A Genre - Based A Genre - Based ApproachApproachTo Teach Grammar

GenreGenre

French Word means ‘kind’ or ‘sort

Latin Word – Genusa loose set of criteria for a category of composition

GenreGenreA vague categories with no fixed

boundaries. It is sometimes confined to art and culture, literature particularly.

In genre, works are recognized as either reflecting on or participating in the conventions of genre.

Genres are not fixed. They change over time, reflecting changes in society.

GenreGenreIt allows teacher to :Collect real samples of appropriate textsDesign activities to foster understanding of

the genreDraw attention to key vocabulary and

grammatical structures associated with that genre

Demonstrate to the students how these interact with the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the text in terms of situation and context, allowing relationship between culture and language to be directly addressed.

Descriptive TextDescriptive TextA descriptive text is a text which

lists the characteristics of something.

Type of Descriptive TextAutobiography, magazine (car magazine, fashion magazine, etc)

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe a particular person,

place or thing

Generic StructureGeneric StructureIdentification

Identify phenomenon to be described.Introduction where or who is the

subject being described.

DescriptionDescribe parts, qualities, characteristics, appearance, use, habit.The supporting part of the paragraph to describe in detail to assist the reader to ‘ see’ and ‘ feel ‘ the subject.

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocus on specific participantsThe use of adjectives and

compound adjectivesDebby is brown – skinnedDebby looks attractive and beautiful

The use of linking verbsShe always appears youngJohn is a model from Jakarta

The use of Simple Present TenseThe use of Degree of comparison

ProcedureProcedureA factual piece of writing that

instructs the reader how to do something.

Examples of a procedure :Recipes, sets of instructions, manuals, directions, science experiment, rules of games.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe (or instruct) how

something is done through a series of sequences and steps

Generic StructureGeneric StructureStatement of goal

Title of an introductory paragraphThe final goal of doing instruction

List of materialsNeeded for doing the procedure which may be a list or a paragraphIngredients, utensils, materials to do the instruction

Sequence of stepsIn the order they need to be done which may use numberA set of instruction to achieve the final purposeIt uses words such as now, next and after this. Each step usually begins with a command such as add, stir or push.

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureWritten in the imperative

Sift the flour

In chronological orderFirst, next

Use of number, alphabet or bullet points and color to signal order

Focus on the generalized human agents rather than named individuals

NarrativeNarrativeTo entertain and inform

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo amuse or entertain the reader

/ listener with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into the solution to the problems.

Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation

Introduction of setting and charactersComplication

A problem arises followed by other problemsEvaluation

Reaction to the complicationResolution

Solution to the complication are foundCoda (optional)

Message to the reader

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureThe use of dialoguesThe use of Simple Past TenseThe use of :

◦ Action Verbs : walk, sleep, wake up◦ Saying Verbs : say, tell, ask◦ Thinking Verbs : think, assume, decide◦ Feeling Verbs : feel◦ Verbs of senses : smell, taste, hear

The use of adverbial phrase of time and placein the garden, two days ago

The use of connectivesfirst, before that, then, finally

The use of noun phrase

Recount TextRecount TextA Recount is the reconstruction

of past experience. It is the use of language to share a past experience and to interpret it.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionExpressions of attitude and feeling –

made by the narrator about the events.

To retell and document a series of past events, experiences or achievements, and evaluate their significance in some ways.

  

Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation

Sets time, place and participants. Provides information about 'who', 'where' and when'

 EventsA record of events, usually in temporal sequence (chronological order).

Evaluative RemarksThese are interspersed throughout the record of events. / evaluate the events.

Re-orientation (Optional)rounds off the sequence of events. May end with personal comment or return to the present.

Language FeaturesLanguage FeaturesFocus on specific or individual

participants (e.g. our dog, Mrs Jones)Focus on temporal sequence of events

(e.g.then, On Monday, next, later)Use of past tense to locate events in

relation to speaker’s or writer’s time(e.g. she smiled, it barked, he ran)

Use of nouns and pronouns to identify people, animals or things involved

 Use of adjectives to describe nounsUse of adverbs or adverbial phrases

to indicate place and time. 

ReportReportReport is a text which presents

information about something, as it is.

It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo describe they way things are.

The things must be a representative of their class.

Generic StructureGeneric Structure1. General classification

Introduces the topic of the reportStating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2. DescriptionDescribing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materialsTell the shape / form, parts, behavior, habitat, way of survival

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureIntroducing group or general aspect

Sparrows in general, not Sam the sparrow.

Using simple present tenseThey nest

Using conditional logical connectionwhen, so, etc

Non Chronological

News ItemsNews ItemsA text which informs readers

about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social Functionto inform readers about events of

the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Generic StructureGeneric StructureNewsworthy event

Main EventRecounts the event in the summary form

Background eventIt is an elaboration of what happened, to whom, in what circumstances (background, participant, time, place)

Resource of informationComments by the participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureInformation on the use of

headlinesThe use of action verbs

hit, attack, joltThe use of saying verbs

said, added, claimedThe use of passive sentences

The victim was hit by Tsunami in 2004

SpoofSpoof

A text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo entertain and share the storyTo tell an event with humorous

twist

Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation

Who were involved in a story, when, and where

EventsTell what happened in chronological order

TwistProvide the funniest part in the story

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocusing on people, animals or

certain thingsThe use of simple past tenseThe use of action verbs

ate, ran, walked, laughedThe use of connective

first, then, finallyThe use of adverbial phrases of time

and placein the park, a week ago

Told in a chronological order

Explanation TextExplanation TextA text which tells processes

relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena.

Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena.

It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo explain the processes

involved in the information and working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena

Generic StructureGeneric StructureGeneral Statement

Positioning the reader

Stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained

Sequenced ExplanationStating a series of steps which explain the phenomena

Closing

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFeaturing generic, non human

participantssun, rain, etc

The use of general and abstract nounThe use of action verbsThe use of passive voiceThe use of simple present tenseThe use of conjunction of time and

causeThe use of technical language

Analytical ExpositionAnalytical ExpositionA text that elaborates the

writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.

Types of analytical exposition textNewspaper editorials, debates, speeches

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionIts social function is to persuade

the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic StructureGeneric StructureThesis

Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position / opinion. The writer also outlines the main arguments to be presented. ( Issue of concern)

ArgumentArguments for and against the main points outlined in thesis in a series of statement that supports the writer’s point of view. (Reasons)Each argument stage consists of a ‘point and elaboration’ . In the elaboration, the argument is supported by evidence

ReiterationThe final stage restates the writer’s point of view.

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureThe use of emotive words

alarmed, worried, disappointedWords that qualify arguments

firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore

The use of simple present tenseThe use of compound and

complex sentence

Hortatory ExpressionHortatory ExpressionA text which represent the

attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo persuade the readers /

listeners that something should be / should not be done in the case

Generic StructureGeneric StructureThesis

Issue of concern

The writer’s opinion Arguments

ReasonsRecommendation

Stating what should be / should not be done

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocusing on the writerThe use of emotive words

alarmed, worried, disappointedWords that qualify argument

firstly, however, on the other hand, thereforeThe use of present tenseThe use of compound and complex sentenceThe use of modal and adverbs

can, may, certainly, surelyThe use of subjective opinion using pronoun

I, weThe use of passive voice

DiscussionDiscussionA text which present a

problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints.

It is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo present information and

opinions about more than one side of an issue

Generic StructureGeneric StructureStatement of issue

Stating the issue which is to discussedPresenting the issue

List of supporting pointspresenting the point in in supporting the presented issue

List of contrastive pointpresenting other points which disagree to the supporting point

Recommendationstating the writer' s recommendation of the discourseA conclusion

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureIntroducing category or generic

participantUsing relating verbs

is, are, etcUsing thinking verb

feel, hope, believe, etcUsing additive, contrastive, and causal

connectionsimilarly, on the hand, however, etc

Using modalitiesmust, should, could, may, etc

Using adverbial of mannerdeliberately, hopefully, etc

ReviewReviewA criticize or evaluation of an art

work or event for a public audience

Purpose / Social FunctionPurpose / Social FunctionTo summarize, analyze, and

respond to art worksTo criticize an art work or event

for public

Generic StructureGeneric StructureOrientation

Background information on the textInterpretative Recount

Summary of an art workIncluding characters and plot

EvaluationConcluding statement, judgment, opinion or recommendation

Evaluative Summation The last opinion consisting of the appraisal of the art work being reviewed.

Language FeatureLanguage FeatureFocus on specific participants Using adjectivesUsing long and complex clauses Using metaphor

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