Traditionally, these structures consist of a management board and a scientific council, but other types exist and indeed the French biosphere reserves show a wide diversity of internal structures.

I. THE MANAGEMENT BOARD In spite of its name, this board usually only advises on management. It is

composed of the “manager” (as appears in the UNESCO list of contacts for biosphere reserves provided by MAB National Committees), representatives of the local government authorities, representatives of government administrations, members of associations and scientists. This group of people meets generally once per year to review progress to date and define the future work programme.

In reality, meetings of the management board are often more sessions for exchanging information amongst the main institutional biosphere reserve partners rather than sessions for discussion and decision making. In order that a biosphere reserve can really become a “laboratory for ideas”, it can be useful to complete the general work of the management board by organizing ad hoc groups for studying certain topics in-depth. Drawing up the management directions gives an opportunity to reach out to different actors and to test out less static and more efficient working methods. Indeed, the management board can meet not only to review progress but also to initiate thinking on specific themes. For such meetings, it is advisable to bring in specialists from outside the biosphere reserve, such as persons working on similar problems in other biosphere reserves or experts with relevant experience from other protected areas. The potential of networking amongst biosphere reserves should be put to best use.

2. THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL One of the tasks of the biosphere reserve manager is to be able to mobilize

scientists to work on research programmes applied to natural resource use or of relevance to sustainable development, or else related to global changes. Medium- term and long-term interdisciplinary research is one of the objectives of biosphere reserves. Difficulties do exist, for example:

+ Applied research is still relatively underdeveloped in certain countries and often not attractive for a “scientific” career;

+ It is not easy to develop a good research programme of relevance to a management problem, and such programmes run into the problem of different timeframes of concern whereby the manager needs a quick response to resolve his/her problem whereas the scientist - and particularly the ecologist - requires many years of work before offering any solutions. In a similar vein, communicating research results to managers or resource users requires special means such as public meetings, training sessions, popularized information material, etc.

MAB Digest 19

- ---T- .~ - -~

MONT VENTOUX BIOSPHERE RESERVE

lont Ventoux is the only French biosphere eserve which did not have an existing structure s a protected area before its designation. The I municipalities of Mont Ventoux have decided

o work together under the common framework d a biosphere reserve to protect their natural leritage within a viable economic context. The ix core areas are protected biotopes under pre-

Vaison la Romaine

0 Carpentras

fectoral law. The overall site is managed by a specially created syndicate of municipalities devo- ted to land management and development. The type of institutional structure which has been adopted by the Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserve consolidates and mobilizes a real local effort to promote environmental conservation and sustai- nable development.

m Core area

II Buffer zone

M Transition area 0 3 km I I

One of the missions of the Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserve is to seek an economically viable outlet for traditional products - such as lavander - which are characteristic of the landscape. Photo : Denis Roux

+ Ideally, a number of scientists specialized in different disciplines should be working closely with the management authority or structure of the biosphere reserve, but this is rarely the case. It is certain that scientific institutions and scientists will be attracted to working with the biosphere reserve if the human, logistic and financial means are available. For this, an allocation for promoting research should be foreseen in the biosphere reserve budget.

3. COMMUNICATING THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE THROUGH THE MEDIA As biosphere reserves serve as examples for emulation elsewhere, in addition

to training activities, it is advisable to ensure that the media (newpapers, television, etc.) are informed about and involved in the work of the biosphere reserve. The preparation of special press kits and information material for this purpose should be encouraged.

4. OTHER STRUCTURES As biosphere reserves serve to integrate several different objectives, the manager

should become a liaison between technical and administrative bodies and political decision makers. The aim is to foster all measures which can facilitate a dialogue amongst stakeholders and actors, mobilize human energy and resources, and provide

MAB Digest 19

‘suopmp le3p!Iod pm ~uyos JO k~a!.n?i\ 1w.18 IZ 01 aIqv$depe ‘ax~assa hai\ sy s! qD!qM 1(1yq’xaa aql u!ela.~

lsnw amasaJ alaydso!q v ‘paulamoa uo$aJ aql 01 pal!ns alv salnsearu asaql 1~y1

asmo3 JO papyoId ‘punos /([~~~Uamuo.I!Aua SF qn!q~ aD!Ape q]!M vayeru uo!s!Dap

.+p!~ way1 alnqys!p pue sJauwd ‘syn IeJaAas jo SIS!SUO~ auasaJ aJaqdso!q aq, j!

asaql 01 suo!snpuo3 aq~ IuasaJd 01 alqesuad ‘snyl .paldope aq 01 1.10~ jo poqaalu aql uo

-s!pu! s! 11 .saseqd s!satpub pue s!sX~eue aq~ %A! aa& plnoqs swdywd 11~ ‘paw~!p!u! Bu!aq s!

-Jnp Gc~ea~ atiasaJ aJaqdso!q,, atp uodn 11~3 01 q3!q~ ssa3oJd atp punsJapun XIInj 01 wedyed

hsa3au aq Xelu 11 woy8noJt.p aledp!wd 01 yea ~011~ put uado aq 01 paau suo!wwp y3ns

sJauutd waJaj.j!p aqi alqeua 01 apew aq plnoqs :~~~eal a&ma.! aJaydso!q,, aqi 01 paqywap aJe

uo!s!AoJd ‘suo!snpuo3 ayl yeJp pue elep aql al!d &uasaJ aJaqdso!q aqi h!sej st.ualqoJd U!W.I aql

-LUO) 01 uayi pue Wa!qns ypads uo sdno.8 %I! tp!q~ Bynp uogstwp e Xq paholloj s! syl

-1~0~ q%oJyl aldluexa -104 ‘ssa3oJd syl any 3la ‘uo~~euoz ‘pJeoq Xlosype

-uo3 01 Jah&?w afi.tasaJ aJaydso!q aql jo uJna ypuaps put aauy1~03 ~uau~a8eueu1 rualua8e

aya uayl s! 11 .dn uw~p uaaq ahey iuatua%wXu -uew a3JnosaJ :pauJawos ai!s ayl jo Su+~op

amnj JOj SUO!DaJ!p U!wl ayi @O pue un8aq -3unj aqi u! wawdolahap aua,aJ anoqa lueal

illJO Seq YJOM aql ‘au!od S’!‘11 1E ‘JaAaMOH hp 01 pue xSa3tJis all!b.as ayi lnoqe u~eal oa tias

-j~ty Jaqloue dn ayn suoypuo3 put suo!ssn3 -uo3 aNasaJ aJaydso!q at.p auuap pue rsn3s!p

-s!p leu!j ‘sauoz aqi jo ysea ~oj Xep-jley au0 01 kywoddo atp sa@ uoyewasaJd s!yl

pue ‘xBolopoq1au.i ayi Su!auasaJd JOJ pasn s! kp ‘313 ‘SUO!lE!3OSSE ‘Sa~~!JOtoymE lE3OI ‘QUaW$JEda~

-jley au0 ‘SahlasaJ aJaqdso!q q3uaJ-J atp UI ‘alis iuawJano2 sno!Jeh atp jo sa~!wuasaJ

q3ea jo k!xalduro3 ay, pue az!s aql uo Xllun -daJ fe3ol ‘~Sp~aps ‘aWa~aJ aJt%qdSO!q 3t.p JO 4

-w spuadap aseyd tpea uo wads alup ayl -Joy+ne iuawaihw ay3jo jjttas :swdpg~~~I “j~10

pwassa an! suo!ssn:, -yh atf4 03 XBojopalpaui atp uo uogewwd

-s!p uado u!e% a3uo :noedpyed Jaylo a901 I! palJa8 e Buppl 0) pazonap S! BR/d lsj& a!&

wasaJd put suo!ssn3s!p aya jo s!saywAs e dn *(asodJnd s!yl Jaj says @Jwrs- pa!@@ ++a@

steep ,yieal a&asaJ aJaydso!q,, a9 ‘Xllw!j sey ma sqi amJh otpvi aa~

*apy,!n3 atp u! pazuasaJd gvw tpuaJ~ sgp lueal.ay, ‘

se sa!lywue 11311s BU!SX~ZE Jcg sayqe? aqa Bupa,ald U! W!S aqa lp!A al J@W

-um ‘aJay Ino pay23 say~pse ueuinq atp ayl xq pw!Au~ aJE

jo kggp.yelsns alp uo &ipw snsoj eaJe uop!s -adxe pooS e QUA pue &WIO

The biosphere reserve Guide to management follows the zonation system specific to biosphere reserves. For all zones, it is based on the following methodology: thorough stocktaking of available knowledge, evaluation and prioritization of the problems at hand, determining the objectives and the means to achieve them. Drawing up a Guide for each biosphere reserve will make it possible to evaluate the relevance of the existing zonation system and redraw it if required according to objective criteria (Pokomy 1995)

This general framework should be completed by action which is site specific and which, with time, will serve to refine the general framework.

Academic des Sciences. 1995. Bio- diversite et environnement; Rapport N 33, Academic des Sciences, Paris.

ACCESS 1993. A directory of contacts, environmental data bases, and scientific infrastructure on 175 bios- phere reserves in 32 countries. Inter- national cooperation of the MAB Programs of Europe and North America. Dept of State Publ. 10059. US Department of State, Washington, D.C.

ACCESS 1996. A directory of per- manent plots which monitor flora, fauna, climate, hydrology, soil, geol- ogy and the effects of anthropogenic changes at 132 biosphere reserves in 27 countries. International coopera- tion of the MAB Programs of Europe and North America. US Department of State, Washington, D.C.

Barnaud, G.; Lerat, F. 1992. La recherche dans les espaces proteges francais. The George Wright Forum, Volume 9(3-4): 113-121.

Batisse, M. 1986. Biosphere Reserves: developing and focusing the concept. Nature & Resources 22(3): 2-l 1.

Batisse, M. 1990. Development and implementation of the biosphere reserve concept and its applicability to coastal regions. Environmental Conservation, 17(2): 111-116.

Batisse, M. 1996. Reserves de biosphere: un nouvel essor. Nature, Science et SociPte’ 4(3): 268-272.

Beckerman, W. 1995. Small is stupid. Duckworth. London.

Blangy, S. 1995. Ecotourisme, tourisme durable et tourisme rural, Cahier d’Es- paces n 42, SARL ETE, Paris

Blond, C. 1995. Plan de gestion de la Reserve Naturelle d’Iroise. S.E.P.N.B.

Conference Permanente des Reserves Naturelles. 199 1. Guide mtthodologi- que des plans de gestion des reserves naturelles. 2 tomes. ATEN/ Ministere de l’environnement, Paris.

Conseil de l’Europe, 1995. Coordination de l’information concernant les zones protegees. Conference ministerielle “Un environnement pour 1’Europe”. Sofia, Bulgarie 23-25 octobre 1995. Conseil de l’Europe, Strasbourg.

Dogs& P.; von Droste, B. 1990. Debt for nature exchanges and biosphere reserves: experiences and potential. MAB Digest 6. UNESCO, Paris.

Dyer, M.I.; Vinogradov, B.V. 1990. The role of biosphere reserves in landscape and ecosystem studies. Nature & Resources, 26( 1): 19-27.

Gourmelon, F.; Bioret, F.; Brigand, L.; Cuq, F.; Hily, C.; Jean, F.; Le Berre, I.; Le Demezet, M. 1995. Atlas de la

MAB Digest 19

Reserve de biosphere de la Mer d’Iroise. Cahiers scientifiques du Part Nature1 Regional d’Armorique, tome 2.

Guitraud, S. 1995. Analyse des travaux parus sur la reserve de biosphere MAB/UNESCO du Fango. Synthese bibliographique en amont d’un futur plan de gestion de la reserve. Memoire DESS Univ. de Corse/PNR de Corse.

IUCN (THE WORLD CONSERVA- TION UNION) 1994. Parks for Life. Action for Protected Areas in Europe. IUCN. WWF. FNNPE. WCMC. BirdLife International.

Le Berre, 1. 1994. Evolution et gestion des milieux et des paysages insulaires. Ouessant (France) et Clare Island (Irlande). Rapport Campus Europeen de l’Environnement, 20 juin-IO juillet 1994.

Lecomte, J.; Legay, J.M.; Barre, V.; Berlan Darque, M. (Eds). 1996. Recreer la nature. Nature, Science et Soci& vol. 3, hors serie.

Lecomte, J. 1996. Biodiversite et developpement durable. Nature, Science et Socikte’ 4(3): 272-275.

Louche, Y. 1995. The Galeizon (Ceven- nes) conservation-development project or the involvement of local communities in carrying out the “Man and the Biosphere” Programme. People and Biosphere Reserves: Proceedings of the Seminar for Managers of Biosphere Reserves of the EuroMAB Network, Florae 3-8 October 1994. pp. 73-74. Part national et Reserve de Biosphere des Cevennes, Florae.

Maurin, H.; Keith, P. 1994. Inventaire de la faune menacee en France. Le livre rouge. Nathan, MNHN and WWF France, Paris.

Minis&e de I’Environnement 1996. La diversite biologique en France. Programme d’action pour la faune et la flore sauvages. Minis&e de I’Envi- ronnement, Paris.

Pokorny, D. 1995. The Rhoen Biosphere Reserve: Biosphere Reserve Manag- ement for Sustainable Development. People and Biosphere Reserves: Proceedings of the Seminar for Managers of Biosphere Reserves of the EuroMAB Network Florae 3-8 October 1994, pp. 68-72. Part national et Reserve de Biosphere des Cevennes, Florae.

S.N.B.R. (Spanish Network of Biosphere Reserves) 1995. Legal instruments of planning and management. Guide- book. Notes on local economy. Offspring. Spanish MAB National Committee, Madrid.

The Keystone Center. 1996. The Key- stone policy dialogue on ecosystem management. Final report. The Keystone Center, Colorado.

UNESCO. 1984. Action Plan for Bios- phere Reserves. Nature & Resources 20(4): I-12.

UNESCO. 1996a. World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Map. UNESCO, Paris

UNESCO. 1996b. Biosphere reserves - the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. UNESCO, Paris.

Villeneuve, C. 1995. Le Saguenay - Lac Saint Jean. une region laboratoire pour le developpement duable. EcodCcision 15: 87-90.