A. G. Leventis Research Projects...

Reviews and Contribution

A. G. Leventis Research Projects 2000-2016

General Editing

Athanasios GagatsisProfessor, Vice Rector for Academic Affairs

Coordination/Editing

Pantelitsa EteokleousUniversity Officer, Research and International Relations Service

Design/Layout

Popi Palma ConstantinouResearch and International Relations Service

Printing

Cassoulides Masterprinters

ISBN 978-9963-700-85-1Copyright©2014 University of Cyprus

Message from the Rector of the University of Cyprus .................................................................... 5

Message from the Chairman of the A. G. Leventis Foundation .................................................. 6

Introduction by the Vice Rector for Academic Affairs of the University of Cyprus .............. 7

Chapter OneHumanities and Letters

A New Critical Edition of the Chronicle of Leontios Makhairas ................................................ 17 Michalis Pieris and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari Romanorum Grammatices Fragmenta saec. II, III, IV .................................................................... 25 Ioannis Taifacos Victor Hugo et le Monde Grec (Nineteenth Century Periodical Press Database)................ 27 May Chehab and Despina Provata Language and Style in the Speeches of Thucydides .................................................................... 41 Antonis Tsakmakis The Prehistoric Settlement under the Heraion of Samos ............................................................ 51 Ourania Kouka Byzantine Documentary Sources of the Nicean Empire - The Cartulary of

Lembiotissa: Prospects and Possibilities of a New Critical Edition and Analysis ................ 65 Alexander Beihammer

Moulding Expressions of Culture: The Terracotta Figurines from the House of Orpheus, Nea Paphos .......................................................................................................................... 75 Demetrios Michaelides

The Ancient Scholia to Sophocles’ Oedipus Coloneus: A New Critical Edition.................... 93 Georgios A. Xenis Stirring Pots on Fire: A Diachronic and Interdisciplinary Study of Cooking

Pots from Cyprus...................................................................................................................................... 107 Athanasios K. Vionis

Chapter TwoEconomics

International Trade in Used Goods: An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Welfare Gains and Repercussions on Markets for New Goods................................................ 131 Sofronis Clerides

Mixed Data Sampling Regression Models: Applications in Business Cycle, Growth and Structural Breaks (2006-2009) .................................................................................... 141 Elena Andreou

Understanding the Composition of Household Wealth............................................................ 151 Michael Haliassos

2

Chapter ThreeMathematics

Inequalities for Special Functions and Applications to Geometric Function Theory and Related Fields .................................................................................................................... 153 Stamatis Koumandos

Non–linear GARCH models for Time Series of Counts................................................................ 167 Konstantinos Fokianos

Chapter FourPure and Applied Sciences

Studies in Strong Interactions: Renormalization, Confinement and Chiral Symmetry Breaking ................................................................................................................................ 183 Constantia Alexandrou

Regulation of Glycogen and DNA Repair by the Formation of Biomolecular Complexes: Understanding via Biomolecular Modeling and Free-Energy Simulations. ............................................................................................................ 189 Georgios Archontis, Spyros Skourtis, Athanasios Nicolaides

Molecular Motors: Investigating their Role in Human Neurodegenerative Disease ........................................................................................................................................................ 205 Niovi Santama

Equol Reduces Tamoxifen Associated Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rat Hepatocytes and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ............................................................ 213 Andreas Constantinou

Probing Carrier Dynamics on a Femtosecond Timescale Using Ultrafast Pulse-Shaping .......................................................................................................................................... 229 Andreas Othonos

Thermodynamic Stability of Biomolecular Mixtures in Pure Water and Electrolyte Solutions: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations................................ 241 Georgios Archontis and Epameinondas Leontidis

Examining the Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in the Onset and Progression of HPV-related Cancers ................................................................................................ 259 Katerina Strati

Studying Nuclear Matter Under Extreme Conditions of High Temperature and High Baryonic Density: The International Experiment HADES at the Heavy-ion Research Center of GSI Darmstadt, Germany .......................................................... 267 Haralambos Tsertos

3

Chapter FiveNew Research Programmes 2014-2016

ΚΑΡΑΒΟΙ: The Ship Graffiti on the Medieval Monuments of Cyprus: Mapping,Documentation and Digitisation ...................................................................................................... 285 Stella Demesticha

The Church of the Transfiguration at Sotera (Famagusta District) in Context: History – Architecture - Murals .......................................................................................................... 289 Maria G. Parani

Adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates CDI in Cypriot-Greek........................................................ 293 George Floros Scientific Models: Describing the Abstract and Representing the Real .............................. 295 Demetris Portides The Vocabulary of Byzantine Classicizing and Literary Koine Texts: A Database of Correspondences........................................................................................................ 299 Martin Hinterberger The Contribution of Gestures in Geometrical Thinking Development

in Early Childhood .................................................................................................................................. 301 Iliada Elia

Cypriot Presence and Public Diplomacy in Africa: A Historical Perspective ...................... 305 Costas M. Constantinou GRECO (Retaining Greek in “Enclaved” COmmunities): Greek as a mother

tongue among Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus and Cunda Cretans in Turkey .......................... 309 Elena Ioannidou

Adapting Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for disruptive behavior in Greek Cypriot children........................................................................................................................................ 313 Kostas Fantis

A Re-Constitution Process for the Cypriot Constitution: Towards a New Transit Basic Law ...................................................................................................................................... 315 Constantinos Kombos

Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish (continuation) ........................................ 317 Martin Strohmeier Concepts and Functions of European Philhellenism in the era of the

Restoration (1815-30) ............................................................................................................................ 319 Martin Vöhler

4

Table of Contents

Message from the Rector of the University of Cyprus

High-calibre scholarly research is one of the main pillars of development of the Universityof Cyprus (UCY) and has been a central tenent in its mission statement since the University'sestablishment in 1989. UCY supports and promotes research firmly, with all the means atits disposal, since, apart from being a knowledge incubator, is also a vibrant cell connectingscience with society.

At the same time, being aware of its multifaceted role, as an economic-growth engine, UCYhas adopted the Knowledge Triangle framework, that is, Research - Education – Innovation,in order to contribute to the upgrading of technology, strengthening of the knowledgesociety, improvement of the natural environment, public health, social organization, self-actualization of the individual and in general Cyprus economy and its people’s wellbeing.

The significant research of high quality conducted at UCY in its 22-year life span makes upthe largest proportion of country’s total research activity, while constituting UCY as thepreeminent research institution of higher education in Cyprus. Meanwhile, the significantnumber of research achievements and distinctions has established the University of Cyprusin the global research map as a research center of excellence of European standards.

Apart from the state funding, UCY has worked through the years with patience andperseverance to attract the maximum possible external support for funding its research,having reached today the amount of €100 million. One of the main loyal supporters of theresearch conducted in UCY research centers and units is the A. G. Leventis Foundation,which since 2000 has funded a total of 22 research programmes.

This edition presents both the results of the 14-year research funded by the A. G. LeventisFoundation and the 12 research projects recently funded by the Foundation (2014-2016)aiming to make them known to the wider academic community locally and internationally,but also to become a form of guide for future researchers of Leventis research grants.

On behalf of the university community, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation andgratitude to the President and the members of the Board of Trustees of the A. G. LeventisFoundation for their loyal support to the UCY all these years and their substantialcontribution to the achievement of the University’s research goals.

Professor Constantinos ChristofidesRector, University of Cyprus

5

Message from the Chairman of the A. G. Leventis Foundation

I feel particular satisfaction that the University of Cyprus has undertaken the publicationof final reports on the research programmes carried out between 2000 and 2013 withfunding provided by the A. G. Leventis Foundation. To these have been added summariesof subsequent research programmes scheduled for the period 2014-2016. Contents of thisextensive volume are excellent indicators of the University’s research priorities and theirscope, as well as of wider practical applications for the public good. We are given an insight,also, into the methods employed and of course, into scholarly results of this research.Reports make clear the enthusiastic participation by the University of Cyprus’ scientific andtechnical personnel in this multi-disciplinary undertaking.

The Foundation, inspired by the ideals of its founders, has long supported education andresearch. It grants a significant number of postgraduate fellowships yearly and financesresearch programmes in a number of Cypriot educational organisations in addition to theUniversity of Cyprus. It believes that, through research, intellectual curiosity is stimulatednot only for the benefit of Cyprus and its people, but so that young people—those beingtrained in research programmes and those collaborating with other research institutionsin Cyprus and abroad—benefit as individuals and as citizens.

An independently-selected University committee is responsible for the selection of high-quality proposals. In arriving at its decisions, this Committee is mandated as far as possibleto compensate for gaps in international, multilateral, or direct government support forresearch in certain fields. For this reason, during recent years, the committee has focusedon its support for the humanities.

The Foundation has enjoyed a close cooperation with the University of Cyprus since itsfounding. The Foundation’s first President, Dinos Leventis, was for many years a memberof the University Council and played a decisive role in its establishment and growth. TheFoundation continues to provide material support to the University for its core operationand organization. Furthermore, as is evident from the research programmes described inthis volume, it supports both teaching and research in specific fields. The University ofCyprus has gained an enviable reputation for the high quality of its teaching, and hasdistinguished itself in research, which is a particular source of satisfaction to theFoundation’s Board of Trustees, given the A. G. Leventis Foundation’s long-standinginvolvement. It is my belief that independent funding of this nature, whereby theUniversity’s proven and academically rigorous internal selection processes aresupplemented by well-informed external advice and guidance, will further assist theUniversity in its ambitions to achieve a comprehensive and well-structured researchportfolio across a wide spectrum of subjects and disciplines.

Anastasios P. LeventisChairman of the A. G. Leventis Foundation

6

IntroductionThe current edition is a tribute to the research programmes of the University of Cyprus thathave received funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundation from 2000 onwards. It is acollection of scientific articles and publications that were the product of the fundedresearch programmes. From its early years the University of Cyprus has aim to enhance andpromote research, innovation, knowledge and education. The academic and research staffof the University of Cyprus has shown important achievements in the European andInternational research area and has achieved significant funding beyond national funds,mostly through its participation in European research programmes. Thus, the University ofCyprus, through the years, has managed to attract a significant amount of external funding.

In this context, the A. G. Leventis Foundation has played an instrumental and decisive rolein the development of research through its funding at a time when the University of Cypruswas still in its infant stages of its research activity. The provision of research grants by theFoundation encourages excellence since the Foundation provides grants only to high levelresearch programs. Through its funding, the A. G. Leventis Foundation aims to promoteresearch and science that is considered valuable for Cypriot society and to provideopportunities for knowledge and an outlet for career advancement for the youngergeneration.

The management of the annual funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundation is undertakenby the A. G. Leventis Committee. The Committee has a monitoring role and among itsresponsibilities is to call for the submission of proposals and to evaluate and select researchproposals eligible for funding. It is important to note that before the Committee takes anydecision regarding the provision of grants for those selected research programmes, anevaluation of the proposals is also carried out by external evaluators. The Committee iscomposed of three external members assigned by the Leventis Foundation, usually twofrom abroad and one based in Cyprus, and two members from the University of Cyprus.The president of the Committee is the Vice-Rector for Research and Academic Affairs of theUniversity of Cyprus. The Committee is in constant communication with the A. G. LeventisFoundation and convenes once a year or once every other year. The Research Committee,one of the University of Cyprus Senate´s Committees, is also involved in the implementationprocess and plays an administrative role in running the programmes. Its´ role is mainlyconfined to financial tasks such as approving budget transfers among cost categories ofthe project at hand as well as changes in the duration of the funded projects where it isconsidered necessary. The A. G. Leventis Committee and the A. G. Leventis Foundation arebriefed about the decisions taken internally at the University of Cyprus that affect thefunded research programmes.

7

The significance of the first volume

This volume is the first of its kind to be published since the first funding from the A. G.Leventis Foundation and its importance is outlined below:

• firstly, the results of these 14 years of research funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundationare made known to the wider academic community and to the general public, in Cyprusand beyond.

• secondly, to present how funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundation promotes andcontributes to the development of research within the University of Cyprus and howthese programs foster the well being of the Cypriot society. Furthermore, it is importantto mention the desire of the A. G. Leventis Foundation to support research onHumanities, Letters and Social Sciences that addresses sensitive issues relevant to Cypriotsociety. To this end, the A. G. Leventis Committee decided that in the future Leventisgrants will be restricted only to the following three faculties of the University of Cyprus:the Faculty of Humanities, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Sciences of Education andthe Faculty of Letters.

• last but not least, this volume is expected to become a form of guide for future applicantsfor Leventis research grants since the goals, methodology and results of the fundedprojects as well as their connection to Cypriot society are presented.

The 22 research programmes that received funding and have already been completed arepresented below. The five Chapters of this volume are divided based on the scientificdomain of each research programme namely, 1) Humanities, Philosophy and SocialSciences, 2) Economics and Management, 3) Mathematics and 4) Pure and Applied Sciences.Furthermore, the recently selected twelve programmes that received their first funding in2014 are presented in a separate section.

Humanities and Letters

One of the first funded research projects was a research project devoted to LeontiosMakhairas titled, “A New Critical Edition of the Chronicle of Leontios Makhairas”. The projectwas coordinated by Professor Michalis Pieris, Department of Byzantine and Modern GreekStudies. In 2003, with the Leventis foundation grant a diplomatic edition of the Chronicleof Leontios Makhairas was published as the volume 48 of the Cyprus Research Centre seriesTexts and Studies in the History of Cyprus.

In 2013, the University of Cyprus lost a distinguished member of its academic staff, ProfessorIoannis Taifacos. Professor Taifacos received a grant from the A. G. Leventis Foundation forthe period 2008-2011, titled, “Romanorum Grammatices Fragmenta saec. II, III, IV”. Thisresearch project collected and critically edited the extant fragments of nearly fifty Latingrammarians, who had been active between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD and composedgrammars, lexica, commentaries on works of Latin literature and other similar works. Thecontribution of this project was the development of the first edition establishing and

8

categorizing a group of fragmentary authors, who were used as models by latergrammarians: F. Caper, Aemilius Asper, Terentius Scaurus, Statilius Maximus etc and it alsosupplemented relevant bibliography creating a data base for the study of the Latingrammatical tradition in its entirety.

The only text published in French in this volume, due to its uniqueness, «Victor Hugo et leMonde Grec» was the work of Associate Professor May Chehab, Department of FrenchStudies and Modern Languages. The project aspired to address a missing gap in theliterature since no in-depth study of the resonance of Hugo’s political and social thoughtin the Greek press had been carried out up to the time that the project received funding.The identification and classification of the articles on Victor Hugo was a project ofsystematic and long-term endeavour. The documents were brought together, digitised andproperly classified in a single data base, something which was rendered possible by thesupport of the A. G. Leventis Foundation. As of January 2013, the bilingual database VictorHugo and the Greek World has been hosted on the server of the library of the University ofCyprus and is freely accessible to the public.

Associate Professor Antonis Tsakmakis was the principal investigator of the project “TheSpeech of the Corcyraeans (1.32-6) in Thucydides: Style and Interpretation”. This study dealtwith the first speech in Thucydides’ work, the speech of the Corcyraeans in 1.32-36 andstudied the language and style of these speeches. Its importance lies in the fact thatThucydides was the first historian to include complete rhetorical speeches in his work,which are attributed either to individual speakers or to anonymous representatives ofgroups. The examination has revealed a conscious rhetorical and stylistic composition andit has contributed to the understanding of Thucydides’ literary technique. As a result of thisstudy there have been various publications, presentations in international conferences, atopic for a doctoral thesis and a book that is in process.

The Heraion is one of the most glorious sanctuaries of Ionia, dedicated to the goddess Hera,and is located in the southern coast of the island of Samos, in the biggest, most fruitful andbest watered plain of the island. The project, “The Prehistoric Settlement under the Heraionof Samos”, by Associate Professor Ourania Kouka, included excavations north of the SacredRoad of Heraion of Samos and has been conducted within the framework of theexcavations of the German Archaeological Institute and thanks to the permit of the GreekMinistry of Culture. This is the first University of Cyprus excavation abroad – and has beengranted in 2009-2011 as a research programme of the A. G. Leventis Foundation. One ofthe goals of the project was to testify the participation and the specific role of Samos inlocal and extensive trade networks not only within the Aegean, but also between theAegean and Western Anatolia, as well as between the Aegean and the EasternMediterranean including Cyprus in Prehistoric Times. The new data north of the SacredRoad illuminates so far unknown phases of the settlement history at Heraion.

Another project that belonged to the Department of History and Archaeology, was run byAssociate Professor Alexander Beihammer, titled “Byzantine Documentary Sources of theNicean Empire”, and aimed to embark on the exploration of the two main corpora of

9

documents surviving from the period in question. These were (1) the acts of the patriarchsof the Nicean period from Michael Autorianos (1208-1214) to Arsenios (1254-1260/1261-1264), and (2) the cartulary of the Monastery of Lembiotissa (near Smyrna/Izmir), preservedin MS Historicus graecus 125 of the Austrian National Library. The major outcomes of theproject are a reliable transcription of the surviving patriarchal documents of the NiceanEmpire and the documents transmitted in the Lembiotissa cartulary, and a database ofpersons, toponyms, Byzantine realia and diplomatics.

Professor Demetrios Michaelides, received a research grant for the project “MouldingExpressions of Culture: The Terracotta Figurines from the House of Orpheus, Nea Paphos”. Theproject examined the Hellenistic and Roman material of the earlier Cypriot terracottafigurines. Though, Cypriot terracottas were widely examined by the large corpus ofpublished data, material from the Hellenistic and Roman period had remained muchneglected. Thus, the terracotta figurines from the House of Orpheus in Nea Paphos formpart of a significant material assemblage that spans in time from the Hellenistic to theRoman periods. These high-quality terracotta figurines fall within the mainstream of Cypriotart and its associated ancient technological and cultural systems. Among the deliverablesof the project are the digitization of terracottas, the development of an electronic databasewith all the characteristics of the terracottas, a virtual museum and other interactive virtualenvironments, educational material to be used by students and museum visitors and finallythe organisation of an international conference on the study of Hellenistic and Romanterracottas.

The scholia vetera to Sophocles are of fundamental importance to anybody working onthe interpretation of the Sophoclean drama or on its reception in antiquity. They are alsoimportant for those with interests in ancient literary criticism and scholarship. As a result,the project “The Ancient Scholia to Sophocles’ Oedipus Coloneus: a New Critical Edition” fundedby the A. G. Leventis Foundation, addresses shortcomings of the pertinent literature andwill allow the publication of a whole new edition on the subject. The goal of this new editionis to restore the scholia vetera of Sophocles’ Oedipus Coloneus in their earliest recoverableversion, undertaken by Professor George Xenis.

“Stirring Pots on Fire: A Diachronic and Interdisciplinary Study of Cooking Pots from Cyprus”,was a study which spanned chronologically the period from Cypriot Bronze Age, when thefirst direct fire-boiling vessels were manufactured on the island, to the beginning of theEarly Modern era with the rise of capitalism in the 16th century (ca. 2500 BC – AD 1500).Assistant Professor, Athanasios Vionis, carried out this interdisciplinary study of ancientpottery, being the largest one of its kind undertaken on the island by that time. The mainoutcome of the study is a major publication, a monograph, with contributions by all thesite excavators, archaeologists and material scientists collaborating for the implementationof this research to be used as a reference book for future studies that is still underdevelopment. Other deliverables were a number of publications, a databank andconferences participations that have been already carried out.

10

Economics

As the Principal Investigator, Associate Professor Sofronis Clerides ran the project:“International Trade in Used Goods: An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Welfare Gains andRepercussions on Markets for New Goods Engineering, Pure and Applied Sciences”. Trade inused goods has some distinctive features that set it apart from conventional trade in newgoods. This link between secondary and primary markets is important in terms ofproduction and prices. Cyprus was the ideal case to study this phenomenon because it isa rare example of a country that opened up its markets to used vehicles in a drastic manner.A research team working on the project produced a number of presentations, seminarsand publications on this intriguing subject.

Associate Professor, Elena Andreou, from the Department of Economics coordinated theproject “Mixed Data Sampling Regression Models: Applications in Business Cycle, Growth andStructural Breaks”. The objectives of this Leventis project were twofold. The first objectivewas to investigate the theoretical properties of estimators of regression models that involvedata sampled at different frequencies, the so called Mi(xed) Da(ta) S(ampling), or MIDAS,regression models. The second objective was to develop a new, general asymptotic theoryframework for deriving the asymptotic variance of residual-based statistics and two-stepestimators. The techniques developed have been adopted by other researchers and arealso used by research departments of e.g. Central Banks, in terms of improving economicforecasts and nowcasts. Last but not least, this Leventis project has been granted in a crucialtime for the academic career of the principal investigator providing the support to startpursuing more challenging areas of research and securing also a European ResearchCouncil (ERC) Starting Grant in 2008-2013.

“Understanding the Composition of Household Wealth”, Professor Michalis Chaliasos. Thefactors that motivate households to participate in risky financial assets and the compositionof their wealth are the main objectives of this project. Data had been collected from theUnited States and other European countries that formed the background for analysis ofCypriot households.

Mathematics

The project titled, “Inequalities for Special Functions and Applications to Geometric FunctionTheory and Related Fields” was run by Professor Stamatis Koumandos, Department ofMathematics and Statistics. The project dealt with special function theorems andinequalities of several types. It also established inequalities for trigonometric sums andsums of standard orthogonal polynomials and applied these results on specific problemsof complex analysis dealing with subordination and convolution of certain classes ofanalytic functions. In this program the researchers discovered new ways in which theclassical Fourier analysis and geometric function theory are interrelated. Apart frompublications and participation in international conferences, book chapters as well as aDoctoral thesis were the outcomes of the project.

11

Professor Konstantinos Fokianos ran the project “Nonlinear INGARCH Models for Time Seriesof Counts”. The main objectives of the project were to define non - linear models for timeseries of counts, develop maximum likelihood estimation and testing theory for suchmodels, develop goodness of fit test statistics for count time series models and softwarefor fitting such models. These objectives were successfully being completed and so fararticles in peer reviewed journals and in conference proceedings have been published andone post doctoral assistant was hired and trained for the specific needs of the project.

Pure and Applied Sciences

The research project “Studies in Strong Interactions: Renormalization, Confinement and ChiralSymmetry breaking” of Professor Constantia Alexandrou was the first one from the Facultyof Physics to receive funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundation. The major theoreticalchallenge addressed by this project was to understand the confinement mechanism byusing lattice simulations in order to provide new insights on what the effective degrees offreedom relevant for confinement might be. The theoretical framework for the study wasLattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This project has received external funding fromother sources in order to continue on the investigation of its results and has produced anumber of important publications and presentations in international conferences.

The following project was coordinated by three principal investigators affiliated with twodifferent Departments, Chemistry and Biology. Associate Professors Georgios Archontis,Spiros Skourtis, and Athanassios Nicolaides run the project: “Regulation of Glycogen andDNA Repair by the Formation of Biomolecular Complexes: Understanding via BiomolecularModeling and Free-Energy Simulations”. The aim of the project was to design newcompounds with therapeutic action against diabetes or cancer by understandingquantitavely and in great detail the structures, interactions and stability of complexesbetween these molecules and GP or DNA. A number of publications and presentations inconferences, development of collaborations with other research centers and support of apost-doctoral researcher were the main outcomes of this project.

Associate Professor Niovi Santama, was the principal investigator of the project “MolecularMotors: Investigating their Role in Human Neurodegenerative Disease”. The Leventis grantsupported the work on Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common form ofhuman motor neuron disease, characterized by upper and lower motor neurondegeneration in the motor cortex brainstem and spinal cord, leading to progressive atrophyand paralysis of skeletal muscles and the disease is invariably fatal. Students working onthe project received further financial support from the Leventis Foundation in the form ofstudentships. Two major publications and an invited review stemmed directly from thiswork and two further publications extended the original findings. These identified for thefirst time two motor proteins as candidates for disease pathology and highlighted therelevance of several drug targets for symptomatic therapy. In the context of this research,the first and only DNA databank from ALS sufferers in Cyprus to date was generated.

“Equol Reduces Tamoxifen Associated Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rat Hepatocytes andPeripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells”, was the title of Professor´s Andreas Constantinou

12

research project. The context of the project was breast cancer in women where it aims todetermine the individual and combined effects of tamoxifen and equol on tumor cellgrowth, toxicity, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis. Knowledge on these basicmolecular mechanisms of action assists in the rational design of efficacious cancerpreventive agents. Contribution to research was obtained by producing a number ofscientific publications and speeches in international conferences.

A project by the Department of Physics, “Probing Carrier Dynamics on a FemtosecondTimescale Using Ultrafast Pulse-Shaping” was coordinated by Professor Andreas Othonos.The main objective of the project was the development of various ultrafast time resolvedtechniques for probing carrier dynamics in novel semiconductor materials utilizing aunique high-efficiency throughput femtosecond pulse shaper. The results of the projecthave an impact in semiconductor devices and optoelectronic applications in general. Anumber of publications have also being produced as a result of the project.

The principal investigators of the project, “Thermodynamic Stability of Biomolecular Mixturesin Pure Water and Electrolyte Solutions: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations” wereAssociate Professor George Archontis and Professor Epameinondas Leontidis, representingthe Departments of Physics and Chemistry, respectively. The goal of the presentinvestigation was to understand the phenomenon of salting-out of organic molecules andbiomolecules in aqueous solutions in the presence of various electrolytes. A number ofsub-problems of the salting-out effect were investigated and simulations were carried out.These simulations led to models of the molecular arrangement of the peptides in theirnanostructures, and identified stabilizing interactions. Furthermore, they allowed thedesign of metal-binding nanostructures, with potential technological applications. Alongwith the future planned calculations this work can provide better understanding of theunderlying factors that stabilize the helical conformations of model oligopeptides, and thenanostructures formed by specific peptides.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated to a number of human malignancies HPVs.The project of Lecturer Katerina Strati, Department of Biology, “Examining the Role ofTelomeres and Telomerase in the Onset and Progression of HPV-Related Cancer”, focused onthe importance of telomere maintenance as key to the survival of cancer cells frequentlymediated by the upregulation of telomerase, the cellular enzyme responsible formaintaining telomeres. The importance of this lies to the potential for therapeutics whenthe telomere maintenance pathway is identified. A number of important findings havebeen published on this important subject.

Professor Charalambos Tsertos, coordinated the project “Studying Nuclear Matter UnderExtreme Conditions of High Temperature and High Baryonic Density”. This study attemptedto understand the behavior of baryonic matter. This is of central importance since baryonicmatter serves as a building block of all the atoms we know today. Baryonic genesis, theformation of baryonic matter, is believed to have formed on a time scale of 10 to 20microseconds after the beginning of the creation of the physical world around us. In theBig Bang theory, a singularity in time started the existence of our universe, its evolutionthereafter being determined by physical processes that occur in different time scales. The

13

only way of studying baryonic genesis in the laboratory is by means of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In such collisions, nuclear matter is produced at high density and hightemperature, and thus creating the physical environment necessary for the study ofbaryonic genesis. The aim of this proposal is a better understanding of the various processescontributing to di-lepton production in hot and compressed nuclear matter, leadingultimately to a search for signals of the partial restoration of the chiral symmetry of QCD.

Research programmes funded for the period 2014-2016

In the final chapter of this volume, summaries of the twelve recently funded researchprogrammes are presented. As is evident from the aforementioned description of fundedprojects during the previous years, research programmes from other disciplines had beenfunded. Taking into consideration the will of the A. G. Leventis Foundation intoconsideration to support the Faculties of Humanities, Letters, Social Sciences and Sciencesof Education, the A. G. Leventis Committee with its new composition decided to providefunding only to these Faculties. The current Committee is composed of Professor AthanasiosGagatsis, President of the Committee, Professor Charalambos Bakirtzis, Sir MichaelLlewellyn-Smith and Professor Aristoula Georgiadou as external members appointed bythe A. G. Leventis Foundation and Professor Andreas Charitou as the member from theUniversity of Cyprus. These programmes are expected to produce important outcomes andcontinue the excellent work that has been carried out so far by previously funded projects.

These twelve recently funded research programmes are presented here according to theirFaculty affiliation. Thus, from the Faculty of Letters, four research programmes are funded.Those are “ΚΑΡΑΒΟΙ: The Ship Graffiti on the Medieval Monuments of Cyprus: Mapping,Documentation and Digitisation” by Assistant Professor Stella Demesticha; “The Church ofthe Transfiguration at Sotera (Famagusta District) in Context: History – Architecture – Murals”by Assistant Professor Maria Parani; “Adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates CDI in Cypriot-Greek”by Assistant Professor George Floros; “Scientific Models: Describing the Abstract andRepresenting the Real” by Associate Professor Demetris Portides; and “The Vocabulary ofByzantine Classicizing and Literary Koine Texts” by Associate Professor Martin Hinterberger.Five research programmes belong to the Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, “TheContribution of Gestures in Geometrical Thinking Development in Early Childhood” by AssistantProfessor Iliada Elia; “Cypriot Presence and Public Diplomacy in Africa: A Historical Perspective”by Professor Costas M. Constantinou; “GRECO (Retaining Greek in “Enclaved” COmmunities):Greek as a Mother Tongue Among Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus and Cunda Cretans in Turkey” byAssistant Professor Elena Ioannidou, “Adapting Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for DisruptiveBehavior in Greek Cypriot Children”, by Assistant Professor Kostas Fantis and “A Re-ConstitutionProcess for the Cypriot Constitution: Towards a New Transit Basic Law” by Assistant ProfessorKonstantinos Kombos. Finally, three programmes come from the Faculty of Humanities, the“Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish (continuation)” from Professor MartinStrohmeier, and “Concepts and Functions of European Philhellenism in the Era of theRestoration (1815-30)” by Assistant Professor Martin Vöehler.

14

At this point, I would like to warmly thank the A. G. Leventis Committee for its contributionto the management of the annual funding that the University of Cyprus receives from theLeventis Foundation as well as the A. G. Leventis Foundation itself for the all the supportthat it has provided to the University of Cyprus during all these years. Lastly, I would like todraw your attention to the decision of the A. G. Leventis Committee to update this volumeat regular intervals so as to include scientific work carried out by all research programmesthat receive funding from the A. G. Leventis Foundation throughout the years to come. Thecollection of the material and the editing of the current volume were carried out with theassistance of Ms Pantelitsa Eteokleous, Officer at the Research and International RelationsService of the University of Cyprus to whom I extend my appreciation.

I do hope that this volume will respond to the will and fulfill the expectations of the A. G.Leventis Foundation as well as become the paradigm both for future research proposalsof the research and academic community of the University of Cyprus and for the futurerenewal and update of the current volume.

Professor Athanasios Gagatsis, Vice - Rector for Academic AffairsUniversity of Cyprus

15

16

Humanities and Letters

Chapter One

17

Research Programmes - A. G. Leventis Foundation

A New Critical Edition of the Chronicle of Leontios Makhairas

Principal Investigator: Michalis Pieris, Professor, Department of Byzantine andModern Greek Studies, Faculty of Letters, University of Cyprus

Research Associate: Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, Assistant Professor, Departmentof Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Faculty of Letters, University of Cyprus

Abstract The goal of the aforementioned research project of the University of Cyprus was thecritical edition of the chronicle as well as an edition for the general public. Duringthe first phase of the project (1993-1996), the diplomatic transcription of the textof the three manuscripts that preserve the chronicle (Marc. Gr. VII, 16, 1080, Oxon.Bodl. Selden, supra 14, and Raven. Gr. Class. 187) was completed by Angel Nicolaou-Konnari under the supervision of Michalis Pieris. The close study of the manuscriptsled the two participants in the project to acknowledge the necessity for thepublication of a diplomatic edition before the critical one.

As a result, during the second phase of the project (2001-2003), which wasassociated with the Cyprus Research Centre project Leontios Makhairas, Chronicle ofCyprus. Parallel Diplomatic Edition of the Manuscripts (2002-2003), co-directed byMichalis Pieris and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, the diplomatic edition of the chroniclewas prepared. It was published in 2003 as volume 48 of the Cyprus Research Centreseries Texts and Studies in the History of Cyprus with a lengthy introduction by thetwo editors.

The project has also instigated further research by the two participants, who havepublished extensively on a number of issues concerning various aspects of medievaland early modern Cypriot history writing, in general, and the chronicle, in particular.The importance of the project was duly acknowledged by the A. G. LeventisFoundation, which sponsored its second phase (2001-2003).

1. Scope and Results

The goal of the aforementioned researchproject of the University of Cyprus was thecritical edition of the chronicle as well asan edition for the general public. Duringthe first phase of the project (1993-1996),the diplomatic transcription of the text of the three manuscripts that preserve the chronicle (Marc. Gr. VII, 16, 1080, Oxon. Bodl. Selden, supra 14, and Raven.

Gr. Class. 187) was completed by AngelNicolaou-Konnari under the supervisionof Michalis Pieris. The close study of themanuscripts led the two participants inthe project to acknowledge the necessityfor the publication of a diplomatic editionbefore the critical one.

As a result, during the second phase of theproject (2001-2003), which received a grantfrom the A. G. Leventis Foundation and was

18

associated with the Cyprus Research Centreproject Leontios Makhairas, Chronicle ofCyprus. Parallel Diplomatic Edition of theManuscripts (2002-2003), co-directed byMichalis Pieris and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari,the diplomatic edition of the chronicle wasprepared. It was published in 2003 asvolume 48 of the Cyprus Research Centreseries Texts and Studies in the History ofCyprus with a lengthy introduction by thetwo editors.

The project has also instigated furtherresearch by the two participants, whohave published extensively on a numberof issues concerning various aspects ofmedieval and early modern Cypriothistory writing, in general, and thechronicle, in particular, such as historicityand ideological bias, sources andintertextual relationships, manuscriptsand scribes, literary genre and influences,language and translations (see list ofpublications below). Michalis Pieris iscurrently preparing the critical edition ofthe chronicle.

2. Contribution to the Cypriot StudiesThe chronicle attributed to LeontiosMakhairas is unanimously acknowledgedby the scholarly community as one of themost important historical sources for thehistory of Cyprus under the rule of theLusignan dynasty (1192-1489), a significantliterary work, and a valuable linguisticmonument for the development of theGreek Cypriot dialect. It has, thus, attractedthe attention of many scholars and men ofletters, its multifaceted character openingvistas on an important range of topicsworthy of research, from purely historicalto philological, literary, linguistic, ornarratological studies.

The main outcome of the project was thediplomatic edition of the chronicle, edited

by Michalis Pieris and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari and published in 2003 by theCyprus Research Centre. This editionoffers to the scholarly community theparallel diplomatic transcription of thetext of the three manuscripts thatpreserve the chronicle (Marc. Gr. VII, 16, 1080, Oxon. Bodl. Selden, supra 14, and Raven. Gr. Class. 187), of which the Ravenna one is published for the first time. The text of the threemanuscripts is transcribed faithfully,without any corrective interventions by the editors, who meticulously preserveall the palaeographical traits andlinguistic particularities, and is presentedin three corresponding as to their contentcolumns. The text is preceded by alengthy introduction, which includes adetailed description of the manuscripts,an edition of all the marginal notes, astudy of the intertextual relationshipamong the manuscripts, biographicalinformation about Leontios Makhairas, anexplanation of the editorial principles andof the symbols used as well as a biblio-graphy and photographic reproductionsof twelve pages from the manuscripts.

The two critical editions of the chronicle byC. Sathas in 1873 and R. M. Dawkins in 1932followed the principles of nineteenth-century Greek philology, which tended tocorrect or purify the corrupt language ofmedieval vernacular manuscripts andwhich today is considered to be outdated.Naturally, the diplomatic edition was notintended to replace a new critical editionbut to satisfy the demands of modernscholarship through a global approach ofthe text, which serves the historian, thephilologist, and the linguist as well as thestudent of textuality, literality, orality andgeneraly stylistic and narrative technique.While a critical edition constitutes aspecific interpretative approach of the text,


a diplomatic edition allows the researcherto study a text, especially a vernacular one, in its primary form in a way thatrespects its particularities. Such anapproach encompasses many disciplinesand necessitates detailed information that was previously considered to besuperfluous or too bulky to be included inthe apparatus (spelling mistakes andvariants, omissions, deleted words andscribal corrections, repetitions, rubrics,punctuation and page layout, marginaliaand reading marks, etc.).

Consequently, the parallel diplomaticedition of the text of the three manu-scripts that preserve this important text ofmedieval Cypriot literary productionconstitutes a valuable database thatprovides the modern researcher with themost faithful and accurate testimony ofthe historical, linguistic, and ideologicalreality in Cyprus at the time. Thepublication of the diplomatic edition indigital form within the framework of theUniversity of Cyprus research projectDigital Makhairas (2014-2015), under thedirection of Assistant Professor AngelNicolaou-Konnari with the collaborationof Professors Michalis Pieris and CharlotteRoueché, Centre for Hellenic Studies,King’s College, London, will furtherenhance the text’s accessibility. DigitalMakhairas is the first volume of a DigitalLibrary of Medieval Cyprus Sources, one ofthe four projects included in the researchproject Digitising Medieval Cyprus, acooperation of the University of Cyprusand King’s College, London.

3. Dissemination of the Results of theProject: Publications

Pieris, Michalis and Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel:

- Λεοντίου Μαχαιρά, Χρονικό της Κύπρου.Παράλληλη διπλωματική έκδοση των χειρογράφων, Texts and Studies in theHistory of Cyprus XLVIII (Nicosia: CyprusResearch Centre, 2003).

- «Λεοντίου Mαχαιρά, Eξήγησις της γλυκείαςχώρας Kύπρου η ποία λέγεται κρόνικα του-τέστιν χρονικόν, Bιβλιογραφικός Oδηγός»,Eπετηρίς Kέντρου Eπιστημονικών Eρευνών(Kύπρου), 23 (1997), 75-114.

Pieris, Michalis:

- «Ossrvazioni sulla letteratura medievale erinascimentale di Cipro», στον τόμο Aspettidi Linguistica e dialettologia Neogreca.Όψεις της νεοελληνικής γλώσσας καιδιαλεκτολογίας, επιμ. Anna Zimbone eMatteo Miano, Bonanno editore (Catania2010) 55-63.

- «Circulation of Books from Venice toCyprus during the Turkish-Venetian War of1645-1669», Επετηρίδα της ΚυπριακήςΕταιρείας Ιστορικών Σπουδών, τομ. Θ΄(Λευκωσία 2010) 85-102

- «Λογοτεχνία και λογοτεχνικότητα κατά τοπέρασμα της Κύπρου από τον Μεσαίωναστην Αναγέννηση», in Angel Nicolaou-Konnari (ed.), Η Γαληνοτάτη και ηΕυγενεστάτη. Η Βενετία στην Κύπρο και ηΚύπρος στη Βενετία (Nicosia: Bank ofCyprus Cultural Foundation, 2009), pp.120-144.

- «Από τη δυναστική χρονογραφία τουΜαχαιρά στην ερωτική μυθιστορία τουΚορνάρου», in Stephanos Κaklamanis (ed.),Ζητήματα ποιητικής στον Ερωτόκριτο,(Herakleion: Vikelaia Municipal Library,2006), pp. 237-247.

19


20

- ‘The Medieval Cypriot Chronicler LeontiosMakhaeras. Comments on His Life andWork», in Beiträge zur KulturgeschichteZyperns von der Spätantike bis zur NeuzeitSymposium, München 12-13 juli 2002(Münster/New York/ München/Berlin:Waxmann, 2005), pp. 107-115.

- ‘Cronaca e poesia popolare: Arodafnusae Zuana L’Aleman. Interrogative e prob-lemi», in A. Proiou and Α. Armanti (eds.),La presenza femminile nella letteraturaneogreca (Rome: Universitá di Roma LaSapienza, 2003), pp. 49-62.

- «Χρονικό και δημοτική ποίηση: Η Αρο-δαφνούσα ως ποιητική αποτύπωση τηςΤζουάνας Λ’Αλεμάν», Κονδυλοφόρος, 2(2002), 38-49.

- «Eκδοτικά ζητήματα διαλεκτικών κειμένωντης Kύπρου», in Eκδοτικά προβλήματα καιαπορίες. Πρακτικά συνεδρίου στη μνήμητου Γ. Π. Σαββίδη (Athens: ΣπουδαστήριοNέου Eλληνισμού, 2002), pp. 118-129.

- «T’ αδόνιν κείνον που γλυκά θλιβάται». Eκδοτικά και ερμηνευτικά ζητήματα της δημώδους ελληνικής λογοτεχνίας στο πέρασμα από τον Mεσαίωνα στην Aναγέν-νηση (1400-1600), Πρακτικά του Δ΄ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Neograeca MediiAevi, Nicosia, Νovember 1997, ed. in collaboration with P. Agapetos (Hera-kleion: University of Crete Publications,2002).

- «Για την καταλανική τύχη της Ελεονώραςτης Αραγωνίας, Βασίλισσας της Κύπρου»,Επετηρίδα Κέντρου Επιστημονικών Ερευ-νών (Kύπρου), 26 (2001), 11-32.

- Λεοντίου Μαχαιρά, Εξήγησις της γλυκείαςχώρας Κύπρου (theatrical adaptation),TH.E.PA.K (Nicosia, 1998).

- (ed.), Λεοντίου Μαχαιρά, Το Χρονικό τηςΚύπρου (programme of the theatricalperformance), TH.Ε.PΑ.Κ. (Nicosia, 1998).

- «Σχόλιο στη δραματοποίηση του Χρονικούτου Μαχαιρά», in Μ. Pieris (επιμ.), ΛεοντίουΜαχαιρά, Το Χρονικό της Κύπρου TH.Ε.PΑ.Κ.(Nicosia, 1998), pp. 167-170.

- «Γύρω από τον Λεόντιο Mαχαιρά. Iστορικήκαι θρησκευτική συνείδηση/γλώσσα και λογοτεχνικότητα/αφηγηματική καιδραματική δομή του Xρονικού», in L. Loïzou- Hadjigabriel (ed.), Πρακτικά του Συμποσίου «Λεόντιος Mαχαιράς-Γεώργιος Bουστρώνιος. Δύο Xρονικά τηςMεσαιωνικής Kύπρου» (Nicosia: LeventisMuseum, 1997), pp. 35-54.

- «Για τη δραματική υφή του κειμένου τουXρονικού του Λεοντίου Mαχαιρά», in J. M.Egea and J. Alonso (ed.), Prosa Y Verso en Griego Medieval, Rapports of theInternational Congress «Neograeca MediiAevi, III», Vitoria 1994 (Amsterdam, 1996),pp. 297-300.

- ‘Leontios Makhairas’, Cyprus Today, XXXIV,nos. 3-4 (Dec. 1996), 1-16.

- «Για μια νέα κριτική έκδοση του Xρονικούτου Mαχαιρά», in N.P. Panayiotakis (ed.),Aρχές της Nεοελληνικής Λογοτεχνίας»,Πρακτικά του Δεύτερου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου«Neograeca Medii Aevi», I (Venice, 1993), pp. 343-348.

- «Γύρω από τη χρονολόγηση του ΛεοντίουMαχαιρά», Aριάδνη (Eπιστημονική Eπετη-ρίδα Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής ΠανεπιστημίουKρήτης), 5 (1989), 229-254.

- «Σταθμοί της Kυπριακής Λογοτεχνίας(από την Eξήγησιν της γλυκείας χώραςKύπρου στην Aμμόχωστο Bασιλεύουσα)»,Παλίμψηστον, 5 (1987), 115-155.


Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel:

- ‘A Neglected Relationship: Leontios Makhairas’s Debt to Latin Eastern andFrench Historiography’, The French ofOutremer: Communities and Communica-tions in the Crusading Mediterranean,34th Annual Conference, Center for Medieval Studies, Fordham University,New York, March 2014 (forthcoming).

- ‘Alterity and Identity in the Work of Philippe de Mézières (1327-1405) andLeontios Makhairas (ca. 1360/80-after1432)’, in G. Saint-Guillain and T. Papaco-stas (eds.), Identity / Identities in Late Medieval Cyprus [Proceedings of theJoint Newton Fellowship and Annual ICS Byzantine Colloquium, Centre forHellenic Studies, King’s College, London,and Cyprus Research Centre, Nicosia(London, 13-14 June 2011)] (Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, forthcoming).

- ‘Leontios Makhairas’ Greek Chronicle ofthe ‘‘Sweet Land of Cyprus’’: History ofManuscripts and Intellectual Links’, in Bonds, Links, and Ties in Medieval and Renaissance Chronicles [Oxford/Cambridge International ChroniclesSymposium, The Ioannou Centre forClassical and Byzantine Studies (Oxford,5-7 July 2012)] (Oxford, forthcoming).

- ‘A New Manuscript of Leontios Makhai-ras’ Chronicle of the ‘‘Sweet Land of Cyprus’’: Edition of the Extracts in British Library, MS Harley 1825’, Eπετηρίς Kέντρου Eπιστημονικών Eρευνών(Kύπρου) (forthcoming).

- ‘A New Manuscript of LeontiosMakhairas’ Chronicle of the ‘‘Sweet Landof Cyprus’’: British Library, MS Harley1825 and the Circulation of Manuscriptsof Cypriot Interest in Stuart England’, inS. Edgington and H. Nicholson (eds.), Deeds Done Beyond the See. Essays on

William of Tyre, Cyprus and the Military orders presented to Peter Edbury (Ferhern-Burlington: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 115-134.

- ‘Apologists or Critics? The Reign of Peter Iof Lusignan (1359-1369) Viewed byPhilippe de Mézières (1327-1405) andLeontios Makhairas (ca. 1360/80-after1432)’, in R. Blumenfeld-Kosinski and K.Petkov (eds.), Philippe de Mézières and HisAge: Piety and Politics in the FourteenthCentury, The Medieval Mediterranean.Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500, 91 (Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 359-401.

- ‘ ‘‘A poor island and an orphaned realm...,built upon a rock in the midst of thesea..., surrounded by the infidel Turksand Saracens’’: The Crusader Ideology inLeontios Makhairas’s Greek Chronicle ofCyprus’, Crusades, 10 (2011), 119-145.

- ‘Diplomatics and Historiography: The Useof Documents in the Chronicle of LeontiosMakhairas’, in A.D. Beihammer, M.G. Parani,and C.D. Schabel (eds.), Diplomatics in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000-1500:Aspects of Cross-Cultural Communication,The Medieval Mediterranean. Peoples,Economies and Cultures, 400-1500, 74(Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2008), pp. 293-323.

- «H Kύπρος στις απαρχές της Tουρκο-κρατίας: τα ιστορικά σημειώματα στα φφ.239v-240r του κώδικα Ven. Marc. Gr. VII, 16,1080», Eπετηρίς Kέντρου EπιστημονικώνEρευνών (Kύπρου), 31 (2005), 193-238.

- «H ονοματολογία στα χειρόγραφα τουXρονικού του Λεοντίου Mαχαιρά", στο E.Jeffreys and M. Jeffreys (eds.), Aναδρομικάκαι Προδρομικά, Approaches to Texts inEarly Modern Greek, Πρακτικά ΣυνεδρίουNeograeca Medii Aevi V, Exeter College,University of Oxford, September 2000(Oxford, 2005), pp. 327-371.

21


22

- «H διασκευή του χειρογράφου τηςPαβέννας της Eξήγησης του ΛεοντίουMαχαιρά και η Narratione του ΔιομήδηStrambali», in P. Agapetos and M. Pieris (eds.), «T’ αδόνιν κείνον που γλυκάθλιβάται», Eκδοτικά και ερμηνευτικάζητήματα της δημώδους ελληνικής λογο-τεχνίας στο πέρασμα από τον Mεσαίωναστην Aναγέννηση (1400-1600), Πρακτικάτου Δ΄ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου NeograecaMedii Aevi, Nicosia, November 1997 (Herakleion: University of Crete Publica-tions, 2002), pp. 287-315.

- ‘Ethnic Names and the Construction ofGroup Identity in Medieval and EarlyModern Cyprus: The Case of Kυπριώτης’,Kυπριολογία. Αφιέρωμα εις ΘεόδωρονΠαπαδόπουλλον, Kυπριακαί Σπουδαί, 64-65 (2000-2001), 259-275.

- ‘La chronique de Léontios Machéras:Historicité et identité nationale", in P.Odorico (ed.), Matériaux pour une histoirede Chypre (IVe-XXe s.), Études Balkaniques,Cahiers Pierre Belon, 5 (1998), 55-80.

- «H προφορικότητα στα χειρόγραφα τουXρονικού του Λεόντιου Mαχαιρά: Mετα-γραφικά και εκδοτικά προβλήματα», in L. Loïzou-Hadjigabriel (ed.), Πρακτικάτου Συμποσίου «Λεόντιος Mαχαιράς-Γεώργιος Bουστρώνιος. Δύο Xρονικά τηςMεσαιωνικής Kύπρου» (Nicosia: LeventisMuseum, 1997), pp. 55-77.


23

Μichalis Pieris. Poet, translator and university professor Michalis Pieris was born in Eftagonia,Cyprus, in 1952. He studied philology and theatre in Thessalonica (B.A.: 1976, M.A.: 1978) and inSydney (PhD.: 1982), and worked as a scholar and an academic professor in numerous research centresand universities in Greece, Europe (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Rome, Granada, Palermo, Catania,Venice, and elsewhere), North America and Australia. He has authored many books and has publisheda significant number of research studies on Medieval and Modern Greek literature. He has travelledto various cities across the world to stage performances, give lectures, teach classes, and presentliterary readings, always combining his research and academic activities with a quest for poetry. Since1993, he has been living permanently in Nicosia, teaching poetry and theatre at the University ofCyprus. Prof. Pieris is currently the Dean of the School of Letters at the University of Cyprus. He alsoserves as the Director of the School of Modern Greek.

As founder and director of the Cultural Centre at the University of Cyprus, Michalis Pieris is activelyinvolved in promoting culture and the arts in Cyprus. Upon his initiative the University launched anInternational Cultural Festival, which is currently in its twelfth year and has emerged as a respectableinstitution on the cultural map of Cyprus. Having as a central theme the cultural traditions, dance,music, and theatre of the greater Mediterranean region, the Festival provides a stage for independentartists who promote the rich and diverse cultural heritage of their native lands or address in a creativeway topical problems of their societies. Particular attention is awarded to artistic projects thathighlight the peripheral culture of island territories and coastal areas.

An important part of the Festival’s programme are also the performances of the Theatrical Workshopof the University of Cyprus, which Prof. Pieris established in 1997 in an effort to bring a new dimensionto the study of Classical, Medieval and Renaissance Greek literature. Under his guidance, the TheatricalWorkshop developed into a full-fledged research theatre with six productions so far, which have beenpresented with much success across Cyprus, as well as in Greece (Athens, Thessaloniki, AncientOlympia, Crete and elsewhere), Germany (Munster and Hamburg), France (Strasbourg and theRichelieu Theatre of the Sorbonne), the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

Michalis Pieris has published nine poetic books, one collection of short stories, and two theatricalworks. He has translated foreign poetry and ancient Greek drama, and has adapted and staged as adirector several Medieval and Renaissance works. His poems have been translated into all majorEuropean languages. He has been invited to attend the 16th International Poetry Festival of Barcelona(May 2000) and the Festivaletteratura in Mantova (September 2005). Special issues dedicated to hispoetry have been published by the Planodion literary journal (Athens, December 2004), the Poesialiterary magazine (Milan, February 2005), the Foro Ellenico magazine (Rome, October – November2008).

Michalis Pieris has received the Melina Mercouri Award for his translation of Euripides’ PhoenicianWomen into Modern Greek (2002), the Best Stage Direction Award at the 21st Panhellenic Festival ofNon-professional Theatre for the performance of Leontios Machairas' medieval Chronicle on the SweetLand of Cyprus by the Theatrical Workshop of the University of Cyprus (1998), the International Award“Lazio between Europe and the Mediterranean” for his poetic oeuvre (2009), and the State Award forExcellence in Letters of the Republic of Cyprus for his overall contribution to literature, culture andthe arts (2010).


Curricula Vitae

24

He is a Corresponding Member of the Bruno Lavagnini Institute of Byzantine and Modern GreekStudies (Palermo, Sicily), and a member of the Hellenic Authors’ Society (Athens), the Centre for Neo-Hellenic Studies (Athens), the Hellenic Literary & Historical Archives (Athens), the Greek Society ofGeneral and Comparative Studies (Athens).

Dr Angel Nicolaou-Konnari is Assistant Professor in Medieval History at the University of Cyprusin the field of study ‘Hellenism under Latin Rule’. Her research interests focus on the Latin-ruled Greekworld (late twelfth-seventeenth centuries) and, particularly, the history of Cyprus under thedomination of the Lusignan dynasty (1191/2-1489) and the Republic of Venice (1489-1571). Thismainly involves the various aspects of cultural interaction and exchanges between Greeks and Latinsand related phenomena in the domains of social institutions, language, and religion as well asethnicity, self-perception, and the perception of the Other. She also studies the important corpus ofCypriot historiographers (late twelfth-eighteenth century) and Cypriot prosopography in the MiddleAges and Early Modern Times. She is further interested in gender relations in the medieval Cypriotsociety as well as the depiction and appropriation of Cypriot medieval history in eighteenth andnineteenth-century opera and French historiography.

She is co-editor with Michalis Pieris of the diplomatic edition of the Chronicle of Leontios Makhairas[Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 2003] and co-editor with Chris Schabel of the collective volumeCyprus. Society and Culture 1191-1374 [Leiden: Brill 2005]. She also edited the proceedings of theconference ‘La Serenissima’ and ‘La Nobilissima’: Venice in Cyprus and Cyprus in Venice [Nicosia: Bank ofCyprus Cultural Foundation 2009]. She has published many articles on a variety of topics concerningCypriot historiography, ethnicity and prejudice in medieval Cyprus and Latin Greece, and the Cypriotsof the post-1570 diaspora.

She is currently completing a book on two Cypriots of the late sixteenth-early seventeenth century,Pietro and Giorgio de Nores, as well as a study of the social relations and cultural interaction andexchanges between Greeks and Franks in medieval Cyprus (The Encounter of Greeks and Franks inCyprus in the Late Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Phenomena of Acculturation and Ethnic Awareness).She is also preparing with a number of contributors two collective volumes on the history of thetowns of Famagusta and Limassol. Moreover, she is one of the coordinators of the joint researchprogramme of the University of Cyprus in Nicosia and the King’s College in London Digitizing MedievalCyprus; one of the projects of the programme is the creation of a prosopographical database ofmedieval Cyprus and another one the creation of a digital library of medieval Cypriot sources.


Last summer the University of Cyprus losta distinguished member of its academicstaff, Ioannis Taifacos. Though he wasafflicted by one of the most atrociousforms of cancer, his courage anddetermination to complete his academicwork shone through even the darkest ofdays. Alas, his traits of character provedinsufficient, and after a very short battlewith the disease, he passed away leavinga multitude of projects unfinished. One ofthese is his Leventis project ‘RomanorumGrammatices Fragmenta saec. II, III, IV’. In the following we give an Englishtranslation of his description of theproject:

The purpose of the research project‘Romanorum Grammatices Fragmentasaec. II, III, IV (RGrFr)’ is to collect andcritically edit the extant fragments ofnearly fifty Latin grammarians, who wereactive between the 2nd and 4th centuriesAD and composed grammars, lexica,commentaries on works of Latin literatureand other similar works.

It is clear that the chronological periodcovered in the edition begins with the ageof Latin archaism and ends with thecomposition of the great fourth-centuryArtes Grammaticae by Fl. SosipaterCharisius and Diomedes, which were editedin the first volume of H. Keil’s GrammaticiLatini (1855). The collection is thus acontinuation of the two previous editionsGrammaticae Romanae Fragmenta by H.Funaioli (1907) and Grammaticae Romanae

Fragmenta aetatis Caesareae I by A.Mazzarino (1955), which contain all extantgrammatical fragments from the earliestperiod of Roman activity to the end of the1st century AD.

The academic benefit of the project isself-evident. The edition is the first toestablish and categorise a group offragmentary authors, who were used asmodels by later grammarians: F. Caper,Aemilius Asper, Terentius Scaurus, Statilius Maximus etc. The project alsosupplemented the bibliography that hadbeen compiled earlier in the context oftwo other projects of mine, ‘Diomedes’and ‘Charisius’, and thus created a database for the study of the Latin gram-matical tradition in its entirety.

Additionally the project covered part ofthe needs of the postgraduate program-me of the Department of Classics andPhilosophy. For example, a student wrotea Master’s dissertation on the criteria ofLatinitas and is now engaged in a Ph.D.thesis in the area of the prosopography ofthe Latin grammarians. Another studentwrote a Master’s thesis on Aemilius Asper. Likewise a host of other studentsmay derive great benefit from theaforementioned project.

25

Romanorum Grammatices Fragmenta saec. II, III, IV

Principal Investigator: ✝Ioannis Taifacos, Professor, Department of ClassicalStudies and Philosophy, Faculty of Letters, University of Cyprus


27

«VICTOR HUGO ET LE MONDE GREC» Nineteenth CenturyPeriodical Press Database (bilingual French-Greek)

Principal Investigator: May Chehab, Associate Professor, Department of FrenchStudies and Modern Languages, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cyprus

Research Associate: Despina Provata, Associate Professor, Faculty of FrenchLanguage and Literature, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens


Deliverables of the projectThe main deliverable of the digital thematic research collection “Victor Hugo dans le Mondegrec” (Victor Hugo in the Greek World) is more than a DataBase. The contribution of thisonline resource to digital scholarship goes beyond necessary ‘digitizing and encoding’.Editorially related tasks need historical knowledge, theoretical sophistication, and analyticalstrengths to the creation of a sound text or texts and accompanying scholarly apparatus.Notable for its depth and breadth of coverage that enriches the corpus of secondaryliterature on French philhellenism, the Collection produced a series of sets of deliverables:

• identification and classification of the articles on Victor Hugo• full texts of various editions• high resolution reproductions• precise guides to the provenance and significance of their contents• accurate transcriptions• bibliographies• unknown material

28

• press articles• sociological material• contemporary reviewsThese deliverables per se also allow for the retrospective study of cultural contexts. Such isthe following original article, an in-depth study of Hugo’s political and social thought.

• Provata Despina, “The resonance of Hugo’s political and social thought in the Greekpress”, Leventis Programs Volume.

The theoretical possibility of digital scholarship – its indefinite expansibility – is also oneof its characteristics. As such, it benefits from and responds to past work, but also avoidsconstraints on thought and action that were a result of print-based limitations. Thus, thedigital thematic research collection “Victor Hugo dans le Monde grec”, with its uncollecteddata, will allow new discoveries to emerge.

«VICTOR HUGO ET LE MONDE GREC» Nineteenth Century Periodical Press Database (bilingual French-Greek)

Abstract The corpus of secondary literature on French philhellenism is most extensive, withwriting on Victor Hugo’s Greek connection constituting a particularly sizeablearchive. And yet to date there has been no in-depth study of the resonance of Hugo’spolitical and social thought in the Greek press. This deficit is principally due to twofactors: firstly, the sheer number of Greek press outlets in the 19th century; andsecondly, the fact that these various sources are scattered across several librariesboth within Greece itself and in the countries of the Greek diaspora.

The identification and classification of the articles on Victor Hugo was of necessitya project of systematic and long-term endeavour. Moreover, given the materialcondition of this vast corpus, more specifically the damaged or compromised stateof the paper on which it was printed, it was vital for the research community thatthe documents be brought together, digitised and properly classified in a singledata base.

This project was rendered possible by the support of the Leventis Foundation. Asof January 2013, the bilingual database Victor Hugo and the Greek World has beenhosted on the server of the library of the University of Cyprus. It is freely accessibleto the public and has facilitated the kind of in-depth, not to say exhaustive, researchof which the present study represents one of the first projects to come to fruition.

Keywords: Crete, Ionian Islands, Greece, Europe. Abolitionism, independence,insurrection, liberalism, liberty, political amnesty, politics, opposition, republicanism,right to self-determination, social protest. Canellopoulos, Flourens, Kazazis, Panas,Philaretos, Rhigas.

ΤHE RESONANCE OF VICTOR HUGO’S POLITICAL AND SOCIAL THOUGHT INTHE GREEK PRESS, by Despina Provata

La presse hellénique a le mérite d’avoirintroduit Victor Hugo auprès des lecteursgrecs et d’avoir recueilli dans ses pages lesdivers articles publiés à ce propos. Aussi divers que biographies plus oumoins longues et approfondies, articlesprésentant sa vie privée et sesvillégiatures, anecdotes sur sa vie familialeou entrefilets, ces textes ont contribué àfaçonner l’image de Hugo dans le pays.C’est aussi la presse qui prépare le grandpublic à aborder son œuvre à travers lesannonces de parution des traductions deses ouvrages ou en publiant des extraits

de ses œuvres. La presse hellénique asuivi sans interruption son parcoursdepuis 1842, date à laquelle est repérée lapremière mention de son nom, jusqu’à samort s’efforçant de n’omettre aucun côtéde cette personnalité polyvalente2.

Or, Hugo, avant d’être consacré en Grècecomme le poète des Orientales et l’auteurdes Misérables, a été introduit auprès du public comme penseur et hommepolitique. En effet, une des premières, etbrève, mention de son nom dans la pressehellénique en 1845 le présente comme«pair de France et poète célèbre»3.

29


AVANT-PROPOSLa littérature spécialisée sur le philhellénisme français est abondante. Celle sur lesrapports entre Victor Hugo et la Grèce presque tout autant1. Cependant aucuneétude poussée de la réception de la pensée politique et sociale de Victor Hugo dansla presse grecque n’avait pu à ce jour être entreprise, en raison notamment du grandnombre de titres de la presse grecque du XIXe siècle et de la dispersion de ces feuillesdans plusieurs bibliothèques de Grèce ou de pays de la diaspora grecque. Lalocalisation et le dépouillement de ces articles consacrés à Victor Hugo nécessitaientun travail systématique de longue haleine. De surcroît, l’état matériel de ce vastecorpus (supports dégradés ou fragilisés) rendaient vitales, au regard de l’intérêt dela communauté scientifique, la collecte, la saisie électronique et le rassemblementraisonné des documents au sein d’une base de données. L’entreprise a été renduepossible grâce au soutien de la Fondation Leventis: depuis janvier 2013, la basebilingue Victor Hugo et le monde grec, hébergée sur le serveur de la Bibliothèque del’Université de Chypre et librement accessible au public, a permis d’effectuer desrecherches poussées proches de l’exhaustivité. Le présent travail en propose unpremier exemple.

Mots clés: Crète, Îles Ioniennes, Grèce, Europe. Abolitionnisme, droit des peuples,indépendance, insurrection, amnistie politique, libéralisme, liberté, opposition,politique, républicanisme, revendications sociales. Canellopoulos, Flourens, Kazazis,Panas, Philarétos, Rhigas.

LA RÉCEPTION DE LA PENSÉE POLITIQUE ET SOCIALE DE VICTOR HUGODANS LA PRESSE GRECQUE, par Despina Provata

1 Pour une vue d’ensemble sur la réception de Victor Hugo en Grèce, voir Despina Provata, VictorHugo en Grèce (1842-1902), Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 1994. Pour une bibliographie générale sur Victor Hugo, on consultera le site du «Groupe Hugo» de l’Université Paris 7 http://groupugo.div.jussieu.fr/

2 Voir à ce sujet, Despina Provata, op.cit., p. 19-140.3 Αιών (Éon), n° 648, 18 août 1854, p. 4.

30

Cependant on ignore à cette date sesvillégiatures politiques, qui l’ont conduitdu camp des royalistes à celui del’opposition polarisée en 1848 autour deLouis Napoléon Bonaparte. C’est alors quecommence à se préciser en Grèce sonportrait d’homme politique. On apprend,sans davantage de commentaires, sonélection à l’Assemblée Législative , puis saparticipation au Congrès de la Paix enaoût 1849, mais on s’attarde davantagesur l’Affaire de Rome, qui marque au coursdu second semestre 1849 sa rupturedéfinitive avec la droite. La pressehellénique signale alors le passage deHugo à l’opposition républicaine et sonéloignement du bonapartisme cléricalisé.Il est alors qualifié de «fervent défenseurdes droits et libertés du peuple romain» tandis que son opposition àMontalembert et présentée sous un jourfavorable:

De nos jours, rien que le fait deprononcer les mots liberté, garantiedes droits des peuples etindépendance nationale, suffit pourse faire traiter de démagogue,même si l'on est un honnêtehomme. C'est ce qui est arrivé àVictor Hugo; pour avoir défendu lesdroits du peuple romain et dénoncéque l'Autriche exécutait la noblessehongroise, il est considéré commerévolutionnaire5.

Quelques jours plus tard, le même journal insère à «la une» de longs extraitsdes discours que Hugo prononça àl’Assemblée. C’est sans doute la premièrefois que l’expression de la pensée et de laparole politique de Hugo parvient aulecteur grec6. Ainsi, c’est avant toutcomme une personnalité importante surle plan politique qu’il est introduit auprèsdu public grec, au moment même où alieu sa transfiguration démocratique ettandis qu’aucune de ses œuvres n’estencore traduite en grec. Signalons ici queseuls quelques poèmes lyriques avaientété traduits en grec à cette date7. Sonnom est d’ores et déjà associé à troisprincipes : liberté, garantie des droits despeuples et indépendance nationale,autour desquels se forgera en Grèce sonimage d’homme politique. D’ailleurs cestrois principes répondent aux aspirationsdes hommes politiques grecs qui luttaientpour la libération et la réunification dupays8.

Les événements se précipitent en Franceet la presse hellénique tient au courantses lecteurs, notamment de la positionprise par Hugo. Son opposition au régime,le coup d’État, sa participation au comitéde résistance, son expulsion et son refusenfin de l’amnistie, figurent dans des articles insérés dans la presse helléniquemais dans la plupart des cas, et surtout

«VICTOR HUGO ET LE MONDE GREC» Nineteenth Century Periodical Press Database (bilingual French-Greek)

4 Αιών (Éon), n° 964, 18 mai 1849, p.1.5 Εφημερίς της Σμύρνης (Ephiméris tis Smyrnis), n° 30, 4 novembre 1849, p. 3: «Ώστε την σήμερον,

μόνον τας λέξεις ελευθερία, ασφάλεια των δικαίων των λαών και εθνική ανεξαρτησία ανπροφέρη τις, θεωρείται ως δημαγωγός, όσον και αν ήναι τίμιος και χρηστός ανήρ. Τούτο συνέβηεις τον Βίκτωρα Ούγον. διότι εζήτησε να υπερασπισθή τα δικαιώματα του ρωμαϊκού λαού, διότιείπεν ότι η Αυστρία πολλούς απαγχονίζει ευγενείς ούγγρους, θεωρείται ως σφόδραεπαναστατικός».

6 Εφημερίς της Σμύρνης (Ephiméris tis Smyrnis), n° 31, 11 novembre 1849, p. 1-2.7 Pour les traductions grecques des œuvres de Hugo au cours du XIXe siècle, voir Despina Provata,

op.cit., p. 142-236, 383-398, et 414-423.8 Consulter à ce sujet l’ouvrage de Elli Scopétéa, Το «Πρότυπο βασίλειο» και η «Μεγάλη Ιδέα». Όψεις

του εθνικού προβλήματος στην Ελλάδα (1830-1880) [Le “Royaume modèle” et la “Grande Idée”. spects du problème national en Grèce (1830-1880)], Athènes, Polytopo, 1988.

pour ce qui est de la presse gouverne-mentale, sans commentaires et en évitant de manifester des sentiments desympathie9.

Donc, malgré les apparences, on connaîtmal Hugo homme politique. Il est denotoriété publique que le poète se trouveen exil en raison de son opposition à lapolitique de Louis Napoléon, mais onignore sa pensée politique, ses écrits, sonrapport même avec les événementshistoriques.

D’autre part, dans les revues littéraires, onparle peu de lui en termes d’idéologie etde politique. Efterpi qui en 1851-1852 estla première revue à présenter l’écrivain etson œuvre au public, note quel’inspiration de certains de ses poèmespubliés dans sa jeunesse, situaitnettement le poète du côté du régimeétabli mais qu’ «aujourd’hui Hugo est l’undes [poètes] les plus républicains» et lequalifie de «bastion de la républiquefrançaise»10.

En 1862, son image d’homme politiquereste aussi vague et imprécise. On signaleparfois sa fascination admirative pourNapoléon Bonaparte pour accentuer son opposition au régime de Napoléon III.On parle de son exil, des valeursrépublicaines qu’incarne Hugo mais le lecteur grec ignore tout de leur expression littéraire, notammentNapoléon le Petit et Les Châtiments. On

évoque à peine l’engouement politiquede Hugo pour la cause de l’indépendancegrecque, l’exaltation des nationalités,l’aide aux peuples qui se battent contreles tyrans: une brève mention de la revuePandora en 1862 est à peu près tout ce qu’apprend le lecteur grec sur sesactivités11.

Or, en 1862 paraît, peu après lapublication des Misérables, la traductiongrecque du roman, qui constitue uneétape essentielle de la consolidation de laprésence de Hugo dans le pays. Aussitôt,dans les histoires entrecroisées du roman,on relève son message humanitaire.Skylitsis, le traducteur grec, écrivait danssa Préface: «Le monde attendait un mytheet a vu un évangile»12. À ce titre, ce livrearrivait comme un message d’espoir etsatisfaisait la demande formulée en Grècede textes célébrant la charité, le repentir,la réhabilitation de l’âme13. Mais le romanest aussi reconnu et accepté commel’expression d’un romantisme socialisant.En 1867, une adaptation de la premièrepartie des Misérables servira à un jeunedramaturge, idéologue républicain, àdénoncer l’arrogance du pouvoir et àexposer les revendications politiques des jeunes étudiants grecs de son époque qui réclamaient non seulementl’assainissement de la vie publique maisaussi l’abolition des privilèges accordésaux hommes du pouvoir14. Plus tard, versla fin du XIXe et surtout dans les premières

31


9 Despina Provata, op.cit., p. 34-35.10 Ευτέρπη (Efterpi), 5(1851-1852), p. 93 : «Σήμερον ο Ουγκώ είνε εις των μάλλον δημοκρατικών,

και τελευταίαι τινές αγορεύσεις αυτού εν τη εθνοσυνελεύσει εθαυμάσθησαν. […] ο πρόμαχοςαυτής».

11 «Βίκτωρ Υγώ» (« Victor Hugo »), Πανδώρα (Pandora), 12(1861-1862), p. 535-540.12 Ημέρα (Himéra), n° 345-346, 20/2 mai, p. 1.13 Voir à ce sujet Z. Stéphanopoulos, « Περί του γαλλικού μυθιστορήματος και της επιρροής αυτού

επί τα εν Ελλάδι ήθη » (Du roman français et de son influence sur les mœurs en Grèce),Πανδώρα (Pandora), 20(1869), p. 72-76, 81-86.

14 Ioannis Palamas, Φαντίνα (Fantine). Drame en cinq actes, Athènes, 1867.

32

décennies du XXe siècle, selon le progres-sisme de chacun, on se penche davantagesur les enjeux idéologiques que comportele roman. Mais pour cela il faudra attendreun peu.

Pour l’instant l’admiration qu’oncommence à porter à l’écrivain serabientôt complétée par la reconnaissancedans les faits de sa dimension politique.L’occasion fut l’intervention de Hugo enfaveur du peuple crétois. Les Grecsdécouvrent alors une nouvelle expressiondu philhellénisme des Orientales maisaussi «le défenseur de toute causelégitime et humanitaire»15. Les lettres deHugo publiées dans la presse révèlent àl’opinion publique grecque un agitateurdes consciences européennes quirestaient passives devant le drame de l’île.Il apparaît comme le défenseur des droitsdu peuple grec qu’il appuie dans sa lutte pour la souveraineté nationale. Hugo reconnaît au peuple crétois ce que lui refusaient la diplomatieeuropéenne et – du moins officiellement–le gouvernement grec, le droit àl’insurrection, et il justifie la résistancearmée face au tyran: «La Crète s’estrévoltée et elle a bien fait» écrit-il16. Pourle lecteur grec, qui lit les traductions deslettres de Hugo en faveur de la Crète dansla presse, ces textes sont une révélation: ily découvre, outre une voix solidaire avecle drame du peuple crétois, un hommequi se veut le porte-parole de tout unpeuple en détresse17. Dans la mémoirecollective des Grecs, il s’impose alorscomme une personnalité politique

emblématique car son nom se trouveassocié à l’espoir de voir se constituer unnouveau mouvement philhellène aussiefficace et dynamique que le premier quiavait ébranlé, en 1821, l’Empire ottoman.On attend de lui qu’il influence lesgouvernements et change le cours del’histoire. Désormais, le penseur politiquefait partie de l’histoire de la régénérationde la Grèce et accède aux dimensionsd’un symbole.

Si le retour de Hugo en France en 1870marque le début de la marche du poètevers l’apothéose et la fixation de sonimage de Père de la République, ses faitset gestes ne semblent plus intéresserl’opinion publique en Grèce. Bien plus, onconstate pour la première fois unchangement d’attitude face à Hugo. Cen’est plus le penseur politique qu’onvénérait lors de l’insurrection crétoise, en qui étaient déposés les espoirs de tout un peuple. On conteste ses idéespolitiques, notamment son attitude aumoment de la Commune, et on s’indigneà l’idée que Hugo, en réclamant l’amnistiedes communards, puisse contribuer à l’instauration d’une républiquerévolutionnaire en France18. Il est

A. G. Leventis Research Projects...

Documents

Transcript of A. G. Leventis Research Projects...