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A GUIDE, FRAMEWORKAND EXAMPLE:DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS ANDMARINE PROTECTEDAREA NETWORKS TOBENEFIT PEOPLE ANDNATURE IN INDONESIA
Healthy populations of fisheries species at Cape Kri, Dampier StraitMPA. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesDirectorate General for Marine Spatial ManagementDirectorate for Marine Conservation and BiodiversityRepublic of Indonesia2020
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORKAND EXAMPLE:DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS ANDMARINE PROTECTEDAREA NETWORKS TOBENEFIT PEOPLE ANDNATURE IN INDONESIA
This publication was jointly produced by the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced(SEA) Project and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia.
USAID SEA Project OfficeSona Topas Tower, Floor 16, Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav.26, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia
Chief of Party: Alan White, PhD ([email protected])Deputy Chief of Party: Tiene Gunawan, PhD ([email protected])
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Directorate for Marine Conservationand BiodiversityGedung Mina Bahari 3 Lt 10, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16 - Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
Citation: Green, A.L., Fajariyanto, Y., Lionata, H., Ramadyan, F., Tighe, S., White, A.,Gunawan, T., Rudyanto, and Minarputi, N. 2020. A Guide, Framework and Example:Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People andNature in Indonesia. Report prepared by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) for the USAIDSustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project, 90 pp.
Contributors: TNC Indonesia Oceans Program Alison Green, Yusuf Fajariyanto, HildaLionata, Fachry Ramadyan. USAID SEA Stacey Tighe, Alan White, Tiene Gunawan,Rudyanto, Noorafebrianie Minarputri. KKHL Andi Rusandi, Firdaus Agung, Ihsan Ramli.
Editing and Layout: Melva Aritonang and Asuncion Sia
Printed in: Jakarta, Indonesia
Intellectual property rights: In accordance with ADS, Chapter 318, ownership of thispublication is vested in USAID SEA on behalf of USAID Indonesia. USAID SEA reserves allrights thereto until the project concludes. These rights include reproduction anddissemination of the materials contained herein to government counterparts and/orworking partners for wider distribution and promotional purposes.
Disclaimer: This publication is made possible by the generous support of the AmericanPeople through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ProjectNo. AID-497-C-16-00008 with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia.The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of USAID SEA Project and do notnecessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
Front cover photo: Coastal communities benefit from well-designed and managedMPAs through improved fishing near protected areas in Indonesia. Image: © TommySchultz.
Back cover photo: Healthy, high biodiversity coral reef in Misool MPA, Raja AmpatIslands. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC.
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKSTO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES..............................................................................5
FOREWORD..............................................................................................................6
PREFACE.....................................................................................................................8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................10
CHAPTER 1. MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................................15
Background...........................................................................................................15
Definitions.............................................................................................................16
Status.....................................................................................................................16
Legal Framework..................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2. A Framework for Designing MPAs and MPA Networksin Indonesia................................................................................................................20
Step 1. Define Goals and Objectives...................................................................21
Step 2. Define Design Criteria to Achieve Goals and Objectives......................23
Step 3. Compile Data Needed to Apply Design Criteria...................................28
Step 4. Design the MPA or MPA Network.........................................................29
Step 5. Use Performance Indicators to Evaluate and Refine the Design...........30
Steps 6. Review MPA or MPA Network Design for Adaptive Management....30
CHAPTER 3. Using the Framework to Design MPAs and MPA Networksin Indonesia................................................................................................................31
Designing MPAs and MPA Networks at Regional, Provincial and LocalScales.....................................................................................................................31
An Example: Designing an MPA Network for Fisheries ManagementArea 715 and the Six Associated Provinces........................................................32
Introduction.................................................................................................. 32Methods.........................................................................................................33Results............................................................................................................35Discussion......................................................................................................37
CONTENTS
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ANNEX 1: Rationale for Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Cultural Criteria forDesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia..................................................39
ANNEX 2: Information and Data Needed for MPA and MPA Network Design inIndonesia....................................................................................................................54
ANNEX 3: Evaluation Tool for MPA and MPA Network Design in Indonesia....63
ANNEX 4: List of Existing and Proposed MPAs and AOIs in FMA 715................83
REFERENCES............................................................................................................86
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FiguresFigure 1. Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia........................................................17
Figure 2. A logical framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia, showing how the six steps in the scientific process align withthose in the three-step management process of Initiation, Establishment,and Management...............................................................................................20
Figure 3. MPA Network design for FMA 715 and six associated provinces,consisting of the existing and proposed MPAs in the provincial Marine SpatialPlans and Areas of Interest for establishing new MPAs.................................. 36
TablesTable 1. Biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural goals for MPAs and MPA
Networks in Indonesia, and some examples of SMART objectives foreach goal................................................................................................................21
Table 2. Biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia................................................................................................................24
Table 3. Socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPANetworks in Indonesia..........................................................................................27
Table 4. Scientific rationale (and explanatory notes) for the biophysical criteriafor designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.........................................39
Table 5. Rationale (and explanatory notes) for the socioeconomic and culturalcriteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................50
Table 6. Information and spatial data needed to apply biophysical criteria fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................54
Table 7. Information and spatial data needed to apply socioeconomic andcultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............59
Table 8. Evaluation tool for the biophysical criteria for designing MPAs andMPA Networks in Indonesia.................................................................................67
Table 9. Evaluation tool for the socioeconomic and cultural criteria fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................77
LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES
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As an archipelagic country, Indonesia is blessed with high marine and coastalbiodiversity. Our country has 16% of the world’s coral reefs, more than 2,000marine fish species, and abundant and diverse mangrove and seagrassspecies. These resources generate significant economic benefits for ourpeople, particularly our coastal communities. To ensure their sustainability,the Government of Indonesia has set aside large areas of marine and coastalwaters for protection in accordance with our international and regionalcommitments. These include our commitment under the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) and the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs,Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) to conserve 10% of our marine andcoastal waters as marine protected areas (MPAs). As a demonstration of thiscommitment, we have officially targeted to allocate 10% of Indonesian marineand coastal waters to MPAs by 2030.
As of end-2019, Indonesia has established 23.14 million hectares as MPAscovering 7.12% of our total marine area, but many of these MPAs are noteffectively managed because of a lack of funding and human resources. Aspart of our strategy for addressing this challenge, we have adopted anapproach that involves designing and establishing MPA Networks. Thisapproach will allow our MPA planners and managers, along with otherconservation practitioners, to share with each other data, information andknowledge related to their MPA programs, as well as to leverage funding andhuman resources. To support this approach, the Ministry of Marine Affairsand Fisheries (MMAF), through the Directorate for Marine Conservation andBiodiversity of the Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management,issued Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and Managing MPANetworks. This regulation will be accompanied by Technical Guidelines(Petunjuk Teknis or Juknis) to assist our personnel in the design andmanagement of MPAs, so as to ensure that it is properly implemented andthat we can achieve our national targets for MPA and MPA Networkexpansion and effective management.
FOREWORD
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This document, A Guide, Framework and Example: Designing Marine ProtectedAreas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature inIndonesia, is intended to serve as a supplement to support the TechnicalGuidelines of Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and ManagingMPA Networks (MMAF, in prep). We expect that it will enhanceunderstanding of MPA and MPA Network design and management amongMPA planners and managers, as well as supporting government agencypersonnel responsible for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.
This document provides a practical example to guide readers through alogical set of steps toward the design and establishment of MPAs and MPANetworks. It also includes an integrated set of biophysical criteria to helppractitioners design Networks of MPAs to achieve fisheries sustainability,biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience in the face of climatechange.
This document is tailored specifically to the Indonesian marine environment,providing a succinct and user-friendly synthesis of the best available scientificinformation for practitioners who may not have access to, or the time toreview, the increasing amount of research literature on this topic. It will serveas an excellent reference for our ongoing work in Indonesia on MPANetwork design.
As a final note, we express our highest appreciation to USAID SEA and itspartners for their valuable contribution in developing this document. Weencourage all MPA planners and practitioners to make good use of it as areference in improving our Indonesian MPA and MPA Network design andimplementation.
Andi RusandiDirector for Marine Conservation and BiodiversityDirectorate General for Marine Spatial ManagementMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
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The Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, with technicalassistance from The Nature Conservancy (TNC) through the USAIDSustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project (USAID SEA), has developed aclear logical guide and framework for field practitioners to use to designMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. The guide and framework weredeveloped through a process that involved:
▪ Reviewing the guidance in the existing Ministerial Regulations(Peraturan Menteri or PERMEN) and updating and refining thisguidance based on the latest science and best practices in Indonesiaand worldwide (e.g., Savu Sea Marine National Park and Raja AmpatIslands MPA: TNC/SEA 2018a).
▪ Adapting and refining this guidance with input from 243representatives from 69 national, provincial or local levelgovernments, non-governmental organizations and universityscientists at 12 national and provincial workshops (e.g., seeTNC/SEA 2018a,b,c; and Acknowledgments).
This document, A Guide, Framework and Example: Designing Marine ProtectedAreas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature inIndonesia, is the result of that process. It provides overall context for MPAand MPA Network design for Indonesia, and guides managers through asimple, easy-to-use scientific process for designing MPAs and MPA Networksthat takes the unique biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural considerationsof Indonesia into account. It provides a logical framework (goals, objectivesand design criteria) for designing new MPAs and MPA Networks and a tool(with performance indicators) for evaluating the design of existing MPAs orMPA Networks. It serves as supplementary information to support theTechnical Guidelines of Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing andManaging MPA Networks (MMAF, in prep.).
The audience for this detailed Guide, Framework and Example includes seniorMMAF technical staff, staff in the Ministry of Forestry and Environment(marine units), universities, non-governmental organizations and others
PREFACE
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interested to learn more about how to plan for effective marine conservationthrough MPAs and their networks.
Recognizing the need for concerted action at the regional scale for marineconservation and resource management, Indonesia, along with five othercountries that form the biogeographic core of the Coral Triangle, endorsedin 2009 a 10-year (2010-2020) Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) that defines theestablishment and effective management of MPAs as one primary goal. Thereis one target under this goal: A region-wide Coral Triangle MPA System(CTMPAS) in place and fully functional. A first step toward achieving this targetis to scale up the initiatives of each national MPA Network program. ThisGuide, Framework and Example for Indonesia is in line with the CTMPAS andwill assist Indonesia to move toward improved MPA Network design andcontribute directly to the system of MPAs for CTI-CFF.
We in USAID SEA are proud of our contribution to the improvement ofMPAs in Indonesia. We hope that this Guide, Framework and Example willserve to build more and better MPA Networks in the country to achievefisheries management and biodiversity conservation and enhance theresilience of our coastal resources amid climate change and local humanpressures. We thank all those who contributed to this work and lookforward to seeing the results in action.
Alan WhiteChief of PartyUSAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project
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This document was produced as part of USAID SEA support to theGovernment of Indonesia’s effort to improve the governance of fisheriesand marine resources and conserve biological diversity. The authors thankAndi Rusandi, MMAF Director for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity,and Firdaus Agung, Deputy Director for Convention and ConservationNetwork, for leading this process, and USAID for supporting the project.
In 2018 and 2019, USAID SEA through TNC facilitated a series of 12workshops at the national and provincial levels to develop the frameworkprovided in this document for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia. We thank the 234 participants from 69 institutions whocontributed their data and knowledge to these workshops, including expertsand partners from government agencies (district, provincial, and national),universities, NGOs, and local communities. Workshop participants andother substantive contributors to this process included representatives of:
▪ Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management-MMAF(DGPRL-KKP)
▪ Directorate General for Capture Fisheries-MMAF (DJPT-KKP)▪ Directorate General for Surveillance for Marine and Fisheries
Resources-MMAF (PSDKP-KKP)▪ Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources
Development Agency-MMAF (BRSDM-KKP)▪ Bureau for Legal and Organization-MMAF (BHO-KKP)▪ Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity-MMAF
(KKHL-KKP)▪ Directorate for Coastal and Small Islands Utilization-MMAF
(DP4K-KKP)▪ Directorate for Fishing Port-MMAF (DPP-KKP)▪ Directorate for Marine Services-MMAF (Jaskel-KKP)▪ Center for Fisheries Research-MMAF (Pusriskan-KKP)▪ Center for Marine Research (Pusriskel-KKP)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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▪ Coastal and Marine Resources Management Sorong Agency (LokaPSPL Sorong)
▪ Social and Economic Research Center-MMAF (BBRSE KKP)▪ Center for Marine and Fisheries Training and Extension-MMAF
(Puslatluh-KKP)▪ National Agency of Marine Protected Areas of Kupang (BKKPN
Kupang)▪ National Agency of Marine Protected Areas of Kupang - Raja
Ampat Unit (BKKPN Kupang Satker Raja Ampat)▪ Natural Resources Conservation Agency of West Papua
(BBKSDA Papua Barat)▪ US Department of the Interior International Technical Assistance
Program (DOI-ITAP)▪ German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ, or Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)▪ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of West Papua
Province (DKP Papua Barat)▪ Regional Technical Management Unit of Raja Ampat (UPTD Raja
Ampat)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Province
(DKP Maluku)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island
Cluster II (DKP Maluku GP II)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island
Cluster III (DKP Maluku GP III)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island
Cluster IV (DKP Maluku GP IV)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island
Cluster VI (DKP Maluku GP VI)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island
Cluster VII (DKP Maluku GP VII)▪ Department of Tourism of Maluku Province (Dispar Maluku)▪ Regional Development, Planning, Research, and Construction of
Bintuni District (BP4D)▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Fakfak District
(BAPPEDA Fakfak)
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▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of South Sorong District(BAPPEDA Sorong Selatan)
▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Bintuni District(BAPPEDA Bintuni)
▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Maluku Province(BAPPEDA Maluku)
▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of North Maluku Province(DKP Maluku Utara)
▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Province (DKPMaluku)
▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of West Papua Province(DKP Papua Barat)
▪ District Fisheries Office of Bintuni (DKP Bintuni)▪ District Fisheries Office of Fakfak (DKP Fakfak)▪ District Fisheries Office of South Sorong (DKP Sorong Selatan)▪ District Fisheries Office of Raja Ampat (DKP Raja Ampat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Central Maluku (DKP Maluku Tengah)▪ District Fisheries Office of West Ceram (DKP Seram Barat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Morotai (DKP Morotai)▪ District Fisheries Office of Central Halmahera (DKP Halmahera
Tengah)▪ District Fisheries Office of East Halmahera (DKP Halmahera
Timur)▪ District Fisheries Office of North Halmahera (DKP Halmahera
Utara)▪ District Fisheries Office of South Halmahera (DKP Halmahera
Selatan)▪ District Fisheries Office of West Halmahera (DKP Halmahera
Barat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Sula (DKP Sula)▪ District Fisheries Office of Taliabu (DKP Taliabu)▪ District Fisheries Office of Ternate (DKP Ternate)▪ District Fisheries Office of Tidore (DKP Tidore)▪ District Fisheries Office of Tidore Islands (DKP Tidore Kepulauan)▪ Marine and Fisheries Resources Study Center of Bogor Institute of
Agriculture (PKSPL IPB)▪ Saint Lucia National Trust▪ Academy Fisheries of Sorong
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▪ University of Darussalam▪ University of Leeds▪ University of Muhammadiyah of Ternate▪ University of Khairun (UNKHAIR)▪ Christian University of Papua (UKIP)▪ University of Papua (UNIPA)▪ University of Pattimura (UNPATTI)▪ Community Development Participation Institution of Maluku
(LPPM Maluku)▪ Lamina▪ Nazareth Foundation – West Papua▪ Papua Turtle Foundation (YPP) – West Papua▪ Conservation International (CI)▪ Coral Triangle Center (CTC)▪ Rare▪ Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS Indonesia)▪ World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF Indonesia)▪ The Nature Conservancy (TNC Indonesia)
We also thank others who may have contributed to developing theinformation contained in this document through informal discussions or othermeans.
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BackgroundIndonesia comprises some of the world’s most diverse tropical marineecosystems, which are a global priority for conservation (Allen & Erdmann2012, Veron et al. 2015). These rich marine resources provide food securityand livelihoods for coastal communities (ADB 2014). Unfortunately, many ofthese critically important resources and the ecosystem services they providehave been lost or seriously degraded, or are threatened by a combination oflocal anthropogenic threats (e.g., destructive or overfishing, mass tourism,coastal development and land-based runoff) and global changes in climate andocean chemistry (Burke et al. 2012, ADB 2014).
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), particularly no-take zones (NTZs), can bepowerful tools to address local threats and enhance fisheries productivity,protect biodiversity, and increase resilience to changes in climate and oceanchemistry (Green et al. 2014, Roberts et al. 2017). They can also enhancefood security and sustainable livelihoods for communities and otherstakeholders.
MPA Networks can deliver additional benefits by acting as mutuallyreplenishing networks to facilitate recovery after disturbances (see review inGreen et al. 2020), allow crucial spatial links needed to support ecosystemconnectivity, and reduce socioeconomic impacts but still consider
CHAPTER 1MPAs AND MPA NETWORKSIN INDONESIA
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conservation and fisheries benefits. Additionally, MPA Networks also preventeffort duplication on resource management, which in the end contributes tomore cost-effective management (WCPA-IUCN, 2008).
MPAs and MPA Networks play an important role in conservation andmanagement in Indonesia. However, they can only achieve their objectives ifthey are well designed and effectively managed (Green et al. 2014, Gill et al.2017, Giakoumi et al. 2018).
DefinitionsIn Indonesia, MPAs are defined as marine areas that are protected andmanaged by a zoning system to manage fish resources and the environment in asustainable manner (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries [MMAF]Regulation No. 13/2014 and No. 30/2010).
An MPA Network, on the other hand, is defined as a management cooperationof two or more MPAs in a synergistic manner that have biophysical linkages(MMAF Regulation No. 13/2014).
StatusThe Government of Indonesia is committed to establish 20 million hectares(ha) of effectively managed MPAs by 2020, and 30 million ha by 2030. Todate, there are 177 existing national and local government MPAs (and noMPA Networks) established in Indonesia (Figure 1), covering an area of22,786,183 ha (MMAF 2018). These MPAs are managed at the national levelby MMAF (5,578,816 ha) and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry(4,612,869 ha), as well as locally by Provincial Governments (12,594,497 ha).MMAF is now identifying and establishing new MPAs to achieve their targetof 30 million ha in MPAs by 2030, and is interested in reviewing the design ofexisting MPAs.
Coastal communities have also established Locally Managed Marine Areas(LMMAs)1 in many locations for conservation, fisheries management and
1 LMMAs are areas of nearshore waters and associated coastal and marine resources thatare largely or wholly managed at a local level by the coastal communities, land-owninggroups, partner organizations, and/or collaborative government representatives who resideor are based in the immediate area (http://lmmanetwork.org).
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A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
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environmental education. LMMAs are often used to enhance traditionalconservation methods, particularly in eastern Indonesia (e.g., sasi), wherethey are used to regulate the use of specific natural resources, including giantclams, trochus, sea cucumbers and lobsters, by closing access to areas at acertain time or place (ADB 2014). At present, local communities haveestablished 51 LMMAs in three eastern provinces: 29 in West Papua (PadaidoIslands), 17 in Papua (Tanah Merah Bay) and 7 in Maluku (3 in the BandaIslands and 4 in the Kei Islands)2.
Unfortunately, many of Indonesia’s MPAs are not yet managed effectively.For example, Burke et al. (2012) found that less than 2% of 175 MPAs inIndonesia containing coral reefs were fully effective at managing fishingpressure, 24% were partially effective, 34% were not effective, and theeffectiveness of the rest was unknown.
Factors inhibiting effective management of MPAs in Indonesia may include ahigh population of low-income people who depend on marine resources fortheir food and livelihoods, the lack of adequate community engagement andeducation in MPA establishment and management (leading to a lack ofcommunity support and compliance), and inadequate institutional capacity,technical capacity and governance mechanisms (Lowry et al. 2009, Green etal. 2011, White et al 2014).
To respond to these challenges, the national government developedtechnical guidelines for evaluating and improving management effectivenessof MPAs (e.g., E-KKP3K: DCAFS 2013). Further scientific advice is alsorequired to ensure that MPAs are well designed to achieve their goals andobjectives (Green et al. 2014).
Legal FrameworkIn Indonesia, MPAs can be established by national and provincialgovernments under either fisheries legislation (Law 31/2004, amended byLaw 45/2009) or coastal- and small-island management legislation (Law27/2007, amended by Law 1/2014). These laws allow for multiple useswithin MPAs through the application of zoning and management plans. MPAscan include zones with a variety of regulations and restrictions regardingaccess and activities (e.g., for fisheries or tourism). No-take zones (NTZs)
2 See http://lmmanetwork.org/who-we-are/country-networks/indonesia/
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are usually core (no-go areas) or limited utilization zones (e.g., tourismsubzones), where no extractive activities are allowed.
Currently, there are several Ministerial Regulations (Peraturan Menteri orPERMEN) that provide general guidance for establishing MPAs and MPANetworks in Indonesia including, but not limited to:
▪ PERMEN KP No. 17/MEN/2008 on Coastal and Small IslandMPAs;
▪ PERMEN KP No.02/2009 on MPA Establishment;▪ PERMEN KP No. 30/2010 on MPA Zoning and Management
Planning; and▪ PERMEN KP No.13/2014 on MPA Networks.
Each PERMEN provides information to guide the design and establishment ofMPAs and/or MPA Networks, mostly focusing on management aspects. Inaddition, the document Technical Guidelines (Petunjuk Teknis or Juknis) ofMinisterial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and Managing MPANetworks is in preparation.
These documents should be supplemented with additional information thatdescribes a clear and easy-to-follow technical process for how to designMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. This document, A Guide, Frameworkand Example: Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected AreaNetworks to Benefit People and Nature in Indonesia, was developed specificallyto provide such information to supplement the Juknis. It offers a simple guide,framework and a practical example for practitioners to use to design MPAsand MPA Networks in Indonesia.
This document contains three chapters. Chapter 1 provides the contextregarding MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. Chapter 2 contains astep-by-step framework (goals, design criteria, data requirements andperformance indicators) for designing MPAs and MPA Networks. Finally,Chapter 3 provides a case study for designing an MPA Network in Indonesia.
A logical framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia isprovided in Figure 2. The framework includes six steps in the scientificprocess that should take place in coordination with the MPA managementprocess, where Steps 1-5 should take place during the Initiation Phase, andStep 6 should take place during the Management Phase (after the MPA orMPA Network has been established).
CHAPTER 2A FRAMEWORK FORDESIGNING MPAs AND MPANETWORKS IN INDONESIA
Figure 2. A logical framework for designing MPAs andMPA Networks in Indonesia, showing how the sixsteps in the scientific process align with those in thethree-step management process of Initiation,Establishment, and Management.
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The following provides an overview of each step in this process, and providesgoals, objectives, design criteria and performance indicators for designingMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.
Step 1. Define Goals and ObjectivesMPA goals and objectives should be clearly defined and compatible with oneanother, which helps facilitate broader acceptance of MPAs by a range ofstakeholders who may have different objectives with respect to theirinterests (Giakoumi et al. 2018).
Therefore, the first step in designing MPAs or MPA Networks is to clearlyidentify the goals and objectives, where:
▪ Goals are what you want to achieve by establishing the MPA orMPA Network; and
▪ Objectives are specific plans of action or milestones needed toachieve your goals. Objectives should be SMART (Specific,Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound).
Table 1 provides a summary of the goals, and some examples of SMARTobjectives for each goal, for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia thataddress biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural considerations. Managersand key stakeholders should consider each of these goals, and then adapt andrefine them to develop goals that suit their local context, where one MPAmay have multiple goals, e.g., to protect biodiversity and enhance fisheriesresources (biophysical goals), and to support sustainable communitylivelihoods and promote active community participation and support in MPAor MPA Network management (socioeconomic and cultural goals).
Biophysical Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives
Protect critical ecosystems,habitats, biodiversity,species, and abioticresources.
▪ Within 5 years of the MPA being established,at least 20% of critical habitats have beenprotected in NTZs.
▪ Five years after the MPA is established,biodiversity and the status of biotic resourceshave been maintained relative to the 2019baseline data.
Table 1. Biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural goals for MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia, and some examples of SMART objectives for each goal.
(Continued on next page)
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Biophysical Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives
Maintain, enhance or restoreproductivity and biomass ofcoastal fisheries.
▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least4 targeted grouper and snapper species(demersal fishes) have spawning potentialratios (SPRs) maintained at a level of 30% orabove for healthy stocks and increased toabove 20% for depleted stocks.
▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least4 species of small pelagic fishes have SPRsmaintained at a level of 30% or above forhealthy stocks and increased to above 20% fordepleted stocks.
Rehabilitate ecosystems,habitats and populations offocal and protectedspecies.
For Coral Reefs: Five years after the MPA isestablished, mean coral cover in the MPA is stableor has increased by 5% relative to the 2019baseline data.3
Adapt to and mitigatechanges in climate andocean chemistry.
▪ Two years after the MPA is established, coralreefs that are likely to be more resilient toclimate change have been identified within theMPA.
▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least50% of resilient coral reefs are protected inNTZs.
▪ Five years after the MPA is established, atleast 75% of resilient reefs within the MPAthat are in close proximity to (and beingimpacted by) high levels of land-basedimpacts have a detailed land-based spatialplan that minimizes direct runoff (e.g., fromsedimentation etc.) onto these reefs.
Socioeconomic andCultural Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives
Facilitate minimal or noconflicting use of marineresources and fisheries.
▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, the number of cases ofconflicting use between resource users hasdecreased by 50%.
Table 1 (Continued from previous page)
_____________3 It is important to note, though, that some factors may influence coral cover that are outsidethe control of MPAs i.e., coral bleaching
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Socioeconomic andCultural Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives
Support sustainablecommunity livelihoodsbased on (biotic andabiotic) marine resources.
▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, 20 home industries processingfish products in the MPA have beencertified as sustainable.
Promote active communityparticipation and support inMPA or MPA Networkmanagement (includingadat, by acknowledginglocal wisdom in planningand implementation).
▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, 50% of local wisdom isacknowledged and institutionalized in theMPA through formal recognition.
▪ Two years after the MPA has beenestablished, adat institutions haverepresentatives in the collaborativemanagement body of the MPA.
Step 2. Define Design Criteria to Achieve Goalsand Objectives
The second step is to develop design criteria. These are guidelines thatprovide specific advice on how to design MPAs and MPA Networks toachieve their goals and objectives (Green et al. 2013).
There are two types of criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia:
▪ Biophysical design criteria aimed at achieving ecological objectives bytaking key biological and physical processes into account (Table 2);and
▪ Socioeconomic and cultural design criteria aimed at maximizingbenefits and minimizing costs to local communities and sustainableindustries (Table 3).
Managers and key stakeholders should adapt and refine these design criteriato address the goals and objectives of their MPA or MPA Network (see Step1), and to consider their local biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural context.
The scientific rationale for each of the biophysical criteria for designing MPAsand MPA Networks in Indonesia is provided in Annex 1 (Table 4), which is a
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24
summary from the document Biophysical Criteria for Designing MarineProtected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People andNature in Indonesia (Green et al. 2020). The rationale for the socioeconomicand cultural design criteria is also provided in Annex 1 (Table 5), based oninput from workshop participants (see Acknowledgments).
Consideration Biophysical Design Criteria
Represent Habitats Protect at least 20% of each major habitat inNTZs (e.g., each type of coral reef,mangrove forest, estuary or seagrassbed).
Replicate Habitats (Spread theRisk)
Protect at least three examples of each majorhabitat in NTZs; and
Spread them out to reduce the chances theywill all be affected by the samedisturbance (such as major storms, masscoral bleaching events and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks).
Protect Critical, Special andUnique Areas
Protect critical areas in the life history offocal fisheries species in NTZs (e.g.,spawning and nursery areas).
Protect critical areas or habitats forcharismatic, endangered, threatened orprotected species (e.g., breeding, feedingor resting areas, or migratory corridors).
Protect special and unique naturalphenomena in NTZs, including areas withvery high biodiversity, high endemism,unique marine communities or highproductivity (e.g., unique pelagic habitatslike areas of upwelling, fronts, and eddies).
Table 2. Biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.Please note that many of these criteria are designed to consider the ecology of focalspecies, including: key fisheries species (fish and invertebrates); endangered,threatened and protected species and/or migratory marine biota (sea turtles, marinebirds, cetaceans, dugong and crocodiles); large charismatic marine fauna (sharks,manta rays, whale sharks and Mola mola); species important for maintainingecosystem function, such as habitat-forming species (e.g., corals) or species importantfor reef resilience (e.g., herbivores).
25
Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaProtect areas that are important at the
national, international or global scale forconservation or management of focalspecies (e.g., World Heritage Areas,RAMSAR Sites, critical habitats forglobally endangered species, or criticalareas for maintaining connectivity offisheries species across nationalboundaries).
Incorporate Connectivity:Abiotic Factors
Consider variations in oceanography(currents, tides, temperature, salinity,acidity, etc.), substrate and bathymetrythat affect the spread of biological andnon-biological material.
Incorporate Connectivity:Biotic Factors
Movement of Adults andJuveniles
Ensure NTZs are large enough to sustainadults and juveniles of focal fisheriesspecies within their boundaries.
Ensure NTZs are large enough to contain allhabitats used by focal species throughouttheir life history (e.g., for home ranges,nursery grounds and spawning areas); or
Establish networks of NTZs close enough toallow for movements of focal speciesamong protected habitats (e.g., throughontogenetic habitat shifts and spawningmigrations).
Include whole ecological units (such as reefsor seamounts) in NTZs. If not, chooselarger rather than smaller areas.
Use compact shapes (e.g., squares) forNTZs, except when protecting naturallyelongated habitats.
Larval Dispersal Establish:▪ NTZs large enough to be self-sustaining
for focal species; or▪ Networks of NTZs close enough to be
connected by larval dispersal.
Protect spatially isolated areas in NTZs.
(Continued on next page)
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26
Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaProtect larval sources in permanent or
seasonal NTZs or by using fisheriesclosures during spawning times.
Locate more NTZs upstream relative tofished areas if there is a strong, consistent,unidirectional current.
Allow Time for Recovery Establish NTZs for the long term (>20 to 40years), preferably permanently.
Use short-term (<5 years) or periodicallyharvested NTZs in addition to, rather thaninstead of, long-term or permanent NTZs.
Protect Healthy Areas and AvoidLocal Threats
Protect areas where habitats and populationsof focal species are in good condition withlow levels of local threats (e.g., fromoverfishing, destructive fishing, coastaldevelopment, mass tourism, land-basedrunoff of sediments and nutrients, marinepollution, and shipping, mining, oil and gasindustries).
Avoid areas where habitats and populationsof focal species are in poor condition due tolocal threats. If this is not possible:▪ Reduce threats;▪ Facilitate natural recovery (e.g., by
protecting larval sources and species likeherbivores that play important functionalroles in ecosystem resilience); and
▪ Consider the costs and benefits ofrehabilitating habitats and species (e.g., byrestoring structures, transplanting corals,or facilitating population recovery of focalspecies by restocking or using temporaryclosures).
Adapt to Changes in Climateand Ocean Chemistry
Protect sites that are likely to be moreresilient to global environmental change(refugia) in NTZs.
Protect ecologically important sites that aresensitive to changes in climate and oceanchemistry.
Table 2 (Continued from previous page)
27
Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaIncrease protection of species that play
important functional roles in ecosystemresilience (e.g., herbivores).
Consider how changes in climate and oceanchemistry will affect the life history offocal species.
Address uncertainty by:▪ Spreading the risk (see above); and▪ Increasing protection of habitats, critical
areas and species most vulnerable tochanges in climate and ocean chemistry.
Table 3. Socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia. Please note that many of these criteria refer to stakeholders, which includelocal, adat and traditional communities, governments, non-governmental organizations,civil society organizations, scientific institutions and industries (e.g., fisheries andtourism)
Consideration Socioeconomic and Cultural Design Criteria
Involve Stakeholders inEstablishing MPAs and MPANetworks.
(MPA establishment includesdeveloping zoning andmanagement plans.)
Involve all stakeholders in each step of theprocess of establishing MPAs and MPANetworks.
Prioritize establishing MPAs in areassupported by stakeholders.
Consider opportunities for collaborativemanagement among all stakeholders andimplement as appropriate.
Provide capacity building for stakeholders tohelp them engage more effectively inestablishing MPAs and MPA Networks.
Ensure Stakeholder Compliancewithin MPAs.
Involve local community in compliance andenforcement, e.g., through joint patrolsamong government institutions andcommunities, and POKMASWAS(community surveillance groups).
Support MPA management actions thatmaintain or increase ecosystem goods andservices for local communities.
(Continued on next page)
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28
Consideration Socioeconomic and Cultural Design Criteria
Support Multiple,Environmentally Friendly Uses inMPAs.
Allow for multiple environmentally friendlyuses in MPAs (including sustainable fishing,tourism, aquaculture, education andresearch).
Support Community Welfare(Livelihoods and Food Supplies).
Support environmentally friendly livelihoodsof local communities, including community-based environmentally friendly fisheries, andaquaculture and marine resource-basedtourism based on an area’s uniqueness(biotic and abiotic resources).
Protect marine heritage sites (e.g., shipwrecksand airplane wrecks) that have important,archeological-historical value, and managethem for their potential to supportcommunity-based tourism.
Ensure Fair and Equal Accessand Use.
Ensure local communities have fair and equalaccess to, and utilization of, marine andfisheries resources.
Maintain or improve access to resources andmarkets to support community economiesthat comply with MPA management plans.
Support Local Wisdom andPractices.
Protect adat, local wisdom, traditional law,and culture that support conservation andsustainable resource management, whichare still acknowledged and applied by theexisting adat community or institution.
Protect areas that have important traditionalcultural value for local people/adat,including mystical (pamali) areas andimportant sites for traditional medicine.
Step 3. Compile Data Needed to Apply DesignCriteriaThe third step is to compile the information and spatial data required to applythe biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural criteria to design the MPA or
Table 3 (Continued from previous page)
29
MPA Network to achieve its goals and objectives. The data required mayvary depending on the specific goals, objectives and design criteria defined forthe MPA or MPA Network in Step 1 and Step 2. Some general advice isprovided in Annex 2.
Step 4. Design the MPA or MPA NetworkThe next step is to design the MPA or MPA Network. This may requirezoning an individual MPA (e.g., Savu Sea Marine Park: BKKPNK 2013) ordesigning a network of multiple MPAs (e.g., the Lesser Sunda Ecoregion MPANetwork: Wilson et al. 2011).
There are several ways to design MPAs or MPA Networks:· Ideally, the design criteria (defined in Step 2) and the best available
information and spatial data (compiled in Step 3) can be used todesign MPAs or MPA Networks using systematic conservationplanning tools like Marxan (Ball et al. 2009).
· Alternatively, MPAs or MPA Networks can be designed manuallyusing the best available information and participatory expertmapping (e.g., see TNC/SEA 2019a,b,c).
Both approaches allow managers to identify Areas of Interest for establishingnew MPAs (e.g., see Wilson et al. 2011, TNC/SEA 2019a,b,c) or zones,including core zones, NTZs or other types of utilization zones (e.g., seeGrantham et al. 2013), to design the MPA or MPA Network to achieve itsgoals and objectives (see Step 1). Either way, before the proposed zoning orMPA initiation process can start, the results should first be validated in thefield to ensure that the Areas of Interest or zones will provide the expectedbenefits for the MPA or MPA Network.
There are many excellent systematic conservation planning tools available.These tools each have their own training manual or website (e.g.,http://marxan.net/), so information regarding how to use them will not beprovided here. Training in using Marxan or participatory expert mapping todesign MPAs or MPA Networks is also provided in the Training Manual forDesigning Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks inIndonesia (TNC/CTC/SEA 2019).
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Step 5. Use Performance Indicators to Evaluateand Refine the DesignOnce the MPA or MPA Network has been designed, you can use theEvaluation Tool for Marine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area NetworkDesign in Indonesia (Annex 3) to evaluate and refine the design. This is a simpletool that uses performance indicators for the biophysical, socioeconomic andcultural design criteria (see Step 2) to help managers evaluate and refine thedesign to ensure that the MPA or MPA Network will achieve its goals andobjectives.
Step 6. Review MPA or MPA Network Design forAdaptive ManagementWhen the management plan (including the zoning plan) for the MPA or MPANetwork is reviewed as required every five years, the Evaluation Tool forMarine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area Network Design in Indonesia(Annex 3) can be used again to refine the zoning plan for adaptive management.
31
CHAPTER 3USING THE FRAMEWORK TODESIGN MPAs AND MPANETWORKS IN INDONESIADesigning MPAs and MPA Networks at Regional,Provincial and Local ScalesThe framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks provided in thisdocument can be used at multiple scales in Indonesia. For example, throughUSAID SEA, it has been used in eastern Indonesia to:
● Design a network of MPAs for Fisheries Management Area 715 (FMA715) and the associated six provinces using the systematic conservationplanning tool Marxan (Fajariyanto et al. 2020: see example below).
● Design networks of MPAs for each of three provinces (West Papua,North Maluku and Maluku) using participatory expert mapping (e.g., seeTNC/SEA 2018b,c, 2019a,b,c); and
● Develop, review and refine zoning plans for 14 individual MPAs in threeprovinces (TNC/SEA 2018d, 2019b,c):
▪ Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebekia (South Sorong) and Berau Bay andNusalasi Bay-Van den Bosch (Fakfak) in West Papua.
▪ Rao Island-Dehegila Cape (Morotai), Mare Island, Sula Islands,Guraici Islands, Makian Island-Moti Island, and Widi Island Clusterin North Maluku.
▪ Serutbar (Sawai), Koon Island, Ay Island-Rhun Island, and Buanoand Lease Islands in Maluku.
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Here we provide an example of how the framework for designing MPAs andMPA Networks provided in this document was used to design an MPAnetwork for FMA 715 and six associated provinces (from Fajariyanto et al.2020).
An Example: Designing an MPA Network forFisheries Management Area 715 and the SixAssociated Provinces
IntroductionFMA 715 is located in eastern Indonesia, where it intersects the waters of sixprovinces (West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, CentralSulawesi and Gorontalo). Each of these provinces has a Marine Spatial Planthat includes both existing and proposed MPAs.
FMA 715 was selected as the focus of USAID SEA because it comprises oneof the richest fisheries areas in Indonesia, some of the highest marinebiodiversity on Earth, and critical habitats for charismatic, rare, threatenedand protected species (e.g., sea turtles, cetaceans, manta rays, whale sharks).These rich marine resources provide important economic and social benefitsfor coastal communities.
Unfortunately, many of these critically important resources and theecosystem services they provide have been lost, seriously degraded or arethreatened by a combination of local anthropogenic threats and globalchanges in climate and ocean chemistry. For example, FMA 715 has ninetypes of commercial fisheries, seven of which are overexploited.
MPAs can be powerful tools for managing marine resources to protectbiodiversity, enhance fisheries, adapt to changes in climate and oceanchemistry, and support sustainable community livelihoods and traditionalcultures, but only if they are well designed and effectively managed.
Recently, Fajariyanto et al. (2020) designed an MPA Network for FMA 715and the six associated provinces, where the aim was to design the MPANetwork to:
▪ Support fisheries management and biodiversity protection in FMA715;
33
▪ Refine the MPA Networks and Marine Spatial Plans for each of thesix provinces that intersect with FMA 715; and
▪ Inform the design of a national network of MPAs.
The authors used the guidance and framework provided in this document(see Figure 2) to design the MPA Network, as described below.
MethodsDefining Goals and Design CriteriaFirst, they clearly identified the MPA Network goals, and the design criteriarequired to achieve these goals. To do this, they used the biophysical,socioeconomic and cultural goals and design criteria provided in thisdocument (see Tables 1, 2 and 3 above), and adapted and refined them forthe biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the study area.
Thus, the MPA Network was designed to:
▪ Increase protection of biodiversity by increasing the level ofprotection of shallow-water habitats, deepwater habitats, andcritical, special and unique areas, particularly important deepwaterfeatures (e.g., seamounts and canyons), which are currentlyunderrepresented in existing and proposed MPAs in Indonesia.
▪ Maintain or enhance fisheries by increasing the protection of stocksof fisheries species in MPAs, which will lead to the export of adults,juveniles and larvae to support fisheries in adjacent waters.
▪ Minimize impacts on commercial and subsistence fisheries byavoiding placing MPAs in areas with high fishing intensity (as muchas possible) and maintaining access to fisheries ports.
▪ Support community livelihoods by improving management ofmarine resources (habitats and populations of fisheries species),and allowing access to important areas for fishing and tourism (e.g.,dive sites).
▪ Acknowledge and support adat by protecting local wisdom andimportant traditional areas in MPAs.
This required clearly identifying the conservation features to protect, andthe threats and other uses to consider, where:
▪ Conservation features to protect included: shallow-water habitats(<200m: coral reefs, mangroves forests and seagrass beds);
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34
deepwater habitats (>200m: seamounts, canyons etc.); and critical,special and unique areas, including fish spawning areas (spags),turtle nesting beaches, coelacanth distribution and walking sharkdistribution areas, dive sites, shipwrecks, seaworm fishing areas,important traditional areas (e.g., mystical areas) and local wisdomareas (e.g., sasi).
▪ Local threats to conservation features included overfishing anddestructive fishing practices, poaching, waste, mangrove logging,sedimentation, mining, etc.
▪ Areas allocated for other uses in Marine Spatial Plans where MPAscannot be established included military areas, transportation andfishing ports, oil and gas mining areas, underwater cable pipe lanes,sea mine areas (unexploded ordnance) and reclamation areas.
Compiling DataNext, they compiled the best available spatial data and other informationrequired to apply the design criteria (see Annex 2) to design the network.They compiled 170 spatial data layers, which included data for:
▪ MPA status (e.g., existing national and provincial MPAs, orproposed MPAs allocated in Provincial Marine Spatial Plans, andAreas of Interest identified as potential new MPAs);
▪ Conservation features;▪ Threats; and▪ Other uses.
Each data layer was processed and verified, e.g., by validating the accuracyof the data by comparing it with other spatial and non-spatial informationfor the same area.
Designing the MPA NetworkTo design the MPA Network for FMA 715 and the six associated provinces,they defined the planning area by taking into account: the need to supportfisheries management throughout FMA 715; the Marine Spatial Plans in eachof the provinces; and the biophysical, socioeconomic and culturalcharacteristics of the study area. Thus, the planning area spanned 1,823 kmfrom east to west, and encompassed an area of 1.6 million km2 (161.3million ha, which is 49.5% of Indonesia’s marine waters), including:
▪ All of the national and provincial waters within FMA 715;
35
▪ All of the provincial waters of the six provinces that intersect withFMA 715; and
▪ All of the national waters between the six provinces.
They then conducted a marine gap analysis to maximize protection of theconservation features within the planning area while avoiding threats andminimizing impacts on fisheries and other uses. To do this, they started withthe existing and proposed MPAs in the provincial Marine Spatial Plans foreach province, then identified Areas of Interest to fill gaps in the MPANetwork using:
▪ The MPA Network goals and design criteria (see above);▪ The 170 spatial data layers for conservation features, threats and
other uses (see above);▪ The results of participatory expert mapping in the provinces (e.g.,
TNC/SEA 2018b,c, 2019a,b,c);▪ The systematic conservation planning tool Marxan; and▪ Input and review by hundreds of MPA practitioners and scientists
from national, provincial and local governments, national andprovincial universities, and NGOs.
ResultsAn MPA Network for FMA 715 and the Six Associated ProvincesThe result was the first MPA Network design for FMA 715 and theassociated six provinces (Figure 3) that includes:
▪ All 122 of the existing and proposed MPAs already allocated in theprovincial Marine Spatial Plans (comprising 10.1 million ha); and
▪ 44 Areas of Interest (comprising 5.3 million ha) for establishing newor expanded MPAs in the six provinces. These Areas of Interestwere selected to increase protection of conservation features notcurrently protected in existing and proposed MPAs, particularlydeepwater habitats (e.g., seamounts and canyons), and critical,special and unique areas (e.g., coelacanth and walking sharkdistribution areas, local wisdom areas, etc.). If these Areas ofInterest are established as new MPAs, they will increase the totalarea of existing and proposed MPAs in FMA 715 and the sixprovinces from 10.1 million to 15.4 million ha. However, beforethey are established, they need to be validated (ground-truthed toensure that they will provide the expected benefits for the MPANetwork), and proposals for new MPAs will need to be discussedappropriately with local stakeholders.
Figu
re 3
. MPA
Net
wor
k de
sign
for F
MA
715
and
six a
ssoc
iate
d pr
ovin
ces,
con
sistin
g of
exi
stin
g an
d pr
opos
ed M
PAs
in th
e Pr
ovin
cial
Mar
ine
Spat
ial P
lans
and
Are
as o
f Int
eres
t for
est
ablis
hing
new
MPA
s. T
he s
ites
are
num
bere
d on
the
map
and
key
ed to
the
list i
n An
nex
4.
37
An Evaluation of the DesignThe MPA Network design was evaluated using a post hoc analysis in Marxanand the evaluation tool in Annex 3. The results showed that the MPANetwork is relatively well designed to address the biophysical andsocioeconomic goals and design criteria, particularly regarding:
▪ Representing and replicating shallow-water habitats; protectingcritical areas for fisheries, charismatic, endangered, threatened orprotected species; incorporating connectivity; and protectinghealthy areas and avoiding local threats; and
▪ Supporting multiple environmentally friendly uses and livelihoods;ensuring local communities have access to resources and markets;and protecting marine heritage sites, local wisdom areas and areasthat have important traditional cultural value for local communities.
However:▪ Some conservation features (e.g., seamounts, canyons, spags,
wrecks, local wisdom or important traditional areas) could not beincluded in Areas of Interest because they are located in areasallocated for other uses in the Marine Spatial Plans or where thereare high levels of use (e.g., marine traffic and fishing pressure).
▪ Some design criteria could not be applied throughout the entireplanning area because they did not have the spatial data required(i.e., regarding areas with environmentally friendly uses or wherestakeholders support establishing MPAs). However, these criteriawere considered when identifying Areas of Interest usingparticipatory mapping in three of the provinces (West Papua,Maluku and North Maluku). These aspects will need to be discussedin more detail with local stakeholders when considering Areas ofInterest for new or expanded MPAs or zoning MPAs in eachprovince.
▪ Some design criteria could not be applied at all, because they didnot have the information required (particularly regarding changes inclimate and ocean chemistry).
DiscussionRefining the DesignThis the first iteration of an MPA Network design for FMA 715 and the sixassociated provinces, and one of the most detailed systematic conservation
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
38
planning processes undertaken at such a large scale in Indonesia to date.However, there are some limitations to the design due to the limited timeand resources available for the data analysis, which could be improved in thefuture if more time and resources become available. For example, thedesign could be improved by developing new or refining existing spatial datalayers, refining the Marxan analysis, and addressing research priorities(particularly regarding understanding more about larval dispersal and theeffects of changes in climate and ocean chemistry on habitats and species).
Implementing the DesignIf the MPA Network design is implemented and managed effectively, it willcontribute to achieving the goals of the MPA Network, including protectingbiodiversity and supporting fisheries, livelihoods and the traditional cultureof coastal communities. Therefore, the MPA Network design should be:
▪ Integrated within the management plan for FMA 715 to helpprotect biodiversity and improve fisheries management in this area;
▪ Used to develop or refine MPA Networks in each of the sixprovinces, and integrated within their Marine Spatial Plans whenthey come up for review.
▪ Used to identify priority areas for MMAF to achieve their goal ofestablishing 10 million ha of new MPAs in Indonesia by 2030.
Lessons LearnedLessons learned included:
▪ How to integrate MPA Network design at multiple scales inIndonesia using the guidelines and framework for MPA Networkdesign provided in this document.
▪ How to design MPA Networks by combining both a bottom-upapproach using participatory mapping at local and provincial scaleswith a top-down approach using systematic conservation planningat a regional scale (for FMA 715 and the six provinces).
▪ There is a lot of overlap between some high priority areas forprotection in MPAs (e.g., seamounts) and areas already allocatedfor other uses in Marine Spatial Plans and/or where there are highlevels of threat. For this reason, many conservation features cannotbe protected within MPAs at present. This issue needs to beaddressed in the future. Meanwhile, MPAs should be integratedwith other approaches to manage these other uses and threats.
39
AN
NEX
1
Her
e w
e pr
ovid
e a
ratio
nale
(and
exp
lana
tory
not
es) f
or th
e bi
ophy
sica
l, so
cioe
cono
mic
and
cul
tura
l crit
eria
for
desi
gnin
g M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesi
a.●
Tab
le 4
pro
vide
s a
sum
mar
y of
the
sci
entif
ic r
atio
nale
for
the
bio
phys
ical
crit
eria
bas
ed o
n th
e be
st a
vaila
ble
scie
nce
spec
ifica
lly a
dapt
ed a
nd r
efin
ed f
or t
he u
niqu
e bi
ophy
sica
l env
ironm
ent
in I
ndon
esia
, w
hich
is p
rovi
ded
in t
he d
ocum
ent
Biop
hysic
al C
riter
ia:
Des
igni
ng M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Area
s an
d M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Area
Net
wor
ks t
o Be
nefit
Peo
ple
and
Nat
ure
inIn
done
siaby
Gre
en e
t al.
(202
0).
●T
able
5 p
rovi
des
the
ratio
nale
for
the
soci
oeco
nom
ic a
nd c
ultu
ral d
esig
n cr
iteria
bas
ed o
n in
put
from
the
243
part
icip
ants
from
69
inst
itutio
ns w
ho c
ontr
ibut
ed t
o de
velo
ping
the
fra
mew
ork
prov
ided
in
this
doc
umen
t (s
eeAc
know
ledg
men
ts),
incl
udin
g ex
pert
s an
d pa
rtne
rs fr
om g
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es (
dist
rict,
prov
inci
al, a
nd n
atio
nal),
uni
vers
ities
, non
-gov
ernm
enta
lor
gani
zatio
ns, a
nd lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es.
RA
TIO
NA
LE F
OR
BIO
PHY
SIC
AL,
SO
CIO
ECO
NO
MIC
AN
D C
ULT
UR
AL
CR
ITER
IAFO
R D
ESIG
NIN
G M
PAs
AN
D M
PA N
ETW
OR
KS
IN IN
DO
NES
IA
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
Repr
esen
t Hab
itats
Prot
ect a
t lea
st 2
0% o
f eac
hm
ajor
hab
itat i
n N
TZs.
▪D
iffer
ent s
peci
es u
se d
iffer
ent h
abita
ts, s
o ex
ampl
es o
f eac
hm
ajor
hab
itat (
e.g.
, eac
h ty
pe o
f cor
al r
eef,
man
grov
e fo
rest
and
seag
rass
bed
)sh
ould
be
prot
ecte
d in
NT
Zs.
Tabl
e 4.
Sci
entif
ic ra
tiona
le (a
nd e
xpla
nato
ry n
otes
) for
the
biop
hysic
al c
riter
ia fo
r des
igni
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesia
.Pl
ease
not
e th
at m
any
of th
ese
crite
ria a
re d
esig
ned
to c
onsid
er th
e ec
olog
y of
foca
l spe
cies
, inc
ludi
ng, k
ey fi
sher
ies
spec
ies
(fish
and
inve
rteb
rate
s); e
ndan
gere
d, th
reat
ened
and
pro
tect
ed s
peci
es a
nd/o
r mig
rato
ry m
arin
e bi
ota
(sea
turt
les,
mar
ine
bird
s, c
etac
eans
,du
gong
and
cro
codi
les)
; lar
ge c
haris
mat
ic m
arin
e fa
una
(sha
rks,
man
ta ra
ys, w
hale
sha
rks
and
Mol
a m
ola)
; spe
cies
impo
rtan
t for
mai
ntai
ning
eco
syst
em fu
nctio
n, s
uch
as h
abita
t-for
min
g sp
ecie
s (e
.g.,
cora
ls) o
r spe
cies
impo
rtan
t for
reef
resil
ienc
e (e
.g.,
herb
ivore
s).
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
40
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
▪Pe
rcen
t hab
itat r
epre
sent
atio
n w
ill v
ary
depe
ndin
g on
sev
eral
fact
ors,
incl
udin
g fis
hing
pre
ssur
e an
d if
ther
e is
effe
ctiv
efis
herie
s m
anag
emen
t in
plac
e ou
tsid
e N
TZ
s. In
hea
vily
fish
edar
eas
whe
re th
ere
is n
o ef
fect
ive
fishe
ries
man
agem
ent,
atle
ast3
0% o
f eac
h m
ajor
hab
itat s
houl
d be
rep
rese
nted
with
inN
TZ
s to
sus
tain
pop
ulat
ions
of f
ocal
fish
erie
s sp
ecie
s. W
here
fishi
ng p
ress
ure
is lo
w, o
r th
ere
is e
ffect
ive
fishe
ries
man
agem
ent o
utsi
de N
TZ
s, lo
wer
leve
ls o
f pro
tect
ion
inN
TZ
s (2
0%)
is n
eede
d.▪
Perc
ent h
abita
t rep
rese
ntat
ion
shou
ld a
lso
cons
ider
the
vuln
erab
ility
, div
ersi
ty o
r ra
rity
of e
ach
habi
tat,
and
the
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
it pr
ovid
es.
Repl
icate
Hab
itats
(Spr
ead
the
Risk
)Pr
otec
t at l
east
thre
e ex
ampl
es o
fea
ch m
ajor
hab
itat i
n N
TZs;
and
Spre
ad th
em o
ut to
redu
ce th
ech
ance
s th
ey w
ill a
ll be
affe
cted
by th
e sa
me
dist
urba
nce.
▪La
rge-
scal
e di
stur
banc
es (
i.e.,
maj
or s
torm
s, c
oral
ble
achi
ngan
d cr
own-
of-t
horn
s st
arfis
h ou
tbre
aks)
can
cau
se s
erio
usim
pact
s to
maj
or h
abita
ts, a
nd it
is d
iffic
ult t
o pr
edic
t whi
char
eas
are
mos
t lik
ely
to b
e af
fect
ed.
▪T
here
fore
, it i
s im
port
ant t
o pr
otec
t at l
east
thre
e ex
ampl
es o
fea
ch m
ajor
hab
itat i
n w
idel
y se
para
ted
NT
Zs
to r
educ
e th
ech
ance
that
they
will
all
be im
pact
ed b
y th
e sa
me
dist
urba
nce
(so
dam
aged
are
as m
ay b
e re
plen
ishe
d by
una
ffect
ed a
reas
).▪
Spre
adin
g th
e ris
k al
so in
crea
ses
the
chan
ces
that
var
iatio
ns in
com
mun
ities
and
spe
cies
with
in m
ajor
hab
itats
are
repr
esen
ted
in N
TZ
s.
Tab
le 4
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
41
Prot
ect C
ritica
l, Sp
ecia
lan
d U
niqu
e Ar
eas
Prot
ect c
ritic
al a
reas
in th
e lif
ehi
stor
y of
foca
l fish
erie
s sp
ecie
sin
NTZ
s.
Prot
ect c
ritic
al a
reas
or h
abita
tsfo
r cha
rism
atic
, end
ange
red,
thre
aten
ed o
r pro
tect
ed s
peci
es.
Prot
ect s
peci
al a
nd u
niqu
ena
tura
l phe
nom
ena
in N
TZs.
Prot
ect a
reas
that
are
impo
rtan
tat
the
natio
nal,
inte
rnat
iona
l or
glob
al s
cale
for c
onse
rvat
ion
orm
anag
emen
t of f
ocal
spe
cies
.
▪So
me
foca
l spe
cies
(e.
g., f
ishe
ries,
cha
rism
atic
, end
ange
red,
thre
aten
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
spe
cies
) co
ncen
trat
e in
are
as th
atar
e cr
itica
lly im
port
ant f
or th
eir
popu
latio
n m
aint
enan
ce (
e.g.
,sp
awni
ng, n
estin
g, b
reed
ing,
cal
ving
or
nurs
ery
area
s) o
rha
bita
ts th
ey u
se a
s m
igra
tory
cor
ridor
s, r
estin
g, fe
edin
g or
clea
ning
are
as.
▪W
hile
they
use
thes
e ar
eas,
thes
e sp
ecie
s ar
e pa
rtic
ular
lyvu
lner
able
to d
istu
rban
ce o
r ov
erex
ploi
tatio
n. T
here
fore
, the
sear
eas
shou
ld b
e pr
otec
ted
in p
erm
anen
t or
seas
onal
NT
Zs,
inco
mbi
natio
n w
ith o
ther
man
agem
ent a
ppro
ache
s (e
.g.,
fishi
ngse
ason
or
gear
res
tric
tions
or
tour
ism
cod
es o
f pra
ctic
e).
▪So
me
area
s m
ay a
lso
have
spe
cial
and
uni
que
natu
ral f
eatu
res
that
sho
uld
be in
clud
ed in
NT
Zs
to e
nsur
e th
at a
ll ex
ampl
es o
fbi
odiv
ersi
ty a
nd e
cosy
stem
pro
cess
es a
re p
rote
cted
. Thi
s m
ayin
clud
e ar
eas
with
ver
y hi
gh b
iodi
vers
ity, h
igh
leve
ls o
fen
dem
ism
, uni
que
mar
ine
com
mun
ities
(e.
g., m
arin
e la
kes)
or
high
pro
duct
ivity
(e.
g., u
niqu
e pe
lagi
c ha
bita
ts, s
uch
as a
reas
of
upw
ellin
g, fr
onts
or
eddi
es).
▪So
me
of th
ese
criti
cal,
spec
ial a
nd u
niqu
e ar
eas
may
be
impo
rtan
t to
prot
ect b
iodi
vers
ity o
r m
anag
e fis
herie
s at
the
natio
nal,
inte
rnat
iona
l or
glob
al s
cale
(e.
g., W
orld
Her
itage
Are
as, R
AM
SAR
Site
s, c
ritic
al h
abita
ts fo
r gl
obal
ly e
ndan
gere
dsp
ecie
s, o
r cr
itica
l are
as fo
r m
aint
aini
ng c
onne
ctiv
ity o
f fis
herie
ssp
ecie
s ac
ross
nat
iona
l bou
ndar
ies)
.
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
42
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Abio
tic F
acto
rsCo
nsid
er v
aria
tions
inoc
eano
grap
hy, s
ubst
rate
and
bath
ymet
ry th
at a
ffect
the
spre
adof
bio
logi
cal a
nd n
on-b
iolo
gica
lm
ater
ial.
▪A
biot
ic fa
ctor
s in
clud
ing
subs
trat
e, b
athy
met
ry a
ndoc
eano
grap
hy (
phys
ical
and
bio
logi
cal p
rope
rtie
s of
the
ocea
n,in
clud
ing
curr
ents
, tid
es, t
empe
ratu
re, s
alin
ity a
nd a
cidi
ty)
affe
ct th
e sp
read
of b
iolo
gica
l and
non
-bio
logi
cal m
ater
ial i
n th
ese
a. T
hese
fact
ors
play
impo
rtan
t rol
es in
det
erm
inin
g th
edi
strib
utio
n an
d ab
unda
nce
of s
peci
es, a
nd th
e st
ruct
ure
ofbi
olog
ical
com
mun
ities
.▪
Whe
re th
ere
is li
ttle
or
no b
iolo
gica
l inf
orm
atio
n, u
niqu
eco
mbi
natio
ns o
f the
se a
biot
ic fa
ctor
s ca
n be
use
d as
sur
roga
tes
for
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in M
PA N
etw
ork
desi
gn (
toRe
pres
ent
Hab
itats
).▪
Oce
an c
urre
nts
can
also
pla
y an
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
influ
enci
ngla
rval
dis
pers
al, a
nd s
houl
d be
con
side
red
whe
n de
term
inin
gth
e lo
catio
n, s
ize
and
spac
ing
of N
TZ
s (s
eeCo
nsid
er L
arva
lD
isper
sal).
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
Mov
emen
t of A
dults
and
Juve
nile
s
Ensu
re N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
tosu
stai
n ad
ults
and
juve
nile
s of
foca
l fish
erie
s sp
ecie
s w
ithin
thei
rbo
unda
ries.
▪N
TZ
s ne
ed to
be
larg
e en
ough
to a
llow
for
the
mai
nten
ance
of s
paw
ning
sto
ck b
y al
low
ing
indi
vidu
als
to g
row
to m
atur
ity,
incr
ease
in b
iom
ass
and
repr
oduc
tive
pote
ntia
l, an
d co
ntrib
ute
mor
e to
sto
ck r
ecru
itmen
t and
reg
ener
atio
n in
NT
Zs
and
fishe
d ar
eas.
▪D
iffer
ent s
peci
es m
ove
diffe
rent
dis
tanc
es a
s ad
ults
and
juve
nile
s (e
.g.,
for
hom
e ra
nges
, ont
ogen
etic
hab
itat s
hifts
and
spaw
ning
mig
ratio
ns).
▪N
TZ
s sh
ould
be
mor
e th
an tw
ice
the
size
of t
he h
ome
rang
eof
adu
lts a
nd ju
veni
les
of fo
cal s
peci
es fo
r pr
otec
tion,
so
NT
Zs
of d
iffer
ent s
izes
will
be
requ
ired
depe
ndin
g on
whi
ch s
peci
es
Tab
le 4
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
43
requ
ire p
rote
ctio
n, h
ow fa
r th
ey m
ove,
and
if o
ther
effe
ctiv
epr
otec
tion
is in
pla
ce o
utsi
de N
TZ
s. L
arge
r N
TZ
s w
ill p
rote
ctm
ore
spec
ies.
▪R
ecom
men
datio
ns r
egar
ding
the
min
imum
siz
e of
NT
Zs
mus
tbe
app
lied
to th
e sp
ecifi
c ha
bita
ts th
at fo
cal s
peci
es u
se, r
athe
rth
an th
e ov
eral
l siz
e of
the
NT
Zs
(whi
ch m
ay in
clud
e ot
her
habi
tats
).▪
Spec
ies
who
se m
ovem
ent p
atte
rns
are
larg
er th
an th
e si
ze o
fN
TZ
s w
ill o
nly
be a
fford
ed p
artia
l pro
tect
ion,
so
NT
Zs
mus
tbe
inte
grat
ed w
ith o
ther
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t too
ls to
man
age
wid
e-ra
ngin
g sp
ecie
s.
Ensu
re N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
toco
ntai
n al
l hab
itats
use
d by
foca
lsp
ecie
s th
roug
hout
thei
r life
hist
ory;
or
Esta
blish
net
wor
ks o
f NTZ
s cl
ose
enou
gh to
allo
w fo
r mov
emen
ts o
ffo
cal s
peci
es a
mon
g pr
otec
ted
habi
tats
.
▪So
me
spec
ies
use
diffe
rent
hab
itats
thro
ugho
ut th
eir
lives
(e.
g.,
for
hom
e ra
nges
, nur
sery
and
spa
wni
ng a
reas
).▪
All
habi
tats
use
d by
juve
nile
s an
d ad
ults
of f
ocal
spe
cies
sho
uld
be p
rote
cted
with
in in
divi
dual
NT
Zs.
▪W
here
mov
emen
t pat
tern
s am
ong
habi
tats
(e.
g., o
ntog
enet
icha
bita
t shi
fts o
r sp
awni
ng m
igra
tions
) co
ver
dist
ance
s to
ogr
eat t
o be
incl
uded
in in
divi
dual
NT
Zs,
diff
eren
t hab
itats
use
dby
foca
l spe
cies
sho
uld
be p
rote
cted
in m
ultip
le N
TZ
s,pr
ovid
ed th
at th
ese
NT
Zs
are
loca
ted
to a
llow
for
mov
emen
tsof
foca
l spe
cies
am
ong
prot
ecte
d ha
bita
ts.
Incl
ude
who
le e
colo
gica
l uni
ts(s
uch
as re
efs
or s
eam
ount
s) in
NTZ
s. If
not
, cho
ose
larg
er ra
ther
than
sm
alle
r are
as.
▪In
clud
ing
who
le e
colo
gica
l uni
tsin
NT
Zs
help
s m
aint
ain
the
inte
grity
of t
he N
TZ
s, b
ecau
se m
any
spec
ies
are
likel
y to
sta
yw
ithin
thei
r pr
efer
red
habi
tatt
ype.
▪W
here
who
le e
colo
gica
l uni
ts c
anno
t be
incl
uded
, lar
ger
rath
er th
an s
mal
ler
NT
Zs
shou
ld b
e us
ed to
acc
omm
odat
em
ovem
ent p
atte
rns
of m
ore
spec
ies
(see
abo
ve).
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
44
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
Use
com
pact
sha
pes
(suc
h as
squa
res)
for N
TZs,
exc
ept w
hen
prot
ectin
g na
tura
lly e
long
ated
habi
tats
.
▪C
ompa
ct s
hape
s m
inim
ize
edge
effe
cts
and
limit
spill
over
of
adul
ts a
nd ju
veni
les
mor
e th
an o
ther
sha
pes
(suc
h as
long
thin
rect
angl
es).
Thi
s he
lps
mai
ntai
n th
e ec
olog
ical
inte
grity
of t
heN
TZ
s.▪
The
refo
re, c
ompa
ct s
hape
s sh
ould
be
used
for
NT
Zs,
exc
ept
whe
n pr
otec
ting
natu
rally
elo
ngat
ed h
abita
ts (
e.g.
, lon
g na
rrow
coas
tal,
or fr
ingi
ng, r
eefs
).
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
Larv
al D
isper
sal
Esta
blish
:▪
NTZ
s la
rge
enou
gh to
be
self-
sust
aini
ng fo
r foc
al s
peci
es; o
r▪
Net
wor
ks o
f NTZ
s cl
ose
enou
gh to
be
conn
ecte
d by
larv
al d
isper
sal.
▪La
rval
dis
pers
al p
lays
an
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
ens
urin
g th
at m
arin
epo
pula
tions
per
sist
thro
ugh
time.
▪N
TZ
s sh
ould
be
desi
gned
to e
nsur
e th
at p
opul
atio
ns o
f foc
alsp
ecie
s pe
rsis
t with
in N
TZ
s, a
nd to
max
imiz
e la
rval
dis
pers
alto
sup
port
fish
erie
s ou
tsid
e N
TZ
s.▪
Whe
re fi
shin
g pr
essu
re is
hig
h an
d fis
herie
s ar
e no
t wel
lm
anag
ed, i
t is
impo
rtan
t to
take
larv
al d
ispe
rsal
into
acc
ount
whe
n de
sign
ing
NT
Zs,
bec
ause
mos
t bre
edin
g ad
ults
are
like
lyto
be
with
in w
ell-d
esig
ned
and
man
aged
NT
Zs.
Thi
s m
ay b
ele
ss im
port
ant i
n ar
eas
whe
re th
ere
is le
ss fi
shin
g pr
essu
re o
rfis
herie
s ar
e w
ell m
anag
ed, a
nd w
here
a s
ubst
antia
l pro
port
ion
of la
rvae
may
com
e fr
om fi
shed
are
as.
▪In
hea
vily
fish
ed a
reas
, pop
ulat
ion
pers
iste
nce
of fo
cal s
peci
esw
ithin
NT
Zs
will
dep
end
on r
ecru
itmen
t to
loca
l pop
ulat
ions
thro
ugh
eith
er s
elf-p
ersi
sten
ce, w
here
pop
ulat
ions
in in
divi
dual
NT
Zs
are
larg
e en
ough
to b
e se
lf-su
stai
ning
thro
ugh
larv
alre
tent
ion
(thi
s is
mor
e lik
ely
whe
re N
TZ
s ar
e la
rge)
; or
netw
ork
pers
iste
nce,
whe
re p
opul
atio
ns o
f foc
al s
peci
es a
re
Tab
le 4
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
45
sust
aine
d w
ithin
a n
etw
ork
of N
TZ
s th
at c
over
s an
ade
quat
efr
actio
n of
the
habi
tat (
see
Repr
esen
t Hab
itats
).▪
In h
eavi
ly fi
shed
are
as, l
arva
l dis
pers
al p
atte
rns
of fo
cal s
peci
essh
ould
be
used
to in
form
the
size
, spa
cing
and
loca
tion
ofN
TZ
s.
Prot
ect s
patia
lly is
olat
ed a
reas
inN
TZs
(e.g
., re
mot
e at
olls)
.▪
Spat
ially
isol
ated
are
as s
uch
as r
emot
e at
olls
are
larg
ely
self-
repl
enis
hing
and
may
hav
e hi
gh c
onse
rvat
ion
valu
e w
here
they
harb
or e
ndem
ic s
peci
es a
nd/o
r un
ique
ass
embl
ages
or
popu
latio
ns.
▪Lo
w c
onne
ctiv
ity w
ith o
ther
are
as m
akes
thes
e as
sem
blag
es,
spec
ies
and
popu
latio
ns le
ss r
esili
ent t
o di
stur
banc
e.▪
Prot
ectin
g th
em in
NT
Zs
may
be
nece
ssar
y to
ens
ure
thei
rpe
rsis
tenc
e.
Prot
ect l
arva
l sou
rces
inpe
rman
ent o
r sea
sona
l NTZ
s or
by u
sing
fishe
ries
clos
ures
dur
ing
spaw
ning
tim
es.
▪A
com
mon
rec
omm
enda
tion
is to
pro
tect
larv
al ‘s
ourc
e’po
pula
tions
that
can
con
sist
ently
pro
vide
larv
ae to
oth
erpo
pula
tions
.▪
In p
ract
ice,
iden
tifyi
ng s
ourc
e po
pula
tions
is d
iffic
ult a
ndty
pica
lly r
elie
s on
fine
-sca
le o
cean
ogra
phic
mod
elin
g or
empi
rical
mea
sure
men
ts o
f lar
val d
ispe
rsal
.▪
Larv
al s
ourc
es c
an a
lso
vary
ove
r tim
e, s
o th
at a
loca
tion
may
act a
s a
sour
ce in
one
yea
r, b
ut n
ot in
ano
ther
.▪
Whe
re c
onsi
sten
t and
impo
rtan
t lar
val s
ourc
es fo
r fo
cal
spec
ies
are
know
n (i.
e., f
ish
spaw
ning
are
as),
they
sho
uld
bepr
otec
ted
in p
erm
anen
t or
seas
onal
NT
Zs,
or
by fi
sher
ies
clos
ures
dur
ing
spaw
ning
tim
es (
see
Prot
ect C
ritic
al, S
peci
alan
d U
niqu
e A
reas
).(C
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
46
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
Loca
te m
ore
NTZ
s up
stre
amre
lativ
e to
fish
ed a
reas
if th
ere
is a
stro
ng, c
onsis
tent
, uni
dire
ctio
nal
curr
ent.
▪O
cean
cur
rent
s ar
e lik
ely
to in
fluen
ce la
rval
dis
pers
al p
atte
rns
to s
ome
degr
ee.
▪ In
the
abse
nce
of d
etai
led
larv
al d
ispe
rsal
stu
dies
for
foca
lsp
ecie
s, m
ore
NT
Zs
shou
ld b
e lo
cate
d up
stre
am r
elat
ive
tofis
hed
area
s if
ther
e is
a s
tron
g, c
onsi
sten
t, un
idire
ctio
nal
curr
ent.
▪H
owev
er, i
n so
me
area
s, o
cean
cur
rent
s ch
ange
dire
ctio
n in
diffe
rent
sea
sons
, and
foca
l spe
cies
spa
wn
at d
iffer
ent t
imes
.T
here
fore
, mor
e N
TZ
s sh
ould
be
loca
ted
upst
ream
of t
hedi
rect
ion
of th
e pr
edom
inan
t cur
rent
dur
ing
the
spaw
ning
seas
on o
f foc
al s
peci
es.
Allo
w T
ime
for
Reco
very
Esta
blish
NTZ
s fo
r the
long
term
(mor
e th
an 2
0 up
to 4
0 ye
ars)
,pr
efer
ably
per
man
ently
.
▪Po
pula
tions
of f
ocal
spe
cies
rec
over
at d
iffer
ent r
ates
in N
TZ
sde
pend
ing
on th
eir
life
hist
ory
char
acte
ristic
s an
d ot
her
fact
ors
(e.g
., ha
bita
t qua
lity
and
the
size
of t
he r
emai
ning
pop
ulat
ion)
.▪
Rec
over
y of
pop
ulat
ions
of a
ll fo
cal f
ishe
ries
spec
ies
may
take
deca
des
(ove
r 20
up
to 4
0 ye
ars)
. The
refo
re, l
ong-
term
prot
ectio
n in
NT
Zs
is r
equi
red
for
all s
peci
es to
gro
w to
mat
urity
, inc
reas
e in
bio
mas
s an
d co
ntrib
ute
mor
e ro
bust
egg
san
d la
rvae
to r
eple
nish
pop
ulat
ions
in N
TZ
s, e
nhan
ce a
djac
ent
fishe
ries,
and
mai
ntai
n ec
osys
tem
hea
lth a
nd r
esili
ence
.▪
Perm
anen
t pro
tect
ion
and
stric
t enf
orce
men
t of N
TZ
s w
illen
sure
that
thes
e be
nefit
s ar
e m
aint
aine
d in
the
long
term
.
Tab
le 4
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
47
Use
sho
rt-te
rm (l
ess
than
5 y
ears
)or
per
iodi
cally
har
vest
ed N
TZs
inad
ditio
n to
, rat
her t
han
inst
ead
of,
long
-term
or p
erm
anen
t NTZ
s.
▪Sh
ort-
term
(<
5 ye
ars)
or
perio
dica
lly h
arve
sted
NT
Zs
only
prov
ide
shor
t-te
rm b
enef
its fo
r so
me
spec
ies.
The
se b
enef
itsar
e qu
ickl
y lo
st o
nce
thes
e ar
eas
are
reop
ened
to fi
shin
g un
less
the
NT
Zs
are
man
aged
ver
y ca
refu
lly (
whi
ch is
sel
dom
the
case
). F
or th
is r
easo
n, s
hort
-ter
m o
r pe
riodi
cally
har
vest
edN
TZ
s ha
ve li
mite
d be
nefit
s fo
r co
nser
ving
bio
dive
rsity
,en
hanc
ing
fishe
ries
or b
uild
ing
ecos
yste
m r
esili
ence
.▪
The
refo
re, s
hort
-ter
m (
<5
year
s) o
r pe
riodi
cally
har
vest
edN
TZ
s sh
ould
be
used
in a
dditi
on to
, rat
her
than
inst
ead
of,
long
-ter
m o
r pe
rman
ent N
TZ
s. W
here
per
iodi
c cl
osur
es a
reus
ed, t
he ti
min
g an
d in
tens
ity o
f har
vest
ing
mus
t be
care
fully
cont
rolle
d.▪
The
exc
eptio
n is
sea
sona
l clo
sure
s th
at c
an b
e us
ed to
pro
tect
criti
cal a
reas
at c
ritic
al ti
mes
(e.
g., s
paw
ning
or
nurs
ery
area
s),
whi
ch c
an b
e ve
ry im
port
ant t
o pr
otec
t or
rest
ore
popu
latio
nsof
foca
l fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s (s
eePr
otec
t Crit
ical
, Spe
cial
and
Uni
que
Area
s).
Prot
ect H
ealth
y Ar
eas
and
Avoi
d Lo
cal T
hrea
tsPr
otec
t are
as w
here
hab
itats
and
popu
latio
ns o
f foc
al s
peci
es a
re in
good
con
ditio
n w
ith lo
w le
vels
ofth
reat
.
Avoi
d ar
eas
whe
re h
abita
ts a
ndpo
pula
tions
of f
ocal
spe
cies
are
inpo
or c
ondi
tion
due
to lo
cal
thre
ats.
If th
is is
not p
ossib
le:
▪Re
duce
thre
ats;
▪M
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s ha
ve b
een
degr
aded
by
loca
l thr
eats
inm
any
loca
tions
, inc
ludi
ng b
y un
sust
aina
ble
fishi
ng o
r to
uris
mac
tiviti
es, d
estr
uctiv
e fis
hing
pra
ctic
es, c
oast
al d
evel
opm
ent,
land
-bas
ed r
unof
f and
pol
lutio
n.▪
The
se th
reat
s de
crea
se e
cosy
stem
hea
lth, p
rodu
ctiv
ity a
ndre
silie
nce
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, adv
erse
ly a
ffect
man
y sp
ecie
s, a
ndse
vere
ly u
nder
min
e th
e lo
ng-t
erm
sus
tain
abili
ty o
f mar
ine
reso
urce
s an
d th
e ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s th
ey p
rovi
de.
▪T
here
fore
, it i
s im
port
ant t
o m
inim
ize
or a
void
thes
e th
reat
s in
NT
Zs
and
prio
ritiz
e ar
eas
for
prot
ectio
n th
at a
re m
ore
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
48
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aSc
ient
ific
Rat
iona
le a
nd E
xpla
nato
ry N
otes
▪Fa
cilit
ate
natu
ral r
ecov
ery;
and
▪Co
nsid
er th
e co
sts
and
bene
fits
of re
habi
litat
ing
habi
tats
and
spec
ies
likel
y to
con
trib
ute
to e
cosy
stem
hea
lth, f
ishe
ries
prod
uctiv
ity,
and
resi
lienc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge. I
t is
also
impo
rtan
t to
cons
ider
the
cum
ulat
ive
effe
cts
of m
ultip
le th
reat
s, a
ndw
heth
er th
ese
“thr
eats
” ar
e na
tura
l or
exac
erba
ted
by h
uman
activ
ities
(e.
g., s
edim
enta
tion)
.▪
Whe
re N
TZ
s m
ust b
e lo
cate
d in
are
as w
here
hab
itats
and
popu
latio
ns o
f foc
al s
peci
es a
re in
poo
r co
nditi
on d
ue to
loca
lth
reat
s, it
is im
port
ant t
o re
duce
thes
e th
reat
s as
muc
h as
poss
ible
; fac
ilita
te n
atur
al r
ecov
ery,
suc
h as
by
prot
ectin
gla
rval
sou
rces
and
spe
cies
that
pla
y im
port
ant f
unct
iona
l rol
esin
eco
syst
em r
esili
ence
(e.
g., h
erbi
vore
s);a
nd c
onsi
der
the
cost
s an
d be
nefit
s of
reh
abili
tatin
g ha
bita
ts a
nd s
peci
es.
Adap
t to
Chan
ges
inCl
imat
e an
d O
cean
Chem
istry
Prot
ect s
ites
that
are
like
ly to
be
mor
e re
silie
nt to
glo
bal
envir
onm
enta
l cha
nge
(ref
ugia
) in
NTZ
s.
▪C
hang
es in
clim
ate
(e.g
., ris
ing
sea
tem
pera
ture
s) a
nd o
cean
chem
istr
y re
pres
ent a
ser
ious
and
incr
easi
ng th
reat
to m
ajor
habi
tats
(e.
g., c
oral
ree
fs, m
angr
ove
fore
sts
and
seag
rass
bed
s)an
d fo
cal s
peci
es.
▪Ef
fect
s of
thes
e ch
ange
s w
ill v
ary
in s
pace
and
tim
e, a
nd s
ome
area
s w
ill h
ave
habi
tats
and
spe
cies
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e re
silie
ntto
cha
nges
in c
limat
e an
d oc
ean
chem
istr
y (r
efug
ia),
whe
rere
silie
nce
com
pris
es tw
o ke
y co
mpo
nent
s: r
esis
tanc
e (t
heab
ility
of a
n ec
olog
ical
com
mun
ity to
res
ist o
r su
rviv
e a
dist
urba
nce)
and
rec
over
y (t
he r
ate
a co
mm
unity
take
s to
retu
rn to
its
orig
inal
con
ditio
n).
▪W
here
ref
ugia
can
be
iden
tifie
d, th
ey s
houl
d be
prio
ritiz
ed fo
rpr
otec
tion
in N
TZ
s.
Tab
le 4
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
49
Prot
ect e
colo
gica
lly im
port
ant s
ites
that
are
sen
sitive
to c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emist
ry.
▪So
me
ecol
ogic
ally
impo
rtan
t site
s ha
ve h
abita
ts a
nd s
peci
esth
at m
ay b
e pa
rtic
ular
ly s
ensi
tive
to c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emis
try.
▪T
hese
site
s sh
ould
be
prot
ecte
d in
NT
Zs
inte
grat
ed w
ithin
broa
der
man
agem
ent f
ram
ewor
ks to
pro
mot
e ec
osys
tem
resi
lienc
e by
add
ress
ing
loca
l thr
eats
.In
crea
se p
rote
ctio
n of
spe
cies
that
play
impo
rtan
t fun
ctio
nal r
oles
inec
osys
tem
resil
ienc
e.
▪So
me
func
tiona
l gro
ups
play
impo
rtan
t rol
es in
mai
ntai
ning
ecol
ogic
al r
esili
ence
to lo
cal a
nd g
loba
l thr
eats
(e.
g.,
herb
ivor
ous
fishe
s on
cor
al r
eefs
).▪
The
se s
peci
es s
houl
d be
pro
tect
ed in
NT
Zs
inte
grat
ed w
ithin
broa
der
fishe
ries
man
agem
ent r
egim
es.
Cons
ider
how
cha
nges
in c
limat
ean
d oc
ean
chem
istry
will
affe
ctth
e lif
e hi
stor
y of
foca
l spe
cies
.
▪C
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emis
try
are
likel
y to
affe
ct th
edi
strib
utio
n, g
row
th, a
bund
ance
, rep
rodu
ctio
n, p
opul
atio
nco
nnec
tivity
and
rec
over
y ra
tes
of fo
cal s
peci
es, a
nd m
odify
ecos
yste
m s
truc
ture
, fun
ctio
n an
d dy
nam
ics.
▪T
hese
cha
nges
may
req
uire
mod
ifyin
g th
e de
sign
crit
eria
rega
rdin
g ha
bita
t rep
rese
ntat
ion
and
repl
icat
ion;
pro
tect
ing
criti
cal,
spec
ial a
nd u
niqu
e ar
eas;
inco
rpor
atin
g co
nnec
tivity
;an
d al
low
ing
time
for
reco
very
(se
e ab
ove)
in th
e fu
ture
.Ad
dres
s un
cert
aint
y by
:▪
Spre
adin
g th
e ris
k; a
nd▪
Incr
easin
g pr
otec
tion
ofha
bita
ts, c
ritic
al a
reas
and
spec
ies
mos
t vul
nera
ble
toch
ange
s in
clim
ate
and
ocea
nch
emist
ry.
▪T
here
is a
lot o
f unc
erta
inty
reg
ardi
ng th
e ef
fect
s th
at c
hang
esin
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emis
try
will
hav
e on
maj
or h
abita
ts,
criti
cal a
reas
and
foca
l spe
cies
.▪
Unt
il m
ore
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble,
it w
ill b
e ne
cess
ary
tosp
read
the
risk
by p
rote
ctin
g m
ultip
le e
xam
ples
of e
ach
maj
orha
bita
t in
NT
Zs
(see
Repl
icat
e H
abita
ts a
bove
).▪
It m
ay a
lso
be n
eces
sary
to a
dda
clim
ate
chan
ge b
uffe
r by
incr
easi
ng th
e le
vel o
f pro
tect
ion
of h
abita
ts in
NT
Zs
(see
Repr
esen
t Hab
itats
), c
ritic
al a
reas
and
spe
cies
mos
t vul
nera
ble
to c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emis
try
in N
TZ
s
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
50
Tabl
e 5.
Rat
iona
le (a
nd e
xpla
nato
ry n
otes
) for
the
soci
oeco
nom
ic a
nd c
ultu
ral c
riter
ia fo
r des
igni
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesia
. Ple
ase
note
that
man
y of
thes
e cr
iteria
refe
r to
stak
ehol
ders
, whi
ch in
clud
e lo
cal,
adat
and
trad
ition
al c
omm
uniti
es,
gove
rnm
ents
, NG
Os,
civi
l soc
iety
org
aniz
atio
ns, s
cien
tific
inst
itutio
ns a
nd in
dust
ries
(e.g
., fis
herie
s an
d to
urism
).
Con
side
ratio
nSo
cioe
cono
mic
and
Cul
tura
lD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Scie
ntifi
c R
atio
nale
and
Exp
lana
tory
Not
es
Invo
lve s
take
hold
ers
ines
tabl
ishin
g M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks
(MPA
est
ablis
hmen
tin
clud
es d
evel
opin
gzo
ning
and
man
agem
ent
plan
s.)
Invo
lve a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs in
eac
hst
ep o
f the
pro
cess
of e
stab
lishi
ngM
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks
▪O
ne k
ey fa
ctor
for
ensu
ring
the
succ
ess
of M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks is
the
buy-
in a
nd s
uppo
rt fr
om s
take
hold
ers.
▪In
volv
ing
stak
ehol
ders
in e
ach
step
of t
he p
roce
ss e
nsur
es th
eyha
ve a
lread
y ra
ised
and
add
ress
ed th
eir
need
s an
d co
ncer
ns,
and
that
they
und
erst
and
the
MPA
(e.
g., t
he z
onin
g).
Stak
ehol
ders
can
then
mak
e in
form
ed d
ecis
ions
abo
ut th
eir
activ
ities
, and
und
erst
and
the
trad
eoffs
(co
sts
and
bene
fits)
of
havi
ng a
n M
PA in
thei
r ar
ea.
Prio
ritiz
e es
tabl
ishin
g M
PAs
inar
eas
supp
orte
d by
sta
keho
lder
s▪
If th
ere
is s
uppo
rt fr
om s
take
hold
ers
for
esta
blis
hing
the
MPA
in th
eir
area
, it i
s m
ore
likel
y to
be
succ
essf
ul b
ecau
se th
est
akeh
olde
rs s
hare
the
sam
e ob
ject
ives
as
the
MPA
.
Cons
ider
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
rco
llabo
rativ
e m
anag
emen
t am
ong
all s
take
hold
ers
and
impl
emen
t as
appr
opria
te
▪A
lmos
t all
MPA
s ha
ve m
ore
than
one
sta
keho
lder
gro
up li
ving
near
or
with
in th
e M
PA.
▪Fo
r th
e M
PA to
be
succ
essf
ul, i
t nee
ds to
be
man
aged
effe
ctiv
ely.
Thi
s w
ill b
e m
ore
likel
y if
the
MPA
is c
o-m
anag
edw
ith lo
cal s
take
hold
ers.
Prov
ide
capa
city
bui
ldin
g fo
rst
akeh
olde
rs to
hel
p th
em e
ngag
em
ore
effe
ctive
ly in
est
ablis
hing
MPA
s an
d M
PAs
Net
wor
ks.
▪N
ot a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs h
ave
the
sam
e ca
paci
ty to
exp
ress
thei
rop
inio
ns a
nd e
ngag
e ef
fect
ivel
y in
est
ablis
hing
MPA
s an
d M
PAN
etw
orks
.▪
Thi
s is
esp
ecia
lly tr
ue fo
r w
omen
, you
th a
nd in
dige
nous
peop
le/a
dat g
roup
s, w
ho a
re o
ften
unde
rrep
rese
nted
in
51
colla
bora
tive
man
agem
ent (
even
thou
gh th
ey a
re o
ften
the
clos
est t
o, a
nd r
ely
the
mos
t on,
mar
ine
reso
urce
s).
▪T
here
fore
, cap
acity
bui
ldin
g is
nee
ded
to m
ake
sure
that
the
need
s an
d in
tere
sts
of u
nder
repr
esen
ted
grou
ps a
read
dres
sed,
e.g
., by
rev
italiz
ing
loca
l wis
dom
and
em
pow
erin
gw
omen
and
you
th to
spe
ak u
p in
mee
tings
.En
sure
Sta
keho
lder
Com
plia
nce
with
in M
PAs
Invo
lve lo
cal c
omm
unity
inco
mpl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t,su
ch a
s th
roug
h jo
int p
atro
lsam
ong
gove
rnm
ent i
nstit
utio
nsan
d co
mm
uniti
es, a
ndPO
KMAS
WAS
(com
mun
itysu
rvei
llanc
e gr
oups
).
▪T
he s
ucce
ss o
f the
MPA
or
MPA
Net
wor
k w
ill r
ely
onst
akeh
olde
r co
mpl
ianc
e.▪
Com
plia
nce
is n
ot o
nly
influ
ence
d by
the
stre
ngth
of
enfo
rcem
ent,
but b
y th
e go
odw
ill o
f the
peo
ple.
▪En
forc
emen
t by
lega
l aut
horit
ies
is c
ostly
, uns
usta
inab
le a
ndun
likel
y to
be
effe
ctiv
e in
rem
ote
area
s.▪
Invo
lvem
ent o
f loc
al c
omm
uniti
es in
enf
orce
men
t is
mor
elik
ely
to b
e su
cces
sful
.
Supp
ort M
PA m
anag
emen
tac
tions
that
mai
ntai
n or
incr
ease
ecos
yste
m g
oods
and
ser
vices
for
loca
l com
mun
ities
▪Lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es r
ely
on m
arin
e re
sour
ces
for
a ra
nge
ofec
osys
tem
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces,
incl
udin
g fo
od, l
ivel
ihoo
ds a
ndco
asta
l pro
tect
ion.
▪T
here
fore
, MPA
man
agem
ent a
ctio
ns s
houl
d m
aint
ain
orin
crea
se e
cosy
stem
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
to b
enef
it lo
cal
com
mun
ities
.
Supp
ort m
ultip
le,
envir
onm
enta
lly fr
iend
lyus
es in
MPA
s
Allo
w fo
r mul
tiple
env
ironm
enta
llyfri
endl
y us
es in
MPA
s, in
clud
ing
sust
aina
ble
fishi
ng, t
ouris
m,
aqua
cultu
re, e
duca
tion
and
rese
arch
.
▪En
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
use
s in
MPA
s in
clud
e a
rang
e of
activ
ities
incl
udin
g su
stai
nabl
e fis
hing
, tou
rism
, aqu
acul
ture
,ed
ucat
ion
and
rese
arch
.▪
All
of th
ese
activ
ities
sho
uld
be a
ccom
mod
ated
with
in th
eM
PA a
ccor
ding
to a
zon
ing
plan
dev
elop
ed w
ith in
put f
rom
the
com
mun
ity.
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
52
Con
side
ratio
nSo
cioe
cono
mic
and
Cul
tura
lD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Scie
ntifi
c R
atio
nale
and
Exp
lana
tory
Not
es
▪H
owev
er, t
he a
ctiv
ities
that
take
pla
ce in
eac
h zo
ne m
ay d
iffer
.So
me
activ
ities
are
com
plem
enta
ry a
nd c
an b
e co
nduc
ted
inth
e sa
me
zone
(e.
g., t
ouris
m a
nd e
duca
tion)
, whi
leot
hers
shou
ldbe
con
duct
ed in
diff
eren
t zon
es (
e.g.
, fis
hing
,aq
uacu
lture
and
tour
ism
).
Supp
ort c
omm
unity
wel
fare
(live
lihoo
ds a
ndfo
od s
uppl
ies)
Supp
ort e
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
livel
ihoo
ds o
f loc
al c
omm
uniti
es,
(e.g
., co
mm
unity
-bas
ed,
envir
onm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly fi
sher
ies,
aqua
cultu
re a
nd m
arin
e re
sour
ce-
base
d to
urism
bas
ed o
n an
are
as’
uniq
uene
ss (b
iotic
and
abi
otic
reso
urce
s).
▪Lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es d
epen
d on
mar
ine
reso
urce
s fo
r th
eir
livel
ihoo
ds.
▪So
me
of th
e co
mm
uniti
es’ l
ivel
ihoo
d st
rate
gies
are
envi
ronm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly, b
ut o
ther
s ar
e no
t.▪
Envi
ronm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly li
velih
ood
stra
tegi
es a
re c
ompa
tible
with
the
goal
s an
d ob
ject
ives
of t
he M
PAs
and
shou
ld b
esu
ppor
ted,
e.g
., by
MPA
man
ager
s fa
cilit
atin
g ne
w m
etho
ds,
skill
s, a
ppro
ache
s an
d op
port
uniti
es li
ke tr
aini
ng in
sea
wee
daq
uacu
lture
.▪
It is
impo
rtan
t to
prot
ect t
he u
niqu
e bi
otic
and
abi
otic
reso
urce
s th
at th
ese
livel
ihoo
ds a
re b
ased
on
(e.g
., sh
arks
,M
ola
mol
a, m
anta
ray
s an
d ka
rst l
imes
tone
isla
nds)
.
Prot
ect m
arin
e he
ritag
e sit
es th
atha
ve im
port
ant,
arch
eolo
gica
l-hi
stor
ical
val
ue (e
.g.,
ship
wre
cks
and
airp
lane
wre
cks)
, and
man
age
them
for t
heir
pote
ntia
l to
supp
ort c
omm
unity
-bas
edto
urism
.
▪So
me
mar
ine
herit
age
site
s ar
e im
port
ant f
or th
eir
arch
eolo
gica
l-his
toric
al v
alue
.▪
Som
e of
thes
e si
tes
have
the
pote
ntia
l to
prov
ide
oppo
rtun
ities
for
com
mun
ity-b
ased
tour
ism
.▪
The
refo
re, w
here
pos
sibl
e, th
ey s
houl
d be
pro
tect
ed in
MPA
s.
Tab
le 5
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
53
Ensu
re fa
ir an
d eq
ual
acce
ss a
nd u
seEn
sure
loca
l com
mun
ities
hav
efa
ir an
d eq
ual a
cces
s to
, and
utili
zatio
n of
, mar
ine
and
fishe
ries
reso
urce
s.
▪Lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es r
ely
on a
cces
s to
, and
util
izat
ion
of, m
arin
ean
d fis
herie
s re
sour
ces
for
thei
r fo
od a
nd li
velih
oods
.▪
In m
any
plac
es, c
omm
uniti
es u
se d
iffer
ent a
reas
, ofte
n cl
ose
toth
eir
villa
ges.
▪T
here
fore
, it i
s im
port
ant t
o en
sure
that
eac
h co
mm
unity
cont
inue
s to
hav
e fa
ir an
d eq
ual a
cces
s to
thei
r re
sour
ces,
so
that
som
e co
mm
uniti
es a
re n
ot a
dvan
tage
d or
dis
adva
ntag
edm
ore
than
oth
ers.
Mai
ntai
n or
impr
ove
acce
ss to
reso
urce
s an
d m
arke
ts to
sup
port
com
mun
ity e
cono
mie
s th
atco
mpl
y w
ith M
PA m
anag
emen
tpl
ans.
▪C
omm
uniti
es th
at r
ely
on fi
sher
ies
for
thei
r liv
elih
oods
, nee
dto
mai
ntai
n ac
cess
to m
arke
ts.
▪T
here
fore
, MPA
s sh
ould
sup
port
acc
ess
to th
ese
mar
kets
and
the
asso
ciat
ed in
fras
truc
ture
(e.
g., b
y al
low
ing
ship
ping
lane
s to
reac
h lo
cal j
ettie
s), p
rovi
ded
the
mar
kets
are
sus
tain
able
and
com
ply
with
MPA
goa
ls a
nd o
bjec
tives
.Su
ppor
t loc
al w
isdom
and
prac
tices
Prot
ect a
dat,
loca
l wisd
om,
trad
ition
al la
w a
nd c
ultu
re th
atsu
ppor
t con
serv
atio
n an
dsu
stai
nabl
e re
sour
cem
anag
emen
t, w
hich
are
stil
lac
know
ledg
ed a
nd a
pplie
d by
the
exist
ing
adat
com
mun
ity o
rin
stitu
tion.
▪In
som
e ar
eas,
loca
l com
mun
ities
hav
e us
ed tr
aditi
onal
met
hods
and
pra
ctic
es to
con
serv
e an
d m
anag
e th
eir
mar
ine
reso
urce
s fo
r ge
nera
tions
.▪
Whe
re th
ese
trad
ition
al p
ract
ices
are
stil
l ack
now
ledg
ed,
appl
ied
and
sust
aina
ble,
they
sho
uld
be in
corp
orat
ed in
the
MPA
, bec
ause
thes
e pr
actic
es w
ill s
uppo
rt th
e go
als
and
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
MPA
and
the
need
s of
the
peop
le.
Prot
ect a
reas
that
hav
e im
port
ant
trad
ition
al c
ultu
ral v
alue
for l
ocal
peop
le/a
dat,
incl
udin
g m
ystic
al(p
amal
i) ar
eas,
and
impo
rtan
tsit
es fo
r tra
ditio
nal m
edic
ine.
▪So
me
area
s ha
ve im
port
ant v
alue
s fo
r th
e tr
aditi
onal
cul
ture
of
the
loca
l peo
ple/
adat
.▪
The
se a
reas
sho
uld
be p
rote
cted
in M
PAs,
not
onl
y fo
r th
eir
cultu
ral v
alue
but
bec
ause
they
are
alre
ady
prot
ecte
d by
the
com
mun
ities
.
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
54
AN
NEX
2
Gen
eral
adv
ice
rega
rdin
g th
e in
form
atio
n an
d sp
atia
l da
ta r
equi
red
to a
pply
the
bio
phys
ical
, so
cioe
cono
mic
and
cultu
ral c
riter
ia fo
r de
sign
ing
MPA
s an
d M
PA N
etw
orks
in In
done
sia
to a
chie
ve th
eir
goal
s an
d ob
ject
ives
is p
rovi
ded
in T
able
s 6
and
7. T
hese
info
rmat
ion
and
data
nee
ds s
houl
d be
ref
ined
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e sp
ecifi
c go
als,
obj
ectiv
es a
ndde
sign
crit
eria
def
ined
for
the
MPA
or
MPA
Net
wor
k in
Ste
ps 1
and
2.
INFO
RM
AT
ION
AN
D D
AT
A N
EED
ED F
OR
MPA
AN
D M
PA N
ETW
OR
K D
ESIG
NIN
IND
ON
ESIA
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
dRe
pres
ent H
abita
tsPr
otec
t at l
east
20%
of e
ach
maj
or h
abita
t in
NTZ
s (e
.g.,
each
type
of c
oral
reef
,m
angr
ove
fore
st, e
stua
ry o
r sea
gras
s be
d).
Loca
tion
and
clas
sific
atio
n of
maj
or h
abita
ts (
e.g.
, cor
alre
efs,
man
grov
e fo
rest
s, e
stua
ries
and
seag
rass
bed
s)
Repl
icate
Hab
itats
(Spr
ead
the
Risk
)Pr
otec
t at l
east
thre
e ex
ampl
es o
f eac
h m
ajor
habi
tat i
n N
TZs;
and
Spre
ad th
em o
ut to
redu
ce th
e ch
ance
s th
eyw
ill a
ll be
affe
cted
by
the
sam
e di
stur
banc
e.
Loca
tion
and
clas
sific
atio
n of
maj
or h
abita
ts (
e.g.
, cor
alre
efs,
man
grov
e fo
rest
s, e
stua
ries
and
seag
rass
beds
).
Prot
ect C
ritica
l,Sp
ecia
l and
Uni
que
Area
s
Prot
ect c
ritic
al a
reas
in th
e lif
e hi
stor
y of
foca
lfis
herie
s sp
ecie
s in
NTZ
s (e
.g.,
spaw
ning
and
nurs
ery
area
s).
Loca
tion
of im
port
ant:
▪Fi
sh s
paw
ning
agg
rega
tions
.▪
Nur
sery
are
as (
e.g.
, man
grov
es a
nd s
eagr
asse
s).
Tabl
e 6.
Info
rmat
ion
and
spat
ial d
ata
need
ed to
app
ly b
ioph
ysic
al c
riter
ia fo
r des
igni
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesia
.
55
Prot
ect c
ritic
al a
reas
or h
abita
ts fo
r cha
rism
atic
,en
dang
ered
, thr
eate
ned
or p
rote
cted
spe
cies
(e.g
., br
eedi
ng, f
eedi
ng o
r res
ting
area
s, o
rm
igra
tory
cor
ridor
s).
Loca
tion
of im
port
ant:
▪T
urtle
nes
ting
beac
hes.
▪Se
abird
nes
ting
area
s.▪
Feed
ing
grou
nds
of tu
rtle
s, d
ugon
g, w
hale
sha
rks,
etc
.▪
Res
ting
area
s of
mig
rato
ry b
irds,
dol
phin
s, d
ugon
g,et
c.▪
Mig
rato
ry c
orrid
ors
of w
hale
s, d
olph
ins,
turt
les,
etc
.▪
Cle
anin
g st
atio
ns o
f man
ta r
ays,
sha
rks,
Mol
a m
ola
etc.
▪Br
eedi
ng a
reas
of w
hale
s, d
olph
ins,
turt
les,
etc
.
Prot
ect s
peci
al a
nd u
niqu
e na
tura
l phe
nom
ena
in N
TZs,
suc
h as
are
as w
ith v
ery
high
biod
ivers
ity, h
igh
ende
mism
, uni
que
mar
ine
com
mun
ities
or h
igh
prod
uctiv
ity (e
.g.,
uniq
ue p
elag
ic h
abita
ts li
ke a
reas
of
upw
ellin
g, fr
onts
, and
edd
ies)
.
Loca
tion
of a
reas
with
:▪
Hig
h bi
odiv
ersi
ty o
r en
dem
ism
.▪
Uni
que
mar
ine
com
mun
ities
(e.
g., i
n m
arin
e la
kes)
.▪
Hig
h pr
oduc
tivity
(e.
g., u
pwel
ling
area
s).
Prot
ect a
reas
that
are
impo
rtan
t at t
hena
tiona
l, in
tern
atio
nal o
r glo
bal s
cale
for
cons
erva
tion
or m
anag
emen
t of f
ocal
spe
cies
(e.g
., W
orld
Her
itage
Area
s, R
AMSA
R Si
tes,
criti
cal h
abita
ts fo
r glo
bally
end
ange
red
spec
ies,
or c
ritic
al a
reas
for m
aint
aini
ngco
nnec
tivity
of f
isher
ies
spec
ies
acro
ssna
tiona
l bou
ndar
ies)
.
Loca
tion
of:
▪W
orld
Her
itage
Are
as.
▪R
AM
SAR
Site
s.▪
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
on fo
r C
onse
rvat
ion
of N
atur
eIm
port
ant m
arin
e m
amm
al a
reas
(IU
CN
IMM
As)
.▪
IUC
N Im
port
ant M
arin
e Bi
rd A
reas
(M
arin
e IB
As)
.▪
Larv
al d
ispe
rsal
and
mov
emen
t pat
tern
s of
foca
lfis
herie
s sp
ecie
s.(C
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
56
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
dIn
corp
orat
e Co
nnec
tivity
:Ab
iotic
Fac
tors
Cons
ider
var
iatio
ns in
oce
anog
raph
y (c
urre
nts,
tides
, tem
pera
ture
, sal
inity
, aci
dity
, etc
.),su
bstr
ate
and,
bat
hym
etry
that
affe
ct th
esp
read
of b
iolo
gica
l and
non
-bio
logi
cal
mat
eria
l.
Spat
ial a
nd te
mpo
ral v
aria
tions
in o
cean
ogra
phy,
subs
trat
e an
d ba
thym
etry
.
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
Mov
emen
t of A
dults
and
Juve
nile
s
Ensu
re N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
to s
usta
in a
dults
and
juve
nile
s of
foca
l fish
erie
s sp
ecie
s w
ithin
thei
r bou
ndar
ies.
Mov
emen
t pat
tern
s of
fish
erie
s sp
ecie
s (e
.g.,
snap
per,
gro
uper
, etc
.).
Size
of e
xist
ing
and
prop
osed
MPA
s (p
artic
ular
lyN
TZ
s).
Ensu
re N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
to c
onta
in a
llha
bita
ts u
sed
by fo
cal s
peci
es th
roug
hout
thei
r life
hist
ory
(e.g
., fo
r hom
e ra
nges
,nu
rser
y gr
ound
s an
d sp
awni
ng a
reas
); or
Esta
blish
net
wor
ks o
f NTZ
s cl
ose
enou
gh to
allo
w fo
r mov
emen
ts o
f foc
al s
peci
es a
mon
gpr
otec
ted
habi
tats
(e.g
., th
roug
h on
toge
netic
habi
tat s
hifts
and
spa
wni
ng m
igra
tions
).
Loca
tion
of h
abita
ts u
sed
by fo
cal s
peci
esth
roug
hout
thei
r lif
e hi
stor
y.M
ovem
ent p
atte
rns
of fo
cal f
ishe
ries
spec
ies
amon
gha
bita
ts (
e.g.
, sna
pper
, gro
uper
, etc
.).
Size
and
loca
tion
of e
xist
ing
and
prop
osed
MPA
s(p
artic
ular
ly N
TZ
s).
Incl
ude
who
le e
colo
gica
l uni
ts (s
uch
as re
efs
orse
amou
nts)
in N
TZs.
If n
ot, c
hoos
e la
rger
rath
er th
an s
mal
ler a
reas
.
Loca
tion
and
size
of w
hole
eco
logi
cal u
nits
(e.
g.,
seam
ount
s).
Boun
darie
s of
exis
ting
and
prop
osed
NT
Zs.
Use
com
pact
sha
pes
(e.g
., sq
uare
s) fo
r NTZ
s,ex
cept
whe
n pr
otec
ting
natu
rally
elo
ngat
edha
bita
ts.
Shap
e of
hab
itats
.Sh
ape
ofex
istin
g an
d pr
opos
ed N
TZ
s.
Tab
le 6
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
57
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
Larv
al D
isper
sal
Esta
blish
:▪
NTZ
s la
rge
enou
gh to
be
self-
sust
aini
ng fo
rfo
cal s
peci
es; o
r▪
Net
wor
ks o
f NTZ
s cl
ose
enou
gh to
be
conn
ecte
d by
larv
al d
isper
sal.
Larv
al d
ispe
rsal
pat
tern
s of
foca
l fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s.
Prot
ect s
patia
lly is
olat
ed a
reas
in N
TZs.
Larv
al d
ispe
rsal
pat
tern
s of
foca
l fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s.Lo
catio
n of
spa
tially
isol
ated
are
as (
e.g.
, rem
ote
atol
ls).
Prot
ect l
arva
l sou
rces
in p
erm
anen
t or s
easo
nal
NTZ
s or
by
usin
g fis
herie
s cl
osur
es d
urin
gsp
awni
ng ti
mes
.
Loca
tion
and
timin
g of
fish
spa
wni
ng a
ggre
gatio
ns.
Loca
te m
ore
NTZ
s up
stre
am re
lativ
e to
fish
edar
eas
if th
ere
is a
stro
ng, c
onsis
tent
,un
idire
ctio
nal c
urre
nt.
Cur
rent
pat
tern
s re
lativ
e to
the
loca
tion
and
timin
gof
spa
wni
ng a
reas
.
Allo
w T
ime
for
Reco
very
Esta
blish
NTZ
s fo
r the
long
term
(>20
up
to 4
0ye
ars)
, pre
fera
bly
perm
anen
tly.
Rec
over
y tim
es o
f pop
ulat
ions
of f
ocal
fish
erie
ssp
ecie
s pr
otec
ted
in w
ell-d
esig
ned
and
man
aged
NT
Zs.
Use
sho
rt-te
rm (<
5 ye
ars)
or p
erio
dica
llyha
rves
ted
NTZ
s in
add
ition
to, r
athe
r tha
nin
stea
d of
, lon
g-te
rm o
r per
man
ent N
TZs.
Rec
over
y tim
es o
f pop
ulat
ions
of f
ocal
fish
erie
ssp
ecie
s w
hen
prot
ecte
d in
sho
rt-t
erm
NT
Zs
(e.g
., us
ing
loca
l wis
dom
like
sasi,
lilif
uk, p
apad
ak,
etc.
).
Prot
ect H
ealth
y Ar
eas
and
Avoi
d Lo
cal T
hrea
tsPr
otec
t are
as w
here
hab
itats
and
pop
ulat
ions
of
foca
l spe
cies
are
in g
ood
cond
ition
with
low
leve
ls of
loca
l thr
eats
(e.g
., fro
m o
verfi
shin
g,de
stru
ctive
fish
ing,
coa
stal
dev
elop
men
t,
Loca
tion
of:
▪A
reas
whe
re h
abita
ts a
nd p
opul
atio
ns o
f foc
alsp
ecie
s ar
e in
goo
d co
nditi
on.
▪A
reas
whe
re th
ere
are
low
leve
ls o
f loc
al th
reat
s(C
ontin
ued
on n
ext p
age)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
58
Con
side
ratio
nBi
ophy
sica
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
dm
ass
tour
ism, l
and-
base
d ru
noff
ofse
dim
ents
and
nut
rient
s, m
arin
e po
llutio
n,an
d sh
ippi
ng, m
inin
g, o
il an
d ga
s in
dust
ries)
.
such
as
thos
e ad
jace
nt to
wel
l-des
igne
d an
dm
anag
ed c
onse
rvat
ion
area
s.
Avoi
d ar
eas
whe
re h
abita
ts a
nd p
opul
atio
ns o
ffo
cal s
peci
es a
re in
poo
r con
ditio
n du
e to
loca
l thr
eats
. If t
his
is no
t pos
sible
:▪
Redu
ce th
reat
s;▪
Faci
litat
e na
tura
l rec
over
y (e
.g.,
bypr
otec
ting
larv
al s
ourc
es a
nd s
peci
es li
kehe
rbivo
res
that
pla
y im
port
ant f
unct
iona
lro
les
in e
cosy
stem
resil
ienc
e); a
nd▪
Cons
ider
the
cost
s an
d be
nefit
s of
reha
bilit
atin
g ha
bita
ts a
nd s
peci
es (e
.g.,
by re
stor
ing
stru
ctur
es, t
rans
plan
ting
cora
ls, o
r fac
ilita
ting
popu
latio
n re
cove
ryof
foca
l spe
cies
by
re-s
tock
ing
or u
sing
tem
pora
ry c
losu
res)
.
Loca
tion
of:
▪A
reas
whe
re h
abita
ts a
nd p
opul
atio
ns o
f foc
alsp
ecie
s ar
e in
poo
r co
nditi
on.
▪A
reas
whe
re th
ere
are
high
leve
ls o
f loc
al th
reat
s(s
ee a
bove
).▪
Fish
spa
wni
ng a
ggre
gatio
n si
tes.
Larv
al d
ispe
rsal
pat
tern
s of
foca
l fis
herie
s sp
ecie
s.D
istr
ibut
ion
and
biom
ass
of h
erbi
vore
ree
f fis
hes.
Cos
ts a
nd b
enef
its o
f reh
abili
tatin
g ha
bita
ts a
ndsp
ecie
s in
Indo
nesi
a.
Adap
t to
Chan
ges
inCl
imat
e an
d O
cean
Chem
istry
Prot
ect s
ites
that
are
like
ly to
be
mor
e re
silie
ntto
glo
bal e
nviro
nmen
tal c
hang
e (r
efug
ia) i
nN
TZs.
Loca
tion
of:
▪C
oral
ree
fs th
at a
re li
kely
to b
e m
ore
resi
lient
toris
ing
sea
tem
pera
ture
s an
d/or
cha
nges
in o
cean
chem
istr
y.▪
Man
grov
e an
d tu
rtle
nes
ting
beac
hes
that
hav
ero
om to
mov
e to
hig
her
grou
nd a
s se
a le
vels
rise.
Tab
le 6
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
59
Prot
ect e
colo
gica
lly im
port
ant s
ites
that
are
sens
itive
to c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
nch
emist
ry.
Loca
tion
of e
colo
gica
lly im
port
ant s
ites
part
icul
arly
vuln
erab
le to
cha
nges
in s
ea te
mpe
ratu
re, s
eale
vel r
ise
and
ocea
n ch
emis
try.
Incr
ease
pro
tect
ion
of s
peci
es th
at p
lay
impo
rtan
t fun
ctio
nal r
oles
in e
cosy
stem
resil
ienc
e (e
.g.,
herb
ivore
s).
Dis
trib
utio
n an
d bi
omas
s of
her
bivo
re r
eef f
ishe
s.
Cons
ider
how
cha
nges
in c
limat
e an
d oc
ean
chem
istry
will
affe
ct th
e lif
e hi
stor
y of
foca
lsp
ecie
s.
Pote
ntia
l effe
cts
of c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
nch
emis
try
on th
e lif
e hi
stor
y of
foca
l spe
cies
.
Addr
ess
unce
rtai
nty
by:
▪Sp
read
ing
the
risk
(see
abo
ve);
and
▪In
crea
sing
prot
ectio
n of
hab
itats
, crit
ical
area
s an
d sp
ecie
s m
ost v
ulne
rabl
e to
chan
ges
in c
limat
e an
d oc
ean
chem
istry
.
See
Repr
esen
t Hab
itats
and
Repl
icat
e H
abita
ts(S
prea
d th
e Ri
sk)a
bove
.Lo
catio
n of
hab
itats
, crit
ical
are
as a
nd s
peci
es m
ost
vuln
erab
le to
cha
nges
in c
limat
e an
d oc
ean
chem
istr
y.
Con
side
ratio
nSo
cioe
cono
mic
and
Cul
tura
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
d
Invo
lve S
take
hold
ers
inEs
tabl
ishin
g M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks(M
PA e
stab
lishm
ent
incl
udes
dev
elop
ing
Invo
lve a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs in
eac
h st
ep o
f the
proc
ess
of e
stab
lishi
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks
Stak
ehol
ders
that
may
be
affe
cted
by
esta
blis
hing
the
MPA
or
MPA
Net
wor
k (i.
e., l
ocal
,ada
t and
trad
ition
al c
omm
uniti
es, g
over
nmen
ts, n
on-
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns, c
ivil
soci
ety
orga
niza
tions
, sci
entif
ic in
stitu
tions
, and
indu
strie
s lik
e fis
herie
s, to
uris
m, e
tc.)
.
Tabl
e 7.
Info
rmat
ion
and
spat
ial d
ata
need
ed to
app
ly s
ocio
econ
omic
and
cul
tura
l crit
eria
for d
esig
ning
MPA
s an
d M
PA N
etw
orks
inIn
done
sia.
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
60
Con
side
ratio
nSo
cioe
cono
mic
and
Cul
tura
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
dzo
ning
and
man
agem
ent
plan
s)A
pro
cess
for
invo
lvin
g st
akeh
olde
rs in
eac
h st
ep o
fth
e pr
oces
s (e
.g.,
in d
ata
gath
erin
g an
d pu
blic
cons
ulta
tion
to d
evel
op z
onin
g an
d m
anag
emen
tpl
ans)
.
Prio
ritiz
e es
tabl
ishin
g M
PAs
in a
reas
sup
port
edby
sta
keho
lder
sLo
catio
n of
are
as w
here
sta
keho
lder
s su
ppor
tes
tabl
ishi
ng M
PAs,
par
ticul
arly
NT
Zs.
Cons
ider
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r col
labo
rativ
em
anag
emen
t am
ong
all s
take
hold
ers
and
impl
emen
t as
appr
opria
te
Opp
ortu
nitie
s, c
osts
and
ben
efits
of c
olla
bora
tive
man
agem
ent w
ith s
take
hold
ers.
Prov
ide
capa
city
bui
ldin
g fo
r sta
keho
lder
s to
help
them
eng
age
mor
e ef
fect
ively
ines
tabl
ishin
g M
PAs
and
MPA
s N
etw
orks
.
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g ne
eds
for
stak
ehol
ders
to e
ngag
eef
fect
ivel
y in
pla
nnin
g an
d im
plem
enta
tion
ofM
PA m
anag
emen
t.
Ensu
re S
take
hold
erCo
mpl
ianc
e w
ithin
MPA
sIn
volve
loca
l com
mun
ity in
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent,
such
as
thro
ugh
join
t pat
rols
amon
g go
vern
men
t ins
titut
ions
and
com
mun
ities
, and
PO
KMAS
WAS
(com
mun
itysu
rvei
llanc
e gr
oups
).
Opp
ortu
nitie
s, c
osts
and
ben
efits
of i
nvol
ving
com
mun
ities
in c
ompl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t of
man
agem
ent p
lans
.
Supp
ort M
PA m
anag
emen
t act
ions
that
mai
ntai
n or
incr
ease
eco
syst
em g
oods
and
serv
ices
for l
ocal
com
mun
ities
Man
agem
ent a
ctio
ns th
at w
ill m
aint
ain
or in
crea
seec
osys
tem
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
for
loca
lco
mm
uniti
es.
Supp
ort M
ultip
le,
Envir
onm
enta
lly F
riend
lyU
ses
in M
PAs
Allo
w fo
r mul
tiple
env
ironm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly u
ses
in M
PAs,
incl
udin
g su
stai
nabl
e fis
hing
,to
urism
, aqu
acul
ture
, edu
catio
n an
dre
sear
ch.
Loca
tion
of:
▪Su
stai
nabl
e fis
hing
gro
unds
(eg
. dem
ersa
l, pe
lagi
c,et
c.).
▪Fi
shin
g pr
essu
re
Tab
le 7
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
61
▪Fi
sh la
ndin
g si
tes.
▪Bo
at d
ocki
ng lo
catio
ns.
▪Bo
at s
helte
r lo
catio
ns.
▪En
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
aqu
acul
ture
are
as(s
eaw
eed
farm
ing,
pea
rl fa
rmin
g, s
ea c
ucum
ber,
etc.
).▪
Ecof
riend
ly to
uris
m a
reas
(su
rfin
g, s
nork
elin
g,di
ve s
ite, p
aras
ailin
g, s
port
fish
ing,
bea
chre
crea
tion,
etc
.).
▪Ed
ucat
ion
and
rese
arch
loca
tions
.
Supp
ort C
omm
unity
Wel
fare
(Live
lihoo
ds a
ndFo
od S
uppl
ies)
Supp
ort e
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
live
lihoo
ds o
flo
cal c
omm
uniti
es, e
.g.,
com
mun
ity-b
ased
,en
viron
men
tally
frie
ndly
fish
erie
s,aq
uacu
lture
and
mar
ine
reso
urce
-bas
edto
urism
bas
ed o
n an
are
as’ u
niqu
enes
s(b
iotic
and
abi
otic
reso
urce
s).
Loca
tion
of:
▪Su
stai
nabl
e fis
hing
gro
unds
(eg
. dem
ersa
l,pe
lagi
c, e
tc.)
▪Fi
shin
g pr
essu
re▪
Fish
land
ing
site
s▪
Boat
doc
king
loca
tions
▪Bo
at s
helte
r lo
catio
ns▪
Envi
ronm
enta
lly fr
iend
ly a
quac
ultu
re a
reas
(sea
wee
d fa
rmin
g, p
earl
farm
ing,
sea
cuc
umbe
r,et
c.)
▪En
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
tour
ism
are
as b
ased
on
an a
reas
’ uni
quen
ess.
Prot
ect m
arin
e he
ritag
e sit
es th
at h
ave
impo
rtan
t, ar
cheo
logi
cal-h
istor
ical
val
ue(e
.g.,
ship
wre
cks
and
airp
lane
wre
cks)
, and
man
age
them
for t
heir
pote
ntia
l to
supp
ort
com
mun
ity b
ased
-tour
ism.
Loca
tion
of s
hipw
reck
s or
airp
lane
wre
cks
ofar
cheo
logi
cal-h
isto
rical
val
ue (
e.g.
, fro
m W
orld
War
II, e
tc.)
.
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
62
Con
side
ratio
nSo
cioe
cono
mic
and
Cul
tura
l Des
ign
Cri
teri
aIn
form
atio
n an
d Sp
atia
l Dat
a N
eede
dEn
sure
fair
and
Equa
lAc
cess
and
Use
Ensu
re lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es h
ave
fair
and
equa
lac
cess
to, a
nd u
tiliz
atio
n of
, mar
ine
and
fishe
ries
reso
urce
s.
Loca
tion
of im
port
ant f
ishi
ng g
roun
ds fo
r ea
chco
mm
unity
.
Mai
ntai
n or
impr
ove
acce
ss to
reso
urce
s an
dm
arke
ts to
sup
port
com
mun
ity e
cono
mie
sth
at c
ompl
y w
ith M
PA m
anag
emen
t pla
ns.
Loca
tion
of a
reas
whe
re c
omm
uniti
es r
equi
reac
cess
to r
esou
rces
and
mar
kets
to s
uppo
rt lo
cal
econ
omie
s th
at c
ompl
y w
ith M
PA m
anag
emen
tpl
ans.
Supp
ort L
ocal
Wisd
oman
d Pr
actic
esPr
otec
t ada
t, lo
cal w
isdom
, tra
ditio
nal l
aw a
ndcu
lture
that
sup
port
con
serv
atio
n an
dsu
stai
nabl
e re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t, w
hich
are
still
ack
now
ledg
ed a
nd a
pplie
d by
the
exist
ing
adat
com
mun
ity o
r ins
titut
ion.
Loca
tion
of lo
cal w
isdo
m a
nd p
ract
ices
that
sup
port
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
reso
urce
man
agem
ent t
hat a
re s
till a
ctiv
e w
ithin
the
MPA
(e.g
.,sa
si, k
erug
a, li
lifuk
, hoh
olok
, pap
adak
,pa
nada
hi, e
tc.)
.
Prot
ect a
reas
that
hav
e im
port
ant t
radi
tiona
lcu
ltura
l val
ue fo
r loc
al p
eopl
e/ad
at, i
nclu
ding
mys
tical
(pam
ali)
area
s, a
nd im
port
ant s
ites
for t
radi
tiona
l med
icin
e.
Loca
tion
of:
▪M
ystic
al (
pam
ali)
area
s.▪
Impo
rtan
t site
s fo
r tr
aditi
onal
med
icin
e.
Tab
le 7
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
63
ANNEX 3EVALUATION TOOL FOR MPA AND MPANETWORK DESIGN IN INDONESIA
TNC, through USAID SEA Project, has developed an Evaluation Tool forMarine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area Network Design in Indonesia(Green et al. 2019). This annex provides excerpts from that tool. For moreinformation regarding when and how to use this tool, see Green et al. 2019.
IntroductionHere we provide a simple tool that uses performance indicators for thebiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural design criteria to help managersevaluate and refine the design of an MPA or MPA Network to ensure it willachieve its goals and objectives. The tool provides simple scoring criteria toevaluate progress toward applying each design criterion, and to develop anoverall evaluation score for the MPA or MPA Network design.
Please note that there also many governance factors that are important toconsider when establishing MPAs and MPA Networks, which are notincluded here (see MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia). For guidelines toevaluate and improve management effectiveness of MPAs in Indonesia, pleasesee Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Management Effectiveness of Aquatic,Coasts and Small Islands Conservation Areas (E-KKP3K: DCAFS 2013).
Who Should Use This Tool and When?This evaluation tool should be used by field practitioners responsible fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks, or for helping local communitiesestablish LMMAs, in Indonesia, including representatives of national,provincial or local level governments, non-governmental organizations, anduniversity scientists.
The tool can be used to evaluate the design (zoning plan) of existing orproposed MPAs, and will be particularly useful when reviewing managementplans (including zoning plans) for existing MPAs (which is required every fiveyears).
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
64
This tool will also be useful when developing zoning plans for new orproposed MPAs. It can be used multiple times throughout the zoning process(e.g., every few months), so managers can demonstrate how their zoningplan has improved and identify actions still needed for adaptive management.The tool can also help managers develop a clear rationale to explain thedesign of the zoning plan to communities in a way that they are more likelyto understand and accept the plan.
The tool will be most useful for evaluating and refining zoning plans when therelevant information and spatial data (see Annex 2) and knowledgeableexperts are available to assist with the evaluation. It may be more difficult touse this tool when a new or proposed MPA is at a very early stage in thedesign process and there is no zoning plan to evaluate, and/or if thenecessary information or expertise is not available to assist with theevaluation. In this situation, it may be better to use the framework fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia provided in this documentto guide the initial design of a draft zoning plan (see A Framework for DesigningMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia).
Once a draft zoning plan has been developed, this tool can be used toevaluate the design for adaptive management before the plan is completed.
Using the ToolBefore Using This ToolBefore using this tool you should:
▪ Identify the goals and SMART objectives for the MPA or MPANetwork (see Step 1 Define Goals and Objectives).
▪ Identify the high priority targets to conserve and manage in theMPA (e.g., focal habitats and species, livelihoods and local wisdom),and the threats to these targets that need to be addressed.
▪ Assemble a team to compile the best available spatial data andother information required (see Annex 2) and complete theevaluation. Since the tool requires an understanding of thebiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural context for designing theMPA, it is important to conduct the evaluation with people whohave relevant knowledge of the area. This may include biologicaland social scientists, managers (e.g., fisheries agents), localcommunities and other stakeholders.
65
How to Use This ToolPerformance indicators are provided for biophysical, socioeconomic andcultural design criteria for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia in Table 8and Table 9. Use these performance indicators and the following steps toevaluate the MPA or MPA Network design.
Step 1. Evaluate How Each Criterion Has Been Applied to Design the MPAor MPA NetworkGo through each of the design criteria in Table 8 and Table 9 one at a time.Make sure you understand the design criterion and review the rationale(justification) for the criterion if necessary (see Annex 1).
Determine if the design criterion is needed to achieve the MPA or MPANetwork goals and objectives. If so:
▪ Read the performance indicator for that design criterion, discuss itwith your colleagues and assign a score regarding how well thatcriterion has been applied in the zoning plan. The tool providessimple scoring criteria to evaluate progress toward applying eachdesign criterion to assign a score from 0 to 3. This provides a betterindication of progress than simply assessing if the design criteriahave been applied fully or not (i.e., 0 or 1).
▪ Provide the rationale or evidence to justify the score, and notes forimproving the score in the Action Plan (see Step 3 below) ifnecessary.
If the design criterion is not needed to achieve the MPA or MPA Networkgoals and objectives, select “Not Applicable (NA)” instead of assigning ascore. Do not score it as 0 (to distinguish it from criteria that need to beapplied, but which have not been applied as yet).
Step 2. Evaluate the Overall Design of the MPA or MPA NetworkThe scoring system can be used to develop an overall evaluation score forthe MPA or MPA Network design (zoning plan). Once you have completedboth Table 8 and Table 9, add up the scores and calculate the percentage (%)of the total maximum score achieved for the design criteria that apply to theMPA or MPA Network. All design criteria are considered of equalimportance in the overall evaluation score to avoid subjective decisions aboutthe relative importance of the design criteria, which will vary in differentMPAs or MPA Networks that have different goals and objectives (see Refiningthe Tool for Specific MPAs or MPA Networks).
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
66
If you use the tool multiple times (e.g., every few months when developing anew zoning plan, or before and after an existing zoning plan has beenrevised), you can use the change in the overall score to track progress towardadaptive management.
Different MPAs may have different scores, because their total maximumscore may vary if they have different goals that require different designcriteria. Therefore, comparisons among MPAs should be based on thepercentage (%) of the total maximum score achieved for each MPA (e.g.,where poor is <20%, fair is 20-40%, moderate is 41-60%, good is 61-80%,and excellent is >80%).
Step 3. Develop an Action Plan to Improve the Design of the MPA or MPA NetworkOnce you have completed the evaluation tool (Step 1 and Step 2 above),develop an action plan to improve the design of the MPA or MPA Network(if necessary). The action plan should:
▪ Clearly identify the next steps required to improve the MPA orMPA Network design (e.g., by addressing information/data needs,or revising the zoning plan to address the design criteria moreeffectively), the responsible/lead person for each task, and thetimeline for completing each task. It will also be important to notehow each of these steps will align with the zoning and adaptivemanagement phases for the MPA or MPA Network.
▪ Develop a schedule to repeat the evaluation tool to track progressover time.
Refining the Tool for Specific MPAs or MPANetworksIf you have the relevant expertise on your evaluation team, you can modifythe tool based on the MPA or MPA Network goals and objectives, andbiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the area (e.g., bydefining the major habitats, critical areas, focal species, threats, stakeholders,environmentally friendly uses and livelihoods, local wisdom and practices,etc.).
You may also wish to define the relative importance of each design criterionto achieving the MPA or MPA Network goals and objectives, and take thisinto account when calculating the overall score for the MPA or MPANetwork design.
67
Tabl
e 8.
Eva
luat
ion
tool
for t
he b
ioph
ysic
al c
riter
ia fo
r des
igni
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesia
.Th
is to
ol p
rovid
es e
ach
of th
e bi
ophy
sical
crit
eria
for d
esig
ning
MPA
s an
d M
PA N
etw
orks
in In
done
sia, p
erfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
and
asc
orin
g sy
stem
(crit
eria
and
sco
res)
to e
valu
ate
how
eac
h cr
iterio
n ha
s be
en a
pplie
d to
des
ign
an M
PA o
r MPA
Net
wor
k, a
nd s
pace
topr
ovid
e th
e ra
tiona
le (o
r evid
ence
) to
just
ify th
e sc
ore
and
to id
entif
y an
Act
ion
Plan
(if n
eede
d to
impr
ove
the
scor
e). P
leas
e no
te th
atth
e de
sign
crite
ria a
nd p
erfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
are
num
bere
d so
they
are
eas
y to
refe
r to
whi
le u
sing
this
eval
uatio
n to
ol. T
hese
num
bers
do n
ot re
flect
the
orde
r of i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f the
des
ign
crite
ria, w
hich
will
var
y de
pend
ing
on th
e M
PA o
r MPA
Net
wor
k go
als
and
obje
ctive
s. N
ote
also
that
man
y of
thes
e cr
iteria
are
des
igne
d to
con
sider
the
ecol
ogy
of fo
cal s
peci
es, i
nclu
ding
: key
fish
erie
s sp
ecie
s(fi
sh a
nd in
vert
ebra
tes)
, end
ange
red,
thre
aten
ed a
nd p
rote
cted
spe
cies
and
/or m
igra
tory
mar
ine
biot
a (s
ea tu
rtle
s, m
arin
e bi
rds,
ceta
cean
s, d
ugon
g an
d cr
ocod
iles)
, lar
ge c
haris
mat
ic m
arin
e fa
una
(sha
rks,
man
ta ra
ys, w
hale
sha
rks
and
Mol
a m
ola)
, spe
cies
impo
rtan
t for
mai
ntai
ning
eco
syst
em fu
nctio
n lik
e ha
bita
t-for
min
g sp
ecie
s (e
.g.,
cora
ls), o
r spe
cies
impo
rtan
t for
reef
resil
ienc
e (e
.g.,
herb
ivore
s).
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
Repr
esen
tH
abita
ts1.
Pro
tect
at l
east
20%
of
each
maj
or h
abita
t in
NTZ
s (e
.g.,
each
type
of
cora
l ree
f, m
angr
ove
fore
st, e
stua
ry o
r sea
gras
sbe
d).
1a. M
ajor
hab
itats
for
prot
ectio
n id
entif
ied,
map
ped
and
clas
sifie
d(e
.g.,
each
type
of c
oral
reef
is b
oth
map
ped
and
clas
sifie
d).
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
1b. A
t lea
st 2
0% o
f eac
hty
pe o
f maj
or h
abita
tpr
otec
ted
in N
TZs.
> 2
0% o
f eac
h in
NT
Zs.
3
15-2
0% o
f eac
h in
NT
Zs
2
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
68
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r Sc
orin
gC
rite
ria
Scor
eR
atio
nale
or
Evid
ence
to
Just
ifySc
ore
& A
ctio
n Pl
an5-
15%
of e
ach
inN
TZ
s1
<5%
of e
ach
in N
TZ
s0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Repl
icate
Hab
itats
(Spr
ead
the
Risk
)
2. P
rote
ct a
t lea
st th
ree
exam
ples
of e
ach
maj
orha
bita
t in
NTZ
s; a
nd
Spre
ad th
em o
ut to
redu
ce th
e ch
ance
s th
eyw
ill a
ll be
affe
cted
by
the
sam
e di
stur
banc
e (e
.g.,
maj
or s
torm
s, c
oral
blea
chin
g an
d cr
own-
of-
thor
ns s
tarfi
sh o
utbr
eaks
).
2a. A
t lea
st th
ree
exam
ples
of e
ach
maj
orha
bita
t pro
tect
ed in
NTZ
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
2b. E
xam
ples
of e
ach
maj
or h
abita
t pro
tect
ed in
NTZ
s ar
e sp
read
out
tore
duce
the
chan
ces
they
will
all
be a
ffect
ed b
y th
esa
me
dist
urba
nce.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Prot
ect C
ritica
l,Sp
ecia
l and
Uni
que
Area
s
3. P
rote
ct c
ritic
al a
reas
inth
e lif
e hi
stor
y of
foca
lfis
herie
s sp
ecie
s in
NTZ
s(e
.g.,
spaw
ning
and
3. C
ritic
al a
reas
in th
e lif
ehi
stor
y of
foca
l fish
erie
ssp
ecie
s id
entif
ied
and
prot
ecte
d in
NTZ
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Tab
le 8
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
69
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
and
nurs
ery
area
s)N
one
or a
few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
4. P
rote
ct c
ritic
al a
reas
or
habi
tats
for c
haris
mat
ic,
enda
nger
ed, t
hrea
tene
dor
pro
tect
ed s
peci
es (e
.g.,
bree
ding
, fee
ding
or
rest
ing
area
s, o
r mig
rato
ryco
rrid
ors)
.
4. C
ritic
al a
reas
or h
abita
tspr
otec
ted
for c
haris
mat
ic,
enda
nger
ed, t
hrea
tene
d or
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
5. P
rote
ct s
peci
al a
ndun
ique
nat
ural
phen
omen
a in
NTZ
s,su
ch a
s ar
eas
with
ver
yhi
gh b
iodi
vers
ity, h
igh
ende
mism
, uni
que
mar
ine
com
mun
ities
or h
igh
prod
uctiv
ity (e
.g.,
uniq
uepe
lagi
c ha
bita
ts li
ke a
reas
of u
pwel
ling,
fron
ts, a
nded
dies
).
5. S
peci
al a
nd u
niqu
ena
tura
l phe
nom
ena
prot
ecte
d in
NTZ
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
6. P
rote
ct a
reas
that
are
impo
rtan
t at t
he n
atio
nal,
inte
rnat
iona
l org
loba
lsc
ale
for c
onse
rvat
ion
6. A
reas
impo
rtan
t at t
hena
tiona
l, in
tern
atio
nal o
rgl
obal
sca
le fo
rco
nser
vatio
n or
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
70
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
or m
anag
emen
t of f
ocal
spec
ies.
man
agem
ent o
f foc
alsp
ecie
s ar
e pr
otec
ted
(e.g
.,W
orld
Her
itage
Are
as,
RAM
SAR
Site
s, c
ritic
alha
bita
ts fo
r glo
bally
enda
nger
ed s
peci
es, o
rcr
itica
l are
as fo
rm
aint
aini
ng c
onne
ctivi
ty o
ffis
herie
s sp
ecie
s ac
ross
natio
nal b
ound
arie
s).
Few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Abio
tic F
acto
rs
7. C
onsid
er v
aria
tions
inoc
eano
grap
hy (i
.e.,
curr
ents
, tid
es,
tem
pera
ture
, sal
inity
and
acid
ity),
subs
trat
e an
dba
thym
etry
that
affe
ctth
e sp
read
of b
iolo
gica
lan
d no
n-bi
olog
ical
mat
eria
l.
7. V
aria
tions
inoc
eano
grap
hy, s
ubst
rate
and
bath
ymet
ry u
sed
toid
entif
y ha
bita
ts fo
rre
pres
enta
tion
whe
rebi
olog
ical
info
rmat
ion
is no
tav
aila
ble.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
8. E
nsur
e N
TZs
are
larg
een
ough
to s
usta
in a
dults
and
juve
nile
s of
foca
lfis
herie
s sp
ecie
s w
ithin
8. N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
to s
usta
in a
dults
and
juve
nile
s of
foca
l fish
erie
ssp
ecie
s w
ithin
thei
r
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Tab
le 8
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
71
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
Mov
emen
t of
Adul
ts a
ndJu
veni
les
thei
r bou
ndar
ies.
boun
darie
s (b
ased
on
thei
r m
ovem
ent p
atte
rns)
.N
one
or a
few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
9. E
nsur
e:▪
NTZ
s ar
e la
rge
enou
ghto
con
tain
all
habi
tats
used
by
foca
l spe
cies
thro
ugho
ut th
eir l
ifehi
stor
y (e
.g.,
for h
ome
rang
es, n
urse
ry g
roun
dsan
d sp
awni
ng a
reas
); or
▪Es
tabl
ish n
etw
orks
of
NTZ
s th
at a
re c
lose
enou
gh to
allo
w fo
rm
ovem
ents
of f
ocal
spec
ies
amon
gpr
otec
ted
habi
tats
(e.g
.,th
roug
h on
toge
netic
habi
tat s
hifts
and
spaw
ning
mig
ratio
ns).
9. N
TZs
are
desig
ned
topr
otec
t foc
al s
peci
esth
roug
hout
thei
r life
cyc
les
in e
ither
indi
vidua
l MPA
s or
MPA
Net
wor
ks.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%).
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%).
1
No
or a
few
(0-
25%
)0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
10. I
nclu
de w
hole
ecol
ogic
al u
nits
(suc
h as
reef
s or
sea
mou
nts)
inN
TZs.
If n
ot, c
hoos
ela
rger
rath
er th
an s
mal
ler
area
s.
10. W
hole
eco
logi
cal u
nits
are
incl
uded
in N
TZs.
Ifno
t, N
TZs
prot
ect l
arge
rra
ther
than
sm
alle
r are
as.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
app
licab
leN
A
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
72
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
11. U
se c
ompa
ct s
hape
s(s
uch
as s
quar
es) f
orN
TZs,
exc
ept w
hen
prot
ectin
g na
tura
llyel
onga
ted
habi
tats
like
long
nar
row
coa
stal
reef
s.
11. N
TZs
are
com
pact
shap
es e
xcep
t whe
npr
otec
ting
natu
rally
elon
gate
d ha
bita
ts.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Inco
rpor
ate
Conn
ectiv
ity:
Biot
ic Fa
ctor
s
Larv
al D
isper
sal
12. E
stab
lish:
▪N
TZs
larg
e en
ough
tobe
sel
f-sus
tain
ing
for f
ocal
spec
ies;
or
▪N
etw
orks
of N
TZs
clos
e en
ough
to b
eco
nnec
ted
by la
rval
disp
ersa
l.
12.
▪N
TZs
are
larg
e en
ough
to b
e se
lf- s
usta
inin
g; o
r▪
Net
wor
ks o
f NTZ
s ar
ecl
ose
enou
gh to
be
conn
ecte
d by
larv
aldi
sper
sal (
depe
ndin
g on
disp
ersa
l dist
ance
s of
foca
lsp
ecie
s).
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
13. P
rote
ct s
patia
llyiso
late
d ar
eas
in N
TZs
(e.g
, rem
ote
atol
ls).
13. S
patia
lly is
olat
ed a
reas
are
prot
ecte
d in
NTZ
s.M
ost (
76-1
00%
)3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Tab
le 8
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
73
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
14. P
rote
ct la
rval
sou
rces
in p
erm
anen
t or s
easo
nal
NTZ
s or
by
usin
g fis
herie
scl
osur
es d
urin
g sp
awni
ngtim
es.
14. L
arva
l sou
rces
(i.e
., fis
hsp
awni
ng a
ggre
gatio
ns) a
repr
otec
ted
in p
erm
anen
t or
seas
onal
NTZ
s or
thro
ugh
fishe
ries
clos
ures
dur
ing
spaw
ning
tim
es.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
15. L
ocat
e m
ore
NTZ
sup
stre
am re
lativ
e to
fishe
d ar
eas
if th
ere
is a
stro
ng, c
onsis
tent
,un
idire
ctio
nal c
urre
nt.
15. M
ore
NTZ
s ar
elo
cate
d up
stre
am re
lativ
eto
fish
ed a
reas
if th
ere
is a
stro
ng, c
onsis
tent
,un
idire
ctio
nal c
urre
nt.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Allo
w T
ime
for
Reco
very
16. E
stab
lish
NTZ
s fo
rth
e lo
ng te
rm (2
0-40
year
s), p
refe
rabl
ype
rman
ently
.
16. N
TZs
are
in p
lace
perm
anen
tly o
r for
the
long
term
(ext
ende
d at
eac
h5-
year
revie
w o
f zon
ing
and
man
agem
ent p
lans
).
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
17. U
se s
hort
-term
(<5
year
s) o
r per
iodi
cally
17. S
hort
-term
(<5
year
s)or
per
iodi
cally
har
vest
edM
ost (
76-1
00%
)3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
74
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
harv
este
d N
TZs
inad
ditio
n to
, rat
her t
han
inst
ead
of, l
ong-
term
or
perm
anen
t NTZ
s.
NTZ
s ar
e us
ed in
add
ition
to, r
athe
r tha
n in
stea
d of
,lo
ng-te
rm o
r per
man
ent
NTZ
s
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Prot
ect H
ealth
yAr
eas
and
Avoi
dLo
cal T
hrea
ts
(e.g
., ov
erfis
hing
,de
stru
ctive
fishi
ng, c
oast
alde
velo
pmen
t,m
ass
tour
ism,
land
-bas
edru
noff
ofse
dim
ents
and
nutr
ient
s, m
arin
epo
llutio
n, a
ndsh
ippi
ng, m
inin
g,oi
l and
gas
indu
strie
s)
18. P
rote
ct a
reas
whe
reha
bita
ts a
nd p
opul
atio
nsof
foca
l spe
cies
are
ingo
od c
ondi
tion
with
low
leve
ls of
loca
l thr
eats
.
18. N
TZs
prot
ect h
abita
tsan
d po
pula
tions
of f
ocal
spec
ies
in g
ood
cond
ition
with
low
leve
ls of
thre
at.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
19. A
void
are
as w
here
habi
tats
and
pop
ulat
ions
of fo
cal s
peci
es a
re in
poor
con
ditio
n du
e to
loca
lth
reat
s. If
this
is no
tpo
ssib
le:
▪Re
duce
thes
e th
reat
s;▪
Faci
litat
e na
tura
lre
cove
ry, s
uch
as b
ypr
otec
ting
larv
also
urce
s an
d sp
ecie
s
19a.
Whe
re N
TZs
have
tobe
loca
ted
in a
reas
whe
reha
bita
ts a
nd p
opul
atio
ns o
ffo
cal s
peci
es a
re in
poo
rco
nditi
on d
ue to
loca
lth
reat
s:▪
Loca
l thr
eats
hav
e be
enre
duce
d;▪
Nat
ural
reco
very
has
been
faci
litat
ed; a
nd/o
r▪
The
cost
s an
d be
nefit
s
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Tab
le 8
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
75
(Con
tinue
d on
nex
t pag
e)
like
herb
ivore
s th
at p
lay
impo
rtan
t fun
ctio
nal
role
s in
eco
syst
emre
silie
nce;
and
▪Co
nsid
er th
e co
sts
and
bene
fits
of re
habi
litat
ing
habi
tats
and
spe
cies
(e.g
., by
rest
orin
gst
ruct
ures
, tra
nspl
antin
gco
rals,
or f
acili
tatin
gpo
pula
tion
reco
very
of
foca
l spe
cies
by
re-
stoc
king
or u
sing
tem
pora
ry c
losu
res)
.
of re
habi
litat
ing
habi
tats
and
spec
ies
have
bee
nco
nsid
ered
.
19b.
MPA
s ar
e in
tegr
ated
with
oth
er m
anag
emen
tap
proa
ches
to re
duce
thre
ats
incl
udin
g:In
tegr
ated
Coa
stal
Zon
eM
anag
e-m
ent (
Mar
ine
and
Land
Spa
tial P
lann
ing)
; and
Ecos
yste
m A
ppro
ach
toFi
sher
ies
Man
agem
ent.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Adap
t to
Chan
ges
inCl
imat
e an
dO
cean
Che
mist
ry
(Suc
h as
risin
gse
a su
rface
tem
pera
ture
s,ris
ing
sea
leve
lsan
d oc
ean
acid
ifica
tion)
.
20. P
rote
ct s
ites
that
are
likel
y to
be
mor
e re
silie
ntto
glo
bal e
nviro
nmen
tal
chan
ge (r
efug
ia) i
n N
TZs.
20. S
ites
that
are
like
ly to
be m
ore
resil
ient
toch
ange
s in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emist
ry (r
efug
ia)
are
prot
ecte
d in
NTZ
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%).
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%).
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
21. P
rote
ct e
colo
gica
llyim
port
ant s
ites
that
are
sens
itive
to c
hang
es in
clim
ate
and
ocea
nch
emist
ry.
21. E
colo
gica
lly im
port
ant
sites
that
are
sen
sitive
toch
ange
s in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emist
ry a
repr
otec
ted
in N
TZs.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%).
0
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
76
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
Not
App
licab
leN
A
22. I
ncre
ase
prot
ectio
n of
spec
ies
that
pla
yim
port
ant f
unct
iona
l rol
esin
eco
syst
em re
silie
nce
(e.g
., he
rbivo
rous
reef
fishe
s on
cor
al re
efs)
.
22. P
rote
ctio
n ha
sin
crea
sed
for s
peci
es th
atpl
ay im
port
ant f
unct
iona
lro
les
in e
cosy
stem
resil
ienc
e.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
23. C
onsid
er h
ow c
limat
ean
d oc
ean
chan
ge w
illaf
fect
the
life
hist
ory
offo
cal s
peci
es.
23. S
cien
tific
stu
dies
are
unde
rway
or h
ave
been
com
plet
ed to
und
erst
and
how
clim
ate
and
ocea
nch
ange
will
affe
ct th
e lif
ehi
stor
y of
foca
l spe
cies
, and
the
impl
icat
ions
for r
efin
ing
the
desig
n cr
iteria
abo
ve.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
24. A
ddre
ss u
ncer
tain
tyby
:▪
Spre
adin
g th
e ris
k (s
eeRe
plic
ate
Hab
itats
);an
d▪
Incr
easin
g pr
otec
tion
of
24a.
Unc
erta
inty
has
bee
nad
dres
sed
by: S
prea
ding
the
risk.
See
Rep
licat
e H
abita
tsab
ove.
NA
24b.
Unc
erta
inty
has
bee
nad
dres
sed
by: I
ncre
asin
gpr
otec
tion
of h
abita
ts (e
.g.,
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Tab
le 8
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
77
habi
tats
, crit
ical
are
asan
d sp
ecie
s m
ost
vuln
erab
le to
cha
nges
incl
imat
e an
d oc
ean
chem
istry
.
by in
crea
sing
perc
ent
habi
tat r
epre
sent
atio
n),
criti
cal a
reas
and
spe
cies
mos
t vul
nera
ble
toch
ange
s in
clim
ate
and
ocea
n ch
emist
ry.
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Tabl
e 9.
Eva
luat
ion
tool
for t
he s
ocio
econ
omic
and
cul
tura
l crit
eria
for d
esig
ning
MPA
s an
d M
PA N
etw
orks
in In
done
sia.
This
tool
pro
vides
eac
h of
the
soci
oeco
nom
ic a
nd c
ultu
ral c
riter
ia fo
r des
igni
ng M
PAs
and
MPA
Net
wor
ks in
Indo
nesia
, per
form
ance
indi
cato
rs a
nd a
sco
ring
syst
em (c
riter
ia a
nd s
core
s) to
eva
luat
e ho
w e
ach
crite
rion
has
been
app
lied
to d
esig
n an
MPA
or M
PAN
etw
ork,
and
spa
ce to
pro
vide
the
ratio
nale
(or e
viden
ce) t
o ju
stify
the
scor
e an
d to
iden
tify
an A
ctio
n Pl
an (i
f nee
ded
to im
prov
e th
esc
ore)
. Ple
ase
note
that
the
desig
n cr
iteria
and
per
form
ance
indi
cato
rs a
re n
umbe
red
so th
ey a
re e
asy
to re
fer t
o w
hile
usin
g th
isev
alua
tion
tool
. The
se n
umbe
rs d
o no
t ref
lect
the
orde
r of i
mpo
rtan
ce o
f the
des
ign
crite
ria, w
hich
will
var
y de
pend
ing
on th
e M
PA o
rM
PA N
etw
ork
goal
s an
d ob
ject
ives.
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
Invo
lveSt
akeh
olde
rs in
Esta
blish
ing
MPA
s an
d M
PAN
etw
orks
.
(MPA
esta
blish
men
tin
clud
es
1. In
volve
all
stak
ehol
ders
in e
ach
step
of t
hepr
oces
s of
est
ablis
hing
MPA
s an
d M
PAN
etw
orks
.
1. S
take
hold
ers
are
invo
lved
in e
ach
step
of t
hepr
oces
s of
est
ablis
hing
MPA
s an
d M
PA N
etw
orks
.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
2. P
riorit
ize
esta
blish
ing
MPA
s in
are
as2.
MPA
s es
tabl
ishe
d in
area
s su
ppor
ted
byM
ost (
76-1
00%
)3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2(C
ontin
ued
on n
ew p
age)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
78
Tab
le 9
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
deve
lopi
ngzo
ning
and
man
agem
ent
plan
s.)
(Sta
keho
lder
sin
clud
e lo
cal,
adat
and
trad
ition
alco
mm
uniti
es,
gove
rnm
ents
,N
GO
s, c
ivil
soci
ety
orga
niza
tions
,sc
ient
ific
inst
itutio
ns a
ndin
dust
ries
like
fishe
ries,
tour
ismet
c.)
supp
orte
d by
sta
keho
lder
sst
akeh
olde
rsSo
me
(26-
50%
)1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
3. C
onsid
er o
ppor
tuni
ties
for c
olla
bora
tive
man
agem
ent a
mon
g al
lst
akeh
olde
rs a
ndim
plem
ent a
sap
prop
riate
.
3. O
ppor
tuni
ties
for
colla
bora
tive
man
agem
ent
amon
g al
l sta
keho
lder
sco
nsid
ered
and
impl
emen
ted
asap
prop
riate
.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
4. P
rovid
e ca
paci
tybu
ildin
g fo
r sta
keho
lder
sto
hel
p th
em e
ngag
e m
ore
effe
ctive
ly in
est
ablis
hing
MPA
s an
d M
PAs
Net
wor
ks.
4. C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
prov
ided
for s
take
hold
ers
to h
elp
them
eng
age
mor
eef
fect
ively
in e
stab
lishi
ngM
PAs
and
MPA
s N
etw
orks
.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Ensu
reSt
akeh
olde
rCo
mpl
ianc
ew
ithin
MPA
s.
5. In
volve
loca
l com
mun
ityin
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent,
incl
udin
gjo
int p
atro
ls am
ong
5. L
ocal
com
mun
ityin
volve
d in
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
79
gove
rnm
ent i
nstit
utio
nsan
d co
mm
uniti
es, a
ndPO
KMAS
WAS
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
6. S
uppo
rt M
PAm
anag
emen
t act
ions
that
mai
ntai
n or
incr
ease
ecos
yste
m g
oods
and
serv
ices
for l
ocal
com
mun
ities
.
6. M
PA m
anag
emen
tac
tions
that
mai
ntai
n or
incr
ease
eco
syst
em g
oods
and
serv
ices
for l
ocal
com
mun
ities
are
supp
orte
d.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Supp
ort M
ultip
leEn
viron
men
tally
Frie
ndly
Use
s in
MPA
s.
7. A
llow
for m
ultip
leen
viron
men
tally
frie
ndly
uses
in M
PAs
(incl
udin
gsu
stai
nabl
e fis
hing
,to
urism
, aqu
acul
ture
,ed
ucat
ion
and
rese
arch
).
7. M
PAs
allo
w fo
r mul
tiple
envir
onm
enta
lly fr
iend
lyus
es.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Supp
ort
Com
mun
ityW
elfa
re(L
ivelih
oods
and
Food
Sup
plie
s)
8. S
uppo
rten
viron
men
tally
frie
ndly
livel
ihoo
ds o
f loc
alco
mm
uniti
es, s
uch
asco
mm
unity
-bas
ed,
envir
onm
enta
lly fr
iend
lyfis
herie
s, a
quac
ultu
re a
ndm
arin
e re
sour
ce-b
ased
8. E
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
livel
ihoo
ds o
f loc
alco
mm
uniti
es s
uppo
rted
.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
(Con
tinue
d on
new
pag
e)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
80
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
rite
ria
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
r(O
utpu
t)Pe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
Scor
ing
Cri
teri
aSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce t
o Ju
stify
Scor
e &
Act
ion
Plan
tour
ism b
ased
on
anar
eas’
uni
quen
ess
(bio
tican
d ab
iotic
reso
urce
s).
9. P
rote
ct m
arin
e he
ritag
esit
es (e
.g.,
ship
wre
cks
and
airp
lane
wre
cks)
that
have
impo
rtan
t,ar
cheo
logi
cal-h
istor
ical
valu
e, a
nd m
anag
e th
emfo
r the
ir po
tent
ial t
osu
ppor
t com
mun
ity-b
ased
tour
ism.
9a. I
mpo
rtan
t mar
ine
herit
age
sites
are
iden
tifie
dan
d pr
otec
ted
(e.g
., in
NTZ
s or
loca
l wisd
omzo
nes)
.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
9b. M
arin
e he
ritag
e sit
esm
anag
ed fo
r the
ir po
tent
ial
as c
omm
unity
-bas
edto
urism
site
s.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Ensu
re F
air
and
Equa
l Acc
ess
and
Use
10. E
nsur
e lo
cal
com
mun
ities
hav
e fa
ir an
deq
ual a
cces
s to
, and
utili
zatio
n of
, mar
ine
and
fishe
ries
reso
urce
s.
10. L
ocal
com
mun
ities
have
fair
and
equa
l acc
ess
to, a
nd u
tiliz
atio
n of
,m
arin
e an
d fis
herie
sre
sour
ces.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Tab
le 9
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
81
Not
App
licab
leN
A
11. M
aint
ain
or im
prov
eac
cess
to re
sour
ces
and
mar
kets
to s
uppo
rtco
mm
unity
eco
nom
ies
that
com
ply
with
MPA
man
agem
ent p
lans
.
11. A
cces
s to
reso
urce
san
d m
arke
ts m
aint
aine
d or
impr
oved
to s
uppo
rtco
mm
unity
eco
nom
ies.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Supp
ort L
ocal
Wisd
om a
ndPr
actic
es
12. P
rote
ct a
dat,
loca
lw
isdom
, tra
ditio
nal l
aw,
and
cultu
re th
at s
uppo
rtco
nser
vatio
n an
dsu
stai
nabl
e re
sour
cem
anag
emen
t, w
hich
are
still
ack
now
ledg
ed a
ndap
plie
d by
the
exist
ing
adat
com
mun
ity o
rin
stitu
tion.
12a.
All
loca
l wisd
om a
ndpr
actic
es in
MPA
s an
dM
PA N
etw
orks
that
supp
ort c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
reso
urce
use
that
are
stil
l ack
now
ledg
edan
d ap
plie
d by
the
exist
ing
adat
com
mun
ity o
rin
stitu
tion
are
iden
tifie
dan
d m
appe
d.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
12b.
Tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
ean
d pr
actic
es a
re p
rote
cted
and
inte
grat
ed in
to M
PAm
anag
emen
t.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A(C
ontin
ued
on n
ew p
age)
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
82
Con
side
ratio
nD
esig
n C
riter
iaPe
rfor
man
ce In
dica
tor
(Out
put)
Perf
orm
ance
Indi
cato
rSc
orin
g C
riter
iaSc
ore
Rat
iona
le o
rEv
iden
ce to
Just
ifySc
ore
& A
ctio
n Pl
an12
c. A
dat l
eade
rs o
rin
stitu
tions
are
ackn
owle
dged
in M
PAm
anag
emen
t pla
ns a
ndin
volve
d in
col
labo
rativ
em
anag
emen
t.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
13. P
rote
ct a
reas
that
have
impo
rtan
t tra
ditio
nal
cultu
ral v
alue
for l
ocal
peop
le/a
dat,
incl
udin
gm
ystic
al (p
amal
i) ar
eas,
and
impo
rtan
t site
s fo
rtr
aditi
onal
med
icin
e.
13. I
mpo
rtan
t are
as th
atha
ve im
port
ant t
radi
tiona
lcu
ltura
l val
ue fo
r loc
al/a
dat
peop
le a
re id
entif
ied,
map
ped
and
prot
ecte
d.
Mos
t (76
-100
%)
3
Man
y (5
1-75
%)
2
Som
e (2
6-50
%)
1
Non
e or
a fe
w (
0-25
%)
0
Not
App
licab
leN
A
Tab
le 9
(Con
tinue
d fro
m p
revio
us p
age)
83
ANNEX 4LIST OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED MPAsAND AOIs IN FMA 715
WEST PAPUA PROVINCE1. Cendrawasih Bay – NP2. Kaimana – PMPA3. Bintuni Bay – PMPA4. Berau Bay – CSICA5. Nusalasi Van den Bosch Bay –
CSICA6. Sabuda Tuturuga – WR7. Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebikia
Waters – PMPA8. Misool Islands Waters – MTP9. North Misool Waters – PMPA10. Kofiau-Boo Islands Waters – MTP11. Kofiau Boo – MNR12. Fam Islands Waters – MTP13. Raja Ampat Island – MNR14. Dampier Strait – MTP15. Mayalibit Bay -- MTP16. West Waigeo Island – MNR17. Ayau and Asia Islands Wates –
MTP18. Makbon – PMPA19. World War II – MCA20. Jeen Womom – CP21. Cargo Okinoyama Maru – MCA
22. Cross Wreck Mansinam – MCA23. Prafi Bay – AOI24. East of Jeen Womom – AOI25. Miossu and Su Island – AOI26. North Waigeo – AOI27. Gam-Waigeo Passage – AOI28. Saripa Bay – AOI29. 3 Seamount – AOI
NORTH MALUKU PROVINCE30. Dehegila Cape-Rao Waters –
PMPA31. Tobo-Tobo Waters – PMPA32. Yiew Island – PMPA33. East Patani Water-Sayafi Island –
PMPA34. Babua-Jailolo Island – PMPA35. Sibu-North Oba Island – PMPA36. Filonga Island – PMPA37. Mare Island – PMPA38. Moti Island Waters-Makian Island
– PMPA39. Guraici Island – PMPA40. Sali Island-North of West Gane –
PMPA
ACRONYMSAOI – Area of InterestNR – Nature ReserveWR – Wildlife ReserveNP – National ParkNTP – Nature Tourism ParkNMTP – Nature Marine Tourism ParkPMPA – Provincial MPA
NMPA – National MPACSICA – Coastal and Small Islands
Conservation AreaMCA – Marine Conservation AreaMNR – Marine Nature ReserveSIP – Small Island ParkMTP – Marine Tourism ParkCP – Coastal Park
A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA
84
41. Mandioli Island – PMPA42. Dowara Lamo Island-South of
West Gane – PMPA43. East Gane Waters and Widi
Islands – PMPA44. Kelo Island, Songara and East Obi
– PMPA45. Sula Islands – PMPA46. Pas Koro Island – PMPA47. Morotai Island – AOI48. Kahatola – AOI49. Bobo Cape – AOI50. Hiri Island – AOI51. Sayafi and Patani – AOI52. Woda Islands and Oba – AOI53. North of Gilalang Island – AOI54. Kasiruta Bacan Island – AOI55. North Taliabu – AOI56. West Taliabu – AOI57. South Taliabu – AOI
MALUKU PROVINCE58. Buru Island – PMPA59. Buano Island – PMPA60. Marsegu Island – NMTP61. Kasa Island – NMTP62. Pombo Island – NMTP63. Lease Island – PMPA64. Sawai Bay – PMPA65. Koon-Neiden – PMPA66. Banda Sea – NTP67. Ay-Rhun Island – PMPA68. Kur Tayando TAM – PMPA69. Baeer Island – NTP70. Small Kei Islands – SIP71. Southeast of Aru Islands – PMPA72. Yamdena Islands – SIP73. Leti Island – PMPA74. Damar Island – PMPA75. Romang Island – PMPA76. Lucipara Islands – PMPA77. Lucipara Island and Seamount –
AOI
78. East Buru Seamount – AOI79. Manuk Island – AOI80. Aru Islands -- AOI81. Selaru Island – AOI82. Damar and Romang Island – AOI83. West Wetar – AOI
SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE84. Wakatobi – NP
CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE85. Morowali – PMPA86. South Buko-Banggai Islands –
CSICA87. Liang-Banggai Islands – CSICA88. Luwuk Kintom-Banggai -- CSICA89. East Luwuk-Banggai – CSICA90. Lamala-Banggai – CSICA91. Bualemo-Banggai – CSICA92. Pagimana-Banggai – CSICA93. Ampana City and Ampana Tete –
CSICA94. Poso – CSICA95. Tobe – PMPA96. Tomini – NMPA97. Togean Islands – NP98. Balaesang Tanjung-Donggala –
WR99. North Dampal – CSICA100. Ogodeide – CSICA101. Doboto – CSICA102. Buol – MNR103. Parigi Moutong – PMPA104. Southwest Tomini Bay – AOI105. Parigi – AOI106. Tombu Bay – AOI107. Northwest Tomini Bay – AOI108. Buol – AOI
GORONTALO PROVINCE109. Dulangka – CSICA110. Maruagi-Mabasar – CSICA111. Mabasar-Maruangi – PMPA
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112. Tanjung Panjang – NR113. Tanjung Panjang – CSICA114. Monduli – CSICA115. Biluhu Timur – PMPA116. Leato Gorontalo Kota – MCA117. Olele Beach – PMPA118. South Gorontalo – NMPA119. Tolinggula – CSICA120. Sumalata – PMPA121. Popaya Island – MCA122. Popaya – PMPA123. Mas Popaya Raja – NR124. North Gorontalo – CSICA125. Dulanga-Maruangi-Mabasar – AOI126. Mandoli – AOI127. Botubarani – AOI128. Papaya – AOI129. Lowoo Malangoso – AOI
NORTH SULAWESI PROVINCE130. Komusi – PMPA131. Tanjung Sidupa – PMPA132. North Inomunga – PMPA133. Boroko – PMPA134. North Boroko – PMPA135. Tote – PMPA136. Lolanan – PMPA137. Libuton Molosing – PMPA138. South Minahasa – PMPA
139. Bajo – PMPA140. Bunaken – NP141. North Minahasa – PMPA142. Bitung (Lembeh Island) – PMPA143. Minahasa – PMPA144. Bentenan Satu – PMPA145. Tumbak Madani – PMPA146. Pidung Island – PMPA147. South Tobayagan – PMPA148. Sitaro Islands – PMPA149. Tatoareng Islands – SIP150. South Tabukan – PMPA151. Nusa Tabukan – PMPA152. Lipaeng – PMPA153. Kawaluso – PMPA154. Karore – PMPA155. North Tabukan – PMPA156. North Karakelong – PMPA157. South Karakelong -- PMPA158. Kabaruang – PMPA159. Seamount West Sangihe – AOI160. North Minahasa – AOI161. Luok Batu Merah – AOI162. Haji Cape – AOI163. Lito Bongkil – AOI164. Dudepo – AOI165. Motandoi – AOI166. Popaya Cape – AOI167. Minahasa – AOI
ACRONYMSAOI – Area of InterestNR – Nature ReserveWR – Wildlife ReserveNP – National ParkNTP – Nature Tourism ParkNMTP – Nature Marine Tourism ParkPMPA – Provincial MPA
NMPA – National MPACSICA – Coastal and Small Islands
Conservation AreaMCA – Marine Conservation AreaMNR – Marine Nature ReserveSIP – Small Island ParkMTP – Marine Tourism ParkCP – Coastal Park
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The Indonesian Sustainable Ecosystems AdvancedProject (USAID SEA) is a five-year initiative that supportsthe Government of Indonesia to improve the governanceof fisheries and marine resources and to conservebiological diversity at local, district, provincial, andnational levels. USAID SEA is implemented through aconsortium of partners, and works in eastern Indonesiain the provinces of Maluku, North Maluku and WestPapua. It has assisted to add more than one millionhectares of new and well-designed marine protectedareas across these provinces since 2016.