A Force More Powerful in Burmese

aus;Zl;pum; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;pma&;q&m AGD-tufpf-y&Dcsuf (V.S. Pritchett) u vD,dkawmfvfpwGdKif;ta=umif;a&;om;cJh &mwGif/ ol.0wˆKrsm;u&k&Sm;EdkifiH. tcuftcJrsm;ta=umif;yHkazmfa&;om;cJh+yD;/ Todk@azmfjyzl;aom&k&Sm;vlrsKd; [lI olrSvGJI tjcm;olrsm;&SdtHhrxif[k a&;om;csD;usL;cJhygonf? awmfpwGdKif;.0wˆKwckcsif;u vltrsm;qufqH a&;ESifh rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;qufqHa&;udpPrsm;udk azmfjycJh+yD;/ trsKd;tpm;tm;jzifhvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uGJjym; pHkvifvSygonf? xdk@tjyif trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%mxl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:vGifvSygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u usaemfwdk@udk tawG@t=uHKay;ygonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh TpmtkyftwGufjyifqif&m/ a&;om;&m/ jyefvnfwnf;jzwf&mudpPrsm; wGif rsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfapcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@tcuftcJr&Sdatmif jzpfapcJh&+yD;/ Todk@tcGifhtvrf;xl; twGuf 0rf;ajrmufyDwdjzpf&ygonf? rdrdwdk@onf rdwfaqGvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;.ycHk;rsm;ay:wGif &yfcJh=u&ygonf? Tpmtkyfxkwfa0csdefY wcsdefwnf;xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhaom&kyfjrifoH=um; Zmwfvrf;wGJtwGuf zefwD;ay;cJhaom rdwfaqGrsm;/ Tpmtkyfa&;om;&mwGif okawoevkyfief;rsm;Y yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;&efawmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;/ tcef;rsm;cGJ&m/ tjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm;jznfhpGuf=u&mY ulnDcJh=uolrsm;a=umifhom ,ckvdkjzpfajrmufvmcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm; .0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;r_rsm; r&&Sdygu/ Tvkyfief;taumiftxnfay:&eftwGuf +yD;ajrmuf jynfhpHkEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? pwda,mhuf (Steve York) u “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJ twGuf a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcJhygonf? tvm;wlyif (1999) ckESpfY Zmwfvrf;wckpm rSwfwrf;zvifwckudk xkwf vkyfEdkifcJh=uygonf? yg0ifcJh=uaomwufºuGv_yf&Sm;oltrsm;udk ar;jref;&mY ol.xJxJ0if0if&SdvSaom tifwm AsL;rsm;/ rsufjrifoufaorsm;udk ar;jref;csufrsm;/ ponfwdk@u TpmtkyfygyÉdyuQ (8) cktwGufa&;om;&mY txl;udk;um;azmfjy&aom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? ol.pGrf;aqmifcsufomryg0ifygu Tpmtkyftaejzifh ordkif; qdkif&mpmayrsm;twGuf topfjznfhpnf;r_udk vkyfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? pwda,mhuf. t=urf;rzufyÉdyuQrsm; tay:aphpyfu|rf;usifr_rSm/ Tbmom&yfudktjcm;aqmif&Gufavhvm=uol &kyf&Siform;rsm;xufpmv#if olrwl atmif xl;xl;uJuJcsD;usL;zG,f&mjzpfygonf? euf&d_if;+yD;/ yrm%t&vnf; tus,ftjyef@EdkifvSygonf? olavh vmawG@&SdcJhaom &pforftedrfhtjrifh/ twuftusESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkrSm Ttcef;qufZmwfvrf;wGJrsm;twGuf ydkI&kyfºuGapygonf? *|efeoef rdk*g;vf (Jonathan Mogul) rSm [email protected];ESifh wnf;jzwfoljzpfygonf? rdcsD*ef wuUodkvfrS ordkif;t"dujzifhyg&*lbGJ@&vmoljzpf+yD;/ ol. ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&maqmif&GufcsuftwGuf aus;Zl;rsm; pGm&Sda=umif; azmfjy&ygvdrfhrnf? olu udef*%ef;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf&SmazGpkaqmif;cJh+yD;/ yxrrl=urf;Zwfausm&dk;udk csEdkifcJhygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSaeI tcef;rsm;jzpfvm+yD;/ &k&Sm;/ tdENd,/ ydkvef/ tar&duefawmifydkif;/ awmiftmz&du/ ta&S@Oa&my/ oD&dvuFmpaom yÉdyuQtcef;rsm;twGuf pDpOfa&;om;cJh ygonf? olu t,fvfqmaA'ddk;ESifhqdkifaom Zmwfa=umif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifjznfhpGufcJhygonf? zdvpfydkifESifh csDvD EdkifiHqdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomokawoeudpPrsm; xyfrHaqmif&GufcJhygonf? aemufqHk;ed*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyf csufrsm;xkwf&mY ulnDcJhygonf? rdrdwdk@Zmwfvrf;rsm;twGuf ausm&dk;xkwfE_wf qifjcifxm;onfhoabmxm;udk tcef;trsm;tjym;Y &Sif;vif;wfdusr_jzpfapatmif jyefvnfppfaq;cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ordkif;qdkif&m/ yx0Dydkif; qdkif&m/ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;udk tm&Hkxm;=unfhwwfonfhol. tavhtxa=umifh [email protected]_ udpPrsm; udk pepfwus&SdapcJhygonf? *sufzf a[eef (Jeff Heynan) u a*smhcsfawmif;wuUodkvf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ausmif;rS tqifhjrifhausmif; om;wOD;jzpfygonf? olu *smrefESifh 'wfcsfbmomudkyg u|rf;usifydkifEdkifoljzpf+yD;/ wGJzuf wnf;jzwfolwOD;jzpfyg onf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ckcHr_wckjzpfonfh &l;urfhzfudpPY olu yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay;cJhygonf? ol. pepfwus&SdvSaomokawoeðyr_rsm;/ tus,ftjyef@aomrl&if; ae&m&if;jrpfrsm;rS &SmazGjznfhqD;ay;cJhr_a=umifh/ aemufqHk; yef;rsm;udk vSya0qmpGmzl;yGifhapaom&vm'f jzpfapatmif ulnDay;cJhygonf? xdk@tjyifpmtkyf&nf !$ef;csufrsm; jyefvnfppfaq;/ jyifqif&efESifh aemufqufwGJt!$ef;0vdaqmif&Gufjcif;udpPrsm;Y ulnDay;cJhyg onf? um;vfydkaq; (Carl Posey) u tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiH&SdyÉdyuQrsm;udk a&;om;&mY ulnDwnf;jzwfay;ol jzpfygonf? Tpmrlrsm;twGuf yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ðypkay;cJhygonf? olu tcef;rsm;cGJ&mY jyefvnfIpepf wusjzpfap&ef/ ulnDcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif &k&Sm;/ tdENd,/ ydkvef/ awmiftmz&du/ w&kyf/ ta&S@Oa&my/ rGef*dkvD;,m;

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) i

EdkifiHrsm;ta=umif;a&;om;&mY pmoufouf/ tcsuftvuf oufoufjzifh rGrf;=uyfraeyJ/ vlom;qefaom taiG@toufrsm; yg&avatmif/ qGJaqmifr_aumif;I ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;ae&avatmifulnD wnf;jzwfay;cJhol jzpfygonf? *&uf rdkufu,fvD'pf (Greg Michaelidis) rSm tifwDzm'gyÉdyuQESifh bwfpfcf/ jrefrm/ qmAD;,m;EdkifiHrsm; ta=umif;Y yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay;cJhygonf? olvnf; yl;wGJwnf;jzwfolt,f'DwmwOD;jzpfygonf? T ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay: awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;ESifh wpdkufrwfrwfvdkufxm;aom tjcm;olrsm;r&Edkifonfh &Sm;yg;vSaomtcsuftvufrsm;rSm tzdk;rjzwfEdkifzG,fjzpfygonf? rdkufu,f aumfe,fvD (Michael Connelly) rSm zdvpfydkifjynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_pmrludk yxrrl=urf;pwifa&;om;ay;aom yl;wGJwnf;jzwfolt,f'Dwm wOD;jzpfygonf? Todk@rsm;jym; ¹yGwfodyfaeaomyÉdyuQrsm;=um;Y txift&Sm;jzpf&avatmif/ ulnDae&mcsay; EdkifcJhygonf? w&kyfEdkifiHESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ta=umif;twGufudkrl arm&pf &dkqmbD (Morris Rossabi) .tultnDudk &cJhonfrSm rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifzG,fjzpfygonf? olonf TEdkifiH. ta&S@zsm;qdkif&mavhvma&;bmom&yfrsm;wGif ueOD;avhvmcJhol xif&Sm;onfhynm&SifwOD; jzpfygonf? olu TyÉdyuQESpfcktwGuf yxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay; cJhygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;ESifh u|rf;0ifvSaomol.t&nftcsif;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;&Sdvlrsm;ESifh odu|rf;r_u T pmtkyfyg yÉdyuQrsm;Y rGef*dkvD;,m;ta=umif;udk ouf0ifatmiftopfxnfhoGif;apEdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif rD&D,ef Zifrmrif; (Miriam Zimmerman) udkvnf; aus;Zl;pum;qdk&ef csefxm;IrjzpfEdkifyg? olu rdrdwdk@. okawoeqdkif&m"gwfyHkrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;cJh+yD;/ Tpmtkyftaumiftxnfay:&eftqifhwdkif;Y yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJh&olwOD; jzpfygonf? z,fvDpD,m 0pf'frif; (Felicia Widmann) u "gwfyHkydkif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufolwOD; jzpfygonf? olu awmifyHk&myHkjzpfaeaom"gwfyHkrsm;xJrS rarmEdkifryef;Edkifa&G;xkwf&Sm azGay;cJholwOD; jzpfygonf? tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif "gwfyHkrsm;udk pwifa&G;cs,fay;cJhaom ,ef urfhzf (Jan Camp) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? xdk@tjyif [Dom&yfcsf (Heather Rush) ESifh rufo,l;&pfcswfqif (Matthew Richardson) wdk@uvnf; ulnDcJh=uygonf? tDauGwdk&D,,f8&yfzpfXmerS tJvufpf wdwfuvnf; owif;tcsufjyajryHkaumif;rsm;&&ef ulnDcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@taejzifh &dk@pfar&D trfrm&l/ &dkqvif atb&m[rf/ A,fvm&D uefeif[ef/ b&pf*suf'l&efwdk@udk vnf; aus;Zl;wifygonf? xdkolrsm;u pdwf&SnfZGJ&Sd&mjzifh qufoG,fa&;udpPrsm;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm; txajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJh=uygonf? csefeif; a0:vfumuvnf; tcsdefrDulnDr_rsm;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJh +yD;/ qef'D *d&dk@zfu Tpmtkyfudk vlodrsm;atmifaqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf? xdk@twl 0Dwm (WETA) &kyfjrifoH=um; Xme&Sd qlqef&rf;bwfcfuvnf; yDbDtufpf&kyfjrifoH=um;XmeESifh qufoG,fEdkifa&;ulnDay;cJhygonf? t,fvfbwftdkif;pwdkif; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rS b&kpf *sifuif (Bruce Jenken) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? aumfeJvfwuUodkvfrS qpf'eDwm&dk;vf'f (Sidney Tarrow)/ pwef;zdk@'fwuUodkvfrS a'guf ruft'rfu T pmtkyftay: jznfhpGufay;cJhaoma0zefcsufrsm;ESifh tjrifrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;/ tvGwfoabmaqG;aEG;ajym qdkr_rsm;twGuf txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf toHk;0ifvSaomtcsufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@twGuf wefzdk;xm;p&m jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif &kyfjrifoH=um;Zmwfvrf;wGJrsm;Y tifwmAsL;ar;jref;ay;cJhaom wGrf 0d'f vif*g (Tom Weidlinger) ESifh TpmtkyfwGifudk;um;xm;&aom ol.ar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh ygwfoufI aus;Zl; wifvSygonf? rdrdwdk@udktxl;ulnDcJhaomolrSm *|efeDvD'Gef tufumrif (Jonnie Leedom-Ackerman) jzpfygonf? ol. t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; umv=um&Snf&cJhaomtawG@t=uHKrsm;/ ar#mfjrif,lqcsufrsm;u T pmtkyfa&;om;=u&mY rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufxm;aqmif&Gufrnf/ rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk jznfhqD;=u&rnfudk xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGmodEdkifatmifulnDay;ygrnf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmvmapygonf? Tpm tkyfwGif;azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhtao;pdwfrSpI oufqdkifaeaomynm&yfydkif;qdkif&macgif;aqmif r_twGuf *sif;&Syf (Gene Sharp) udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;azmfjy&ef csefvSyfxm;I rjzpfEdkifyg? olu Tt=urf;r zufa&;qdkif&mt,ltqrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH@òzd;apa&;twGuf rsm;pGmaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdae=uaom ynm&Sifrsm;teuf acwfopft=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m;b%fwdkufudk t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh txl; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufapol jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) ii

aemufqHk;taejzifh pdef@rmwifyHkESdyfwdkufrSt,f'Dwm um&if0lvfeD (Karen Wolny) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd ygonf? ol. Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:txl;pdwfxufoef0ifpm;r_/ Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm; udk rnfodk@rnfyHktav;ay;azmfjy&efESifh tusOf;csKH;azmfjyEdkif&ef axmufjyt=uHay;csufrsm;udkvnf; txl;aus; Zl;wifygonf? [email protected];udk rnfodk@azmfjy&rnfudkvrf;awG@&SdEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;a=umif;ay;aomOD;aqmif odk;ausmif;ozG,fðyolrSm olyif jzpfygonf? pmrlpmuspmersm; r&Sd&avatmifulnDwnf;jzwfay;cJh=uaom tvef b&ufa&SmESifh *seDzmqDrDwefwdk@udkvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmifaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJjzpfajrmufap&eftwGuf nm%f tvif;jyulnDcJh=uaom t,fvfbwftdef;pwdef; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rS qlqefESifh y,f&Dvmem/ t,fvDZbuf ESifh *|ef tdyfcsf-Aef rmuifpwdef; o&D;/ atbD ESifh tvefvJAD;/ ESifh tmomAdkif;eif;a';Apfazmifa';&Sif;wdk@udk txl; ulnDyHhydk;r_wdk@a=umifhom taumiftxnfay:vm&jcif;jzpfygonf? ueOD;okawoeðyvkyfief;rsm;udk tar&duef +idrf;csrf;a&;tifpwDusL (U.S. Institute of Peace) rSaxmufyHhr_ay;cJhygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlyk*~dKvf rsm;. pdwftm;xufoefulnDr_om r&&SdcJhygu/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomTpmtkyfrsm;udk ajrmuftar&duwdkuf wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ urBmhtESH@tjym;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; jrif=u&zG,f r&Sdyg? Tpmtkyfonf rsKd;quf (5) ck.EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vlr_rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jzef@usuf azmfjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm urBmhwdkuf}uD; (5) ck&Sd EdkifiHaygif; (24) ckwGifjzpfysufcJhaomta=umif; t&mrsm; jzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifh rdrdwdk@okawoevkyfief;rsm;rSm tm;tifukefcrf;vkeD;yg;aqmif&GufcJh=u &ygonf? tcsuftvufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ azmfjycsufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ rSm;,Gif;t"dy`g,fzGifhr_rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? rdrdwdk@ trSm;rsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@wGifomvHk;0wm0ef&Sdygonf? rdrdwdk@.&nf&G,fcsufrSm }uD;jrwfaomt=urf;rzuf v_yf &Sm;r_. vGefcJhaomESpf (100) twGif; aqmif&GufatmifjrifcJhaom rSefuefaom/ wu,fhtjzpfrSefrsm;udkom azmf jyvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? xdkxufydkIqdk&v#if vGefcJhaom&mpkESpftwGif; jynfolrsm;. olwdk@tm%mwdk;wufvmap a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDr#tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sda&; twGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;udkoHk;I v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJh=uyHkrsm;udk *k%fðyazmfjyvdkjcif;r#om jzpfygonf? tu,fITpmtkyfwGif t&Snfwnfwef@Edkifaom vlom;rsm;. wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;udk zwf,l&&SdcJhygu/ Todk@ atmifjrif&&Sdr_rsm;onf rdrdwdk@tm;vHk;.tem*gwftwGufygtzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom ta=umif;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) iii

ed'gef; “w&m;r#wr_ESifh tm%mwdk@onf twlwuGvm&efvdktyfygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap w&m;r#waomudpPrsm;u tiftm;tm%m&Sd&efvdktyf+yD;/ tm%m&Sdoluvnf; w&m;r#wr_&Sd&ef vdktyfonf? ” ygpu,f tjzpftysufZmwfvrf;rsm; (1981) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv.wckaomaom=umnaecsrf;wGif/ vufcsfbm0ifqmESifh tjcm;aomaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf a&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ *'ef@tpnf;ta0;yGJt+yD;wGif tzrf;qD;cHcJh=u&onf? vGefcJhaom (16) vumvtwGif; [email protected];or*~rsm;u ydkvefEdkifiH. uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;tajccHudk udkifv_yfcJh=uonf? puf&Hkrsm;udkodrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifcJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGifawmh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rm&S,favm Oya'jzifh xkwfIxdef;ae&+yDjzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rSmvnf; aoewfajymif;0udk=unfhI tnHhcH& awmhrnfh taetxm;qdkufaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; bm0ifqmudkzrf;ac:oGm;cJhaomtcsdefu bm0ifqmu ol@udkzrf;qD;olrsm;udk pdefac:ajymqdkcJhonf? “tcktcsdefupvdk@ rif;wdk@&_H;oGm;+yD?” olu jyefajymcJhonf? “tck igwdk@ tzrf;cH=u&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'g[mrif;wdk@&J@uGefjrLepfacgif;wvm;xJudk aemufqHk;oHwcsuf&dkufvdkufwmyJ? wcsdefrSmawmh igwdk@qDudk rif;wdk@u 'l;axmuf+yD;jyefvm=u&vdrfhr,f? ” tu,fI t=urf;zufr_onfom tm%mtiftm;jzpfcJhrnfqdkygu/ tu,fI Todk@zdESdyfr_udk jyefvnfwkef@jyef&ef tajzr&SdcJhygu/ bm0ifqm.pum;rsm;onf ol&l;pum;rsm;omjzpfvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf olu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~. TyÉyduQtay:qufvufav#mufvSrf;&rnfhvrf;a=umif;udk owfrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Ttcsufudk ol odxm;onf? ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&udk axmufcHae=uaomvlxk.qENudk cGJcGgcsawmhrnfudk olod+yD;jzpfaeonf? olwdk@atmufusKd@ emcHvmap&ef EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ukefvmaomtcg/ [email protected];qdkcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufavsmvm&awmhonf? ckepfESpf=umaomtcg bm0ifqmudk axmifoGif; tusOf;cscJhol AdkvfcsKyf }uD;0dk@csfqdcsf ,m&lZJvfpuD;u olESifhtjcm;aom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ acgif;aqmif rsm;udk zdwfac:I a&G;aumufyGJtopfrsm;usif;yEdkif&efESifh tpdk;&opfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef zdwfac:&awmhonf? (1990) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg vGefcJhaomq,fESpfcef@u oabFmusif;wckwGif v#yfppfvkyfom;tjzpfom vkyfaecJhaom bm0ifqmonf ydkvefEdkifiH.orwtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf cH&onf? olu aoewfwcsufrS rypfazmufcJhbl;ay? tvm;wlaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onfvnf; TatmifyGJtwGuf vufeufpGJ udkifI aoewf wcsufrSrypfcJh=u&ay? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@u tm%m&Sif. tm%m0wf&Hkudk cGgcsEdkifcJh=uonf? aemufodk@wGef;ydk@EdkifcJh=uonf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfr_udk aqmifusOf;EdkifcJh=uonf? vGefcJhaom&mpkESpf. aemufqHk;q,fpkESpfwGif/ bm0ifqmonf e,l;a,mufòrd@Y ESpfpOfpufwifbmvwdkif;wGif usif;yaom ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHY tjcm;aomEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh twl,SOfwGJum wufa&mufcJh onf? Tacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS 'Drdkua&pDenf;usa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;cH&aom acgif; aqmifoltrsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tu,fIom TuJhodk@aomtpnf;ta0;rsKd;vGefcJhaomESpfw&m cef@u usif;ycJhygu/ wufa&mufoltrsm;pkrSm tm%mudkt=urf;enf;/ tiftm;oHk;&,lxm;cJh=uaom tifydkif ,mjynfh&Sifrsm;/ bk&ifrsm;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;/ tm%mtarGqufcH&vm=uaom tjcm;aomtm%m&Sif acgif; aqmifrsm;om jzpf=uayvdrfhrnf? vl ta&twGufrSmvnf; tenf;pkomjzpfayvdrfhrnf? TonfrSmESpfq,f&mpk ESpftwGif; t"dujzpfay:cJhaomEdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_}uD; jzpfonf? odk@aomfTodk@tajctaejzpfay:vm&efqdkonf rSm omrmefjynfolvlxkrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rygyJ/ zdESdyfoltm%m&Sifrsm;udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefaomenf; r[kwfyJ t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tmcHqef@usifolrsm;rygyJ/ rjzpfEdkifay? Todk@aomjynfolrsm;. tm%m pGrf;tm;rsm;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmyHkESifh rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk;cscJh=uonfqdkonfrSm TpmtkyfwGifqufvufazmfjyrnfh t"du ta=umif;t&mjzpfygonf?

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB) 1

Ttjzpftysufrsm;onf q,fpkESpf (10) cktwGif;jzpfysufcJhaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? tm%mudkcsKyfudkif xm;aomtpdk;&rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u&aom/ vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udkifaqmifxm;=uaom zdESdyfol ppfwyf rsm;ESifh wrljcm;em;pGmwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uaom jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? Todk@aomyÉdyuQ wdkif;wGif/ tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. tpDtpOfuser_udkysufapaom zdtm;ay;onfhenf; (sanctions) udktoHk;ðycJh=uyg onf? rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pk. zdESdyfEdkifpGrf;tm;/ tjypfay;EdkifpGrf;tm;udk twif;t=uyfzdtm;ay;Iraqmif &GufEdkifapatmifaqmif&Gufaomenf;ESifh aemufqHk;vdkufavsmvm&avatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? xdk@tjyif qENxkwfazmfaomenf;rsm;jzpfonfh pmwifoGif;jcif;rsm;/ csDwufyGJrsm;/ vrf;av#mufxGufcGgjcif;/ qENjyjcif;rsm;jzifh jynfoltrsm;. axmufcHr_udk&&Sdatmifvnf; aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;rsm;jzpfonfh oydwfarSmufr_rsm;/ bdGKif;aumufrsm;/ E_wfxGufjcif;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;. tm%mzDqefjcif;enf;rsm;udkvnf; toHk; ðycJh=uygonf? Tenf;rsm;jzifh tpdk;&.tpGrf;udk vd_ufpm;tm;enf;apEdkifcJhygonf? xdk@tjyifwdkuf&dkuf0ifa&muf pGufzufaomenf;rsm;jzpfonfh xdkifoydwfrsm;/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh zsufqD;r_rsm;/ oydwfwm;jcif;rsm;enf; jzifh zdESdyfolrsm;udk pdwf&_yfaxG;ap+yD;/ jynfolrsm;.qENtwdkif; vdkufavsmvmatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uygonf? ordkif;wavsmufTodk@&&Sdvmaom &vm'frSm}uD;rm;vSygonf? tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;EdkifcJh=u+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;udkvnf; ðywfusapcJhygonf? odrf;ydkufusL;ausmfvmaom ppfwyf rsm;udkvnf; jyefqkwfapEdkif+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;aomEdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;udkvnf; aysmuf uG,fajymif;vJapcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udkvnf; taES;ESifhtjrefqdkovdk toGifajymif;vJapcJh ygonf? jynfolrsm;. pGrf;yum;/ t=urf;rzufr_tiftm;jzifh tm%m&Sifrsm;. vlr_pepfxdef;ausmif;ajymif;vJae aompGrf;tm;udk òzdcszsufqD;EdkifcJh=uygonf? Todk@aomudpPrsm;rnfodk@rnfyHk jzpfay:vm=uyHkESifh/ t=urf;rzuf aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmap&efaphaqmfcJhaom aemufuG,frStawG;tac:onf TpmtkyfwGifazmfjyvdkaom tESpfom&jzpfygonf? tonf;ESvHk;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif TpmtkyfESifhtwl rSwfwrf;&kyfjrifoH=um;Zmwfvrf; tacGudkvnf; yl;wGJxkwfvkyfEdkifchJygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;tm;vHk;onf &k&Sm;wGifpwifcJhygonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif bdk;&pf,,fvfqifwifhum;ay:odk@ wufI ppftm%modrf;r_udkqef@usifa=umif; rdef@cGef;rajymrD/ (86) ESpft=umuyif/ &k&Sm;jynfolrsm;u pdef@yDwm pbwfaqmif;&moDeef;awmf&Sd Zmbk&ifxHtoem;cHpmrsm;/ awmif;qdkv$mrsm; wifoGif;cJh=uygonf? Tumv rsm;t=um;wGif urBmw0Srf;vHk;Y v_dif;vHk;rsm;ozG,fjyif;xefaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tm%m.oabmobm0udk topftoGifjzifh odjrifapcJh=uygonf? tppftrSeftm%mqdkonfrSm xdkolrsm;udk xdef;csKyfcH&efjzpfaomjynfol rsm;. qENrSvmygonf? xdkolrsm;udk+cdrf;ajcmufzdESdyfaeaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;rS jzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfyg? Todk@ aomt,ltqonf/ tm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ usL;ausmfr_rsm;udk wkef@jyefr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifh ta&;rsm;udk jiif;y,fcHae&aomtajctaerS jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf? T v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkaqmif&GufcJh=uaom olrwlonfhomrmefjynfolrsm;ESifh [email protected]_rsm;/ &_H;edrfhr_rsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,lcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?

• (1905) ckESpfwGuf atmhodka'gufbkef;awmf}uD; a*sm*sDa*yGefu vkyfom; (150000) udk &k&Sm;EdkifiH. a&S;a[mif;òrd@awmf. a&cJaeaomvrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xGufvm&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfEdkifcJh+yD;/ oufOD;qHydkif tm%m&SifxHodk@ &mpkESpf. yxrOD;qHk;aom pdefac:r_udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? olu wEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmjzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmap&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifcJh+yD;/ Ttjzpftysufa=umifh EdkifiH.yxr OD;qHk;aomvlxktrsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfhtpdk;&pepfudk ay:aygufapcJhygonf?

• urBmppf+yD;aomtcg/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;. tm%modrf;ydkufr_twGuf wHcg;yGifhapcJh+yD;/ *smr%D xHrS ppfavsmfa=u;&&Sd&ef twif;t=uyfzdtm;ay; awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? &m;e,f (Ruhr) &Sd rdkif;wGif; vkyfom;rsm; ESifh &xm;vrf;vkyfom;rsm;u *smr%DEdkifiH. obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xkwf,l&ef &nf &G,fcsufjzifha&muf&Sdvmaom usL;ausmfvmonfhjyifopfESifh b,f*sD,Hppfwyfrsm;. usL;ausmfr_udk &if qdkifckcHcJh=uygonf? xdkvkyfom;rsm;u ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;enf;vrf;jzifh usL;ausmfvmolrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ysufapcJhygonf? aemufqHk;wGif tar&duefESifh +Adwdo#wdk@u wyfrsm;jyef&kyfap&ef zdtm;ay;cJh=uygonf?


• (1930-31) ckESpfwGif rdk[ef'wfpf*ENDu +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_udk qef@usifa&;twGuf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif vltrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;I vlxktm%mzDqefaomenf;udk aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? olu ol.aemufvdkuf aemufygrsm;udk qm;cGefrsm;ray;aqmif&ef/ &mh*sftkyfcsKyfolrsm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aomtxnftvdyf rsm;ESifh t&ufaopmrsm; 0,f,loHk;pGJjcif;rðy&ef awmif;qdkcJhygonf? TwdkufyGJrsm;rSaeI tdENd,EdkifiH. &Snf=umI aemufqHk;atmifjrifcJh&aomvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk pwifEdkifcJh=uygonf?

• 'kwd,urBmppfumvtwGif; 'def;rwfjynfolrsm;uvnf; *smrmefusL;ausmfr_udkqef@usifI/ emZDwyfzGJ@ rsm;. ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tultnDay;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? (1944) ckESpf. aEG&moDYòrd@}uD; rsm;udk taotwdkif;&yfqdkif;xm;EdkifcJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh *smrefwyfzGJ@rsm;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ rsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;apcJh=uonf? tjcm;aomOa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS jynfolrsm;uvnf; t=urf; rzufaomenf;jzifh *smrmefusL;ausmfr_udk qef@usiftHwkcJh=uonf?

• qmaA;'dkausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;uvnf; olwdk@EdkifiHtwGif;ESpf=um&SnftkyfcsKyfae aomppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_rStwif;t=uyfcsrSwfxm;aom ta=umufw&m;rsm;/ &ufpufr_rsm;t ay:pdwfysufvm=u+yD;/ (1944) ckESpfwGif vlxktrsm;yg0ifonfhoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qifE$JcJh=uonf? aoewfwcsufrSrazmuf&yJ/ ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk [email protected];xHrS cGJjcm;EdkifcJh=u onf? ppfom;rsm;uyg qef@usifvmcJh=u+yD;/ aemufqHk;ppftm%m&Sifrsm; jynfyodk@xGufajy;cJh=u&onf?

• tdENd,EdkifiHrS +Adwdo#wdk@xGufcGgoGm;+yD; (10) ESpfr=umrDrSmyif/ a*smf*sD,mjynfe,frS bufywpfbkef;awmf }uD;rmwifvlomuif; *sLeD,mu *END.oif=um;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udkvdkufemI/ ol.aemufvdkufaemufyg tmz&duef-tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;udk OD;aqmifum/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_qef@usifaom tar&duefEdkifiHawmifydkif; a'orsm;Y (15) ESpfausmf=um csDwufyGJrsm;ESifh qENjyoydwf/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qifE$JEdkifcJhonf?

• a'gufwmuif;vkyf=uHcH&+yD; ESpftenf;i,ft=umwGif/ ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;u vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_enf;em opfrsm;jzifh uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;udkqef@usifcJh=uonf? TtjzpftysufrsKd;onf qdkAD,uftkyfpk0ifEdkifiH rsm;twGif;Y &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;jzpf&yfjzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;uyg oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;qif vmcJh=u+yD;/ or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifh tcGifhta&;&&SdcJhonf? aemufqHk;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tjzpfwdk;wuf vmcJh+yD;/ uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqHk;owfEdkifcJhonf?

• ydkvefEdkifiHY tajymif;tvJrsm;oaE<wnfaepOf/ [email protected];orD;rsm;aysufqHk;oGm;&r_tay: wdwfqdwf aeonfh tpdk;&tay:onf;nnf;rcHEdkifawmhyJ/ a'goxGufae=uaom tm*sifwD;em;rdcifrsm;u abGEdk at;&dpf&Sd òrd@v,fyvmZmwGif csDwufqENjycJh=uonf? tkyfpdk;aeaomppftm%mydkfirsm;. w&m;0ifr_udk rxdcdkufrcsif;/ r&yfrem;qENjycJh=uonf? azmufuvefppfyGJt+yD; tusOf;t=uyfwGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm; vnf; ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&onf?

• tm*sifwD;em;wGifAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ðywfusoGm;&onfh tcsdefwGif/ tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom csDvDwGif vnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tm*ufpfpwdk yDEdkacs;onf tvm;wltHkºuGvmonfhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh qENjyyGJ rsm;udk wck+yD;wck &ifqdkifae&onf? aemufqHk;wGif xdkvlxkqENjyyGJrsm;u oltm%mvufv$wf&&ef r&nf&G,faomfvnf;/ olusif;yaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ðzwfcscHcJh&onf?

• urBm}uD;. tjcm;wzufjcrf;wGif (1986) ckESpfY zdvpfydkiftm%m&Siforw zm'Deefrm;udk@pfu a&G; aumufyGJudknpfywfI rJcdk;cJhonf? vkyf=uHcH&aomtwdkuftcHacgif;aqmifwOD;. ZeD;rkqdk;rjzpfolu OD;aqmifum vlxkaxmifaygif;/ aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ac:csvmcJhonf? xdkvlxkv_yf &Sm;r_udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdkvm;aomppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm;. olykefxr_jzifhaxmufcHcJhaomtcg/ tm%m&Siftzdk@ tiftm;oHk;Itm%mudkqufvufcsKyfudkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rSmr&Sdawmhoavmuf jzpf oGm;cJh&onf? aemufqHk;EdkifiHrS xGufajy;&onf?

• zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJjyefvnf&&Sd+yD; r=umrDyif/ ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u tpPa&;vf.ppfa&; t&usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;r_udk pdefac:qef@usifcJh=uonf? taemufzufurf;a'orsm;ESifh *gZmwGif oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;pnf;&Hk;um vlr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkif uGef,ufrsm;zGJ@ csdwfqufcJh=uonf? t=urf;rzufckcHr_rsm;rSm tifwDzm'gv_yf&Sm;r_. jrifomr_t& enf;v#ifaomfrS t}uD;us,fqHk; v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfcJhonf?

• aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tvkyform;or*~taejzifh ‚if;.wdkufyGJrsm;qufvuf0ifaepOf/ awmiftmz&du &Sdoydwfpnf;&Hk;olrsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_


qef@usifa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0if&ef pnf;&Hk;aecJh=uonf? EdkifiH wumrS zdtm;ay;r_ESifhtwl [email protected];rsm;jzifhe,fqifrif'Jvm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf aqmif &GufEdkifcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDtem*gwftwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf?

• bmvifwHwdkif;òydus+yD; &ufrsm;r=umrDwGif/ csufausmif;om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@u y&*fòrd@v,f&Sd 0if;qvuf&ifjyifwGif xdkifoydwfusif;yum/ “usaemfwkd@[m vufeufrJhyg? urBmu =unfhaeygw,f” [k aºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? &ufowWygwfrsm;twGif;rSmyif ta&S@*smr%DuJhodk@yif/ [efa*&D/ blvfa*;&D; ,m;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;rS uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;onfvnf;/ taES;ESifhtjrefqkwfcGgay;=u&awmhonf?

• (1990) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS rdcifwOD;jzpfola':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk tdrf tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf taetxm;rSyif OD;aqmifaecJhonf? vli,fjrefrmrsm;rSm urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ tjcm;t=urf;rzufenf;usifhoHk;oltiftm;pkrsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udkquf vufqifE$JaecJhonf?

• (1996) ckESifh (1997) ckESpfwGif/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom qm;AD;,m;jynfolrsm; bJ*&dwfvrf;rrsm;ay: wGifcsDwufvm=u+yD;/ orw qvdkAdk'ef rDvdkqDApfudk jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? a'oqdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJrsm;. &vm'fudk av;pm;vdkufem&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;olu vdkufavsm&onftxd qENjyzdtm; ay;EdkifcJh=uonf? (1999) ckESpfwGif w}udrfvrf;rrsm;ay:jyefwufvm=uum/ olz,f&Sm;ay;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?

TyÉdyuQrsm;tm;vHk;wGif t=urf;zufenf;udktoHk;rðyyJ/ atmifjrifEdkifaom tvm;tvmudkawG@&Sd&onf? xdk@ tjyif tjzpftysufrsm;tm;vHk;Yyg0if=uaom Zmwfaqmifrsm;tm;vHk;. tjyeftvSefðyrlyHkrsm;/ =oZmouf a&mufaer_rsm;u/ TtcsufrSefuefa=umif; jyoaeonf? *smrmefoHr%dvkyfom;wa,mufrSonf/ csDvD"gwfyHk q&mwOD;txd/ vD,dkawmfvfpwdGKifrSonf 'ufprGefwl;wl;txd/ 'def;rwfbk&ifrSonf wifeufqDjynfe,fòrd@awmf 0eftxd/ Ttjzpftysufrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonfh'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmaom Zmwfaumifrsm;u/ Zmwfvrf;wpdwfw ydkif;udk yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? olwdk@wOD;csif;. pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk rdrdwdk@u jyefvnfpkpnf;xm; jcif;omjzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ,Hk=unfouf0ifvmatmifEd_;apcJholrsm;/ rD;yGg;udkzefwD;I rD;awmuf}uD;jzpfapcJh olrsm;/ rmefrmersm;/ vSnfhzsm;opPmazmufr_rsm;/ olwdk@EdkifoGm;cJh&aom tm%m&Sifrsm;. aemufqHk;oduQmrJh&r_ rsm;/ jynfayguf xufjrufolnm%f}uD;&Sifrsm;/ &l;oGyfaomrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ tHhzG,faumif;avmufaompGef@v$wfr_ rsm;ponfhtjzpftysufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;onf/ T&mpktwGif; “jynfol@tm%m” [laomedrfhwkHjrifhwHka&pD;a=umif;wGif jzwfoef;cJh&aomtjzpfrsm; jzpfygonf? (1936) ckESpfwGif rdk[ef'wfpf*ENDxHodk@ xif&Sm;aomtmz&duef-tar&duefbkef;awmf}uD;wyg;ESifh ZeD;wdk@u vm a&mufvnfywfcJhygonf? olu wcsdefY t=urf;rzufckcHr_qdkonfrSm wdkuf&dkuf&ifqdkifv_yf&Sm;&aomv_yf&Sm;r_yHkpH wck[kwf-r[kwf ar;jref;ygonf? *ENDu cdkifcdkifrmrmyifjyefajymygonf? “tJ'g[myHkpHawGxJu wckr[kwfygbl;? 'Denf;wckxJyJ &Sdygw,f?”[k jyefajzygonf? “'Denf;[m t}uD;jrwfqHk;jzpf+yD;/ urBmwv$m;uwufºuGv_yf&Sm; olawGtwGuf tiftm;yg? 'Dtiftm;[m v#yfppfxufpm&if ydkvdk@tðyoabmaqmifygw,f? tiftm;aumif; ygw,f? tDomxufudkydkvdk@ tiftm;jyif;ygw,f?” TonfrSm Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifhol.t,ltqrsm; cdkifrmvm&jcif;jzpfonf? ,Hk=unfr_oufoufrS xGufay:vmaom&vm'fwckr[kwfay? Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; r_[lonfrSm odyHynm&yfwckozG,fjzpfI/ vdkufem&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;&Sdaeonf? Tenf;jzifhtm%mcGeftm;&vm rnfqdkonfrSm óudwifa[mudef;xkwfEdkifaomudpPjzpfonf? wcgw&H,lqwwf=uonfrSm t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_udk a&G;cs,fapcJhaomta=umif;onf/ usifh0wfydkif;qdkif &mtajccHrS jzpfay:vmonf[k ,lq=uonf? odk@aomfordkif;wav#muftawG@t=uHKt& =uHkawG@cJh&onfu wjcm;jzpfygonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udkaqmif&GufcJh=uolrsm;onf Tenf;udktoHk;ðy&ef a&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;rSm/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtiftm;/ ppfwyftiftm;rsm;rSm atmifyGJcH&ef jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaoma&G;cs,fr_rsm;jzpf =uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tcsKd@rSm tHkºuG&eftwGuf vG,fvG,fajym&v#if vufeufyif tvHktavmufr&Sd=uyg? tjcm;aomolrsm;rSmvnf; r=umrDumvrsm;u t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;rsm;us&H_;cJh=u&ygonf? Todk@us&H_;r_ESifh twl touftdk;tdrf/ pnf;pdrfrsm;qHk;&_H;cJh=u&ygonf? vltrsm;. t"duusaomtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf vmaomtajctae/ xdkolrsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;udk ðzwfcs&efoHEMdXmefcsxm;aomtajctae/ [email protected]


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tcef; (3)? ‘vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;’tcef;wGif &mpkESpf. 'kwd,w0ufydkif;Y oD;jcm;tcGifh ta&;rsm;&&Sdvmatmif tpdk;&trsKd;rsKd;udk awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifr_rsm;Y t=urf;rzufenf;udk rnfodk@rnfyHktoHk; ðycJh=uonfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf? tar&duefEdkifiH vlr_tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tar&duefawmifydkif;jynfe,f rsm;&Sd vlrsKd;cGJjcm;zdESdyfa&;vufoD;qkyfudk rnfodk@rnfyHkajzEdkifcJh=uonf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom awmiftmz&duEdkifiH&Sd vlrJrsm;u tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_pepfudk rnfodk@ ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifcJh=uonfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf? tvm;wlzdvpfydkif jynfolrsm;uvnf; tm%m&Sifpepfudkjiif;y,fI 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifcJh=uyHk/ odrf;ydkufxm;aom e,fajrrsm;wGif tpPa&;rsm;.xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udk ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;u &ifqdkifjiif;y,fcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm; ygonf? xdk@tjyif w&kyfEdkifiH/ ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;/ rGef*dkvD;,m;&Sd vlxkaxmufcHaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u wygwD tm%mydkiftpdk;&rsm;udk rnfodk@&ifqdkifcJh=uyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? tcef; (4)? ‘t=urf;zufr_ESifh tm%m’tcef;wGif wefjyefvefvmcJh&aom tjzpftysuf (2) ckudk oHk;oyfavhvm xm;ygonf? xdkyÉdyuQrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_ut=urf;zufaomxºuGr_/ t=urf;zufaomenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJhr_ a=umifh vlr_r+idrfroufr_rsm;ydkI jzpfay:vm&yHk/ tm%mr&&SdEdkifyJ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;qHk;&_H;&yHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;yg onf? xdk@tjyif acwfopfenf;ynmrsm;/ EdkifiHwumzdtm;rsm;/ tjcm;aomajymif;vJvmonfh tajctaersm;u/ ESpfq,fhwpf&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfr#tiftm;aumif;vmaponf/ rnfonfhtuef@ towfrsm;jzpfaponfudkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? Todk@aomtjzpftysufrsm;. Zmwfvrf;ausm&dk;wckwdkif;wGif/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh qef@usifzuftif tm;pkrsm;t=um;wGif xdawG@qufpyfr_t}udrf}udrf&Sdwwfygonf? tcsKd@aom rdrdwdk@azmfjyxm;onfhtjzpftysuf rsm;rSm wajz;ajz;tcsdef,lItiftm;pkaqmif;jcif;rsKd; jzpf+yD;/ wcsdefwGifrS t&Sdeft[kef&vmjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? xdktjzpftysufrsm;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk y&d,m,f&SdpGmoHk;Ia&&Snfar#mfvifhcsuftdrfrufrsm;twGuf a&wdkudpPrsm;udk pGef@v$wf&onfvnf; &Sdwwfygonf? tcsKd@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm a&wdktwGif;pkpnf;tiftm;}uD; xGm;vmjcif;rsKfd;jzpf+yD;/ atmifyGJ&&Sfda&;twGuf rnfonfhwefzdk;ay;&/ ay;&/ rnfonfhtEW&m,fudk rqdk&ifqdkifrnf [laom wufºuGpGef@pm;olrsm;u OD;aqmifcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifrl v_yf&Sm;r_ tem*gwftwGuftqHk; tjzwfay;rnfhudpPrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;a&G;cs,f&mY r[mAsL[majrmufpGma&G;cs,f cJh=uygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;wckESifh wck óud;oDwef;ovdk/ tquftpyf&Sdaer_udk &mpkESpfukefqHk;onfhwdkifatmif rjrifom cJhyg? Ttjzpftysufrsm;udk OD;aqmifcJh=uolacgif;aqmifrsm;u/ ,cifujzpfysufcJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS avhvm oifcef;pm,lcJh=uygonf? *ENDonf (1905) ckESpf &k&Sm;wGifjzpfcJhaomv_yf&Sm;r_rS avhvmenf;em,lcJhygonf? tm z&duef-tar&duefacgif;aqmifrsm;u tdENd,odk@tvnftywfoGm;I/ *ENDxHrSenf;emrsm;avhvmcJh=uygonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif csDvdjynfolrsm;u tm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;yDEdka&S;udk qef@usiftwGuf pnf;&Hk;=uaomtcg/ zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;u tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pfudkqef@usif=uaomtcg/ olwdk@udk &pfcswftmwefbdfk&dkcsf. *END&kyf&Sif um;u rsm;pGm=oZmv$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhygonf? *ENDu +Adwdo#tifydkif,mjynfh&Sifrsm;udk &ifqdkifqef@usifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf;'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;&ifqdkifqef@usif =u&aom *smrmefvufeufudkifwyfrsm;u rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygonf? =uHKawG@&aomqef@usifzuf&efolcsif;vnf; uGJjym;Edkifygonf? tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd vlr_tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;zufwGif Oya't&umuG,fay;r_&Sd+yD;/ tar&d uefzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'u olwdk@zufu &yfwnfay;aeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@tm;omcsufrsKd;udk ydkvef EdkifiH&Sd aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm; r&Edkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; Ttjzpftysufrsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=u aomt=urf;rzufwdkufyGJ0if v_H@aqmfolrsm;u odompGmwlnDaomcsOf;uyfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk csrswfcJh=uygonf? Todk@wlnDaom t=urf;rzufonfhrlrsm;jzifh/ rwluGJjym;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uyg onf? [email protected]@t=uHKrsm;rS &&Sdvmaomoifcef;pmrsm;jzifh rlv&Sdxm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m todokwrsm;udk xyfrHjznfhqD;cJh=uygonf?


• t=urf;rzufzdtm;ay;aomenf;udk toHk;ðyr_rsm;onf/ ,cif,lxm;onfxufydkrdk t}udrfrsm;+yD;/ ydkI us,fjyef@pGm toHk;ðy=uygonf? Tt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf T&mpkESpftwGif;Y urBmw0Srf;&Sd ordkif;jzpfpOftopfrsm;udkzefwD;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y txl;ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u yg0ifcJhygonf?

• t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk oHk;Irnfodk@aomtwdkuftcH/ &efoludkrqdk &ifqdkifEdkifcJh=uygonf? t=urf;rzufckcHolrsm;tay:wefjyefoHk;aom t=urf;zufr_tjyif;taysmhESifh aemufqHk;xdkolrsm;. atmifyGJ&&SdEdkifajcwdk@wGif rnfodk@rSqufpyfr_ r&SdonfudkawG@&ygonf? &Hzef&HcgwGif tjyif;xeft&ufpuf qHk;t=urf;zufr_udk cH&olrsm;u qHk;jzwfcsufjywfom;pGmjzifh atmifyGJudkt&,lEdkifcJh=uygonf?

• t=urf;zufr_udk r[mAsL[mrsm;twGif;aygif;pyftoHk;ðyvmonfESifh wòydifeuf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ .atmifyGJ&EdkifajcrSm ,kwfavsmhysufpD;&ygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk t=urf;zuftiftm;oHk;I w}udrfwdkufcdkufcJhygu/ xdktm%m&Sifrsm;. jynfwGif;axmufcHr_udk pkpnf;EdkifpGrf;ESifh ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm zdESdyfEdkifpGrf;tm;udk wdk;jrifhapygonf?

• vlxktrsm;axmufcHaomt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_udk pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfEdkifr_ESifh qufvufwnfwef@ae atmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_onf/ vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;trsm; tm;aumif;aer_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD &Sifoefaer_/ qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_wdk@tay:wGif wdkuf&dkufwnfrSDaeygonf?

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tykdif; (1) -------------------- tm%mtwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_

-----------------------

tvGeftrif;Ekdifvkdrif;xufðyol tm%m&Sifrsm;onfyif æ ykdIay;xm;au|;xm;Edkifav/ ykdI emcH=u avjzpfonf/ olwkd@onf olwkd@ukd,folwkd@ umuG,f&ef ykdItiftm;jznfhvkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ ykdrkd tm;}uD;vmEdkifonf? tjcm;olrsm;udkacsr_ef;Edkifaom/ zsufqD;Edkifaom pGrf;tm;vnf; ydkrsm;vm=u onf? tu,fI bmr#ay;rxm;Edkifawmhygu/ tu,fI olwkd@onf emcHp&mr&Sdawmhv#if/ wkdufckdufxdk;ESufr_ wcsufr#vkyfp&mrvdkyJ/ olwdk@tpGrf;onf vufcsnf;AvmjzpfoGm;&awmhonf? vufeufrJholozG,fjzpfoGm;&onf? bmrS tpGrf;r&Sdolrsm; jzpfoGm;&onf? a&ajrESifh ðypkysKd;axmifr_ r&aom opfyifwyif. tjrpfuJhokd@ ajcmufaoG@/ aoqkH;oGm;=u&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tDwdefae; a' vm bltufwD (1577) Etienne de la Boétie, (1577)


tcef; (1)

&k&S / 1905 ckESpf vlxk oydwf

“wdwfqdwfaeaom wifhum;rsm;”

ppfat;wkdufyGJJukefqkH;t+yD;/ 'kwd,ajrmuf aEG&moDumvwckrS/ we*FaEGn wn. tarSmifxkxJwGif/ &k&SEkdifiHawmf}uD; +idrf;csrf;aepOfumv/ AkdvfrSL; qm*D tDAf'kduDarmhAf (Major Sergei Evdokimov) onf ta&; ay:tcsufay; acgif;avmif;oHwcka=umifh Ekd;xvmcJhavonf? reufvif;tm;}uD; (3) em&Dtcsdefcef@wGifrl olonf armfpukdòrd@jyifwGif tajcpkdufxm;onfh ol.wifhum;wyfzGJ@ESifhtwl &Sdae+yD;/ r=umjrifhrD a&mufvm awmhrnfh !$ef=um;csufrsm;ukd apmifhaeavawmhonf? ta&S@zufaumif;uifonf pwifjzLazsmhvmonfh tcg wGifrl tDAf'kduDarmAf. wyf&if;rSL;onf rifhpfuf ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD; (Minsk highway) twkdif; armfpukdòrd@ wGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufI/ armfpukdjrpfukd jzwfaqmufxm;onfh wHwm; (2) ckukd odrf;ykdufI ydwfqkd@ae&m,lxm;&ef ‚if;wkd@tm; trdef@&avawmhonf? xkdjrpfonf armfpukdòrd@wGif;rSaeI auG@aumufpD;qif;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? !$ef=um;csufESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh &Sif;vif;csufr# ryg&Sdacs? okd@aomf AdkvfrSL;ESifh ‚if;.aemufvkdufrsm;onf trdef@!$ef=um;csuftwkdif; waoGrwkdif;vkdufemvkyfaqmifcJh=uonfhtjyif/ &k&Sjynfolwkd@.&if0ukdyif toifhcsdef &G,fxm;vkduf=uavonf? (1991) ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (19) &uf/ xkd wevFmae@ reuf (8) em&DwdwdtcsdefwGif tDAf'kduDarmAfonf ‚if;.wifhum;,mOfwef;tm; pwifxGufcGg&ef tcsufjyvkdufavonf?

xkdae@eHeuftm&k%fOD;tcsdefwGifyif/ vDeif*&ufòrd@rS uGefjyLwmodyHynm&SifwOD;jzpfonfh Avm&D ZmAkda&mhnD

(Valerii Zavorotnyi) onfvnf; ‚if;. w,fvDzkH;jrnfoHa=umifh Ekd;xvmcJhavonf? “a*:bmacsmAfh tzrf;cH&+yD” [laom pum;oHonf zkH;vkdif;. tjcm;wzufrSaeI ay:xGufvm+yD;/ “ta&;ay: tkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD” [laom pum;oHyg qufvufI xGufay:vmonf? ZmAkda&mhnDonf &kyfjrif oH=um;pufukd zGifhvkdufaomtcg csefe,fvf (3) vkdif;pvkH;wGif *E<0ifaw;*DwtpDtpOfvmaeonfukdom awG@& avonf? r=umrD owif;a=unmolwOD;xGufay:vm+yD; “qkdAD,ufjynfolvlxkokd@yef=um;csuf” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh xkwfjyefcsufukd zwf=um;avawmhonf? xkdyef=um;v$monf txufwef;t&m&Sd tkyfpkwpkrS xkwfjyefjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@ EkdifiHawmfta&;ay:tajctaetwGuf zGJ@pnf;vkdufonfh EkdifiHawmf aumfrwD[k rSnhfac:xm;avonf? yef=um;v$mwGif - “qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;taygif;wkd@/ u|Ekfyfwkd@. }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom trdajray:wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tEW&m,f}uD; pkd;rkdaeavonf” [lI pwifxm;avonf? aumfrwDonf wkdif;jynf&ifqkdifae&onfh t"du&k%f;}uD;tqkH;owfoGm;&ef tmrbaEW cHxm;+yD;/ qkH;jzwfcsuftrSwf (1)wGif qENjyjcif;rsm;/ oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;ukd ydwfyifxm;jcif;/ vlxkowif; rD'D,mrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ ykHrSeftajctaeudk xdckdufaESmuf,Sufaprnfh ygwDrsm; ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd qkdif;iHxm;&ef wkd@ukd &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;onf?

us,fjyef@vSaom wkdif;jynf}uD;twGif;&Sd jynfoltm;vkH;wkd@onf a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;rSaeI

vnf;aumif;/ w,fvDzkef;ac:oHrsm;rSaeIvnf;aumif;/ txdwfwvef@jzpfaeaom tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif; xkdowif;ESifhtwl Ekd;xvm=uonf? okd@aomf wa,mufr# tvGeftrif;xdwfvef@pGm tHhtm;oifhr_ rjzpf=uacs? qkdAD,uforw rDac;vfa*:bmacsmhAf pwifusifhokH;cJhonfh EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&; rl0g'ukd ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf oabmxm;wif;rmonfh uGefjrLepf trmcHrsm;rSaeI tm%modrf;&ef jyifqifae onfqkdaomowif;onf vrsm;pGmuyif aumv[v tjzpf&SdaecJhaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? ,cktcg xkd ajcmuftdyfrufrsm;onf tppftrSeftjzpf ay:xGufvmav+yD? vGefcJhaom (5) ESpfcef@u qkdAD,ufjynfolrsm; tm; ay;xm;cJhonf touf&SLcsdefav;onf ,cktcg aoewfajymif;0wGif jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cH&rnfhtajctae okd@ a&muf&Sdaeav+yD?


rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tm%modrf;tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;rS trdef@/ !ïef=um;csufrsm;ukd xkwfjyefxm; aomfvnf;/

r=umrDyif jynfolvlxkonf trdef@zDqef=uawmhonf? xkduJhokd@ yxrOD;qkH; pwifzDqefolrSm a*:bmacsmAfhyifjzpfavonf? olonf ol. EkdifiHawmf ta&;ay:tajctae twnfðycsufukd ay;&ef jiif;qkdvkduf aomtcg ‚if;. aEG&moDtyef;ajzpHtdrfYyifv#if tusOf;om;tjzpf xdefodrf;xm;jcif;cH&onf? &k&Sjynfaxmifpk .orwtjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh abm&pf,Jvfqif (Boris Yeltsin) ukdrl tvGefvG,fulpGm zrf;qD;I r&cJhacs? ol@tm; zrf;qD;&efapv$wfvkdufonfh au*sDbD (KGB) t&m&Sdrsm;. vufrSaeI vGwfajrmuf atmif óud;pm;+yD;/ ,Jvfqifonf ‚if;. tpkd;&ÏmecsKyf&Sd&m tdrfjzLawmfokd@ ajy;avawmhonf? rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif olonf tjyifwGif&yfxm;onfh wifhum;wpD;. xdyfay:okd@wufI “&k&Sjynfolvlxktaygif;okd@” [lI ‚if;. ukd,fwkdifa&; yef=um;v$mukd zwf=um;avawmhonf? yef=um;v$mwGif tm%modrf;tkyfpk. tðytrlrsm; tm;vkH;onf w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unm+yD;jynfvkH;u|wf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;ukd az:aqmif&ef wkdufwGef;xm;avonf? xkd@aemuf olonf a&'D,kdrSaeI jynfol@ppfom;rsm;tm; “,ckuJhokd@ tvGefta&;}uD; onfh tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnfhtcsdefY/ oifwkd@onf oifwkd@. jynfolvlxkxHwGif qkdxm;onfh uwdopPmrsm;ukd rarh=uukefvifh/ [email protected];ukd jynfol@zufokd@ ajymif;rvSnfhoifhay/ &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. *k%f,lzG,f&m Tvufeufrsm;wGif jynfolvlxk. aoG;jzifh rzkH;v$rf;apoifhay tp&Sdonfjzifh” owday;E_d;aqmfxm;onf?

‚if;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ajymqkdcsufrsm;jzifh ,Jvfqifonf jynfolwkd@tm; tm%modrf;r_udk tHwk&ef

wkdufwGef;avonf? rGef;vGJcsdefwGifrl armfpukdòrd@om;rsm;onf ,Jvfqif. ajratmufrD;&xm;&kHwGif yef=um;csufukd rdwˆLrsm;ul;I ukdifaqmif+yD; u&ifrvifwHwkdif;tjyifzufwGif qENjyyGJi,fwckukd usif;y ae=uavonf? rsm;r=umrDwGif trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdrfjzLawmfokd@pk&kH;a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; aqmufvkyfa&; ypPnf;rsm;/ w,fvDzkef;&kHrsm; tp&Sdonfh vufjzifho,f,l&&SdonfhypPnf;rSefor#wkd@jzifh tdrfjzLawmfukd um&Hxm;onfh twm;tqD;wckukd wnfaqmufvkduf=uavonf? tiSg;um;armif;olrsm;rS vnf; twm;tqD;wHwkdif;tm; tiftm;jznfhonfhtaejzifh ‚if;wkd. um;rsm;ukdvSL'gef;=uavonf?

wifhum;wef;}uD;wckonf uvDeif y&kdpyuf (Kalinin Prospekt) vrf;twkdif; tdrfjzLawmfqDokd@ OD;wnfI

qlnHpGmjzifh w*sKef;*sKef;armif;ESifvmpOfwGif vlxkonf vrf;ukdjzwfI vlom;wHwkdif; tjzpfzefwD;um ydwfqdk@wm;qD;xm; vkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf ppfom;rsm;tm; “vlxkESifhtwl&Sdyg” “ukd,fhjynfolukd jyefrypfeJ@” [lI atmf[pfaºuG;a=umf=uavonf? tbkd;tkdwa,mufonf “ig[m b0wav#mufvkH; tvkyfvkyfcJhw,f/ rif;wkd@=unhfprf;/ ighb0wwav#mufvkH; a[m'D wyfrawmftwGuf ay;qyfcJhw,f/ tck rif;wkd@u igwkd@udk qef@usif+yD;awmh ypfrvkd@vkyfaew,f” [lI atmf[pfavonf? tacstwifjzpfyGg;r_onf tcsdeftenf;i,f =umvmaomtcg wifhum;ay:rS trdef@ay;t&m&Sdonf tif*sifpufydwfvkdufavonf/ ,mOfwef;wGif;&Sd tjcm;aom wifhum;rsm;onfvnf; tif*sifpufrsm;udk ydwfvkduf=uavonf? jynfolwkd@onf wifhum;rsm; tm;vkH;ay:okd@ wufum wifhum;twGif;&Sd ppfom;rsm;xHokd@ csKdcsOfo=um;vkH;rsm;/ aygifrkef@rsm;ESifh Ekd@rsm;ukd ay;a0 au|;arG;=uavonf?

AkdvfrSL;tDAf'kduDarmhAfESifh ol@wyfcGJonf tdrfjzLawmf nmzuf&Sd uvDeifpuD; (Kalininskii) wHwm;teD;okd@

a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg tm%modrf;r_twGuf vlxkrSaeI twm;tqD;rsm; ðyvkyfxm;onfukd awG@&Sd&avonf? qENjyoltcsKd@onf ‚if;wkd@tm; zufqpfrsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;rsKd; atmf[pfusdefqJ ae=uavonf? xkdtxJwGif AkdvfrSL;ESifh odu|rf;olwa,mufvnf;yg0ifI AkdvfrSL;tm; ,Jvfqif .bufokd@ ajymif;vm&ef pnf;&kH;aeavonf? ppfr_xrf;ouf (36) ESpf&Sd+yDjzpfaom wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf rdrdbmvkyf& rnfukd ra0cGJEkdifyJjzpfaeavonf? trdef@ukd zDvmqef@usifðy&efrSm tvG,fwuljzifh csifhcsdefpOf;pm;I &aomt&m r[kwfay? okd@aomf òrd@wGif;okd@0ifvmpOf vrf;wav#mufY olonf vufeufrJht&yfom;rsm;ukd wkdufckdufjcif; ðyvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k ukd,fhukdukd,f qkH;jzwfxm;cJhavonf? “usaemfh trdef@&xm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh usaemf'DrSmyJaeawmhr,f/ okd@aomf usaemfwkd@ rnfol@ukdr# ypfcwfjcif;/ wifhum;jzifh eif;acsjcif;ðyrnfr[kwfyg/ usaemf uwday;ygw,f” [lI a=unmvkdufavonf?

tDAf'dkuDarmhAf ESifh ol@&Jabmfrsm;onf em&Dtawmf=um xkdae&mwGif &yfwef@ae=uavonf? n (7) em&Dcef@wGif &k&Sv$wfawmfrS ukd,fpm;vS,fwa,mufay:xGufvm+yD;/ 'k-orw tvufZENm; &kpuGdKifESifh vma&mufawG@qkH ajymqkd&eftwGuf AkdvfrSL;tm; ajymqkdavonf? 'k-orw tvufZENm; &kpuGdKifonf tmz*efepPwefppfjyef ppfr_xrf;a[mif;wOD;jzpf+yD;/ tdrfjzLawmftm; umuG,f&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;aeoljzpfonf? &kpuGdKifonf AdkvfrSL;tm;


a*:bmacsmAfh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;ESifh tm%modrf;r_tm; zDqeftmcH&ef ,Jvfqif. a=unmcsuf wkd@ta=umif;udk ajymjyavonf? xkd@aemuf tdrfjzLawmftm; umuG,f&mwGif tultnDay;&ef awmif;qkdavonf? “usaemfwkd@ ulnDygr,f/ usaemfukd trdef@omay;yg” [k tDAf'kduDarmhAfrS jyefajzvkduf avonf? xkd@aemuf tDAf'kduDarmhAfonf wyfcGJ&Sd&mokd@jyefoGm;+yD; wifhum;rsm;tm; OD;pD;vkdufonf? ,cktcg qkdAD,uf wl/ wHpOf tvHawmfukd rukdifaqmifyJ &k&SokH;a&mifjc,ftvHawmfukd v$ifhxlum tdrfjzLawmfukd axmufcH aumif;csD;ay;ae =uonfhvlxkESifh yl;aygif;vkdufavonf?

owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; tnhHcH t&_H;ay;&efukd jiif;qkd=uavonf? wevFmae@ naewGif

tm%modrf;tzGJ@onf ‚if;wkd@. yxrqkH;t}udrf (aemufqkH;vnf;jzpfonfh) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJukd ðyvkyfavonf? vli,f owif;axmufwa,mufjzpfonfh wwfwDtm;em; rJvfuDem; (Tatiana Malkina) onf ar;cGef;wckESifhtwl olr.vufwzufukd ajr‡mufvkduf+yD;/ tm%modrf;ppfbuft&m&Sdwkd@ zkH;uG,f&ef óud;yrf;aeonfh w&m;0ifr_Oya'rsufESmzkH;v$mukd zsufqD;ypfvkdufavonf? olrrS “rae@nu tm%modrf;r_ vkyfief;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; &SifhtaeeJ@odvsufeJ@ vkyfvkdufwmvm;/ rodyJeJ@vkyfrdoGm;wmvm;qkdwm aus;Zl;ðyI ajymjyEkdifrvm;&Sif” [kar;vkdufygonf? xkdnwGif wwkdif;jynfvkH;onf armfpukdòrd@rS twm;tqD; tydwftqkd@ rsm;ta=umif;ESifh ,Jvfqif. wifhum;ay:rS yef=um;v$mESifh w&m;0if owif;tpDtpOfrS (5) rdepf=um tpD&ifcH pmwkd@ukd=um;ae=u&avonf? ydwfyifcHxm;&onfh owif;pmrsm;onf &&Sdonfhowif;rsm;ukd v_yf&Sm;olrsm; xHokd@zufpfjzifh tpD&ifcHykd@ay;+yD; xkdolrsm;rSaeI vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vkdufvHjzef@a0=uonf?

tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfolrsm;onf vufeuftiftm;wpkHw&mukd jyovkdufygu twkduftcH ðyvkyfrnfholrsm;ukd

acsmufjcm;oGm;aprnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? trSefwu,fwGifrl armfpukd ESifh vDeif*&uf&Sd jynfoltrsm;pkonfyifv#if/ wkH%Sdbma0 qdwfqdwfyifae ae=u+yD; ‚if;wkd@ESifhrqkdifovkdyif edpP"l0tvkyfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfukdifaeI/ tm;vyf&ufrsm;ukdvnf; cHpm;ae=u+yD;/ owif;ESifhywfoufI pdwf0ifpm;r_ tenf;i,f om &SdcJh=uavonf? ,Jvfqif. jynfvkH;u|wfoydwfwkdufyGJ az:aqmif&ef ac:,lr_rSm wkef@jyefr_ tenf;i,fom &&SdcJhavonf? okd@aomftjcm;aomòrd@}uD;rsm;rSmuJhokd@ ckcHzDqefr_rsm; jzpfyGg;ay:aygufvmonfhtwkdif; vkHavmuf aom vlOD;a&yrm%onf tdrfjzLawmfokd@a&muf&SdvmcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh tm%modrf;ppfAkdvfwpkrSm vkdtyfaom oabmwlnDr_ukd jiif;y,fcHcJh&avonf? vufurf;pmapmifrsm;jzef@a0jcif;/ vlxkqENjyyGJrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ twm;tqD;tydwftqkd@rsm; wnfaqmuf=ujcif;/ wifhum;abmf'D eH&Hrsm; ay:wGif a&;jcpf oGm;jcif;/ wkd@jzifh xkd omreft&yfom;jynfolrsm;onf +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ukd ra=umuf&GH@a=umif; jyo=uonf?

t*Fgae@wGif jynfol wodef;cef@wkd@onf tdrfjzLawmf&Sd vlxkpnf;a0;yGJokd@ oGm;a&muf&eftxd &J0HhvmcJh =uonf? xkdrSaeI ppfonftiftm;pkrsm;rSmvnf; taqmuftOD;ywfvnfwGifum&Hxm;onfht&Htwm;wGif ykdrkd yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? ayAJvf *&macsmhAf (Pavel Grachev) ESifh tvufZENm vD;bwf (Aleksandr Lebed) uJhokd@aom t}uD;wef;ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;onfvnf; ,Jvfqiftay: ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_ukd a=unmcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif au*sDbD (KGB) xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;onfyifv#if aoG;acsmif;pD;r_xJwGif ‚if;wkd@ yg0ifywfoufvdrfhrnf r[kwfa=umif;ukd twdtvif;&Sif;vif;cJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif tm%modrf; ppfzuftkyfpkonf t*Fgae@ntwGuf jyifqifxm;onfh wkdufckdufr_ukd trdef@ay;jcif; rðyvkyfEkdifawmhacs? Ak'<[l;ae@tapmykdif;wGifrl tm%modrf;tzGJ@onf òyduGJoGm;avonf? tpkd;&rS jynfolvlxk. qENukd a&mifjyef[yf&eftwGuf &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. &Snfvsm;vSaom &kef;uefóud;yrf;r_rsm;twGif;Y/ (1991) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@wufvm=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf orkdif;pmrsufESm tcef;opfukd a&;om;cJh=ujcif;jzpfavonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS trsm;pkonf xkdatmifjrifr_ta=umif;ukd od&Sd=urnf r[kwfaomfvnf;/ olwkd@onf t&yfom; tpnf;twm;rsm;ukd armfpukdòrd@v,fwGif [ef@wm;ðyvkyfonfh/ tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifwkd@ESifh twkduftcHðyonfh yxrqkH;aom &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;awmhr[kwfacs? vGefcJhaomtESpf (80) ausmfu/ ,ck tdrfjzLawmfwnf&Sdaeonfhae&mESifh rvSrf;rurf;tuGmta0;wGifyif 'kwd,ajrmuf Zmbk&if eDukdvufpf (Tsar Nicholas II) ukd ukdifv_yfcJhonfh xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh wESpf=umtkHºuGqENjyr_udk qifE$JcJh=uao;onf? (1905) ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif 'kwd, ajrmuf eDukdvufpf Zmbk&ifukd qef@usifcJh=uonfh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom armfpukdòrd@ol/ òrd@om;rsm;onf tqkdygae&mwGif vufeufukdifppfom;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh=u&avonf? okd@aomf olwkd@onf aoewfrsm;ukd a0Sh&rf;=uaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; tpkvkduftòyHvkdufowfjzwf ypfvkduf=uavonf?


xkdtpkvkduftòyHvkdufowfjzwfjcif;onf &k&SekdifiH. yxrOD;qkH;aom 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk pwifvkdufjcif; jzpfavonf? xkdtjzpftysuf rwkdifrDtxd &k&SekdifiHonf tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf &mpkESpf. yxrOD;qkH;aom t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;ukdtokH;ðyaeonfh tcif;jzpfyGg;&mae&mjzpfonf? okd@aomf w&uf=um t=urf;zufr_onf ‚if;&uf&Snf=umaqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;rzufr_vkyfief;udk tqkH;owfapcJhonf?

“aoG;pGef;aom we*FaEG” “bkef;awmf}uD;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;”

(1905) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv. at;jrI =unfvifaom aumif;uif&Sdonhf we*FaEGwae@/ pdef@yDwmpbwf (St.

Petersburg) òrd@awmf. òrd@jyif pufr_{&d,mZkH wae&mwGif/ qHyift&SnfESifh i,f&G,faom b&if*sD bkef;awmf}uD; wa,mufonf axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom puf&kHtvkyform;rsm;.a&S@wGif rwfwyf&yfvsuf &Sdaeavonf? bkef;awmf}uD; a*smf*Ds a*yGef (Father Georgii Gapon) onf puf&kH tvkyform;rsm;tm; qkawif;ywˆmem&Gwfqkday;aeonf? xkd@aemuf ta,mufpDwkdif;tm; ‚if;wkd@wGif vufeufyg&Sd/ r&Sdar;jref; avonf? ta,mufpDwkdif;rS ryg&Sdyg[laom tajzukd&&SdoGm;aomtcg olonf oabmus auseyfoGm;+yD; “aumif;w,f/ Zmbk&ifqDukd bmvufeufrS rygyJ usaemfwkd@oGm;=ur,f” [k qufajymvkdufavonf? ae@vnf (11) em&Dxkd;+yD; rdepftenf;i,fpGef;aomtcg vltkyf}uD;onf òrd@v,facgifokd@ pwifxGufcGmvmcJhavonf? pwifxGufcGmvmonfESifh "rRaw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkdvm=uavonf? csDwufolrsm;. a&S@qkH;wef;wGif vuf0g; uyfwkdifwck/ olawmfpifwkd@. ykHawmfrsm;/ tkyfpkd;ol bk&ifrsm;. &kyfykHum;csyfrsm;ukd o,faqmifvm+yD;/ csDwufezl;pnf;pmwrf;rSm “ppfom;wkd@ - jynfolrsm;tm; rypf=uESifh”[lI a&;om;xm;avonf? olwkd@. OD;wnf&mt&yfum; awmf0ifrdom;pk aexkdifonfh aqmif;&moDeef;awmfyifjzpfavonf? xkdaqmif;&moD eef;awmfwGif òrd@. tjcm;aom ae&mrSaeI csDwwfvmonfh vlxk}uD;ESifh awG@qkHaygif;pnf;=urnfjzpf+yD;/ pkpkaygif; tiftm;wodef;ausmfoGm;rnf jzpfavonf? xkd@aemuf &k&Stifykdif,m òrd@awmf. ESvkH;om;jzpfonfh eef;awmf.a&S@&Sd *E<0ifqefpGm tcsKd;tpm;usus wnfaqmufxm;onfh &ifjyifawmfwGif bk&if eDukdvufpf (2) tm; toem;cHv$mwckukd wifoGif;=urnfjzpfonf?

olwkd@o,faqmifvmonfh toem;cHv$monf “tvGef&kdusKd;ESdrfhcspGmESifh t&Sifhtay: opPm&Sdv#uf” [lI

acgif;pnf;wyfxm;+yD;/ toem;cHv$mukd bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGefrS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfavonf? toem; cHv$mwGif “pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@wGif aexkdif=uonfh u|efawmfrsKd; tvkyform;rsm;onf” [lI ESifhtpcsDxm;+yD; “æ æ tkd - t&Sif/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_&&Sd&eftvkd@iSg/ t&SifhxHawmfokd@ vm&ygonf? u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf tvGefyifqif;&Jacgif;yg;=uygonf/ u|efawmfwkd@onf tzdESdyfcHae=u&ygonf/ u|efawmfwkd@ onf rEkdif0efrsm;ukd xrf;&Gufae=u&ygonf? t&Sif. tultnDukd t&Sifhjynfom;rsm;. a0;&mokd@ OD;vSnfh roGm;ygapvifh/ xkdolwkd@tm; olwkd@. tem*wfukd qkH;jzwfykdifcGifh ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ olwkd@tm; t&m&Sdqkd;rsm;. qkd;&Gm;vSaom zdESdyfr_rsm;rS vGwfajrmufay;oem;awmfrlyg/ t&Sifhtm; t&Sifhjynfom;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;xm;onfh tqkdyg wHwkdif;tm; t+yD;wkdif òzdvSJcsawmfrl+yD;/ wkdif;jynftm; jynfom;wkd@ESifhtwl tkyfcsKyfawmfrlyg æ æ” [lI yg&Sdavonf?

a*yGef. aemufvkdufrsm;rSm olwkd@. tkyfpkd;oltm; awmfvSefykefuefonhf ykHpHrsKd;jzifhr[kwfbJ/ toem;cH

av#mufxm;onfh ykHpHrsKd;jzifh csOf;uyf=uavonf? toem;cHv$mwGif w'gZifausmfaom awmif;qkdr_rsm; yg&Sd avonf? tedrfhqkH; vkyftm;cowfrSwfay;jcif;/ wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;jcif; ponfwkd@yg0ifonhf tjyif tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd ta,mufpDwkdif;ESifhqkdifaom EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufonfh awmif;qkdr_vnf; yg0ifav onf? xkdawmif;qkdr_wGif vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;cGifh wkd@tjyif/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vkH;v$wfay;a&;ESifh w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif vlom;tm;vkH; nDr#a&;wkd@vnf; yg0ifavonf? ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm t&G,fa&mufolrsm;rS xnfh0ifxm;onfh qENrJrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf vkdufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSaeI zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; nDvmcHukdac:ay; &efyifjzpfonf? “,if;onf u|efawmfwkd@. t"duusonfh awmif;qkdr_yifjzpfonf/ tjcm;aomtcsufrsm; tm;vkH;onf xkdtcsufay:wGif rlwnfaeavonf?” toem;cHv$mwGif ckdifckdifrmrmawmif;qkdxm;avonf?


tusKd;oufa&mufr_taejzifh/ csDwufolrsm;onf &k&Sorkdif;wckvkH;ukd zsufodrf;ypf&ef Zmbk&iftm; awmif;qkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf? (1905) ckESpfwkdifatmif tm%mwGif&Sdaeonfh &k&Stifykdif,m. zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya'rsm; tykd'f (1) wGif jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;avonf - “bk&if{u&mZfonf &k&SvlrsKd;rsm; tm;vkH;tay:wGif tºuGif;rJh oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifjzpfonf?” Zmbk&if rif;aumif;wa,mufonf jynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh ESD;aESm wkdifyifI [email protected];ukd bk&if. ESvkH;om;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;rnf jzpfaomfvnf;/ tm%mukdrlum; jynfoljynfom; wkd@ESifhtwl cGJa0,lrnfr[kwfacs/ (okd@r[kwf) bk&if.qENukd y"merxm;yJ jynfol vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jzifh abmifuef@xm;vkdufjcif;? ol.EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ta&;t&mrsm; tm;vkH;wGif EkdifiHawmf. 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fjcif;ukd cHae&avonf/ owif;pmESifh *sme,fpmapmifrsm;wGif a&;om;xm;onfrsm;ukd wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;/ bk&ifcHonf rnfol wOD;wa,mufukdrqkd &kH;wifppfaq;jcif;rðyyJ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm; EkdifcGifh&Sdjcif;ESifh vlr_a&;toif;tzGJ@ r#avmufukdom cGifhðyxm;jcif; wkd@jzpfonf? tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh oufOD;qHykdif qkdonfrSm rnfonfhtcGifhta&;r# r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

xkdpepftay: Zmbk&if. cspfjrwfEkd;r_onf yk*~dKvfa&;tm%myg0gykdifqkdvkdr_ qENwckxufykdavonf? olonf

bk&m;ocifuay;tyfaom tcGifhtm%m&Sdoltjzpf,kH=unfaeonf? ,if;onfAvma[mif;avmif; jzpfum xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;wGif a&mifjyef[yfaeonf? &k&SEkdifiHwGif pufr_vkyfom;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sif pD;yGg;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ acmwfopfEkdifiHa&;awG;ac:&Sifrsm;ESifh tEkynmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sdonf? okd@aomf bk&if eDukdvufpf onf ol@ukd,fola&S;acwftaqmifta,mif tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hxm;onf? olonf w&m;0ifpm&Guf pmwrf;rsm;wGif a&S;acwfpmvkH;aygif;rsm;ukdom tokH;ðy&ef twif;t=uyfapckdif;cJhonf? olonf txl;0wfpkHrsm; 0wfqifIu&onfh pkHwGJuyGJrsm;ukd usif;yavonf? xkduyGJwGif ta,mufwkdif;onf tESpf (200) oufwrf; &Sdonfh ykHpHwl txl;0wfpkHrsm;ukd 0wfqifI u=u&onf? ol. tcsdefrsm;ukd pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@awmfxuf armfpukdwGif ukefqkH;&onfrsm;ukd ykdrkdESpfoufonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf òrd@awmfonf Oa&myykHpH ykdIqef+yD;/ xkxnf}uD;rm;aom ausmufwkH;rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onfh ykdrkd opfvGifonfh eef;awmfxuf &kd;&mAdokumykHpH opfom;taqmufttkHrsm;ESifh auG@ywfIoGm;&aomvrf;rsm;&Sdonfh armfpukdòrd@wGif aexkdif &onfukd ykdrdkESpfoufonf? vufawG@ trSefwu,f r[kwfaomfvnf;bJ ‚if;. pdwful;xJwGif eDukdvufpfonf jynfom;rsm;. a&S@wGif zcifwa,mufu ‚if;. om;orD;rsm;.a&S@wGif rwfwyf&yfouJhokd@/ tjyeftvSefcspfcifpkHrufr_rsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif. 0wW&m; todpdwfwkd@jzifh csnfaESmifxm;onfh ykHpHrsKd;jzifh rwfwyf&yfwwfavonf?

okd@aomf tcsKd@aom &k&Srsm;onf xkduJhokd@ pdwful;,Ofr_rsKd;ukd z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcsif=uavonf?

ynmwwfvlwef;pm; trsm;pkonf &mpkESpfwck. usefaomtykdif;ukd ykdrdkaumif;rGefaom tpdwftykdif; jzpfvmap&eftwGuf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef iwfrGwfawmifhwae=uavonf? (1825) ckESpfwGif ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSaeI ykefuefr_wckk pwifjcif;ESifhtwl/ tkyfpki,fav;rsm;onf wkdif;jynftm; tºuGif;rJh oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepfrSaeI vGwfajrmuf&ef tcgtm;avsmfpGm }uHpnftm;xkwfae=uavonf? “jynfol@qEN” [laom tkyfpkonf Zmbk&iftm; (1881) ckESpfwGif Zmbk&if tvufZENm; (2) tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef pDrHcJhzl;onf? (eDukdvufpf 13 ESpfom;t&G,fu ol. tzkd;aoqkH;jcif;ukd awG@jrifcJh&avonf)? qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm; (SR - socialist Revolutionary) ygwDrS “wkdufyGJtzGJ@tpnf;” “Battle Organization” [ktrnf&onfh t=urf;zuftkyfpkopfwckonf &mpkESpfajymif;vJt+yD;wGif wufºuGaom tkyfpkwckjzpfvm cJhavonf?

tjcm;aom awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;onf t=urf;zuf0g'udk qef@usif=u+yD;/ xkdvrf;pOftpm; a&yef;pm; onfh vlxktkHºuGr_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf v,form;rsm; (okd@r[kwf) tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&kH;jcif;ukd óud;yrf;vkd=uonf? vli,ftrsm;pkrSm rmufhpf0g'Drsm;. tawG;tac:rsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ae=u+yD;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;rSm pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpukdESifh tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;wGif (1890) vGefESpfrsm;rS pwifI tvkyform;rsm; t=um;wGif pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfv#uf&Sdae=uavonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;rSm tpkd;&tm; rdrdzmom ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf&ef twGuf pnf;&kH;jcif;zufokd@ tm;oefv#ufyif &Sdae=uayao;onf? &mpkESpfopf. yxrESpfrsm;twGif;Y ajrykdif&Sifrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh todynm&Sifrsm;t=um;wGif vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_wck ay:aygufvmcJhonf? xkdolrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJ&eftwGuf ac:,l&efESifh jynfol@ukd,fpm;ðy tpkd;&ukdykHpHwrsKd;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ESifh xkwfa0jzef@csdjcif;rsm;ukd/ Oya'wGif;/ Oya'yenf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;pvkH; jzifh tokH;ðyae=uonf?

xkd@a=umifh bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGifygaom vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyf cGifhrsm;/

'Drkdua&pD awmif;qkdcsufrsm; ponfwkd@onf ‚if;rwkdifrD awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vpfb&,ftkyfpk rsm;.


awmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif tm;vkH;yg&Sd+yD;jzpfaeavonf? a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGif róuHpzl; xl;jcm;onfrSm &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlwkd@onf vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xGufvmI tqdkyg toem;cHv$mtay: axmufcHa=umif; ukd jyojcif;jzpfonf? oufOD;qHykdifya'o&mZfpepftqkH;owfap&eftwGuf yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf awmif;qkdr_ tjzpf ynmwwft0ef;t0kdif;twGif;rS r[kwfyJ/ a&S@ajy; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGif;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? jzpfcsif awmh xkdv_yf&Sm;r_onfvnf; EkdifiHawmf. rl0g'q&m}uD;rsm;. ulnDr_jzifh jzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf?

xkdv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf rl0g'a&;&m csrSwfolrsm;twGif;rS wa,mufrSm armfpukd&Sd EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m &JÏmerS

t}uD;tuJ qm*D ZlbmawmhAf (Sergei Zubatov) jzpfonf? ZlbmawmhAfonf w}udrfu awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;ESifh tquftqH&SdcJh+yD;aemuf/ ykvdyfolv#Kd wa,mufvnf;jzpfcJhonf? olonf tvkyform;rsm;. opPmawmfcHr_&&Sda&;wkdufyGJY EkdifiHawmfonf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd &_H;edrfhcJhvdrfhrnf qkdonfukd od&Sd a=umuf&GH@ aecJhavonf? olonf xdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;twGif;Y a&yef;pm;aeaom rdrdzmomauseyf ESpfodrfhtm;&r_ b0ifjrifha&m*gjzpfonfh &k&Stvkyform;trsm;pkonf v,form;rdom;pkrsm;rS vmolrsm; jzpf=uojzifh olwkd@wGif aus;vufa'oY trsm;qkH;awG@&onfh a&S&kd;pGJt,ltqrsm; xif[yfaernf[laom tjrifonf xkdxdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;twGif;Y jzpfay:aepOfuwnf;u qef@usifwkdufckdufcJhavonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh xkdqENjyyGJrsm;udk rmhufpf0g'Drsm;rSaeI yg0ifywfoufpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfaer_rsm;onf xkdb0ifjrifh a&m*gukd òydvJap+yD;/ ZlbmawmhAftm; qef;opfaom pDrHudef;wckukd azmfaqmif&ef wGef;ykd@ay;cJhavonf? tvkyform;rsm;wGif trSefwu,f rauseyfr_rsm;&Sdae+yD;/ olwkd@. opPmcHr_onfvnf; EkdifiHawmfonf olwkd@. &efolr[kwf[k ,kH=unfaeor#umvywfr#om &Snf=umvdrfhrnf[laom t,ltqtay:wGif olonf ol.txuft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tajctwifjiif;ckHcJhavonf? òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif EkdifiHawmfrSaeI uruxðyonfh ykvdyfÏme. }uD;=uyfr_atmufY tvkyform;rsm;twGif; tjyeftvSef ulnDr_ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdonf/ xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;ÏmerSjzpf+yD; ZlbmawmhAf. tjrifukd oufaotaxmuftxm;ay;cJhjcif;jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? ykdrkdaumif;rGefawmufyaom tem*wfukd awmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;rS r[kwfyJ EkdifiHawmfuomv#if tvkyform;rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJhvdrfhrnf?

ZlbmawmhAf. enf;AsL[m aygufuGJawmhrnfukd oufaojycJhavonf? ol. toif;tzGJ@rsm;onf

tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;. jiif;ckHr_rsm;t=um;wGif 0ifa&mufywfouf+idwG,fvmcJh+yD;aemuf/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;ðyvkyf&ef trSefwu,fyif pnf;&kH;cJhavonf? emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AD au yavAD (V. K. Plehve) ukd cg;cg;oD;oD; rausreyfajymqkdvm=u avonf? AD au yavADonf (1902) ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;wGif ZlbmawmhAfudk pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@ ajymif;a&ï@cJhol jzpfonf? okd@aomf ZlbmawmhAfonf wm;qD;I &aom olwa,mufr[kwfay? olonf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;. pdef@yDwmpbwf tjyeftvSefulnDa&;tzGJ@tpnf; [ktrnf&onfh tzGJ@tpnf; opfukd òrd@awmfwGif xlaxmifcJhonf?

xkdtzGJ@tpnf;opfukd pdwf0ifpm;cJhaom vli,fwa,mufrSm touf (28) ESpft&G,f&Sd tvkyform;

wa,mufjzpf+yD; ‚if;. trnfrSm tef trf Amema&S@Af (N. M. Varnashev) jzpfonf? olonf touf (12) ESpft&G,fuwnf;uyif òrd@wòrd@&Sd puf&kHrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaecJholjzpfonf? xkdòrd@onf vGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpf twGif;Y aus;vufa'orS a&ï@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESihf jynfhESufaecJhonfh òrd@jzpf+yD;/ xkda&ï@ajymif;tvkyform; rsm;rSm olwkd@ xGefwkH;rsm;ukd pGef@ypfcJh=u+yD; puf&kH ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ukd ukdifaqmif&efvmcJh=uolrsm; jzpfonf? xkdtvkyform;trsm;pkrSm pmwwfonfqkd&kHr#avmufom&Sd=u+yD;/ &kd;pif;aom aus;awmom;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? usOf;ajrmif;onfhwkdufwef;vsm;rsm;ESifh rESpfòrd@p&m qkd;&Gm;aombm;wkdufrsm;twGif;Y ¹yGwfodyf =uyfwnf;pGmaexkdif=u&avonf? xkd@tjyif olwkd@. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd =unhf&_&eftwGuf or*~tzGJ@rsm;vnf; r&Sdacs? xkd@a=umifh qENjyyGJrsm;rSm w&m;0ifr_jzpfrvmyJ tvGefyif tEW&m,frsm;avonf? okd@wkdifatmif tcsKd@onf ykdrkdaumif;rGefaomb0tajctae wpkHw&mtwGuf wrf;wcHpm;aerdcJh=uonf?

Amema&S@Afonf ol. wGifckHwGif ae@vnfykdif;rsm;Y vkyfukdifae&if; pdwful;,Oftdyfruf&mY olonf ol@ukd,fol

Tokd@ “tu,fI rif;taeeJ@ 'DtvkyfðywfoGm;cJh&if aemufxyfwjcm;tvkyfopfwckukd tvG,fwuleJ@ csufjcif;&EkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'gqkd&if rif;twGuf bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrvJ / tu,fI rif;taeeJ@ xdckdufemusifr_jzpfcJhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ emrusef;zsm;emjzpfcJh v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ touft&G,f}uD;vkd@ tiftm;ukefcrf;cJhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; rif;twGuf bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrvJ ” ponfjzifh t}udrfrsm;pGm


ar;=unhfcJhavonf? Amema&S@Afonf ol. vkyfazmfukdifzuf tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfbJ ol. b0tajctaeukd pOf;pm;okH;oyf&ef tcsdef,lcJhavonf? olonf pmzwf&ef pdwftm;xufoefolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ ol@ukd,fol òrd@om;wa,muftjzpf/ wcgw&HwGif òrd@}uD;om;wa,muftjzpf jrifavonf? olonf owˆKqdkif&m udpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifvkyfom;wa,mufjzpfonfhtwkdif;/ olonf òrd@&Sd vkyftm;ctrsm;qkH;&&Sdolrsm;xJwGif wa,muftygt0if jzpfonf? olonf òrd@&Sd cef@nm;xnf0gaom tdrfeD;csif;rsm;. teD;wGif tcef;rsm;ukd &SmazG&ef pDrHEkdifcJhavonf? olonf pufbD;wpD;[kac:onfh acmwfay:qef;qef;jym;jym;t&mwcktwGufukdyif ol. 0ifaiGxJrSokH;cJh avonf?

(1902) ckESpf. aqmif;OD;ayguf&moD ae@wae@wGif/ pufbD;pD;oifaeqJjzpfonfh Amema&S@Afonf

ol@oli,fcsif;vnf;jzpf/ ol.wGJzuftvkyform;vnf;jzpfonfh pwDygaemAfh (Stepanov) tdrfokd@ tvnfoGm;&ef pufbD;eif;xGufcJhonf? oli,fcsif;onf eDAmjrpf (Neva River) .wzufwGifaexkdifonf? 'l;acgif;ESifh vufwkd@wGif yGef;yJh'%f&m wcsKd@&&Sd+yD;/ yef;oD;a&mif;olwOD;tm; wkdufrd+yD;aemuf olonf oli,fcsif;aexkdif&m pkaygif;tdrf,mokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? xkdtdrfwGif olonf uvm'kdADaumhAf (Kladovikov) qkdol vlwa,mufESifh rdwfaqGzGJ@cJhavonf? xkdvlrS ol@tm; tvkyform;rsm;t=um;wGif tjyeftvSefulnDa&; &HykHaiG wckukd zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf pDrHudef;wckta=umif;ukd ajymjycJhavonf? armfpukdwGif&Sdonfh tvm;wl tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;yifjzpfonf? xkd@jyif uvm'kdADaumhAfonf ol@tm; vmrnfhtywfwGif usif;yrnfh 'kwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;okd@ wufa&muf&efvnf; zdwf=um;cJhonf? xkdao;i,faom yxrtqifhajcvSrf;rSpI Amema&S@Afonf tjcm;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl/ 'kwd,ajrmuf eDukdvufpf Zmbk&ifESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; yËdyuQjzpf&eftwGuf vrf;ray:okd@ pwifa&muf&SdvmcJhavawmhonf?

pdef@yDwmpbwf tpnf;t&kH;twGuf ZlbmawmhAf pkaqmif;cJhaomacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;rSm a*smf*sD

a*yGefyifjzpfonf? a*yGefonf ol@ZeD;aoqkH;+yD;aemuf olaexkdif&m Zmwdc&kdifòrd@rSaeI òrd@awmfokd@ vGefcJhonfh ESpftenf;i,furS ajyif;a&$@vmoljzpfonf? a*yGefonfv,form;rdom;pkrS qif;oufvmoljzpf+yD;/ òrd@wGif olawG@cJh&onfh qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;tay:wGif tvGefyif oem;*&k%moufcJh+yD; tvkyfrsm;pGmvkyfcJholjzpfonf? usrf;pmausmif;wGif pmoifaepOfumvY rdbrJhuav;rsm;a*[mwGif tvkyfvkyfcJhavonf? òrd@wGif;&Sdqif;&J om;rsm;. t=um;wGif ol. xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vmr_ukd aemufqkH;Y ZlbmawmhAfu pdwf0ifpm;vmcJhavonf?

a*yGefonf =oZmwduUrESifhjynfhpkHolwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ &_yfaxG;aom p&kdufvuQ%mrsKd;pkH&Sdol wa,muf

vnf;jzpfonf? ol. yk*~dKvfa&;ESpfvkdzG,f&m pGJaqmifr_onf olESifhawG@qkHol vlwkdif;. ,kH=unfr_ukd &&Sd&mwGif rsm;pGm ulnDay;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifbufom;t&m&Sdrsm;rSonf Zmbk&if qef@usifbufom;rsm;txd yg0ifcJhavonf? ol.w&m;a[majymcsufrsm;onf em;axmifaomolrsm;ukd rsuf&nfrsm;yifusvmapavonf? ol. rsufvkH;onf &$ef;vufawmufyaeavonf? ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;wGif olawG@cJh&aom tvkyform; rsm;tay:wGif =uifem&ufa&mr_jyocJhavonf? xkdtvkyform;rsm;ukd olonf tjcm;aom ynmwwf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; qufqHouJhokd@ rwlrwefESdrfhcsonfhoabmrsKd;rygyJ v_dufvSJpGmqufqHcJhavonf? okd@aomf a*yGef. pdwfxufoefr_wkd@onf &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf pnf;ESifhurf;ESifh vkyfukdifvkdaom pdwfxm;wck &Sdvmatmif rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJhacs? olonf pdwfvkdufrmefygðyvkyfwwf+yD;/ pdwftajymif;tvJjrefol wa,mufvnf; jzpfonf? xkdtðytrla=umifh olwnfaqmufcJhaom tjcm;olrsm;. ol@tay:,kH=unfr_onf ysufjym;ap&ef r=umc%jzpfapcJhavonf?

ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif a*yGefonf ykHrSefwufa&mufol wOD;jzpfvmonf?

tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif *&kwpkdufem;axmifjcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; olwkd@.&ifxJwGif&Sdonfhtwkdif;ajym&ef tm;ay;jcif;/ ESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm rSwfcsufawmif;cHjcif; wkd@ukd ðyvkyfavonf? (1903) ckESpf. aEGOD;wGifrl olonf ol@tm; ykdrkdwufºuGonfhtcef;u¾rSaeI vkyfaqmif&ef wkdufwGef;onfh Amema&S@Af tygt0if t"du tc&musonfholwcsKd@ESifh rdwfaqGjzpfae+yDjzpfonf? okd@aomf pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@onf ykvdyfwkd@. xdef;csKyfr_atmufYvnfywfaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf; wckwGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&eftwGuf/ xkdtzGJ@tpnf;. vkyfEkdifcGifhrsm;tay:wGif tvGeftrif; r,kHouFm oHo, &Sdae=uonfhtcg a*yGefonf tm;aysmhvmcJhavonf? (1903) ckESpfukefykdif;a&mufaomtcg tzGJ@tpnf;onf ysufvkeD;yg; jzpfaeavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl a*yGef/ Amema&S@Af ESifh tjcm;oltcsKd@onf tzGJ@tpnf;opf wnfaxmif&eftwGuf tvkyfrsm;aecJh=uavonf? xkdtzGJ@opfukd olwkd@rS pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd &k&Sm;puf&kHrsm;ESifh }udwfcGJpuf&kH vkyfom;rsm; v$wfawmf[k ac:avonf?


ZlbmawmhAf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhokd@yif xkdv$wfawmfonf t&m&Sdrsm;.axmufcHr_ukd &&Sdxm;av onf?

axmufcHonfh t&m&Sdrsm;rSm TuJhokd@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_ESifh tvkyform;yËdyuQrsm;rS wpkHw&m tm&kHajymif;oGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;=uonfh tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; jzpf=uonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl ta&;w}uD;tav;xm;p&mwckrSm vufawG@ESifh jcm;em;aeavonf? a*yGefonf pdef@yDwmpbwf òrd@&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ykvdyfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; &Sdaejcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;rS [ef@wm;aponfh twGuf t&m&Sdrsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;&Sdraeap&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;aomtcg/ t&m&Sdrsm;rS v$wfawmf. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;wGif ykvdyfrsm;rxm;&Sd&ef oabmwl=uavonf? v$wfawmf. ta&;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd a*yGef wa,mufwnf; }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ&ef ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. pGrf;tifrsm;tm;vkH; oifhavsmfaom vrf;a=umif;twkdif; pD;qif;oGm;&eftwGuf tmrcHay;vkdufavonf?

bkef;awmf}uD;. tpueOD; &nf&G,fcsufonf EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmif&ef &nf&G,fcsifrS &nf&G,fayrnf? tapmykdif;Y

olonf òrd@&Sd qdyfcHwHwm;rsm;rS qdyfurf;vkyfom;rsm;ESifh a&maESmaecJhavonf? aemufykdif;wGif olu “olwkd@ usaemfhtay:rSm ,kH=unfvm=uw,f? olwkd@txJrS wcsKd@u EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfhtwGuf usaemfhukd olwkd@tjrifrSm;a=umif;0efcHvm=uw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfw,fvkd@ usaemftaeeJ@ rxifcJhbl;” [k jyefajymjyygonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfonf v$wfawmfukd wGef;tm;ay;wufºuGapcJhonf[k olonf ykvdyfÏmeokd@ ay;onfh rSwfwrf;wapmifwGif &Sif;jycJhavonf/ “tajccHtawG;tac:ukd puf&kHESifh oD;ESH}udwfcGJtvkyform;rsm;t=um;wGif tajccHvkdtyfcsuf tokdufttkHwcktjzpf wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf”[k olrS ykvdyfrsm;ukd ajymjyygonf? “tJ'DurSwqifh usef;rm oef;pGrf;+yD;/ ukd,fusKd;pGef@ tepfemcHwwfwJh tysHoifp iSufi,f[m ol&Jh wkdif;jynfeJ@ Zmbk&ifukd tmcHzkd@twGuf eJ@ ol@&Jhvkyfazmfukdifzuf tvkyform;awGukd ulnDzkd@twGuf a&S@okd@ pwifysHoef;cJhygawmhw,f?”

wm0ef&Sdaom tokdif;t0kdif; (Responsible Circle) [k odxm;onfh v$wfawmf. acgif;aqmifrsm; onf

trsm;tm;jzifh u|rf;usifaom/ tdrfaxmif&SifESifh ESD;EG,fqufpyfaeonfh csrf;omaom owˆKtvkyform; rsm;om jzpf=uonf? olwkd@onf toif;wkdufwckukd puf&kHrsm;&Sd&m c&kdiftwGif;Yyif wnfaxmifvkduf=u avonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf y&dabm*ypPnf;rsm; ESifh pmtkyfrsm; ,laqmifvmjcif;/ tzkd;E_ef;csKdomaom yD,mEkd wckukd&SmazGjcif;ESifh Zmbk&if. ykHwlukd csdwfqGJjcif;wkd@ ðyvkyf=uavonf? tcsKd@aom nrsm;wGif tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ usefaom nrsm;wGif pmayykd@csjcif;rsm;/ aw;*DwazsmfajzyGJrsm; (okd@) uyGJrsm; (okd@) 0kdif;Ipmzwfjcif; (okd@) ppfwk&ifupm;jcif; ponfjzifhðyvkyf=uavonf? v$wfawmfonf tjyeftvSef ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; &HykHaiGtzGJ@ ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh yËdyuQjzpfaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fukd,fpm;ðyavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ ZlbmawmhAf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfyJ v$wfawmfonf qENjyoydwfrsm;r&Sdatmif xdef;csKyfEkdifcJhonf? ,if;onf a*yGef. pD&ifqkH;jzwfr_rsm;ESifh tm;ukd;tm;xm;ðyEkdifr_rsm;tay: t&m&Sdrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ukd c|if;csufxm;I a*yGeftay: pdwfcs,kH=unfr_ ay;vmcJhavonf?

rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ xkdt&m&Sdrsm;onf xkdukd,fxlukd,fxulnDa&;tjyifrsufESmpm. aemufuG,fwGif

bmawGjzpfvmrnfqkdonfukd od&Sdygu wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? a*yGef. tapmykdif;t,ltq rsm;onf yk*~dKvfa&; opPmapmifhodr_rS Zmbk&iftay:opPmapmifhodr_ESifh oufOD;qHykdifpepf ESpfckt=um;wGif vl;vmqefcwf jzpfaepOfwGif/ v$wfawmfukd EkdifiHa&;xJwGif 0ifa&muf&pfywf+idwG,faeap&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapolrSm wjcm;wa,mufa,mufjzpfcJhavonf? xkdolrSm atvufqkdif u&Dvif (Aleksei Karelin) qkdoljzpfonf? xkdolonf ausmufykHESdyfynmukd rdrdzmom avhvmwufu|rf;vmolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'D &k&S qkd&S,f 'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform; ygwD {Marxist Russian Social Democratic (SD) Workers' Party}tzGJ@0ifa[mif;wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf (1890) vGefESpfrsm;wGif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;aemuf jynfESif'%fay;cH&zl;avonf? u&DvifESifh ol. taygif;azmfrsm;onf SD . enf;emrsm;ukd txifr}uD;r_/ rESpfòrd@r_jzpfvmaomtcg/ ykvdyfrsm;. taESmuft,Sufrsm; a=umuf&GH@p&m r&SdawmhyJ/ Oya'. tumtuG,f atmufrSaeI tvkyform;rsm; xHokd@a&muf&SdEkdifaom v$wfawmfrS urf;vSrf;onfh tcGifhtvrf;ukd óudqkdcJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@ESifhtwl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaom tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tawG@tóuHrsm; o,faqmifvmavonf? Amema&S@Af. pum;vkH;t&rl òrd@. puf&kH tvkyforsm;rsm;t=um;wGif “cgrcsEkdifaom tcGifhtm%m (unshakeable authority)” ESifh a*yGefwGif r&Sdao;aom t&Sdef=oZmwckyifjzpfavonf?


tpueOD;wGif oHo,&Sdjcif; ESifh r,Hk=unfr_rsm; &SdcJh+yD;aemuf/ aemufqkH;wGif a*yGefonf tm%mykdif

t&m&Sdrsm;. ,kH=unfr_ukd olatmifjrif&&SdcJhouJhokd@/ u&DvifESifh tjcm;aom awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;. ,kH=unfr_ukdvnf; &&SdvmcJhavonf? wm0ef&Sdt0ef;t0kdif;rsm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm; +yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf/ n (10) em&Dcef@wGif a*yGefonf olwkd@ vBuf&nfaomuf/ aq;vdyfaomuf/ pum;ajymqkd&m ol. wkdufcef;Y u&Dviftkyfpktygt0if tvkyform;tenf;i,fwkd@ukd zdwfac:EkdifcJhonf? xkd nOfhv,f,H tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif a*yGefu v$wfawmfwGif tc&musonfh ae&mrsm;ukd,lxm;onfh tzGJ@0ifopfrsm;. EkdifiHa&;t& tzsuf tarSmufjzpfonfh t,ltqrsm;xH wajz;ajz; csOf;uyfaeonfukd jyocJhavonf?

(1904) ckESpf/ rwfvwGif a*yGefonf u&Dvif/ Amema&S@Af ESifh v$wfawmf. twGif;pnf;rS tjcm;aom tzGJ@0if

ESpfa,mufukd ol. wkdufcef;okd@ zdwfac:cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm; E_wfvkHvkHxm;&ef uwdawmif;+yD;aemuf pm&Gufw&Gufukd qGJxkwfvkdufavonf? pm&Gufay:wGif &k&Stifykdif,m}uD;. EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; ajymif;vJ&ef pDrHudef;wck[k rifeDjzifh a&;xm;avonf? EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mawmif;qkdr_rsm;wGif yg0ifonfrsm;rSm - EdkifiHom; vGwfvyfcGifh/ rnfolrqkd Oya'. a&S@arSmufwGifomwlnDr#&Sda&;/ ESifh vGwf&ufapholrsm;tm; csufjcif;v$wfay;&ef wkd@yg0ifonf? vlr_a&;qkdif&m awmif;qkdcsufwGif tvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; w&m;0if zGifhvSpfcGifh&&Sda&;/ tvkyfcsdef wae@ (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/ tedrfhqkH;vkyftm;c owfrSwfay;a&;/ vlr_zlvkHa&; tmrcHqkdif&m Oya'=urf;rsm;a&;qGJ&mY tvkyform;rsm; yg0ifcGifh &&Sda&;/ ESifh v,form;rsm;twGuf ajr,m jyefvnf a0jcrf;ay;a&;wkd@jzpfonf? ‚if;onf u&DviftkyfpkrS a*yGeftm;awmif;qkdaom awmif;qkdaom pDrHudef;rsKd;jzpf+yD;/ xkdpDrHudef;ukd v$wfawmf. “v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;” tjzpfowfrSwfxm;avonf?

“t"dy`g,fr&Sdaom tdyfrufrsm;”

“v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;”onf tvkyform;rsm; ESifh pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif Ekd;ºuGaeaom us,fjyef@onf twkduftcHrsm;t=um;wGif aygif;ul;wHwm;wckukd wnfaqmufay;vdkufavonf? jynfolvlxk. ypPnf;OpPm ukHvkHºuG,f0olrsm;/ A[kokwESH@pyfolrsm;onf/ q,fpkESpfwckausmf=umr# tpkd;&ukd odrfodrfarG@arG@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus; a0zefcJh=uonf? xkdta=umif;ukd *sme,frsm;ESifh v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;r&Sdaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y wifjypnf;&kH;=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;ukd *sme,frsm; ESifh tjcm;aom orm"d&Sdonfh pmapmifrsm;wGif a&;om;az:jycJh=uonf? okd@aomf (1904) ckESpfwGif/ vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_onf tm%mykdifwkd@. tjcm;aom tvm;tvm&Sdonfh twkduftcHrsm;xHokd@yif pwifa&muf&Sdvmavonf? ,if;onf aqG;aEG;yGJESpfckjzpfaom ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;. uGef*&ufrsm;wGif taxmuftxm;tjzpf xif&Sm;vmavonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf olwkd@. tdrfwHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhay;vkdufjcif;ESifhtwl/ tqkdyg tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tjzpfokd@ v#ifjrefpGmyif ajymif;vJoGm;avawmhonf? aqG;aEG;ajymqkdolrsm;onf EkdifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhwkd@ukd awmif;qkdvm=uonf? ykvdyf rsm;onf ynma&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkduf+yD; pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;ukd zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? q&m0efrsm;. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufolrsm;rSm aqmvsifpGm &kwfodrf;vkdufonfhtwGuf a'goxGuf pdwfqkd;vm=u+yD;/ qENjy=u&m ‚if;wkd@tm; xdef;odrf;&ef óud;pm;aom ppfwyfzufokd@ xkdifckHrsm;ESifh jyefvnf ypfcwfjcif;jzifh &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfyGg;+yD; tqkH;owfoGm; avawmhonf?

xkdokd@jzpfyGg;aomtcg ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf òrd@awmfokd@ vGwfajrmufa&;or*~. yxrqkH;t}udrf

uGef*&uftwGuf a&muf&Sdae=uavonf? csrf;omaom rSL;rwfrsKd;EG,frsm; ESifh ynmwwf awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;t=um; ,kHEkdifp&mr&Sdaom r[mrdwfzGJ@r_wckyifjzpfonf? rSL;rwfrsm;rSm jynfe,f/ c&kdiftqifh v$wfawmf rsm; {provincial (zemstvo) assemblies}ukd zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf pwifwufvSrf;onfh tqifhokd@a&mufatmif ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf ESpfrsm;pGmuyif óud;yrf;aecJh=uonf? bk&if eDukdvufpfonf olwkd@. awmif;cHv$mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd vpfvsL&_cJh&kHom ru ‚if;wkd@tm; “t"dy`g,fr&Sdaom tdyfrufrsm;” [kyif uifyGef; wyfcJhavonf? okd@aomf t"dy`g,fr&Sdr_onf tajymif;tvJwckudk enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf aphaqmfcJhavonf? vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJwGif rmhufpf0g'


,kH=unfr_ukd vufv$wfcJhaom ,cif awmfvSefa&;orm;a[mif; tcsKd@onfvnf; tqkdyg v_yf&Sm;r_opftwGuf 0ifa&muf yl;aygif;&ef toifhjzpfae=u avonf? “u|[email protected] ykdif;jcm;&efr[kwf/ aygif;pnf;&efjzpfonf”[k vGwfajrmufa&;orm;rsm; *sme,f. txl;tzGJ@ xkwfjyefcsufwGif ajymqkdcJhavonf?

(1904) ckESpfwGif tjzpftysufESpfckonf rD;cJjymzkH;jzpfaeaom rauseyfr_rsm;ukd aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfay;r_/ &k&S

ynmwwfvlwef;pm;ESifh txufwef;v$mrsm; t=um;wGif tajymif;tvJtwGuf tqifoifh&Sdaeap&ef Ekd;x ay;cJhr_wkd@ukd v_H@aqmfulnDay;cJhavonf? Zefe0g&Dvukefykdif;wGif *syefwkd@onf &k&Swkd@. ypdzdwfa&wyfzGJ@ukd tmomqdyfurf;Y wkdufckdufcJhr_onf ta&S@zsm;&Sd wkdif;jynf ESpfckt=um;&Sd ESpfrsm;pGm ,SOfòydifaer_ukd tqkH;owf apcJhonf? &kwfw&uf csufjcif;qkdovkdyif ppfyGJonf &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. vl@*k%foduQmxdckdufzG,f&m wckjzpfvmav onf? ppfwyf. enf;ynmqkdif&m acmwfaemufusr_/ ESifh wyfrSL;rsm;. ppfa&;pGrf;&nf nhHzsif;r_wkd@ukd xkwfazmfjyovkdufavonf? tm%mykdifwkd@. wif;=uyfr_ ESihf zdESdyfr_ wkd@a=umifh pdwf"gwfusqif; ae=uonfh jynfol@ oabmxm;rsm;rSm ,cktcg ppfwyftysuftpD; tqkH;t&_H;ay:wGif aemufxyf rausreyf tjypfajymqkd p&m wckjzpfvmavawmhonf?

xkd b0ifrus rauseyfr_rsm;t=um;rS t=urf;zuform;rsm;onf vlrkef;rsm;aeonfh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; yavAD

(Plehve)ukd ZlvkdifvwGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfvkduf=uavonf? ‚if;. ae&mwGif tpm;0ifvmaom rif;om; qAD,mwkdayghvfuf rD&fpuD (Sviatopolk Mirskii) onf tpkd;& ESifh wkdif;jynf. txufwef;v$m wkd@t=um;&Sd ykdrkdus,f[vmaponfh &if=um;aphIr&Ekdifaom &efvkdrkef;wD;r_ukd owdðyrdavonf? xkdudpPtwGuf tpkd;&onf tpGef;ra&mufonfh tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;&,l&ef rjzpfraevkdtyfonf[k ckdifrmpGm cHpm;rdavonf? ol. vGyfvyfpGmajymqkdcGifhESifh zGJ@pnf;cGifh tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukd zGifhay;jcif;jzifh jynfolwkd@. b0rsm;tay: wif;=uyfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rsm;ukd ajzavsmhr_rsm; ðyvkyfay;aecsdefwGif rD&fpuD;. aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; pdwfxm;ESifh pum;vkH;rsm;u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf jzpfEkdifonf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfukd ykdrkdoef;vm aponf? xkdtopfcsJ@xGifxm;onfh EkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHwGif vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf ZmwfckH. tv,fwGif ae&m,lxm; avonf?

ukd,fpm;ðycGifh/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh nDaom tpkd;&jzpfa&; ponfh &kd;pif;aom awmif;qkdr_ rsm;ESifhtwl

twkduftcHrsm;twGuf ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom &GufzsifwJ}uD;ukd pkdufxl+yD;aemuf/ olwkd@onf ,cktcg xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmif;rsm;ukd xkd&mxl;tqifh. aemufuG,fY ae&m&&eftwGuf jynfe,f/ c&kdif v$wfawmfrsm; (zemstvo assemblies) wGif trnfpm&if;wifoGif;vm=uavonf? yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf jynfe,f uGef*&uf (First Zemstvo Congress) ukd Ekd0ifbmv tapmykdif;Y armfpukdòrd@wGif usif;ycJhonf? ppfrSefonfhtm%m&Sdonfh trsKd;om;v$wfawmfukd ac:,l&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhavonf? xkdnDvmcHonf oufOD;qHykdifpepf. tESpfom& rsm;udk qef@usifoGm;rnfjzpfonf?

v_yf&Sm;r_udk trsKd;rsKd;cGJ&efESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;tay:wGif tEW&m,f ray;Ekdifap&eftwGuf

vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf Ekd0ifbmaemufqkH;tywf tpykdif;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;pHepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ t}udrf (40) ajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@ukd *k%fðyaomtm;jzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif *k%fðyxrif;pm;yGJ tajrmuftjrm;ukd usif;ycJh=uonf? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh pma&;pm rmhufZif a*:uD (Maxim Gorkii) onf *k%fðyxrif;pm;yGJwckESifhywfoufI ol. ZeD;xHokd@ ay;aompmxJwGif Tokd@a&;om;cJhygonf? “pma&;q&m rsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ jynfe,fv$wfawmf0ifrsm; (zemstvo men)/ tajccH vlwef;pm;rsm;/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm; ponfjzifh npm pm;yGJaygif; (600) ausmf&Sdw,f? rdef@cGef;awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSef&m a[ma[m'kdif;'kdif;ajym=uw,f/ vlawGu ‘oufOD;qHykdifpepfusqkH;ygap’ ‘zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' nDvmcH}uD; t"Gef@&Snfygap’ ‘igwkd@twGuf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wcka&;qGJyg’ ponfjzifh wnDw!Gwfwnf; oHòydif aºuG;a=umf=uw,f? tm;vkH;[m tvGefyJ wufºuGae=u +yD;awmh/ tvGefyJ 'Drkdua&pDqef=uw,f?” “ae&mwkdif;wGif npmpm;yGJrsm;onf vlwkd@. ajymif;vJvkdonfhqENukd ykdrkdeuf&_dif;ap+yD;/ olwkd@&Jh yxrqkH;aom rdef@cGef;ukd xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;r&Sd xkwfaz:ajymqkd=uw,f”[k jyefazmfjycJhonf?

olwkd@. obm0 r[mrdwf òrd@aeynm&Sifrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;aom vpfb&,frsm;. tcGifh

ta&;twGuf pnf;&kH;EkdifcJh+yD;aemuf/ vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf qkd&S,fvpfrsm;qDokd@ vufwzuf qef@xkwf urf;vSrf;vkdufavonf? Tokd@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf or*~onf rdrdukd,fukd zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;r#omr[kwfawmhyJ/ jynfh0aom 'Drkdu&ufwpfppfppf wcktjzpf vkyfaqmifcJhavonf?


ESpfukefqkH;aomtcg vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf wkdif;jynfwGif;&Sd tav;pm;cH&qkH; EkdifiHom; trsm;tjym; tygt0if &k&Svl@tzGJ@tpnf;. us,fjyef@aom pHerlemwcktwGuf ajymqkd&ef xkdufonfhtm;avsmfpGm awmif;qkdEkdifcJhavonf?

eDukdvufpfonf jrifhwufvmonfh r+idrfroufr_rsm;ukd owdrlrd[ef r&Sdacs? Zmbk&ifonf ol.ae@&ufrsm;ukd

eef;wGif;tcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh tao;tzGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;qkdif&mudpP&yfrsm;wGifom ukefqkH; arsmygaeavonf? yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m trltusifhrsm;ay:wGiftajccHjcif; ESifh eef;wGif;v$wf&kH;rsm;ESifh qufEG,f aeaom olrsm;ukdom t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpf cef@xm;&mwGif olonf tusifhjzpfaecJhavonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;onf Zmbk&if. rsufESmomay;r_ &vkduf/ r&vkdufjzpfouJhokd@ tpkd;&onf ay:vpDrl0g'rsm;ukd wckrS wckokd@ ajymif;vJ&ef wdrf;!$wfaeavonf? okd@aomf ol. jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;onf jyif;jyif;xefxef oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;. ta=umif;&if;ay:wGifom txl; tm&kHpl;pkdufr_ &Sdaeavonf? olonf xkdjy\emukdajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tpDtpOf wckukd a&;qGJcJhavonf? “tJ'gukd usaemfjrifwJhtwkdif;qkd&&if/ 'Djy\emay:rSm aumif;pGm pdwf0ifpm; *&kxm; aewJh jynfolvlxk}uD; trsm;pk&Jh jyif;jywJhqEN[m &k&Sjynf}uD;ukd Oya't&wnfaqmufzkd@/ ,kH=unfr_rsm; tay:wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pdwf&SnfoD;+iD;cHzkd@eJ@ vkH;0ravsmfuefaom Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;ukd umuG,f&ef (okd@r[kwf) 0ef}uD;tcsKd@. pdwful;ayguf&m xkwfjyefonfh Oya'rsm;tm; umuG,f&eftwGuf Oya'ðyjcif;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;Y 0ifa&mufyg0ifcGifh&&Sda&;” [k rD&fpuD rS Zmbk&ifukd ajymqkdcJhavonf? Ekd0ifbmvukefY olonf Zmbk&iftm; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh tpDtpOfw&yfukd wifoGif;cJhavonf? xkdtxJwGif jynfe,f a&G;aumufyGJrsm; (zemstvo election) twGuf rJqENay;ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd wkd;csJ@&eftwGuf t}uHðypmwrf;wapmif/ xkwfa0jzef@csdr_rsm; rðyvkyfrD qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd y,fzsuf&efESifh txufygtcsufrsm;tjyif/ a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ygonfh twkdifyifcHv$wfawmf wckukd zGJ@pnf;&ef/ wkd@yg xkdtpDtpOfxJwGif yg0ifaeavonf? rD&fpuD ,kH=unfonfrSm xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf Zmbk&iftkyfpkd;r_. tajccHcsnfr#ifpukd wppDqGJxkwfI òydvJ usqkH;apEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? okd@aomf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf twkduftcHrsm;ukd òyduGJxGufoGm;ap&eftwGuf aumif;pGm vkHavmuf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf tkwfatmf aomif;eif; atmf[pfaeonfrsm;ukd wdwfqdwfap&rnfjzpfonf?

okd@aomf aemufqkH;wGif 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@Y eDukdvufpf xkwfjyefvkdufaomtrdef@rSm rD&fpuD.

t}uHay;csufrsm;ESifhpmv#if trsm;}uD; tvSrf;uGmaeonfukd awG@&avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tmrcH &rnfhtpm; olonf ajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf pOf;pm;ygrnf[k cyf0g;0g; uwdrsm;ukdom urf;vSrf;cJh+yD;/ v$wfawmfESifh ywfoufI bmr# rajym=um;yJ csefxm;cJhavonf? “rnfonfhtajctaersKd;atmufwGifrqkd/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&ukd b,fawmhrS ig oabmwlrSm r[kwfbl;” [k Zmbk&ifu tckdiftrmajymqkdcJh avonf? aemufwae@ 'kwd,ajrmuftrdef@wGif tu,fI aemufxyf trsm;jynfolukd aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;/ tpkd;&ukd qef@usifonfh qENjyoydwfrsm; wpkHw&mðyvkyfygu ESdyfuGyfr_rsm; &Sdvmvdrfhrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhavonf? rD&fpuD onf ol. E_wfxGufvïmukd wifoGif;vkduf+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tiftm;awG&Jh axmufulyHhykd;r_rygyJ wkdif;jynfukd vnfywfzkd@qkdwm pdwful;Iyif r&Ekdifbl;” [k ajymcJhavonf?

tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;./ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;pepfwckqDokd tpDtpOfwus wkd;wufoGm;&ef[laom ‚if;wkd@.

ar#mfvifhcsuf wHcg;ydwfvkdufavonf? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefcJhaom qifqmwnf;jzwfr_onf vGwfajrmufa&;0g'Drsm;. enf;AsL[mrsm;onf tuef@towf&Sda=umif; jyovkdufavonf? Zmbk&ifonf ol@taejzifh ol. tav;pm;cHxkdufqkH;aom EkdifiHom;rsm; bmawG awG;ac:pOf;pm;aeonf qkdonfwkd@udk tav;xm; *&kpkduf/ tr_xm;p&m rvkd[k ,kH=unfaeor# umvywfvkH;/ ol@taejzifh oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfukd tm;enf;aprnfh rnfonfhvkyf&yfrsKd;ukdrqkd tjyif;txef qef@usifaeor#umvywfvkH;/ qENjyr_wckxJjzifh/ pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh rnfr#yif us,favmifpGmajymaeygap udpPr&Sdyg/ tESpfom&jynfh0aom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? oufOD;qHykdifpHepfukd uef@uGuf qef@usif&kHjzifh rvkHavmufyg? twkduftcHrsm;onf tm%m&Sifwkd@tm; ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf wGef;tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? Zmbk&if ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh olwkd@. vpfb&,ftwkduftcHrsm;onf tm%myg0gtopfonf ykHpHwrsKd;jzifh ‚if;wkd@. ajcaxmufrsm;atmufwGif v#ifjrefpGm t[kefjrifhvmonfqkdonfukd/ ESpfawGukefqkH;oGm;onfhtcg owdrrlrd =u&mwGif/ olwkd@onf twlwlyifjzpfonf? Oyrmqkd&aomf ESpfopfwGif ‚if;wkd@rwfwyf&yfaeaom ajcaxmufatmuf&Sd a&cJwkH;rsm;ukd t&nfaysmfusaprnfh tHh=ozG,f&m aqmif;&moD. ylaEG;aom rkd;av0o tajctaeudk owdrrlrd=uouJhokd@ xkd tm%mykHpHopfukd olwkd@ owdrrlrd=uacs?


“&k&Sjynfolrsm;tm;vkH; æææ =um;od&ef”

a&S@aersm;/ ygarmuQrsm;/ ajrykdif&Sifrsm;ESifh ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;. odomay:vGifxif&Sm;aom oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfv#if bkef;awmf}uD;a*yGef ESifh ol@rdwfaqGrsm;. v$wfawmf wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_onf v_dif;*,ufxr_ wckr#omjzpfonf? tjzpftysufrsm;. rsufESmjyifatmufwGifom &Sdaomfvnf;/ v$wfawmfonf jrefjrefqefqef oGufoGufvufvufyif }uD;xGm;vmavonf? aqmif;OD; a&mufvmaomtcg/ tzGJ@0if (7000) ausmfESifh c&kdif (11) ckwGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? ynmwwf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: jyif;xefaom EkdifiHa&; tawG;tac:v_dif;wHykd;rsm; &kdufcwfI v$wfawmfwGif xkdt,ltq v$rf;rkd;vmonfhwkdif/ EkdifiHa&;rqefa&; [laomrlukd wav#mufvkH;xdef;odrf;vmcJhavonf? owif;pmrsm;onf wkdif;jynf. &SufzG,f&m ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_ESihf/ vGwfajrmufa&;or*~/ jynfe,fuGef*&uf (Zemstvo Congress)/ ESifh aemufqkH;wGif npmpm;yGJurfydef;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd a&;om;az:jy=uavonf? “'gawGtm;vkH;[m v$wfawmfcGJrsm;ukd tjynfht0 w&m;0ifjzpfr_ukday;ap+yD;/ aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;ESifh 0g'jzef@csdr_rsm;twGuf tm;&auseyfp&mjzpfavonf/” [k Amema&S@Af rS a&;om;cJhygonf? vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;onf v$wfawmfokd@ vma&mufI a[majymykd@csr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? xkdtxJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;onf a*yGef ESifh ESpfukd,fwnf; oD;oef@ awG@qkH=uavonf? u&Dvif tkyfpkESifh vpfb&,ftkyfpk ESpfckpvkH;onf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usif&eftwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; yl;aygif; yg0if&efvkdtyfa=umif;ukd tkyfpk (2) pkpvkH;onf wxyfwnf;awmif;qkd=uavonf?

Ekd0ifbmv (28) &ufae@/ qENjyausmif;om;rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;xGufoH,kd wkdufckduf+yD; xkdnaecif;wGif/ v$wfawmf. c&kdifcGJrsm;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if vl (35) a,mufavmufonf a*yGef. rD;a&mifrSdefrSdefxGef;xm;aom rGef;=uyfaeonfh wkdufcef;i,fxJwGif ¹yGwfodyf=uyfwnf;pGm pka0;aecJh=u avonf? bkef;awmf}uD;onf ol. “v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;” ESifh pwifrdwfqufay;vkduf+yD;/ xkdpDrHudef;ESifh roufqkdifaom olrsm;ukd tpnf;ta0;cef;xJrS xGufoGm;+yD; a&ikHE_wfydwf qdwfqdwfae&ef ajymqkdvkdufavonf? &Sdae=uonfh vltrsm;pkonf tjzpftysufESifhywfoufI xkwfjyefcsufwapmifa&;om;+yD;/ tpkd;&xHokd@ ukd,fpm;vS,fwa,muf apv$wfjcif;rsKd;xuf/ csufjcif; ta&;,l vufwkef@jyef&ef vkdvm;=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? xkdta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI Amema&S@Afu olrSwfrdonfrsm;ukd Tokd@ jyefajymjyygonf- “'gayr,fh tm;vkH;[m t}uH m%fpdwful;wcktay:rSm 0kdif;0ef;oabmwlnDcJh=uw,f/ tu,fI tvkyform;awG[m olwkd@&Jh toHawGvnf; yg0ifcJhr,fqkd&if/ 'g[m tpkd;& w&yfwif =um;rSm r[kwfyJeJ@ &k&SwjynfvkH;ukdawmif =um;odoGm;aprSmjzpfygw,f”? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@ qkH;jzwfcJhonfrSm/ a*yGefonf toemcHv$mwapmifwGifyg0ifrnfht&mrsm;ukd a&;om;+yD; jynfolwkd@. a&S@arSmufwGif csjy&ef enf;vrf;wckckukd &SmazG&efjzpfonf? a*yGef. wkdufcef;wGif ðyvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;onf tv#iftjrefwkef@jyefaqmif&Gufr_wckxuf/ tajctwifaqG;aEG;r_okd@ ykdrkdI OD;wnfoGm;avonf? okd@aomf r=umrDwGifyif v$wfawmf. ukdifwG,fr_ukd wGef;tm;ay;&ef ar#mfvifhrxm;aom t&mwck jzpfay:vmavonf? 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;wGif &k&SEkdifiHwGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom pufr_vkyfief;wckjzpfonfh ylwDavmhAf owˆK puf&kH (Putilov metal factory) }uD;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom v$wfawmftzGJ@0if (4) a,mufonf tvkyfrS ðzwfcH&avonf (okd@) tvkyfðzwf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; cHcJh&avonf? xkdjy\emukd a*yGefonf pdefac:r_wcktjzpfvufcH,lcJhavonf? tu,fI olonf tvkyform;rsm;ukd jyefvnf tvkyfcef@xm;atmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhygu/ tzGJ@tpnf;. vkyfykdifcGifhonf ysufpD;oGm; vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xkd@tjyif aemufxyf tvm;wl tvkyfxkwfcH&rnfh rw&m;vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;ESifhvnf; óuHawG@vm& vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? 'DZifbmv. tqkH;tjzwfae@rsm;wGif v$wfawmfacgif;aqmif rsm;onf òrd@. puf&kHppfaq;a&; t&m&SdcsKyfvnf;jzpf/ ylwDavmhAfpuf&kH. !ïef=um;a&;rSL;vnf;jzpfonfh òrd@awmf0efxHokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJh avonf? òrd@awmf0efonf ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jiif;y,fv$wfvkduf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@tm;vkH; tm; &kdif;pkdif; =urf;wrf;pGm qufqHv$wfvkdufavonf? xkd@a=umifh oydwfwkdufyGJazmfaqmifr_wckom aemufqkH;vkyfaqmif&eftjzpf usef&Sdavawmhonf? Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf/ we*FaEGae@wGif/ ylwDavmhAf tvkyform; (6000)onf v$wfawmf. emAm ÏmecGJY awG@qkH=uavonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS tvkyfxkwfypfr_udk qef@usif&eftwGuf aemufwae@wGif qENjyoydwf wkdufyGJazmfaqmif&ef rJay;qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf? t*Fgae@wGif olwkd@onf puf&kHukd ydwfypfvkduf=u+yD; tvkyform;


(12000) ausmf vkyfief;cGifr0ifyJ aevkduf=uavonf? olwkd@. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rSm- tvkyf xkwfcH&onfh tvkyform; rsm;tm; jyefvnfcef@xm;a&;/ tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom bkwftzGJ@wckrSaeI vkyftm;c E_ef;xm;rsm; }uD;=uyfa&;/ wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/ tcsdefykd tvkyfqif;r_ tqkH;owfay;a&;/ ESifh tcrJh aq;0g;ukor_&&Sda&; wkd@jzpfonf? ylwDavmhAf qENjyolrsm;onf tjcm;aom puf&kHrsm;wGifvnf; oydwfwkdufyGJ azmfaqmif&eftwGuf pwifvkyfaqmif=uavonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd puf&kH (400) ausmfY tvkyform;aygif; wodef;waomif; ausmf (110˜000) wkd@onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;vm=uavonf? ,cktcg v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm olwkd@. tzGJ@tpnf;ukd ckcHumuG,f&eftwGufr#omr[kwfyJ/ wkdufckdufr_wckukd vkyfaqmif&efESifh olwkd@. EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfopfukdyg taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf; wckukd awG@jrifvm=uavonf? tpkd;&. *k%foduQmukd aemufxyfedrhfusonfhtqifhae&mopfokd@ csay;vkdufonfh tmomqdyfurf;&Sd a&wyf cHwyf}uD; us&_H;oGm;+yD[laom ppfwyfwkd@. ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_ owif; pum;opf wckonf a&$òrd@awmfokd@ r=umrDav;wif a&muf&Sdvm uwnf;u/ tcsdeftcg tcGifhtvrf;onf ,ckxufykdI raumif;Ekdifawmhacs? Zefe0g&Dv (6) &uf/ t*Fgae@wGif a*yGefonf ol. pDrHudef;ukd a=unmvkduf avonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@awmf. tv,facgifwGif&Sd+yD;/ aqmif;&moD eef;awmf. jyifywGif&Sdonfh cHhnm;xnf0gaom &ifjyifawmfqDokd@ {&mrpDwef; csDwufqENjyyGJ}uD;wckukd ol@taejzifh +idrf;csrf;pGm OD;aqmifoGm;rnf/ xkd }uD;us,f crf;em;aom &ifjyifawmf}uD;wGif olukd,fwkdif Zmbk&ifxHokd@ toem;cHv$m wapmifukd wifoGif;rnf jzpfa=umif;/ xkdcsDwufqENjyr_ukd Zefe0g&Dv (9) &uf/ vmrnfh we*FaEGae@wGif vkyfaqmifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvkdufavonf? a*yGef. toem;cHv$mwGif yg0ifonfwkd@rSm tajccHtm;jzifh ajymif;vJr_r&Sday? EkdifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifh rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;/ ESifh wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&; ponfwkd@yg0ifonfh “v#Kd@0SufpDrHudef;”. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; t}uHðycsufrsm;yifjzpfonf? a*yGefonf aemufxyfxnfhoGif; jznfhpGufxm;onf rdwfqufv$mwapmifjzpfonfh tajccHtusqkH; ESifh ta&;t}uD;qkH; awmif;qkdcsufjzpfonfh vlom;tm;vkH;wef;wlnDr#pGm rJqENay;ykdifcGifhjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;onfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;ðyv$wfawmf wckukdvnf;wGJzufI Zmbk&ifxHokd@ ykd@vkdufavonf? u&Dviftkyfpk/ vpfb&,f0g'Drsm; ESifh aysmf&$if&ifzkd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m ekdifiHa&; r+idrfroufjzpfr_tajctae v$rf;rkd;r_rsm;atmufrS +yD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u a*yGef. pOf;pm;r_rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_tay: xif[yfvmavonf? xkd ta=umif;t&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vGwfajrmufa&; 0g'Drsm;. 'Drkdu&ufwpf EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOf. &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifwckESifh rsm;pGm eD;pyfavonf?

&ufowWywf tv,fwGif v$wfawmf. &kH;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJ. A[kdxdef;csKyfa&;pcef;rsm; jzpfvm avonf? Akdifabmh*f &kH;cGJ (Vyborg branch) wGif Amema&S@Afonf &kH;tkyf t}uD;tuJjzpf+yD;/ &kH;cef;onf oydwfarSmufol tkyfpkrsm;jzifh jynfh=uyfaeavonf? v$wfawmftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf xkdoydwfarSmufolrsm;twGuf tvkyf&Sifrsm;xHokd@wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdcsufrl=urf;rsm;ukd ulnDa&;ay;ae&avonf? =umoyaw;ae@wGif ÏmecGJacgif;aqmifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyyGJESifhywfoufI vlxktm; pwifajym=um;+yD;/ toem;cHv$mESifhtwl Zmbk&iftm;ay;&eftwGuf pm&Gufrsm;ay:wGif vufrSwfrsm;xkd;&ef olwkd@tm; apckdif;avonf? &kH;rsm;. tjyifzuf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif v$wfawmftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf vkyfief;cGiftajctae ykdrkd aumif;rGefa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaer_rSonf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfvmatmif jr‡ifhwif csdwfqufay;&eftwGuf qENjyrnfholrsm;ESifh a&maESmaygif;pyfoGm;avonf? +yD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDuwnf;u Amema&S@AfESifh tjcm;aom v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um;wGif ydyd&d&djzifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m pnf;&kH;rJqG,faecJhr_rsm;rSm ,cktcg aumif;usKd;&vm'fjzpfxGef;ae+yDjzpfavonf?

vmrnfh&uftenf;i,ftwGif; òrd@}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;wGif ðyvkyfrnfh tcef;wGif;tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;twGuf

qENjyolrsm; ESifh v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGae=uavonf? “v#Kd@0SufeufeJr_ wrsKd;eJ@ bmoma&;wGif =unfEl;b0ifjzmr_rsKd;onf wcsdefvkH; }uD;pkd;v$rf;rkd;aeavonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlwkd@[m a=umufp&maumif;wJh tyl&SdefxJrSm em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wOD;ESifh wOD; xdvkeD;yg; ab;csif;,SOfrwfwyf&yf ae=u+yD; olwkd@&Jh tm;tifukefcrf;aewJh a[majymol tvkyform;rsm;&Jh tEkynmrqeffwJh/ &ifoyf&_@armzG,f pGrf;yum;}uD;rm;wJh/ &kd;pif;wJh/ pdwftm;xufoefwJh rdef@cGef;rsm;ukd qmavmifrGwfodyfpGm tirf;r& em;axmif ae=uw,f” vkd@ tpnf;ta0;wckrS


qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwa,mufu a&;om;cJhygonf? ÏmecGJwckwGifrl a[majymolwOD;onf vlxktm; Tokd@ar;jref;vkdufavonf “&Jabmfwkd@æ tu,fI tkyfpkd;olt&Sif[m usaemfwkd@ukd vufrcHbll;/ +yD;awmh usaemfwkd@&Jh toem;cHv$mukd rzwfcsifbl;qkdv#if &Jabmfwkd@ bmvkyfrvJ/ cifAsm;wkd@ 'Dtay:rSm b,fvkd ajz=um;rvJ”? “'gqkd&if usaemfwkd@uvnf; Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd æ æ Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd æ æ Zmbk&iftvkdr&Sd”[laom wkef@jyefr_rSm em;uGJvkrwuf us,favmifpGmay:xGufvm avonf?

eDukdvufpfonf Ak'<[l;ae@rwkdifrDtxd r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;ukd r=um;odcJhacs? pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyyGJ ðyvkyf&ef

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paeae@nwGif a*yGef/ Amema&S@Af ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;onf olwkd@óudwifjyifqifxm;onfhae&mokd@ oGm;&ef

awG@qkHcJh=uavnf? awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf csDwufqENjyyGJwGif tvHeDrsm;o,faqmifvmjcif;ESifh t=urf;zuf&ef aoG;xkd;v_Haqmfjcif;rsm; óud;yrf;rnfukd a*yGefonf od&SdcJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@onf vufeufrsm;o,faqmifvmjcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyif&efESifh tm%mykdifwkd@rS t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_ ðyvkyf&ef twGuf rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsufr#&Sdrvmatmif umuG,fwm;qD;&ef wkd@ukd qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf olukd,fwkdif vma&mufI toem;cHv$mukd vufcH,lygu ol. vkHòcHa&;twGuf pdwfcs&ef tmrcHonfh pmwapmifukd a*yGefonf xkdnwGif Zmbk&ifxHokd@ qufo&ef a&;om;cJhavonf? xkd@jyif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jzpfvmEkdifonfh ta&;ay:tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJhavonf? tu,fI t=urf;zufr_ jzpfvmygu '%f&m&olrsm;tm; ðypkapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf v$wfawmf. trsKd;orD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ukd pnf;&kH;&ef u&Dvif.ZeD;ukd ckdif;apcJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif olwkd@onf "gwfykHq&mwa,mufxHokd@ oGm;a&mufI olwkd@. tkyfpk "gwfykHukd &kduf,lcJh=uavonf?

csDwufqENjyr_rsm;onf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;b0tjzpf tqkH;owfoGm;Ekdifonfukd oabmaygufxm;

cJh=uavonf? tpDtpOfðyvkyfolrsm;onf tu,fI olwkd@ towfcHcJh&ygu usef&pfol aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;tm; ta=umif;=um;Ekdif&eftwGuf aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;ukd vJvS,fxm;vkduf=uavonf? xkd@jyif rdom;pkrsm;twGuf E_wfqufpmrsm;ukdvnf; a&;om;cJh=uavonf? v$wfawmf. OuUÏ tkdifAef AmqDvftdAf (Ivan Vasil'ev) onf ol@ZeD;xHokd@ a&;xm;&pfcJhonfh E_wfqufpmwGif - “eD&l&Sm; (Niusha!) tu,fI igh taeeJ@ tdrfukd jyefrvmEkdifcJhbl;qkdv#if/ (okd@) tu,fI ig towfcHcJh&w,fqkdv#if/ eD&l&Sm;&,f rikdygeJ@/ AmeD&l&m (Vaniura) ukd}uD;jyif;vmatmif arG;jrLapmifha&Smufyg/ jynfolwkd@&Jh aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhr_eJ@/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ig[m tmZmenfwa,muftjzpfeJ@ aoqkH;cJhwmyg qkdwmukd ol@ukd ajymjyygæ” [k pwifa&;xm;cJhavonf? olwkd@onf tjcm;aom csDwufrnfholrsm;. toufqkH;&_H;r_rsm;twGufvnf; tm;wif;ay;cJh=uavonf? paeae@n tpnf;ta0;ESifhywfoufI tm%mykdifawG[m t=urf;zufòzdcGif;enf;ukd tokH;ðyvdrfhrnfqkdonfukd Amema&S@AfrS a&;om;cJhygonf? “vkyfaqmifaewJh pGef@v$wftepfemcHr_awGtwGuf olwkd@&Jh pdwf"gwfykdif;qkdif&m wm0ef,lr_awGudk tm;vkH;[m &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufem;vnfxm;=uygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh oHo,&JhatmufrSm b,folrS &Sdrae=uvkd@ygbJ”? aemufxyf tjcm;wa,mufrSvnf; “wkdufyGJrSm tcsdefwkd ,m,D a0'emcHpm;&wm[m/ &mpkESpf=um emusifem&wmxufawmh ykdaumif;ygw,f” [k a&;om;cJhygonf?


“vlxk wkdufyGJ.tp”

we*FaEGae@ tm&k%frwufrD Amema&S@Afonf tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmcJhavonf? vufzuf&nfwcGufukd aomuf+yD;aemuf ol.rdom;pktm; cGJcGm&ef E_wfqufvkdufygonf? xkd@aemuf Akdifabmh*f &kH;cGJ (Vyborg branch) ÏmecGJokd@ oGm;&eftwGuf tvGefat;pdrfhaeaom avxkxJokd@ pwifxGufcGmvmcJhygonf? xkdae&mokd@ ola&muf&Sd oGm;aomtcg ¹yGwfodyfaeaom vlwtkyfonf &kH;cGJY apmifhqkdif;ae=uavonf? olrS (11) em&Drxkd;rDuwnf;u a&mufae=uaom olrsm;ukd eef;awmf&ifjyifokd@ ‚if;wkd@zmom xGufcGmoGm;ESifh=u&ef ajymvkdufygonf? xkdtcg olwkd@onf eDAmjrpf (Neva River) ukd jzwfaqmufxm;aom wHwm;rsm;. a&S@wGif ppfwyfrsm;rS rydwfqkd@rD vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf? aerGef;wnfhcsdefwGif ol ESifh (11) em&Daemufykdif;rSa&muf&Sdvm=uaom &maygif;rsm;pGm aom tvkyform;rsm;onf eef;awmfqDokd@oGm;&m 'DAkd&D,efpuD,m;vrf; (Dvorianskaia Street) okd@ pwif pkefqif;vm=uavonf?

vrf;.tqkH;okd@ olwkd@ csOf;uyfvm=uaomtcg ajcvsifppfom;rsm; ESifh jrif;wyfrsm; apmifhqkdif;ae onfukd olwkd@awG@vkduf=u&onf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@ESifh ajcvSrf; (500) twGif;okd@ a&muf&Sdaomtcg tcsufay; oHwck xGufay:vmavonf? "m;tdrfc|wfxm;onfh ppfwyfokH;"m;&Snfrsm;onf aea&mifxJwGif wzswfzswf awmufyae=uavonf? jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;onf csDwufvmolrsm;twGif;okd@ w[kefxkd; pD;0ifvm+yD; vltkyf}uD;tm; uef@vef@jzwfvrf;rsm;twGif;okd@ z&kdz&J jyef@usJoGm;apavonf? vltkyf}uD;onf +cHpnf;&kd;rsm;ukd ukwfuwfausmfwufoGm;=u+yD; 0if;rsm;twGif;okd@0if&ef *dwfwHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhvkduf=uavonf? xkd 0if;rsm;onf ckdv_H&m&SmazGaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufoGm;avonf? jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm; jzwfausmfoGm;aomtcg vl (20) cef@avmufonf vrf;ay:wGif vJusae+yD; OD;xkyfrsm;/ &SL;zdeyftkyf &mbmpGyf rsm;ukd aemufwGifcsefxm;cJh+yD; vrf;ab;okd@a&mufatmif tv#iftjref wGm;oGm;aeonfukd Amema&S@Af owdðyrdavonf? r=umrD jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;onf qef@usifzuft&yfrSaeI jyefvSnfhvmum vrf;xJokd@ w[kefxkd;pD;0ifvm+yD; vrf;ay:wGif usefaeolrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. "m;jym;jzifh &kdufESufxkaxmif;oGm;avonf? (10) rdepfcef@=umaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm; onf tjcm;wae&mokd@ xGufoGm;a=umif;aocsmaomtcg/ 0if;twGif;rS vlrsm;vnf; tjyifokd@ jyefxGufvm =uavonf? tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tdrfrsm;okd@ jyefoGm;=u+yD;/ Amema&S@Af ESifh tjcm;olrsm;onf &ifjyifawmf zufqDokd@ qufvufcsDwufaepOf/ tcsKd@onf aemufxyf wkdufckdufr_rsm;ukd a&Smifv$J&eftwGuf a&cJaeaom eDAmjrpfay:rSaeI jzwfausmfae=uawmhonf?

xkdokd@jzpfaepOftwGif;Y a*yGefonf v$wfawmf. emAmÏmecGJ (Narva branch) rS t}uD;qkH;aom

csDwufrnfholrsm;tkyfpkukd OD;aqmifvmavonf? wm&mumaemhAfum jrpf (Tarakanovka River) ukd jzwfxm;onfh wHwm;okd@ a&mufaomtcg olwkd@onf (93) tkdifuGwfpfuf ajcvsif wyf&if; (93rd Irkutsk Infantry Regiment) ESifh &ifqkdifvkduf&avawmhonf? xkd wyfronf òrd@okd@ ,ckrSa&mufvmump jzpf+yD;/ olwkd@ukd awmfvSefa&;wckukd v#Kd@0Suf}uHpnf ajcykef;ckwfae=uonf[k ajymxm;avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf pdwfv_yf&Sm;ae=u+yD;/ a&S@rS OD;aqmifcsDwufvmolrsm;onf ykvdyfwkd@. aemufokd@ jyefvSnfh&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufukd vpfvsL&_vkduf+yD;/ xkdtpm; vufrsm;ukdykdufI ppfwyfrsm;&Sd&mzufokd@ wkd;I 0ifvmaomtcg ppfom;rsm;onf ykdrkd pdwfv_yf&Sm;vm=uavonf? “yxrawmh vltkyf}uD;onf &ifjyifzufokd@ OD;wnfa&G@vsm;oGm;avonf” [k qENjyolwa,mufrS aemufykdif;wGif rSwfrdvmavonf? “xkd@aemuf/ &kdifz,faoewfrsm;ESifh toifhjzpfaeaom ppfom;rsm;ukd jrifaomtcg acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xkdppfom;rsm;&Sd&mzufokd@ pwifajy;oGm;avawmhonf/ vltkyf}uD;rSvnf; aemufrS vkdufygoGm;ygonf? c&m okH;}udrfr_wf+yD;aemuf/ ppfom;rsm;onf avxJokd@ ESpf}udrf aoewfaxmifypfvkdufygonf? vltkyf}uD;onf qufvufajy;oGm;avonf? wwd,t}udrf teD;uyf w&yfpyf ypfvkdufaomtcg tvHqdkif;ykwftxrf;orm;rsm; vJusoGm;avonf? atmf[pfoHrsm;/ ikdaºuG;oHrsm;ESifh emusif +iD;wGm;oHrsm;ukd =um;ae&avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf Za0Z0gpdwf&_yfaxG;jzpfaejcif;a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ (okd@) olwkd@. txuftrdef@ay;t&m&Sd. &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ wyfcGJ ESpfckpvkH;onf wvSnfhpDywfcwf&m/ ‚if;wkd@. ,rf;uyfrsm;ukefoGm;onftxd vltkyfxJokd@ (7)}udrfxufykdI ypfcwfcJh=uav onf?” vltkyf}uD;onf 'gZifrsm;ESifhcsDI towfcH&olrsm; ESifh aoG;tkdifxJwGif vJavsmif;aeaom '%f&m& olrsm;ukd csefxm;cJh+yD; tumtuG,f&&eftvkd@iSg teD;tem;&Sdvrf;rsm;ay:okd@ z&kdz&Jjyef@usJoGm;avonf? a*yGefonf rifoufawGa0oGm;+yD;/


ol@ukd,fol wwGwfwGwfajymqkda&&Gwfum/ ykef;atmif;&ef xGufoGm;avonf? xkdae@aemufykdif;wGif pma&;q&m rmhufZif a*:uD . wkdufcef;Y ol. &Snfvsm;aom qHyif ESifh rkwfqdwfar$;rsm;ukd jzwfawmufypfvkdufavonf?

wòrd@vkH;&Sd vrf;qkHrsm;wGif csDwufolrsm;onf ppfwyfrsm; ESifh &ifqkdifwkd;rd+yD; tvm;wl tcif;jzpfyGm;r_ rsm; jzpfay:cJhavonf? okd@aomf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf eef;awmf&ifjyifokd@ rGef;vGJ (2) em&Drxkd;rDtxd oGm;a&muf&efóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? xkdae&mw0kdufwGif olwkd@onf Zmbk&ifukdapmihfqkdif;aecJh=uavonf? tpkvdkuf tòyHvkduf owfjzwfr_owif;rsm;onf jyef@ESH@oGm;+yD;/ a*yGefvnf; towfcHcJh&onf[laom aumv[v owif;rsm;ESifh a&mpyfjyef@ESH@oGm;aomtcg vlxk. a'goonf ar#mfvifhxm;onfxuf ykdrkd }uD;xGm;vm avonf? (2) em&Dxkd;oGm;aomfvnf; Zmbk&ifonf xGufay:rvmcJhacs? aemufqkH;wGif ppfwyfrsm;onf &ifjyifawmfukd &Sif;vif;&eftwGuf qENjyolrsm;tm; aoewfrsm;jzifhypfcwfjcif; ESifh =umyGwfrsm;jzifh &kdufESufjcif;/ ‚if;wkd@. "m;jym;rsm;jzifh &kdufESufjcif; wkd@jzifh pwif &Sif;vif;avawmhonf? t=urf;zuf wkdufckdufr_rsm;onf wae@vkH;ESifh wnaevkH; jzpfyGm;cJhavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh aqmif;&moD eef;awmf teD;w0kdufESifh AmqDavhAfpuD u|ef; (Vasilevskii Island) rS jrpfukdjzwful;onfh ae&mrsm;wGif trsm;qkH; jzpfyGm;cJhavonf?

awmfvSefa&; v_H@aqmfr_ ratmifjrifyJ/ tm%mykdifwkd@. aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEG xajrmufatmifjrif

oGm;aomtcg/ Zmbk&ifajymqkdaeonfh olonf ol. jynfom;rsm;tay: cspfcifjrwfEkd;r_&Sdonfqkdaom t&mrsm; rSm tESpfom&ryg Avmoufoufom jzpfoGm;avonf? olwkd@. tkyfpkd;olrsm;onf w&m;r#wr_twGuf olwkd@. atmf[pfawmif;qkdaeoHrsm;ukd =um;vdrfhrnf (okd@r[kwf) olwkd@. tusKd;twGuf vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf [laom pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;onf tzsufqD;cHvkduf&avonf? bkef;awmf}uD; a*yGefxuf ykdI rnfolr# ,rf;ykHrD;us emusnf;a'goxGufrxGufEkdifcJh=uacs? we*FaEGnwGif a*:uDonf rkwfqdwf ar$; Avmjzpfaeaom a*yGefukd pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfr_ tzGJ@tpnf; (Free Economic Society) &Sd tpnf;ta0; wckokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? xkdae&mokd@ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;onf wae@wm tjzpf tysufrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd okH;oyf&eftwGuf oGm;=uavonf? a*:uDonf rwfwyf&yfvkduf+yD; a*yGef. xkwfjyef a=unmcsufukd a0iSvkduf+yD;/ Zmbk&ifESifh jynfolrsm;t=um;wGif olwkd@&Jabmfrsm;. aoG;rsm; pGef;ayvJavsmif;aeonfukdvnf; ajymvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf a*yGefukd,fwkdifxIatmf[pfvkdufonfrSm “+idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;a&;onf &_H;edrfhoGm;cJhav+yD æ ,ck u|Ekfyfwkd@ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh qufvufcsDwuf&awmhr,f”? tvkyform;rsm;. wkdufyGJtwGuf &HykHaiGxnfh0if&ef arwWm&yfcH+yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;onf tkwfatmfaomif;wif;jzpfvmonfukd a*yGefonf owdðyrd+yD;aemuf aemufaz;aygufrSaeI xGufajy;oGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf jynfyEkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfokd@ qufvufxGufcGmoGm;+yD;/ ta&;awmfykHESifh ywfoufI ol. yg0ifulnDv_yf&Sm;r_ wpdwfwykdif;r# r&Sdawmhacs?

Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@rwkdifrDtxd/ Zmbk&iftm; qef@usif twkduftcHðyjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;t&wufºuG vmaom

vlxktwGif;Y t"du ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aeaom ta=umif;t&mjzpfavonf? xdkae@rSpI tpkd;&ESifh ol. twkduftcH ESpfzufpvkH;onf jzpfvmEkdifonfh óudwifwGufcsufrSef;qI r&Ekdifaom tiftm;wck/ ajymif;vJap Ekdifaom tiftm;wck/ vlxktkHºuGr_wckwkd@ukd pOf;pm;xm;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? aqmif;&moD eef;awmfokd@ csDwuf yGJonf t&m&mwkdif;ukd ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhonf? jynfolwkd@. oufOD;qHykdifpepftay: rsufpdrSdwfacgif;ndwf vkdufavsmcJhr_rsm;onf ysufpD;oGm;cJhav+yD? wkdif;jynfonf ol. orkdif;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom taESmifht,Suf jzifh r=umrD pwifawmhrnfjzpfavonf? pnf;&kH;olrsm;. tjrifwGif csDwufyGJonf atmifjrifcJhavonf? Zmbk&if.*k%foduQmESifh w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_wkd@onf olwkd@ óudwifwGufqxm;onfhtwkdif; aoG;tkdifxJwGif vJus epfrGef;oGm;cJhav+yD? xkd@tjyif xkd@ae@ csDwufqENjyyGJwGif yg0ifcJhonf tvkyform; trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD; rsm;onf olwkd@. toufrsm;ESifh &if;I wrifoufouf &nf&G,fzefwD;aom yËdyuQtjzpfr[kwfyJ/ w&m;r#wr_twGuf &kdusKd;ESdrfhcspGm awmif;qkdr_tjzpf olwkd@v_yf&Sm;r_. wefzkd;&if;ukd jyef,loGm;avonf?

a*yGef. v$wfawmfonf aemufxyf wm&SnfcHaom tusKd;oufa&mufr_ wckvnf;&SdcJhavonf? odk@aomfvnf;

Ttcsufukd xifomjrifompGm &SmazGzkd@ cufvSonf? Zefe0g&D (9) &ufae@ tjzpftysufjzpfonfh &kdifz,faoewfrsm;jzifh w&yfpyf ypfcwfr_rsm;ESifh jrif;pD;wyfom;rsm;. w[kefxkd;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufr_rsm;onf jynfolwkd@. em;xJwGif yJhwifoHtjzpf usef&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@zmomvGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqmifEkdifaom tawG@tóuH&&SdoGm;=uavonf? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfatmufwGifaexkdifcJhonfh aexkdifr_ykHpHa[mif;xuf wpkHw&m tav;omoGm;cJhavonf? usefaom


ESpfrsm;twGuf òrd@awmf ESifh wjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;onf xkdtajctaeay:wGif tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zGH@òzd;vmatmif wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uonf? wcgw&H EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_wkd@twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&ef tjcm;aom ykdrkdI ynmwufaom vlwef;pm; rsm;ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifcJhonf? atvufqkdif u&Dvif (Aleksei Karelin) onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;xJwGif aomhcsufusonfh tcef;u¾rS yg0ifvkyfaqmifvmovkdrsKd; v$wfawmfonfvnf; &nfrSef;csuftcsKd@ESifh ykdrkd&Sif;vif;aom vuQ%mrsm;ukd a&S@okd@ o,faqmifvmEkdifcJhonf? v$wfawmfonf trSwfonmxJwGifom usef&SdawmhonfhtcgwGif/ xGufay:vmcJhonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tavhtusifh jzpfcJh onfh pdwfxm;rsm;onf &xm;oHvrf;cif; ausmufwkH;rsm;tjzpf vlxkwkdufyGJopfqDokd@ ay;qyfcJhavonf?

bk&if eDukdvufpfonf trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;ESifh ae@pOfyk*~dKvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd cGJjcm;jcif; rðyEkdif

aomtcg/ tm;vkH;ukd ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif wm0ef,l a&;oGif;vkdufavonf? “tvGefausuGJ 0rf;enf; zG,f&m ae@wae@ygbJ/ bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh tvkyform;awGu aqmif;&moDeef;awmfukd csDwufzdk@ óud;yrf;=uwJh twGuf qkd;&Gm;vSwJh r+idrfrouf/ z&kdz&Jjzpfr_awG[m pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@rSm jzpfyGm;cJh&w,f? òrd@&J@ tpdwftykdif; tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ppfwyfawG[m rypf&ifrjzpfwJhtajctaeukd a&mufcJh&w,f? vlawGrsm;pGm aoqkH;/ '%f&m&&SdcJh=uw,f? bk&m;a& æ b,favmufawmifrsm; ESvkH;a=uuGJ/ emusifzG,f&m aumif;vkdufygvdrfhæ? r,fawmf[mòrd@uae bk&m;ausmif;ukd wkduf&kduf a&muf&SdvmcJhw,f/ tm;vkH;eJ@ ae@vnfpm twlwuGpm; aomufcJhw,f? +yD;awmh rD&Sm (Misha) eJ@ vrf;av#mufxGufoGm;w,f? r,fawmf[m wnwm 'DrSmaexkdifoGm; cJhw,f”? [k ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif a&;om;cJhonf?

&ufowWywf/ ae@&ufrsm;pGm ukefqkH;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifonf olESifh ol@jynfolrsm;t=um;wGif csnfaESmif

qufoG,fxm;onfh opPmawmfcHr_ óud;r#ifonf jywfawmufoGm;cJh+yD qkdonfukd od&Sdem;vnf&ef EkdifiHa&;tod m%f csKd@wJhcJhavonf? omrefjynfolvlxk}uD;onf vlvdrf/ vlnpf/ vl,kwfrm tkyfpki,frsm;. aoG;aqmifr_a=umifh aoGzDvrf;v$JcJh&avonf[k ol awG;xifaecJhonf? ol@tpkd;&. ckdifrmawmifhwif;aer_ a=umifh 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_ukd a&Smifv$JEkdifcJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh eDukdvufpfonf ppfwyftwGif;Y pnf;urf;wif; =uyfr_jzifh emrnf&aeonfh ppfwyft&m&SdwOD;jzpfonfh 'DrDw&D x&DayghAf (Dmitrii Trepov) tm; pdef@yDwmpbwf. bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfvkduf+yD;/ ‚if;tm; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'xkwfjyefEkdifonfh tcGifh tm%myg ay;tyfvkdufavonf? x&DayghAfonf oydwfwkdufyGJ pnf;&kH;olrsm; ESifh v$wfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufjcif;/ owif;pmrsm;tay: ESdyfuGyfjcif;/ ESifh oydwfarSmufqENjyonfh puf&kHrsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm; csxm;jcif;jzifh òrd@awmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;cJhavonf? xkd t&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf [email protected];ay:wGif ydwfqkd@xm;onf[laom aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGukd axmufultm;jznfhvkdufonfh tm;jznfhvkyf&yfrsm;yifjzpfawmhonf?

Zmbk&ifonf ol@zcif. apwemo'Ngw&m;rsm;tay: jynfolwkd@. ,kH=unfcJhr_wkd@ukd jyefvnf

wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf ajy&majyma=umif; trlt&m oabmxm;ukd wenf;wenf;jzifh teJqkH; urf;vSrf;&rnfqkdonfukd eDukdvufpf. 0ef}uD;tcsKd@onf jzifh em;vnf oabmaygufxm;=uavonf? rD&fpuD (Mirskii) ESifh pkdufysKd;a&;0ef}uD; at tufpf tmrkdavmhAf (A. S. Ermolov) wkd@onf Zmbk&iftm; tvkyform;rsm;. om,m0ajyma&;twGuf ol. wm0ef&Sdr_wkd@ukd a=unm&ef wkdufwGef;cJhavonf? tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf tvkyform;rsm;. emusnf;csuf/ ra=ueyfcsufrsm;ukd todtrSwfðyr_ wpkHw&m rðyvkyfygu/ òrd@awmfwGif; &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfr_/ yGufavm&kdufr_ukd +idrfusoGm;atmif rðyvkyfEkdifygu/ EkdifiHjcm;+rD&Sifrsm;xHrS &k&SEkdifiH. aiGacs;iSg;r_tay: xdckdufepfemvdrfhrnf[k b¾ma&;0ef}uD;rSvnf; xyfavmif;today;cJhavonf?

wpkHw&m t&dyft¹rGufjyo&ef eDukdvufpfonf oabmwlnDcJhavonf? olonf a&S;&kd;pGJtjrif t,ltq&Sdonfh

tvkyform; (34) a,mufukd rdrdzmoma&G;cs,fI Zmqukd; q,fvkd (Tsarskoe Selo) okd@ zdwfac:cJhavonf? Zmqukd; q,fvkd wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf wef;pDI wukd,fvkH;c|wf &SmazGcH&+yD;/ Zmbk&if. qkH;roifcef;pm ay;jcif;ukd cHcJh=u&avonf? olonf ‚if;wkd@tm; aemufaemif qENjyaESmifh,Sufr_rsm; wGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif; rðy&ef owday;cJhavonf? Zmbk&ifrS ta&;w,lvkyfI ajymonfrSm “tvkyform; jynfolawG&Jh &kd;om;wJh pdwfcHpm;r_awG eJ@ igukd,fawmfjrwftay:rSmxm;wJh olwkd@&Jh r,drf;,kdifEkdifwJh =unf!kd o'Ngw&m;awGukd igukd,fawmfjrwf ,kH=unfawmfrlw,f/ xkd@twGufa=umifh olwkd@&Jh tjypfawGukd igukd,fawmfjrwf cGifhv$wfawmfrlonf”? xkd atmifhoD;atmifhouf tcH&cufonfhpum;rsm;ukd ausmfvGefI/ tpkd;&onf òrd@awmf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;. tajctaeukd


pkHprf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;rS a&G;cs,fvkdufonfh tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh aumfr&Sifopfw&yfukd cef@tyfcJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh ol. rdom;pkrS zdtm;ay;r_rsm;a=umifh/ eDukdvufpfonf pdwfrygh wygjzifh woD;yk*~vrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDokd@ toem;cHyef=um;Ekdifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wkd@ukd cGifhðyvkdufavonf? xkd@tjyif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh v$wfawmfwcktwGuf ra&r&m r_ef0g;0g; pDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; a=unmcJhavonf?

xkd jyifqifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd Zmbk&ifonf +yD;cJhonfh 'DZifbmv uwnf;u rD&fpuD t}uHay; wifjycJh

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Zmbk&ifrS csDwkHcswkHESifh qkH;jzwfcsufray;Ekdifjzpfaeaomtcg/ &k&SEkdifiHorkdif;wGifjzpfyGm;cJhonfh tvkyform;

r+idrfrouf jzpfr_rsm;wGif t}uD;us,fqkH;aom tkHºuGr_ v_dif;wHykd;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfukd xdrSefvm avawmhonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/ vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsay;a&;/ ESifh tvkyf=uyfrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;tay: aumif;rGefpGm qufqHapa&;/ wkd@ukd awmif;qkd=uavonf? tvkyfcGiftwGif;Y qENjyoydwfarSmufr_rsm;ukd ydwfyifxm;onfh tpkd;&. Oya'ukd raxrJhjrifðyjcif;jzifh/ olwkd@. tvkyf&Sifrsm;tay: pdefac:vkdufjcif; jzpfavonf? Toydwfrsm;onf tpkd;&ukd apmfum;jcif;vnf; jzpfavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;rS xkwfjyefwm;jrpfxm;onfh vlpkvla0;jzifh rae&/ pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;jcif;rðy&[laom trdefukd tHwkonfhtaejzifh/ ,cifqENjyr_rsm;xuf e,fajr{&d,m ykdrkd us,fjyef@ }uD;rm;aom yrm%mjzifh/ olwkd@onf tm%m&Sifrsm;ukd tHwkpdefac:vkdufavonf? Zefe0g&DvwGif pkpkaygif; qENjy tvkyform; (400 000) ausmf&Sd+yD;/ azaz:0g&DvwGif (300 000) eD;yg;&Sdavonf?

zdESdyfoltm%m&Sifrsm;tm; tHwkpdefac:jcif;onf (20) &mpkwGif vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfwck jzpfvmavonf? rnfonhfae&mwGifrqkd vlwkdif;. rausreyfjzpfr_rsm;ESifh vufawG@b0tajctaersm;wGif/ yxrOD;pGm zdESdyfcH&rnf/ aemuf ykdrkdus,fjyefaom EkdifiHa&;rD;awmuf wckjzpfvm&eftwGuf xkd zdESdyfr_onf avmifpmjzpfvm ayrnf? wkdif;jynfwjynftm; rnfokd@ ðyjyifajymif;vJrnf[laom v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf tvkdtavsmufvnf; jzpfay:Ekdifonf (okd@r[kwf) txl;*&kpkdufpGm pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzifhvnf; jzpfEkdifonf? okd@aomf w}udrfcsDwuf qENjyrdonfESifh ESdrfESif;r_rygbJESifh (okd@) tav#mhay;ESpfodrfhac|;odyfr_ rygbJESifh xdkqENjyr_ukd xdef;csKyf&yfwef@&ef rjzpfEkdifoavmufyif/ (okd@r[kwf) xkdt&mrsm;rwkdifrD aemufqkH;wGif atmifyGJ&&SdoGm;jcif;jzpfayrnf? (1905) ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@ csDwufqENjycJhaom &k&Sm;rsm;onf &J&ifhaom yef;wkdifrsm;&Sdjcif;ESifh tm%mukd ckdif+rJpGm qkyfukdifxm;olrsm;xHokd@ vufeufrJh qENjyjcif;wkd@onf EkdifiHawmf ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um;&Sd qufqHa&;udk ajymif;vJapcJhavonf? Zmbk&if ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;onf yifukdk,ftpGrf;tprsm; r&Sd=uawmhay? ,cktcg jynfolvlxkonf ajymif;vJr_ ajcvSrf;ukd pwifaerd+yDjzpfavonf?

“yËdyuQ jzpfaeaom tifykdif,m wck”

(1905) ckESpf./ aEGOD;&moD ESifh aEG&moD twGif;Y tifyg,mwckvkH;wGif/ jynfolwkd@onf olwkd@. edpP"l0 b0rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfaeonfh tm%mykdiftaqmufttkHrsm; ESifh pwif&ifqkdifavawmhonf? tqifhjrifonfh qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh pdwf"gwfjrihfrm;onhf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_azmfaqmif&ef awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf avsmhyg; roGm;cJh acs? xkd@tjyif tjyif;xefqkH;aom yËdyuQrsm;onf oufODqHykdifpepf. txufykdif; tm%mykdifrsm; twGif;Y r[kwfyJ/


atmufajctm%mykdifrsm;twGif;Y jzpfay:cJhonf? ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ a'otkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mykdif t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh/ ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. txl;vkyfykdifcGifh tm%mrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;tqifhrsm;ukd atmufajcrSaeI wkdufckdufjcif;ukd cHae&avonf?

xkdumvrsm;twGif;Y/ tm%mykdifrsm;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif av;uefxkdif;r_dif; zifhaES;ae=u avonf?

Zmbk&if. ppfom;rsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;onf jynfolvlxktm; zdESdyfxm;&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifonfh tcsdefwGif/ bk&ifonf t"duusonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcGifhay;&ef tvkdqENr&Sday? ajrjyif&Sd rku'efwdkufyGJ (Battle of Mukden) ESifh/ yifv,fjyif&Sd ql&SDrm a&vuf=um; (Tsushima Straits) wkdufyGJrsm;wGif/ *syefwkd@tay: ppfa&;&_H;edrfhr_topf ESpfckonf ppfa&;pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_r&Sd[laom pdwf"gwfa&;&m usqif;r_rsm;ukdom jrifhwufvmapcJhonf? txl;ojzihf ql&SDrm a&vuf=um;wkdufyGJonf &k&Swkd@tm; t&Suf wuGJtusKd;eJjzpfapcJhonf? &k&Swkd@. abmvfwpf ppfoabFmtkyfpkonf a&vuf=um;tm; vaygif;rsm;pGm =umatmif jzwful;+yD;aemuf em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif; *syefwkd@. vkH;0zsufqD;jcif;ukd cHvkduf&avonf? xkd@aemuf r=umcifyif +idrf;csrf;a&; ajymqkdaqG;aEG;r_ pwifcJhavonf?

xkd&_H;edrfhr_ &moDOwktwGif;Y ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; ay;tyfxm;onfh tvkyfwm0efrsm;ukd

vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf pdwfyg0ifpm;r_ tenf;i,fukdom jyocJh=uavonf? txl;ojzifh/ puf&kHrsm;&Sd&ma'o twGif;Y +idrf0yfydjym;r_rsm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef trdef@ay;cH&aomtcg/ (okd@r[kwf)/ v,f,majrrsm;ay:wGif v,form;rsm;. aESmifh,SufzsufqD;r_rsm;ESifh óuHawG@&aomtcgrsm;wGif jzpfavonf? tcsKd@wyfpdyfrsm;&Sd &Jabmfrsm;onf EkdifiHa&; tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufjcif; ESifh awmfvSefa&; pmapmifrsm;ukd zwfjcif;/ ESifh wyfwGif;Y txufESifhatmuf trdef@remcHr_rsm;wkd@jzifh v$rf;rkd;aeavonf? ajcvsifwyf&if;wckonf ppfom; wa,mufukd zrf;qD;jcif;ukd[ef@wm;aeavonf? xkd@jyif &kdifz,fwyfcGJwckonf ‚if;wkd@. wyfzGJ@0if wa,muf axmifrS rvGwfajrmufao;rDtcsdeftxd pufypfuGif;avhusifhcef;ukd qif;&ef jiif;qefaecJhavonf?

òrd@}uD;rsm; ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;Yvnf;aumif;/ &k&SEkdifiH. ESvkH;om;jzpfaom òrd@awmfwGifvnf;aumif;/

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xkdrauseyfcsufrsm;tm;vkH;onf topfjzpfay:vmonfrsm;r[kwfay? okd@aomf xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd

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tifykdif,m. pyg;usDwckjzpfonfh umhpfuf jynfe,f (Kursk province) wGif/ azaz:0g&Dv (8) &ufae@wGif

v,form;tkHºuGr_rsm; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhavonf? &maygif;rsm;pGmaom awmifolv,form;rsm;onf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; acgif;avmif;rsm;/ rD;ykHrsm;jzifh t&dyferdwfjy+yD; ‚if;wkd@. vSnf;rsm;jzifh wef;pDI a'o&Sd csrf;omaomtdrf}uD;rsm;qDokd@


xGufcGmvmcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@onf *kda'gifrsm;/ ukefavSmif&kHrsm;ukd &kdufzsufcsKd;azmufI *sKH/ pyg; oD;ESH rsm;udk vSnf;rsm;jzifh o,faqmifvm=u+yD;/ aemufykdif;wGif tdrfwtdrfpD wkdif;wGif&Sdaom rdom;pkta&twGuftvkduf a0jcrf;vkduf=uavonf?

azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ tpkd;&onf a*smf*sD,mjynfe,fY ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukd a=unmvkduf+yD; ppfom;

(10000) ukd apv$wfvkdufavonf? (1903) ckESpfuwnf;rSpwifI a0;vHacgifoDonfh *l&D,ma'o&Sd v,form;rsm;onf rnfonfh tpkd;&tm%mykdifrsm;. tav;*&kðyjcif;ukdr# r&&SdcJhay? olwkd@onf tcGeftwkwfrsm; ay;&efjiif;qef=u+yD;/ Zmbk&if. &kyfykHukd rD;&_d@cJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf tpkd;& t&m&Sd tcsKd@ukdvnf; owfypfcJh=u+yD;/ qENjyonfh tpdwftykdif;w&yftaejzifh xkdtowfcH&ol tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;ukd p¾mvrsm;rS ajrjr‡Kyfray;cJh=uay? *l&D,m&Sd tm%mrsm;tm;vkH;onf *l&D,ef; qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpf aumfrwD (Guriian Social Democratic Committee) . vufxJwGif &Sdavonf? xkd aumfrwDonf tywfpOf tpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:,l+yD; vGwfvyfaom (xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&aom) pum;&nfvkyGJ tpDtpOfrsm;ukd usif;yay;avonf? tusKd;oufa&mufr_tm;jzifh *l&D,monf ukd,fhzmomukd,ftkyfcsKyfonfh v,form; orwEkdifiHwck jzpfvmavonf? }uD;us,fxif&Sm;onfh 0wˆKa&;q&m}uD; vD,kd awmfvfpwGdKif;onf tpkd;&tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;/ raqmif&Gufa&;ukd =umjrifhpGm a[majymcJholjzpfonf? a*smf*sD,m vlrsKd;rsm; onf oltESpf (20) ausmf=um pOf;pm;cJh/ a&;om;cJhonfrsm;ukd twdtus taumiftxnfazmfae=ujcif; jzpfonf[k ol. a*smf*sD,mvlrsKd; wynfhwOD;xHokd@ pma&;ajymcJhavonf? awmfvfpwGdKif;rS xkdwynfhtm; ajymcJhonfrSm tpkd;&u ‚if;wkd@tm; tultnDay;r_ukd vSrf;ar#mf=unfhaejcif;xuf/ (okd@) tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wkdufckdufjcif;onf/ olwkd@onf olwkd@tm; tkyfpkd;aeolrsm;xHrS [email protected]&;ukd olwkd@zmomolwkd@ &kd;pif;pGm &,lvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

cg&fqGef jynfe,f (Kherson province) &Sd/ wJvm&SDEkd (Talashino) aus;&GmwGif/ v,form;rsm;onf

awG@qkHpnf;a0;=u+yD;/ toem;cHv$mrl=urf;wapmifudka&;om;cJh+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd tpkd;&xHokd@ qufocJh avonf? “u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@. vkdtyfcsufrsm;rSm tvGefyif}uD;rm;vSygonf/ t&Sif- &mpkESpfrsm;pGm u|efawmfrsKd; v,form;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmf. qkd;0g;aom trSm;rsm;/ tcuftcJ/ ab;'kuQ/ tEW&m,frsKd;pkHwkd@ukd cg;pnf;cHcJh=u &ygonf? &k&SEkdifiHawmf}uD;csJ@xGif&eftwGuf u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@. bkd;ab;bDbifrsm;onf ol@wkd@. aoG;rsm;ukd ay;qyfcJh=uygonf? &mpkESpfck ESifh w0ufausmf=um u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf ckdif;zwfu|efb0jzifh &SifoefcJh=u& ygonf? xkdokd@jzifh txl;tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; csrf;om}uD;yGm; ZdrfusaeEkdif&eftwGuf vkyfukdifcJh=u&ygonf? &mpkESpfrsm;pGm u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@onf tqrwef av;vHaom tcGeftwkwfrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifaecJh=u&ygonf?” xkd@aemuf qufvufI toem;cHv$mwGif 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&onfh v$wfawmfwck/ jynfol jynfom; wkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ ajr,m jyefvnfcGJa0ay;a&;/ a'oEW& tpkd;&rsm; jyifqifzGJ@pnf;ay;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;a&; ponfwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJhygonf?

t"du csnfr#if ESifh txnf,ufvkyfief; A[kdjzpfonfh tkdifAefEkdAkd-aAmhZeDqef;pfuf (Ivanovo-Voznesensk)

puf&kHwGif/ arv (12) &ufae@Y tvkyform; (30000) ausmf qENjyoydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? qENjyolrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf puf&kHcGJwckpDwkdif;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf ukd,fpm;ðyv$wfawmftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd a&G;aumufcJh=uygonf? xkdv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rS wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D owfrSwfay;a&;/ vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ rD;zGm;cGifh/ ESifh vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh ESifh vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&kH;cGifh ponfwkd@ yg0ifonfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;twGuf pm&if;wckukd a&;qGJcJh=uygonf? t=urf;zufr_rsm;tm umuG,f&eftwGuf ppf0efxrf;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? arvaESmif;ykdif; tpnf;ta0;wckwGif tvkyform;rsm;tm; ppfwyfrS =umyGwfrsm;jzifh &kdufESufjcif;/ tcsKd@tm; ypfowfjcif;wkd@ ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf qENjyr_onf t=urf;zufr_toGifokd@ ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf &kef;&if;qefcwf t"du&k%f; rsm;jzpfyGm;jcif;/ vk,ufjcif;/ ESifh vrf;rsm;ay:wGif ppfwyfrsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;ESifh vkH;axG;owfykwfjcif;wkd@/ (8) &uf =um=um jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? qENjyoydwfonf ZGefvukefcgeD;txd jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? tvkyf&Sif rsm;onf tm%mykdifrsm;rSaeI zdtm;ay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvmaomtcg ta&;r}uD;onfh tav#mhay;r_ wcsKd@ukd urf;vSrf;vmjcif;ESifh/ tm;tifukefcrf;oGm;aom qENjytvkyform;rsm;onf olwkd@. tvkyfcGifokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufoGm;aoma=umifh qENjyr_onf +yD;qkH;oGm;cJhavonf?

ZGefv (14) &ufae@wGif/ yifv,feufwGif&Sdaeaom wkdufoabFm ykdwrfuif (Potemkin) rS/ oabFmom; (14)

a,mufwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@tm; ykd;avmufvef;usaeonfhtom;rsm;au|;onf[laom rauseyf csufjzifh


t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhawG@qkH&eftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wfcJh=uonf? &ufpuf&rf;um;aom t&m&Sdonf oabFmom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,fukd ypfowfvkdufavonf? oabFmom;rsm;onf wyfwGif; ykefuefr_ wckðyvkyf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;pGmtm;owfjzwfypfcJhavonf/ xkd@aemuf teDa&miftvHwckudkvnf; oabFm ay:wGif v$ifhxlvkdufavonf? olwkd@ukd trdef@ay;&eftwGuf aumfrwDwckukd a&G;aumufvkdufavonf? xkdae@nwGif Potemkin onf t"du qdyfurf;wckjzpfonfh tkd'ufqm (Odessa) okd@ ckwfarmif;oGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf a'grmefxaeaom qENjyv_dif;wHykd;}uD;jzpfay:vmawmhavonf? oabFmurf;uyfr_onf qENjyyGJwckukd v_Haqmfvkduf+yD;/ xkdrS wqifh vk,ufjcif; ESifh rD;&_d@r_rsm; jzpfyGg;+yD;/ ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;aom t"du&k%f;jzpf vmavonf? t&m&Sdrsm;onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukda=unmvkdufavonf/ xkdtcg Potemkin onf yifv,f0zufokd@ jyefvnfckwfarmif;oGm;+yD; aemufqkH;wGif &kdar;eD;,m;Y urf;uyfI oabFmom;rsm; vufeufcs tnhHcHcJh avonf?

&k&Stifykdif,mwckvkH;wGif tajccHvlwef;pm;rS jynfolrsm;onf tm%mykdifrsm;. taqmufttkHrsm; ESifh

ypPnf;OpPmºuG,f0olrsm;. taqmufttkHrsm;ukd 0kdif;&Hxm;=uavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh tpkd;&t=urf;zufr_ rsm;a=umihf/ wkH@jyefr_rsm;jzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonf? rsm;pGmaom t"du&k%f;jzpfr_rsm;ukd tm%mykdifrsm;rS rqkdif;rwG csufjcif; ESdrfESif;ypfvkdufavonf? okd@aomf *l&D,morwEkdifiHwnfaxmifjcif;uJhokd@aom tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh tkdifAefEkdAkd-aAmhZeDqef;pfuf v$wfawmf(Ivanovo-Voznesensk Assembly) onfvnf; vlodrsm;aom v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfr_wckukd twkdif;twmopfwckudk vSpf[azmfxkwfjyvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf? tvkyf&Sifrsm;/ ajrykdif&Sifrsm;/ (okd@) a'oqkdif&mt&m&Sdrsm;tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh wkduf&kdufta&;,lr_ukd vkyfaqmif vkdufonf qkdaomfvnf;/ v,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf òrd@jyat;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf ‚if;wkd@. tcef;u¾ukdvnf; awmif;qkdvkdufavonf?

tvkyform;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;onf ‚if;wkd@. tcef;u¾twGuf taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;yif

jzpfavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdaomfvnf; xkdor*~rsm;rSm w&m;0ifr_r&SdyJ jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? or*~rsm;onf r=umc%qkdovkd tvkdtavsmufqENjyoydwfrsm;t=um;xJrS xGufay:vmavonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd pmpDorm;rsm;onf aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGae@+yD;aemuf vkyftm;copftwGuf oabmwlnD&ef tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf oydwfarSmufr_rSm us&_H;oGm;cJhav onf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf puf&kHtwGif;&Sd tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;onf olwkd@ESifhtwl vkdufygoydwf arSmuf&ef jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkdtcg pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm;onf ykHESdyfpufvkyfief;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfoihfonf[k qkH;jzwfcJh=u+yD;/ ZGefvwGif or*~wckukd pwifcJh=uav onf? trsm;pkonf ao;i,faomv_yf&Sm;r_tenf;i,fxufausmfvGefI rvkyfEkdifcJhaomfjim;vnf;/ ZEM0g&DvrS aeI pufwifbmv txd pkpkaygif; or*~ (40) xlaxmif&efóud;yrf;cJh=uavonf?

vlóudufrsm;onfh cGeftm;opfwckonfvnf; òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd ynmwwf tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;rSwqifh pD;0if

vmcJhao;onf? (1905) ckESpf/ tapmykdif;vrsm;twGif;Y yxrOD;pGm a&S@aersm;/ xkd@aemuf q&m0efrsm;/ aemuf ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ aq;azmfa&mif;csolrsm;/ oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ tif*sif eD,mrsm;/ todynm&Sifrsm;/ ESifh wd&p>mefaq;ukq&m0efrsm;onf trsKd;om;or*~rsm;ukd wnfaxmifcJh=u avonf? xkdor*~rsm;onf vpfb&,f EkdifiHa&; tpDtpOfrsm;ukd a&;qGJcJh=uavonf? armfpukdwGif jynfe,f (20) ausmfrS a&G;cs,fcH&onfh v,form; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf pka0;vm=uaomtcg awmifolv,form; pnf;&kH;r_onf aEG&moDwGif txGËftxdyfokd@ a&muf&SdcJhavonf? yxr aq;&kHw&kHwGif/ xkd@aemuf um;*kda'gifwckwGif v#Kd@0SufpGm tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf v,f,majray:wGif yk*~vduykdifypPnf;rsm; zsufodrf;a&;/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm; ykdifqkdifonfh v,fajrrsm;tm; jynfolykdifðyvkyfa&;ESifh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;nDvmcHwckukd wnfaxmifa&; ponfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJh=uavonf?

xkd twkduftcHðyr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf EkdifiHawmf. zdESdyfEkdifr_ tiftm;ukd 0efESifh tm; rr#jzpfapavonf?

Zmbk&if. wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh jynfe,fbk&ifcHrsm;onf qENjy&efpnf;&kH;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomwufºuGonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd olwkd@ &SmazGawG@&SdEkdifonfhtcgwkdif; zrf;qD;&ef aESmifhaES;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;yJ/ olwkd@taejzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdif&eftwGuf wyfzGJ@vltiftm; tvGefyifeJyg;aeavonf? &k&SEkdifiHonf vlOD;a& ESifh ykvdyftcsKd;tpm;onf +Adwdef/ jyifopfwkd@ESifh ,SOfv#if ykdrkdeJyg;avonf? Oyrm - aus;vufa'owGif ykvdyfwa,mufonf


vlOD;a& (50000) &Sdonfh/ {&d,mpwk&ef;rkdif (2000) twGuf wm0ef&Sdavonf? tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf t=uifemrJh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfEkdifaomfvnf;yJ ae&ma'o tm;vkH;ukd rðyvkyfEkdifay?

Zmbk&ifqef@usifolrsm;onf rdrdwkd@twGif;pnf;&kH;jcif;ESihf ykvdyfrsm;ukd a&Smifwdrf;jcif;tjyif

tvkdtavsmufqENjytkHºuGr_rsm;rjzpfEkdifaomae&mrsm;okd@ axmufcHtm;ay;&ef/ qENjy&eftwGuf uGif;qif; pnf;&kH;jcif;ESifh qENjyoydwfjzpfyGm;aeaom ae&mrsm;wGif oGm;a&muftm;ay;jcif;/ tm;wif;xm;apjcif; ponfwkd@ukd óud;yrf;tm;xkwfðyvkyfcJh=uavonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tm;aumif;aom tiftm;wckjzpfvm avonf/ okd@aomf EkdifiHa&;t& pepfwus zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tiftm;rsKd;r[kwfay? qkd&S,fvpfrsm; ESifh vpfb&,f rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm; oifwefay;&efESifh xkd wufºuGr_ukd rSefuefpGmtokH;cs&eftwGuf vdktyfonf[k wlnDaom oabmxm;tjrif&Sd=uavonf? ESpfrsm;pGm ajratmufvkyfief;tawG@tóuHESifh tawG;tac:qkdif&m ckdifrmaom pdwf"gwf&Sd=uonfh qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;onf pdwftm;xufoefpGm tqkdygwm0efukd ,laqmifvkduf =uavonf? olwkd@onf puf&kHrsm;wGif vufurf;pmaqmifrsm;/ owif;pmrsm; jzef@a0jcif;/ ESifh or*~zGJ@pnf;jcif; rsm;twGif;okd@ ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif=uonf? okd@aomf qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;/ abmfvf&SDApfrsm; (Bolsheviks) (okd@) rif&SDApfrsm; (Mensheviks) ponfh tkyfpkrsm;a=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@ESifh tu|rf;w0ifjzpfvmcsdefwGif/ tvkyform;tzGJ@0ifrsm; qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;&mwGif atmifjrifcJhavonf? txufyg rnfonfhtkyfpkr# eD;uyfpGm tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_xJokd@ yg0if aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdcJhacs?

vpfb&,frsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl pnf;vkH;nD!GwfpGmaqmif&Gufrnf[k 0efcHuwdrsm;ðycJh

onfqkdaomfvnf;/ olwkd@onf emrnf}uD;xif&Sm;onfh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonfhtwkdif;/ olwkd@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. obm0tavsmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf/ ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifr_aemufokd@ tvkyform;rsm;onf tvG,fwulyif aemufrS vkdufygvmvdrfhrnf[k tqifjcifrJhpGm ,lqxm;cJh=uavonf? &v'ftjzpf olwkd@onf orkdif;q&mwOD;. pum;t& “t=uyfwyfom; r&Sdaom ppfAkdvfcsKyfwpk” rsm;tjzpf usefae&pfcJh=uavonf?

okd@aomf &k&StwkduftcHrsm;wGif aEGOD;&moDrsm;ESifh aEG&moDrsm;Y t=uyfwyfom;&Sm;yg;r_ r&SdcJhacs?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tv$mpkHjzpfonfh v,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm; tm;vkH;onf yg0ifcJh=uavonf? owif;pmrsm;onf wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;ukd tmcH ykefuef+yD; qef@usifqENjyyGJrsm;ta=umif;a&;om;jcif;ESifh tpkd;&tm; &_H@csjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? tpkd;& cGifhðycsufr&Sdaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd usif;y=uonf/ tpkd;&cGifhðycsufr&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm; w[kefxkd; wkd;yGm;rsm; jym;vmavonf? xkdtajctaersKd;atmufwGif omref &mZ0wfr_rsm; wkd;yGm;rsm;jym;vmaomtcg/ tpkd;&onf rnfumrwWr#omjzpfaom trdef@tm%mrsm;ukdyif xdef;odrf;&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifawmhacs? xkdtcg vrf;o&J rsm;onf *sL;qef@usifa&; tpDtrHrsm;tygt0if/ qkd;,kwfaom 'kp&kduf jypfr_rsm;ukd usL;vGef=uavawmhonf? tpkd;&onf ‚if;. qkyfukdifEkdifr_ vkHvkH; usqif;aeavawmhonf? xkdtajctaersKd;wGif tpkd;&tm; qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;atmif cGifhðyxm;onfrSm twkduftcHrsm;t=um;wGif csKd@wJhtm;eJaeaom tcsif;csif; ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_yifjzpfonf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; ESifh vlwef;pm;tv$mtoD;oD;tm; ukd,fpm;ðyEkdifaom rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;r# ay:xGufrvmEkdifcJhacs? uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tkyfpkrsm;ukd aygif;pnf;&ef aemufusaeonfh óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ ukd taqmwvsifaqmif&GufEkdif+yD;/ oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd jywfom;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;jzifh qef@usifv_yf&Sm;cJhv#if aemufqkH;wGif oufOD;qHykdifpepfusqkH;oGm;+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;. t}uD;us,fqkH;aom atmifyGJukd &&Sdvdrhfrnfomjzpfonf?


“tm%mtwGuf wkdufckdufjcif;”

“&Jabmfwkd@ æ tvkyfawGukd &yfvkduf=u”

vrsm;pGm ta&;,lvkyfaqmifr_ rðyvkyfyJae+yD;aemuf/ =o*kwfv (6) &ufae@wGif/ Zmbk&ifonf twkdifyifcHv$wfawmfwck (okd@) 'l;rm; (Duma) ukd twnfðyvkdufavonf? oG,f0kdufaomenf;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf xkdv$wfawmfukd (1906) ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif ac:,l&efjzpfonf? rnfokd@yif qkdapumrl/ rJqENay;ykdifcGifhukd tvGeftrif;wif;=uyfuef@owfxm;ojzifh vlOD;a& woef;ausmf&Sdonfh pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@}uD;onf/ vl (7˜000) cef@om qENrJay;ykdifcGifh&SdcJhavonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkdtavsmufqENrJay;ykdifcGifh pm&if;xJrS z,fxkwfxm;cH&avonf? 'l;rm;v$wfawmfonfvnf; Oya'ðy&ef twGuf y%mrokH;oyfr_tqifhwGifom uef@owfxm;avonf? Zmbk&if. xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif taqmufttkHopfonf “&k&Stifykdif,m. zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzpfonfh oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepf. tESpfom&ukd raysmufysuf&ef” apmifhxdef;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onfhtwGuf/ ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk vufcH&ef/ ‚if;YqENr&Sda=umif;ukd taxmuftxm;topftjzpf urf;vSrf;xm;onfh twGufa=umifh xdyfwkdufyËdyuQjzpfr_topfonfvnf; a&mufvm&ef ra0;uGmvSacs?

ZEM0g&Dvokd@a&mufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;onf a&S@wef;okd@a&muf&Sdvmavonf? pufwifbmv (19)

&ufae@wGif/ armfpukd&Sd puf&kHw&kHrS pmykHESdyform;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/ awmif;qkdr_ pm&if;wckudk wifjycJhavonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg oydwfrsm;onf òrd@&Sd pmykHESdyfpuf&kHtrsm;pkudk ydwfypfEkdifcJh+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; oydwfarSmufr_ukd yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf “qkdAD,uf” [kac:onfh aumifpDwcktwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf? r=umrDwGifyif/ aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm;/ vuform;rsm;/ ESifh owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;yg vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=uavonf? atmufwkdbmvqef; ykdif;okd@a&mufaomtcg qENjyoydwfrsm;onf pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@okd@ausmfvGefI tjcm; òrd@}uD;rsm;txd jyef@ESH@oGm; avawmhonf?

tpyxrY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wGef;tm;ay;v_H@aqmfcJhonfrSm aiGa=u;jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; ryg0if ao;acs?

olwkd@onf tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsay;a&;/ a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;r tvkyform;rsm;t=um; vkyftm;c wef;wl&nfwl tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&&Sda&;/ ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;u ,Ofaus;csKdompGm qufqHr_wkd@twGufom jzpfonf? okd@aomf qENjyr_rsm;. t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm;/ ppfwyfrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqkdifawG@apcJhavonf? pufwifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif/ qENjyolrsm;onf ykHESdyfpuf wckrS wHcg;rsm;ukd &kdufcsKd;vkduf=u+yD;/ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&onfh qENrjyaom olrsm;rSm emrnfausmf uAsmq&m}uD; qm*sD yGwf&Sfuif (Sergei Pushkin) . &kyfwkwcka&S@Y &Jrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. 0kdif;&Hxm;jcif;ukd cH&avonf? rsufjrifoufaowOD;rS owif;ay;ykd@onfrSm “aumhqufrsm; wkdufckduf&ef 0kdif;vmavonf/ vltkyfzufrS &kwfw&uf ypfcwfoHrsm;xGufay:vm+yD;/ jyifopfjrif;pD;ykvdyf wa,mufonf jrif;ay:rS ,drf;,kdifoGm;+yD;aemuf ajray:okd@ ðywfusoGm;avonf? xkdtcg vltkyfonf aemufjyefvSnfh+yD; xGufajy;oGm;=uavonf? pkòyHwkd;vmaom aumhqufrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@aemufrS ajy;vkdufoGm; =uavonf?” owˆKtvkyform;rsm;ESifh aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm;onfvnf; tvm;wl wkdufckdufr_rsKd;ESifh &kwf,ufcwfjzpfoGm;+yD; '%f&m&ol 'gZifrsm;pGmESifh aoqkH;olrsm;pGmwkd@ukd csefxm;&pfcJh=u&avonf?

aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrSmuJhokd@yif/ tm%m&Sifwkd@. wkef@jyefr_onf tvkyform;yËdyuQrSonf EkdifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;oGm;avonf? ykHESdyfpufrsm;or*~rS xkwfa0onfh vufurf;pmapmifwckwGif - “usaemf wkd@. +idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; ajz&Sif;r_wkdufyGJ[m/ ,cifuwnf;u tcsKd@vlawG a&Smifv$Jcsif=uwJh/ rvkdvm;tyfwJh jy\emawGeJ@ wnfhwnfh}uD;ukd &ifqkdifwkd;rdawmhwmygyJ/ tJ'D[mu usaemf wkd@ukd oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepfukd wkdufckdufzkd@/ EkdifiHa&; wkdufyGJqDokd@ OD;aqmifoGm;awmhygyJ”? atmufwkdbmv tapmykdif;wGif ykHESdyfpufrsm;onf qkH;jzwfcsufwckudk twnfðy a=unmcJhavonf - “t&G,fa&mufolwkdif;/ wef;wl&nfwl/ wkduf&kdufv#Kd@0Suf qENrJay;enf;pepfjzifh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;rS olwkd@. ukd,fpm;vS,fawGukd qENrJay;Ekdif+yD;/ tJ'D a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rS aeI wkdif;jynfukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfrSom u|Ekfyfwkd@ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;. wkdufyGJrsm;t=um;wGif ykvdyfwkd@. t=urf;zuf r_rsm;rS umuG,fEkdifrnfjzpfonf”[k xdka=ujimcsufwGifazmfjyxm;onf?


okd@aomf aoGv$rf;aom we*FaEGrSmuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@csnf; r&yfwnfEkdifay? ,cktcg olwkd@. wkdufyGJrsm;onf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usifonfh us,fjyef@aom awmfvSefa&;twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;avawmhonf? tm%mcsKyfukdifolwkd@onf rnfokd@ wkef@jyef&rnfukd rodyJ +cdrf;ajcmuf&efom em;vnf=uavonf? =o*kwfvukefykdif;wGif x&DayghAf onf Zmbk&iftm; vGefcJhonfh tESpf (20) ausmfu &yfqdkif;xm;cJhonfh wuUokdvfrsm;Y ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm; jyefvnfay;tyf&ef wkdufwGef;avonf? xkdokd@ vkyfjcif;onf wuUokdvfÏmersm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycGifhðyEkdifonf[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf? x&DayghAfrS awG;xifonfrSm Tokd@vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif; ESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfjcif;/ twkduftcHtiftm;pkwck. odrf;oGif;cH&jcif;wkd@rS a0;uGmvmap+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@tm; pmoifcef; taqmufttkHrsm;twGif;okd@ jyefvnfqGJoGif;vmEkdifrnfjzpfonf[k ,lqavonf? x&DayghAftm; ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufwOD;rS - “ol@b0wav#mufvkH; pm}uD;ay}uD; wtkyfr# zwfzl;ykHray:bl;” [kajymygonf?

ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&ifcHcsKyftm; ol. qkH;jzwfcsuftwGuf aemifw&apavonf? pufwifbmv

tapmykdif;wGif olwkd@onf ausmif;rsm;twGif;okd@ jyefa&mufvm=u+yD;/ xkdpmoifcef;rsm;twGif;Yyifv#if ae@vnf ykdif;rsm;Y ausmif;oifcef;pm pmayrsm;/ oif=um;ykd@csjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ nykdif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;/ ygwDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;cef;rsm; jzpfoGm;avonf? tvkyform;rsm;vnf; wuUokdvfy&0k%frsm;twGif;okd@ a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD;/ }uD;rm;aom tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;rS a[majymolrsm;. &,fp&mysufvkH;rsm;jzifh yGJpnfaeavonf? puf&kHa'orsm;twGif;&Sd rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd xkduJhokd@aom tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ukd òzdcGif;&eftwGuf tcsdefrqkdif;yJ wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd apv$wfavh&Sdaom t&m&Sdrsm;rSm/ wuUokdvfy&0k%frsm;twGif;rS tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd onf;nnf;cHae=u&+yD;/ wufºuGr_rsm; avsmhyg;usqif;oGm;awmhrnf[kom ar#mfvifhae=u&awmhonf?

vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifrl/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ynmwwf&k&Sm;rsm;rSm nD&if;tukdtjzpfaygif;pnf;&ef pwifae

=uavonf? atmufwkdbmv (2) &ufae@wGif/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf wuUokdvfygarmuQcsKyfwOD;. psmyeykd@aqmifr_tcrf;tem;ukd EkdifiHa&;csDwufr_tcrf;tem;tjzpfokd@ toGif ajymif;vkduf=uavonf? òrd@v,facgif&Sd&mokd@ eDAfhpuD y&kdpyufwf (Nevskii Prospekt) vrf;twkdif; csDwufvm aomtcg/ wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm vkH;axG;owfykwf=u+yD;/ trsm;pkonf teDa&miftvHrsm;ukd ,laqmifI/ awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkdvm=uavonf? aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@ ra&mufrD/ a&wyfrawmfOD;pD;Ïme&ifjyifawmf (Admiralty Square) Y/ olwkd@onf 'l;axmufvkduf=u+yD;/ OD;xkyfrsm;ukd c|wfum/ aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrS tmZmenfrsm;twGuf &nfpl;I "rRaw;oDcsif;wyk'fukd oDqkdcJh=uavonf?

vlr_vlwef;pm;tv$mrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm; aygif;pyfvkdufjcif;onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; ykdrkd

tiftm;}uD;rm;avaponf? &k&SrD;&xm;vrf; 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;or*~ (All-Russian Union of Railroad Employees and Workers) onf erlemykHpHi,fwck jzpfcJhonf? or*~ukd (1905) ckESpf {+yDvY wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ vlr_pD;yGg;a&;&mjy\emrsm;rS cyfa0;a0;ae+yD;/ aumfvmjzL/ aumfvmjympkpkaygif; rD;&xm; vrf;tvkyform; tiftm; (7) odef; ukd pkpnf;I/ ckdifrmaom rD;&xm;vrf;tvkyform;tiftm;pkukd wnfaxmif&ef[laom EkdifiHa&;yef;wkdifukdom t"duxm; OD;wnfcJhavonf? *sLvkdifvwGif/ or*~onf EkdifiHa&; oydwfwkdufyGJwckukd azmfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? vrsm;pGmwGif óudwifjyifqifr_tenf;i,fukdom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhonf? okd@aomf pufwifbmvwGif pwifvmcJhaom qENjyoydwfv_dif;vkH;onf avsmhyg;arS;rSdefvm aomtcg/ atmufwkdbmv tapmykdif;wGif armfpukd&Sd or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;onf atmufwkdbmv (4) &uf ae@wGif rD;&xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm; tm;vkH;wGif tvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_wckukdazmfaqmif&ef aemufqkH;wGif qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf?

atmufajcxkonf wkH@jyef&ef tvGefaES;auG;=uonf? okd@aomf atmufwkdbm (6) &ufae@wGif/ armfpukd-umZef

(Moscow-Kazan) vkdif;&Sd &xm;pufacgif;armif;orm;rsm;onf vkyfief;udpPrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. vuf0,fokd@ ,laqmifvkdufavonf? ukefpnfykd@aqmifr_ukd jiif;qkd+yD;aemuf/ xkdae@naewGif rD;&xm; armif;orm;wpkonf &xm;pufacgif;wGJ wwGJukd yg&kdAdk blwm&kH (Perovo station) okd@ jyefay;qGJoGm;avonf? xkdblwm&kHrSaeI olwkd@onf wEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m &xm;oydwfwkdufyGJukd pwifa=umif; a=u;eef;wapmifykd@vkduf avonf? aemuf (2) &uft=umwGif/ pufacgif;armif;orm;rsm;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&; 0efxrf;rsm;/ ESifh vrf;a=umif; twGif;&Sd tvkyf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf/


&xm;vrf;qkH;blwm&kHwckrS wckokd@ oGm;a&mufI/ armfpukdokd@ vrf;qkHvmonfh tjcm;aom vrf;a=umif;rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&kH;avawmhonf? blwm&kHrsm;wGif apmifh=uyfae=uonfh ppfom;rsm;rSm taESmifht,Suf tenf;i,fukdom ay;=uavonf? tvkyform;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@taeESifh “EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_” ukdvnf; r&&SdcJhygu/ ‚if;wkd@ atmifjrif&&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;onfh rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf; jy\emrqkd t"dy`g,fjynfh0vdrfhrnfr[kwf qkdonfukd tvkyform;rsm;tm; owday;xm;+yD;/ atmufwkdbmv (9) &ufae@wGif or*~onf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh ESifh pnf;&kH;cGif/ or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGifh/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd tajccHonfh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJrnfh nDvmcHwck/ ESifh bmoma&; ESifh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;a&; - ponfwkd@ yg0ifonfh awmif;qkdcsufwapmifukd xkwfjyefvkdufavonf?

oydwfwkdufyGJ. owif;pum;onf òrd@wòrd@rSae wòrd@&Sd &xm;tvkyform;rsm;xHokd@ a=u;eef;wkdifrsm;rS wqifh

a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. blwm&kHrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkduf+yD;/ &xm;rsm;tm;vnf; &yfxm;vkdufavonf? armfpukd awmifykdif;&Sd/ uvl*g (Kaluga) blwmwGif/ armfpukdrSaeI uD,ufAf (Kiev) okd@ xGufvmonfh &xm;rsm; ay:rvmawmhaomtcg oydwfwkdufyGJukd pwifcJhavonf? xkdnwGif wjcm;a=u;eef;vkdif;ay:rS a=u;eef;pufukdif 0efxrf;rsm;onf uvl*grSwqifh ay;ykd@vkdufonfh ‚if;wkd@. oydwfwkdufyGJowif;pum;rsm;ukd/ tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;okd@ qufvufay;ykd@+yD;aemuf/ vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xGufvmavonf? xkdvkyfaqmifr_onf qrm&m (Samara) òrd@&Sd pmykd@vkyfief;ukd &yfwef@oGm;aponf? Tokd@jzifh oydwfwkdufyGJonf tjcm;aom a=u;eef;vkdif;wckqDokd@ ul;pufoGm;jyefavonf? awmifykdif; pufr_ZkHwck jzpfonfh tDumw&DekdqavhAf (Ekaterinoslav) wGif &xm;vrf; tvkyf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm; ESifh vufr_twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf/ atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufae@wGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@xGufvm=u+yD;/ t"du&xm;vrf;qkHwGif pka0;vkduf=uav onf? ppfwyfrsm;a&mufvmaomtcg tvkyform;rsm; jzef@xGufoGm;avonf? tcsKd@onf &xm;wpD; ay:okd@ wufoGm;+yD;/ &xm;ukd (Nizhnedneprovsk) òrd@av;okd@ ckwfarmif;oGm;+yD;/ oydwfwkdufyGJukd xkdòrd@&Sd tvkyf&kHrsm;okd@ qufvufo,faqmifoGm;=uavonf? ESpfywfrjynhfrDyif/ xkd qifhuJ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh tifykdif,m twGif;&Sd rD;&xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm;vkH;./ &xm;vrf; (1) uDvkdrDwmtuGmta0;eD;yg;wkdif;wGif/ vkyfief;rsm; &yfwef@oGm;avawmhonf?

wòrd@rSwòrd@okd@ysHES@HoGm;onfhtwGuf/ &xm;oydwfwkdufyGJonf taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;wcktwGuf

"gwfulypPnf;wckjzpfoGm;+yD;/ &k&Stifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd òrd@jyvlaer_vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH; &yfqkdif;oGm;cJhavonf? armfpukdòrd@wGif/ &xm;tvkyform;rsm;onf tpktzGJ@rsm;tjzpfzGJ@pnf;um/ pufr_ZkHrsm;okd@ cGJxGufoGm;=u+yD;/ puf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;tm;oGm;a&mufI/ wkdufyGJtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufyg0if=u&ef pnf;&kH;avonf? xkdpOftwGif; òrd@v,facgif&Sd aumvmjzLtvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. &kH;rsm;rS pGef@cGgvm=u+yD;/ jrLeDpy,f tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl vrf;ay:okd@ xGufvm=uonf? "gwfaiG@v$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ a&v$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ v#yfppfv$wfay;onfh&kHrsm;/ om;owf&kHrsm;ESifh ò[email protected]@cGJa&; vkyfief;rsm;onf csdeJ@&yfqkdif;oGm;avawmhonf? aq;qkdifpma&;rsm; ESifh w,fvDzkH;atmfya&wmrsm;vnf; vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvmavonf?

,if;onf omref tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_wck r[kwfay/ puf&kHrsm;. jyifye,ferdwf&Sd tdrfeD;em;csif; csrf;omaom vlukHxHrsm;onf tvG,fwul vpfvsL&_aeEkdifao;onf? ,if;onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif ryg0ifbl;qkdv#ifawmif/ rnfolwOD;wa,mufr# ae@pOfykHrSefpm;0wfaea&;twkdif; aeoGm;&ef rjzpfEkdifacs? tom;aps;E_ef;rsm;onf w[kefxkd;ckefwufvmavonf? aumufyJoD;ESHaxmufyHh jznfhqnf;r_rsm;rSm wpwpESifh avsmhyg;vmavonf? EGm;Ekd@rsm;vkH;0jywfvyfoGm;avonf? owif;pmwapmifrS tpD&ifcHonfrSm - “"gwfaiG@ESifhv#yfppfrD;rsm; vkH;0 tvkyfrvkyfawmhacs? jrif;ESifhqGJonfh &xm;rsm; ESifh v#yfppf"gwf&xm;rsm;onf jyefvnf rpwifEkdifawmhacs? a=u;eef;pepf/ w,fvDzkH; ESifh pmwkduf&kH;rsm;onf tvkyfrvkyfawmhacs? t"du ukefpkHqkdif}uD;rsm;rSm ydwfxm;vkduf+yD;/ 0ifaygufrsm; ESifh jyLwif;aygufrsm;ukd ysOfcsyfrsm;jzifh um&Hxm;vkduf avonf”?

‚if;wkd@. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm;/ tv$mtoD;oD;rS armfpukdòrd@om;rsm;onf wuUokdvfESifh

enf;ynmtwwfoifausmif;rsm;wGif pk&kH;ae=uavonf? xkdae&mrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfaoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ukefonfrsm; ESifh acgif;&GufAsufxkd;aps;onfrsm;/ ykvdyf olv#Kdrsm; ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifavonf? avhvmapmifh=unfholwOD;rS owif;ay;ykd@onfrSm “tvGeftrif; pdwf"gwfwufºuG ESpfaxmif;tm;& &$ifjrL;aeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wOD;wa,mufrS pwifatmf[pfvkdufrnfh ‘oufOD;qHykdifpepf


usqkH;ygap’[laom aºuG;a=umfoHukd aemufrSvkdufI aºuG;a=umf atmf[pf&ef tqifoifh jzpfaepOfwGif/ ZarmhpfufAkd&Da&S; (Zamoskvorech'e) rS ukefonf}uD;rsm;onf tvm;wl wkef@jyefatmf[pfrnfh ‚if;wkd@. tvkyform;rsm;ukd tuJcwfaeavonf?”

tifykdif,mwckvkH;rS oydwfwkdufyGJopfrsm;ESifh qlylv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; òrd@awmftwGif;okd@ tqufrjywf

pD;0ifvmonfrsm;ukd tpD&ifcHaeavonf? cgaumhAf (Kharkov) òrd@wGif/ vrf;rsm;ay:&Sd vlrsm;onf puf&kHrsm;ESifh oD;ESH}udwfcGJpufrsm;ukd ydwfypf&efawmif;qkdaeavonf? aumhau;qyf (Caucasus) jynfe,f/ bmwGef (Batum) òrd@wGif/ qkdifrsm;tm;vkH;onf ydwfukef=u+yD;/ v#yfppfrD;rsm;tm;vkH;vnf; jywfawmufoGm;avonf? pkpkaygif; tvkyform; woef;ausmf atmufwkdbmvwGif oydwfarSmuf=uavonf? &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rD;&xm;vrf;tvkyform;rsm;/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;/ pma&;pmcsDrsm; ESifh ausmif;om;rsm yg0if=uonf?

aemufqkH;wGif/ atmufwkdbmv (11) &ufae@Y/ pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@&Sd &xm;vrf;tvkyform;rsm;onf/

oydwfwkdufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&eftwGuf qENrJay;cJh=uavonf? aemufwae@wGif olwkd@onf òrd@awmfokd@ 0ifvmonfh &xm;vrf;a=umif; (4) ckpvkH;ukd &yfwef@ypfvkdufavonf? }uD;rm;aom owˆKpuf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; aemufwae@wGif vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ xGufvm=u+yD;/ teD;tem;&Sd puf&kHi,frsm;okd@ vSnfhvnf pnf;&kH;=uonf? tkdblacghAf (Obukhov) oHr%dvkyfief;puf&kHrS qENjyolrsm;onf/ &pwm&Da,hAf (Rasteriaev) puf&kHa&S@&Sd *dwfwHcg;rsm;okd@ oGm;a&muf+yD;/ xkdpuf&kHrS tvkyform;rsm;tm; oydwfwkdufyGJwGif 0ifa&mufylaygif;&ef pnf;&kH;=uonf? puf&kH0if;xJwGif/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;ukd ypfcsvkduf=u+yD;/ puf&kHtEHS@oGm;a&mufI “&Jabmfwkd@ æ tvkyfawGukd &yfvkduf=u” [lI vkdufvHaqmf=oavonf? rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;Yyif tif*sifpufrsm;/ armfwmrsm;. toHonf wdwfqdwfoGm;avonf? xkd@aemuf tvkyform;rsm;onf olwkd@. vkyfief;cGif tusôrsm;ukd c|wfvkduf=u+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ESifhtwl olwkd@. puf&kHtm%mykdifrsm;xHokd@ xGufoGm;=uavonf?

tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd pufr_vkyfief;wckrS tjcm;aom pufr_vkyfief;wckokd@

o,faqmifoGm;aepOfwGif/ tjcm;aomolrsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd a&$òrd@awmfokd@ ykd@aqmifae=uavonf? aemufqufwGJae@rsm;wGif ykHESdyfpuftvkyform;rsm;/ em&Djyifq&mrsm;/ pma&;pmcsDrsm;/ w,fvDzkH;atmfya&wm rsm;ESifh &kyf&Sifrif;om;rsm; tygt0if/ rlvwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@cGmI yl;aygif;vm=uonf? wuUokdvfonf xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;. qkH&m 0if&kd;yifjzpfavonf? wuUokdvfwGif tv$maygif;pkHrS vlwef;pm;toD;oD;wkd@onf awG@qkH&efvm=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;/ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd tacstwifaqG;aEG;=uonf? xkd@aemuf oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_xJokd@ 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;&ef ðyvkyf/ rvkyfukd qkH;jzwf=uonf?

pma&;pmcsD tvkyform;rsm;or*~acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfonfh 'D qAmcsaumhAf (D. Sverchkov) onf/ atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@ naewGif wuUokdvfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhavonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;r/ y&d\wfxkdif&mpifjrifhrsm;/ twuftqif;avSum;rsm;tm;vkH;onf vlrsm;ESifh jynfh=uyfaeonfukd awG@vkduf& avonf? cef;rqDokd@ y&d\wfxJrSaeI wkd;0ifIoGm;+yD;aemuf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@tm; oydwfarSmuf qENjy =u&ef wkdufwGef;avonf? qufvufI olrS òrd@. v#yfppfv$wfay;&m&kHrsm;onf ydwf=uawmhrnfjzpfonfh twGuf/ taqmuftOD;onf r=umcif arSmifusoGm;awmhrnfqkdonfukd ajymjyvkdufavonf? qAmcsaumhAf wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ay;vkdufaom wykdif;usKd;aeonfh za,mif;wkdif wwkdif&Sdavonf? aemufykdif;wGif olu - “wa,mufa,mufuae+yD;awmh za,mif;wkdifrD;nd‡vkdufw,f/ aemuf wa,muf/ tJ'Daemuf wwd, wa,muf æ æ/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rD;awmufi,fav;awG[m cef;rtEHS@ysH@ESH@vif;xdefoGm;awmhw,f? yvufazmif; tjrifhwae&muae u|efawmf=unhfvkdufw,f/ wodrfhodrfh aysmf&$if=unfE_;cHpm;r_wrsKd;[m &ifxJrSm ay:vmw,f/ u|efawmfwkd@[m oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepf usqkH;oGm;jcif;twGuf ol@&Jh 0d^m%fawmftm; c&pf,efbmomxkH;pHt& 0wfðyqkawmif;yGJtcrf;tem;wck ðyvkyfay;aeovkdrsKd;/ atmifyGJwckukd usif;yae ovkdrsKd; cHpm;ae&w,f?” [k a&;om;cJhavonf? tpnf;ta0;+yD;qkH;oGm;onfESifh wòydifeuf cef;rtm; aemuftkyfpkwcktwGuf oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfvkdufavonf? qAmcsaumhAfonf xGufcGmvm+yD;/ eDAmjrpfukd jzwfausmfI tdrfokd@ OD;wnfcJhavonf? tcgwkdif;wGif ta&miftaoG;pkHjzifh ysm;yef;cyfr# v_yf&Sm;aeaom eDAfpuD y&kdyufvrf;onf [mvm[if;vif; Avmusif;jzpfaeonf? tvif;a&mifrsm;ukd +idrf;owfxm;=uavonf/ ukefpkHqkdifrsm;rS jyLwif;aygufrsm;rS ysOfcsyfrsm;jzifh ydwfqkd@um&Hxm;avonf? wdwfqdwfaeaom toHukd òzdcGJ onfrSm uif;vSnhf&mrS ay:xGufvmonf jrif;cGmoHrsm;om&Sdavonf? ,if;onf ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom rkefwkdif;wck rvmrD +idrfoufaejcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?


“"m;rsm;ukdukdifpGJI” olwkd@onf taxGaxG oydwfwkdufyGJ}uD;Y tjcm;aom EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifhtwl twlwuG yl;aygif;yg0if

vkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf;/ pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;rSm tpkd;&tm; ykefueftHwk&ef tiftm;pk wcktaejzifh oD;jcm;&yfwnf aeavonf? qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;. rif&SDApf*kd%f;tkyfpkrsm;rSm tvkyform;rsm;tm; atmufajctzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;&ef +yD;cJhonfh aEG&moDuwnf;u zdtm;ay;aecJhavonf? &mpkESpf. aemufykdif;wGif xif&Sm;onfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJtoGifjzifh v_yf&Sm;oGm;rnfjzpfonfhtwGuf/ tpkd;&. ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef cGifhðycsufrsm;ukd apmifhqkdif;aernfhtpm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm; ukd,fykdif taqmufttkH/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_&Sdap&efESifh tpysKd;xm;&ef vkyfaqmifxm;ESifh apcsifonf? atmufwkdbm (10) &ufae@wGif/ olwkd@onf òrd@awmf&Sdtvkyform;rsm;tm; yDwmpbwf taxGaxG tvkyform;rsm; aumfrwDukdzGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;aumuf&ef ac:cJhavonf? (3) &ufr#=um +yD;aemuf/ ukd,fpm;vS,fta,muf (40) wkd@onf aumfrwD. yxrqkH; tpnf;ta0;okd@ wufa&muf&ef oGm;cJh=uavonf? (2) &ufr#=um+yD;aemuf wwd,ajrmuftpnf;ta0;wGif/ puf&kHaygif; (100) eD;yg;ESifh or*~ rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,f (266) a,muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfavonf? atmufwkdbmv (17) &ufae@wGif/ aumfrwDonf/ aumfrwDtrnftm; tvkyform; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. pdef@yDwmpbwf qkdAD,uftvkyform;v$wfawmf (St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies) tjzpftrnf ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf rJay;cJh=uavonf?

rif&SDApfESifh aAmvf&SDApfrsm;tygt0if/ awmfvSefa&;tkyfpkrsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf rnfol OuUÏ

jzpfoifhonf[lI/ tcsif;csif; &efjzpf xkdifckHvkae=ucsdefwGif/ qkdAD,ufonf rnfonfhygwDESifhr# rywfoufonfh/ vli,fa&S@aewOD;jzpfonfh a*sm*sD Ekdqm (Georgii Nosar) tm; a&G;aumufcJh=uavonf? olonf qkdufab;&D;,m; (Siberia) okd@ (2) }udrfwkdifwkdif e,fESifh'%fykd@jcif;cH&avonf? olonf ypPnf;OpPm csrf;omaomolwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf;/ r&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;tay: tvGefyif oem;*&k%mjyooljzpfavonf? olonf tvkyform;rsm;tm; Oya'qkdif&m t}uHay;r_rsm;ESifh awmif;qkdv$m rl=urf;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGm ulnDay; cJhavonf? qkdAD,ufonf t"du awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; tvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwDwGifxm;&eftwGufvnf; qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajratmufv_yf&Sm; r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=u+yD;/ w&m;r0if vufurf;pmapmifrsm; ykHESdyfjcif;/ tvkyform; tðrawtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;&ef pnf;&kH;jcif;/ xkdumvrsm;twGif; zrf;qD;r_rsm;/ axmifcscH&r_rsm;/ ESifh jynfESif'%fay;cH&r_rsm;ukd &ifqkdif jzwfausmf+yD; aemufqkH;wGif toD;tyGifhrsm; jzpfxGef;vm[ef&Sdavonf? aemufqkH;wGif qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf olwkd@ukd,fwkdifukd jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_wck. a&S@wef;wGif awG@&Sdvm&avonf?

xkdolrsm;tm;vkH;onf rif&SDApfwa,mufjzpfonfh vD,Gef xa&mhpuD (Leon Trotsky) uJhokd@

aemufcHorkdif;a=umif; jrifhrm;r_ r&Sd=uacs? xa&mhpuDonf &k&SEkdifiHawmifykdif;&Sd jrufcif;vGifjyifa'orS *sL;vlrsKd; rdom;pk wckjzpfonfh vDAf b&Gef&Swdef; (Lev Bronshtein) rdom;pkwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? xa&mhpuDonf ol@ zcifrS ol@tm; tif*sifeD,mwa,mufjzpfvmapcsifonfhtwGuf zciftay: pdwfysufcJh&avonf? xkdtpm; olonf ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhavonf? xkdtwGuf ol. touf (20) jynfharG;ae@ukd Zmbk&if. tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&avonf? qkdufab;&D;,m;wGif e,fESif'%f cHae&+yD;aemuf/ taemufOa&myokd@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;avonf? taemufOa&mywGif vef'efESifh *seDAm&Sd &k&Sm;jynfajy; rmhufpf0g'Drsm; tokdif;t0kdif; twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufcJhavonf? aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGae@ owif; ol@xHa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwftwkjzifh tifykdif,mtwGif;okd@ jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJh avonf? xkd@udpPrsm;+yD;aemuf olonf zifvefEkdifiHwGif ykef;atmif;ae+yD;/ atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJ t&Sdeft[kef jrifhaeonfhtcsdeftwGif;Y òrd@awmf pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? olonf tvGef@ tvGef xufjrufolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ =oZmwduUrESifh jynfhpkHol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? xa&mhpuDonf òrd@. awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfvm+yD;/ qkdAD,uf. t"du r[mAsL[majrmuf awG;ac: ajrmfjrifwwfol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf?


wcgr#rcHpm;bl;ao;aom tm%m.txdtawG@ukd cHpm;&+yD;aemuf/ twkduftcHtiftm;pk. wyfOD; (qkdAD,uf

ol@ukd,fol jrifhonfhtjrif) onf tpkd;&ukd +cdrf;ajcmuf&kHomr[kwf/ ol@vrf;wGif twm;tqD;jzpf aeonfh/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; rnfol@ukdrqkd +cdrf;ajcmufavawmhonf? ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf òrd@wGif&Sdaom puf&kH ESifh qkdifykdif&Sifrsm;tm;/ ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ydwfI/ taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ}uD; twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufqifE$J&ef wkdufwGef;avonf? xkd@tjyif wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdv$mESifhtwl “tu,fI oifonf tqkdyg awmif;qkdr_ukd rjznfhqnf;/ rvkdufavsmygu/ oif. ukefpkHqkdifonf &kdufzsufcH&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ oif. pufypPnf;rsm;onf zsufqD;cH&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf æ puf&kHrsm;/ oD;ESH}udwfcGJpufrsm; ESifh ukefpkHqkdif rsm;ukd ydwfypfay;yg æ oifhukd,foif jynfolvlxk trsufa'go. "m;pmcHrjzpfrD/ xkdt&mrsm;ukd tcsdefrvGefrD ydwfypfyg” [laom owday;xm;csufyg yl;wGJay;ykd@vkdufavonf? ,if;onf oydwfwkdufyGJukd tvG,fwulyif }uD;xGm;apcJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ ‚if;onf t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzpf+yD;/ r=umrDyif tm%m&Sifonf ykdrkd rsm;jym;aom tawG@tóuHESifh tiftm;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd t=urf;zufòzdcGJr_upm;uGif;okd@ ,laqmifvmawmhrnf qkdonfukd/ olwkd@ukd owday;awmhrnf/ v$wfawmfrsm;twGuf ra&&maom enf;vrf; wckomjzpfonf?

xkd@tjyif/ qkdAD,ufonf ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&mwGif ykdrkdI tpGrf;tp&Sd xda&mufoGm;avonf? nwkdif;

nwkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ykHESdyfpufqkdifwckpDokd@ óudwifowday;jcif;rðyyJ oGm;a&mufcJh+yD;/ qkdiftm;odrf;ykdufvkdufum/ t=uifem*&k%m&Sdaom pmpDorm;rsm;. tultnDjzifh Izvestiia owif;pm wapmifukd ykHESdyfxkwfa0avonf? atmufwkdbmv (19) &ufae@wGif/ oydwfwkdufyGJt&Sdeft[kefonf wpwp tm;tifavsmheJvmaomtcg/ qkdAD,ufonf pdef@yDwmpbwfokd@oGm;I qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd tqkH; owfcJhavonf? tpkd;&rS wm;jrpfwif;=uyfonfh ykHESdyfOya'rsm;ESifh pmapmifwGif yg0ifonfrsm;ukd EkdifiHawmf qifqmtzGJ@okd@ rxkwfa0rD wifjy&rnf [laomt&mrsm;ukd vkdufemonfhpmpD/ pm&kduform;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;onf awG@&Sdygu/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0ay;&ef jiif;qef&rnf[k ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u owday;cJhavonf? rnfonfh pmpDorm;rqkd tqkdyg owday;r_rsm;ukd zDqefygu tjcm;aom tvkyform;rsm;rSaeI ‚if;tm; 0kdif;y,fa&Smif=uOf&efjzpfonf?

v$wfawmfukd xdyfykdif;rSaeI bkefawmf}uD;a*yGefESifh ol.tzGJ@u vnfywfaepOf/ qkdAD,uftzGJ@0if rsm;onf

vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd 'Drkdua&pDenf;us vkyfaqmifae&onfukd pGJrufESpfoufae=uavonf? enf;ynmtwwfoifausmif;Y yxrt}udrf pnf;a0;+yD;aomtcg/ olwkd@onf vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf; (Free Economic Society) . taqmuftOD;teD;&Sd/ todynm&Sifrsm;twGufzGifhxm;onfh t"du& ausmf=um;aom toif;wkdufwckokd@ a&$@ajymif;vkdufavonf? naecif;wkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;onf olwkd@. vkyfief;cGif0wfpkHrsm;ESifhyif/ tkdrif;a[mif;EGrf;aomfvnf;yJ/ a&$csxm;onfh wkdifvkH;}uD;rsm;ESifh ykHckdif;a&;zGJ@xm;aom yef;csDum;}uD;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onfh/ tqkdyg [dwf[efrsm;aom udef;}uD;cef;}uD; Ekdifonfh taqmuftOD;okd@ pka0;vmwwf=uavonf? 0ifaygufY ‚if;wkd@. &_;zdeyftkyf &mbmpGyfrsm;ukd c|wfxm;cJhI/ olwkd@onf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;/ *k%foduQm&Sd t"du& yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;ESifh Zmbk&ifwkd@. &kyfykHum;csyf }uD;rsm; csdwfqGJxm;onfh/ t"dutpnf;ta0;crf;rokd@ wufoGm;=uonf? &Snfvsm;aom tpdrf;a&mifpm;yGJckH}uD; wckY tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd emaxmif=u+yD;aemuf/ tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDonf wifjyvmonfhjy\emrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&eftwGuf tajzay:onftxdpOf;pm;&ef/ tay:xyf&Sd em;aecef; wckokd@ wufoGm;=uonf? xkd@aemuf t"ducef;rokd@ jyefqif;vm=u+yD;/ pOf;pm;&&Sdonfrsm;ukd tajctwif aqG;aEG;&efESifh twnfðycsufrsm;&,l&eftwGuf jyefvnfwifjy=uavonf?

tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ ynm&Siftkyfpkrsm; ESifh twl &maygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom omrefjynfol rsm;.

qifuef;awmwkd; url&SL;xkd;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGif/ qkdAD,ufonf atmufwkdbmtaxGaxGoydwf wkdufyGJ}uD;ukd &mpkESpf. yxrOD;qkH;aom wufwufºuGºuG tm;rmeftjynf&Sdonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; tjzpfokd@ a&muf&Sdatmif tnDay;cJhavonf? tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; xdyfwkduf rsufESmcsif;qkdifwkdufckdufr_wckukd ðyvkyfrnfhtpm;/ a*yGef. Ttvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&iftm; ‚if;wkd@. arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;tm; cGifhðy&ef toem;cHv$mwifoGif;jcif;ukd ZEM0g&DvwGif óud;yrf;cJhonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@vkyfaqmifaeonfh tvkyfrsm;ukd &kd;pif;pGmyif &yfwef@vkduf+yD;/ tpkd;&rSaeI olwkd@ awmif;qkdxm;onfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufavsmor# umvywfvkH; vkyfief;cGifokd@ jyefr0if[k a=unmcJhavonf? tpkd;&onf qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_tm; tvG,fwulyif ESdyfuGyfEkdifcJh+yD;/ olwkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd


zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhavonf? trSefwu,fwGifrl xkdokd@ t}udrfrsm;pGm ESdyfuGyfaomfvnf;yJ/ vlxktm; vkyfief;cGifokd@ jyef0ifa&mufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhacs? tu,fI &xm; ykd@aqmifa&;/ a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/ pmwkdufvkyfief;/ b%fvkyfief; ESifh v#yfppfvkyfief;wkd@vnf; tvkyfrvkyf awmhygu/ tpkd;&onf =umjrifhpGm &yfwnf&SifoefEkdifawmhrnf r[kwfacs?

wkdif;jynf. tjcm;aom a'orsm;ESifh òrd@awmfukd qufoG,fxm;onfh qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;

uGef,uf rv_yf&Sm;/ rvnfywfEkdifatmif ðyvkyfvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh/ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;onf tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; uarmufur/ tkd;eif;cGufeif; jzpfoGm;apcJhavonf? a'oEW& t&m&Sdrsm;onf oydwf wkdufyGJtm; rnfokd@ wkef@jyef&rnfqkdonfukd A[kdrS !$ef=um;csufrsm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&&Sdawmhacs? txufykdif; t&m&Sdrsm;onfvnf; jynfe,f/ c&kdifrsm;wGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ukd od&Sd&eftwGuf owif;tcsuf tvufrsm; csKdwJhaeonfhtwGuf/ wcgw&HwGif aumv[vrsm;tay:tajccHI vkyfaqmifae=u&avonf? oydwfwkdufyGJ. tusKd;oufa&mufr_onf yDwma[mhzf (Peterhof) yifv,furf;ajcykdif;&Sd eef;awmfwGif aexkdifaeonfh Zmbk&if. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;ukdyg xdckdufoGm;avonf? &xm;vrf;rsm; tquftoG,f jywfawmufoGm;jcif;a=umifh/ Zmbk&if. t&m&Sdrsm;onf òrd@awmfrSaeI bk&ifxHokd@ oGm;a&muf pum;ajym/ owif;ykd@&eftwGuf armfawmfbkwfrsm;ukd tokH;ðy&avawmhonf? ,if;onfteJqkH; w}udrfwGif ol. ae@vnfpmtm; aemufusoGm;cJhavonf[k Zmbk&ifrS ol. ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif/ atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@Y a&;xm;cJhavonf?

jynfolvlxk tkHºuGv_yf&Sm;r_ ESifh ol. tpkd;&t=um;wGif jzpfay:aeonfh t&Sdefjrifhwufvmaeaom

yËdyuQtwGuf eDukdvufpfonf t}uH m%f tenf;i,fom ay;EkdifcJhavonf? Zmbk&ifESifh eD;pyfaomol wOD;. tqkdt&rl - “Zmbk&ifonf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; tqifjcifr&Sd/ rkdufrJonfh aumif;uifbkHrSmaexkdifae+yD;/ ol@ukd,fol ckdifrmtm;}uD;ol/ ,cifuuJhokd@yif pGrf;yum;}uD;rm;ol wa,muf[k txifa&mufaeoljzpfonf”? aemufqkH;wGif olonf tEW&m,f owday;acgif;avmif;oH jrnfvmaomtcgrS/ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfvm+yD; ol yxrOD;qkH; pdwful;aygufvmonfrSm tiftm;okH;ajz&Sif;&efomjzpfonf? okd@aomf oydwfwkdufyGJ. tvGef }uD;rm;aom yrm%twkdif;twmonf vufeufukdifwyfrsm;. csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifr_tay: ausmfvGefoGm;+yD qkdonfukd ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;onf rD;&xm;vrf;trsm;pkwGif vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf&eftwGuf tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh+yD;aemuf oabmaygufem;vnfcJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh Zmbk&ifonf x&DayghAftm; òrd@rsm;Y r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ESdrfESif;&ef ajymvkdufavonf? atmufwkdbmv (12) &ufae@wGif/ bk&ifcHcsKyfonf zsufvkdzsufqD;vkyfaom/ taESmifht,Sufrsm;tm;vkH;tm ESdrfESif;&ef &JcsKyfrsm;tm;/ !ïef=um; vkdufavonf? (2) &uft=umY vrf;rsm;ay:wGif owday;pmrsm;uyfxm;onfukd owdðyrdcJhavonf/ “ppfwyfrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm;tm;vkH;tm;/ EkdifiHawmf r+idrfrouf qlylr_jzpfap&ef rnfonfh óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ csufjcif;ESdrfESif;&ef ESifh jynfolvlxk. rnfonfhtpdwftykdif;wGifrqkd ta&;w}uD; tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnfhae&mrsm;Y/ ckcHawmfvSefonfh trlt&m/ tajctaersm;awG@&Sd&ygu ypfcwfòzdcGif;ESdrfESif;&ef/ xkdtwGuf usnfqHukd rac|wm&ef u|Ekfyf trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufonf”[k trdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf?

jynfolwkd@onf +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ukd rwkefv_yfcJh=uacs? x&DayghAf. trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; aemuf&ufrsm;Y/

pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif vrf;rsm;ay:Y/ qENjyol (40˜000) txd wkd;yGm;vmavonf? wuUokdvftwGif;&Sd vlxkpnf;a0;crf;rrsm;rSm ykHrSefEkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeavonf? x&DayghAf. +cdrf;ajcmufr_ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm; ESifh ppfwyfrsm;rSm wcgr# ay:rvmcJhay? wkdif;jynfw0Srf;&Sd armfpukdESifh tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf;/ tm%mykdifrsm;rS t+rJwrf; rwkef@jyefcJhacs? xkd@tjyif zdESdyfr_rsm;onf qENjyr_rsm;ukd &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfatmif rvkyfEkdifcJhao;acs? aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEGrSm uJhokd@ tm%mykdifwkd@. t=urf;zufr_ vuQ%mrsm;rSm/ ‚if;wkd@. twkduftcHrsm;. rD;awmufukdom ykdrkd}uD;xGm; apcJhonf?

EkdifxufpD;eif;ðyvkyfr_rsm; atmifjrif[ef r&Sdaomtcg/ tpkd;&twGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaqmif&ef

toHrsm;onf us,fus,favmifavmif xGufay:vmavonf? =oZmwduUrt&SdqkH;rSm 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpD OuUÏ qm*sD 0Spfwf (Sergei Witte) yifjzpfonf? olonf *syefwkd@ESifh aphpyf+idrf;csrf;a&;pum;ajym&mwGif atmifjrif xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? olonf pl;&Sxufjrufaom/ rme}uD;aom vlwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ t&nftcsif;&SdI u|rf;usifaomEdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? 0Spfwfonf oufOD;qHykdiftpkd;&. &efolwa,muf r[kwfacs/ trSefwGifrl olonf rD&fpuD. vGefcJhonfhESpfu ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;t}uHðycsufrsm; ratmifjrifr_wGif wpdwfwykdif;


wm0ef&SdolwOD;jzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ ,cktcg/ 0Spfwfonf tpkd;&taejzifh tav;teuf tav#mhay;/ vkdufavsmr_rsm; urf;vSrf; ðyvkyfrSom jyefvnftzwfq,fEkdifvdrfhrnfukd jrifavonf? tpkd;&onf tajymif;tvJtwGuf a=umif;usKd;qDavsmfaom/ vufcHEkdifonfh awmif;qkdr_rsm; ESifh EkdifiHawmftay: t=unf!kd ysufapaom tpGef;a&muform;rsm;t=um;wGif uGJuGJjym;jym;cGJjcm;EkdifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhacs[k/ ‚if;rS Zmbk&iftm; tpD&ifcHonfh pmwapmifxJwGif az:jyxm;cJhavonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;/ tv,ftvwfrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=u&m/ tpkd;&onf ‚if;wkd@. vrf;a=umif;wGif ydwfqkd@r_ rðyvkyfoifhay? vmrnfh 'l;rm;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf qENrJay;ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd vlr_ vlwef;pm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;okd@ wkd;csJ@cGifhðyjcif;ESihf/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'wcku tmrcHay;xm;onfh EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;wkd@. jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd cGifhðyxm;ay;jcif;jzifh tpkd;&onf “vGwfvyfa&; ezl;pD; pmwef;. atmufwGif ‚if;ukd,fwkdif&Sdae&rnf” jzpfonf? qufvufI ‚if;rS/ tm%m&Sifpepfonf wkdif;jynftm; aoG;tkdifxJwGifom a&csKd;ay;&ef qEN&Sdoljzpfonf[k ckcHajymxm;avonf?

okd@aomf Zmbk&ifonf rnfonfhenf;vrf;ukdr# rESpfoufcJhacs? aemufykdif;wGif olrS ol. rdcifokd@

jyefajymjyonfrSm- “tiftm;okH;ajz&Sif;wwfwJh ppfom;wa,mufukd cef@tyf+yD;awmh/ &Sdor#tiftm; tukefokH; +yD;awmh olykefawGukdacsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&ef” om olvkyfEkdifcJhonf? qufvufI “tJ'Dtcgus&if jyefvnftouf &SLacsmifvmEkdifawmhrnfjzpfonf? vaygif;tawmf=um+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh usaemfwkd@ tiftm;okH;+yD;/ jyefvnftwif;t=uyfapckdif;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf tJ'DtwGuf aoG;jrpfawGpD;qif;onftxd wefzkd;}uD;rm; vdrhfr,f/ æ æ aemufxyftjcm;enf;vrf;uawmh jynfolawGukd EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;awGay;vkduf/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ pnf;&kH;cGifh ESifh toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ ESifh woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rcsKd;azmuf rapmfum;Ekdifzkd@/ tJ'gawGtjyif Oya'ðyjcif;qkdif&mvkyfief;awGtm;vkH;rSm jynfol@v$wfawmf ('l;rm;) rSwqifhom OD;aqmif&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif;/ qkdvkdwmuawmh/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wcka&;qGJxm;jcif;ygyJ” [k ajymjycJhavonf?

Zmbk&ifonf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm rcHcsdrcHomjzpfaeavonf? olonf x&DayghAf ESifh wkdifyifaomtcg/ ‚if;rS

0Spfwfwifjyt}uHðyonfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmif&ef t}uHay;avonf? okd@aomf atmufwkdbmv (1&) &ufae@wGif/ eDukdvufpfonf acsr_ef;&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf+yD;/ olaumif;rsKd;EG,f&Sif e,fpm;}uD; eDudkvkdif (Grand Duke Nicolei) tm; ppfwyf'g&kdufwm. wm0ef&Sdoltjzpf vufcH,l&ef ckdif;apvkdufavonf? e,fpm;}uD;rS tu,fI Zmbk&ifonf xkdESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;a&;vrf;a=umif;twkdif; qufvufoGm;aeygu ol@taejzifh/ rdrd. OD;acgif;ukd aoewfjzifhawhI/ ukd,fhukdukd,f ypfowfvkdufrnf[lI trlt&mygygjzifh o&kyfaqmif+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufaomtcgrSom eDukdvufpfonf pdwfajymif;oGm;+yD;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf uwdðyonfh rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;wGif vufrSwfxkd;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf? xkd rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;ukd csufjcif;xkwfjyefvkduf+yD;/ naeykdif;wGif eDukdvufpfonf ol. ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfY - “tJ'Dae@+yD;aemufykdif;Y u|Ekfyf. OD;acgif;onf av;vHvmcJh+yD;/ u|Ekfyf. pOf;pm;awG;awmr_rsm;onfvnf; Za0Z0g pwif &_yfaxG;vmcJhavonf? bk&m;ocif/ u|efawmfrsKd;wkd@tm; ulnDapmifrawmfrlyg/ u,fwifawmfrlyg/ &k&Sjynf}uD;tm; at;csrf;+idrfoufatmif ðyvkyfay;awmfrlyg”?

atmufwkdbma=unmcsufpmwrf;rSm tusOf;r#omjzpfonf? tpkd;&onf t"duusonfh ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_ (3)

ckukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifoGm;rnf? “woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm; xm0&wnf+rJcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:cGifh/ ajymqkdcGifh/ pnf;&kH;cGifh/ toif;tyif;rsm; zJG@pnf;cGifh/ ponfh oabmw&m;rsm;tay:tajccHI/ jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifh azmifa';&Sif;rsm;” cGifhðyoGm;rnf? 'l;rm;v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf rJqENay;ykdifcGifhukd/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; qENrJ ay;ykdifcGifhESifhtnD wkd;csJ@oGm;&ef/ ESifh 'l;rm;v$wfawmftm; Oya'ðycGifhtm%mESifh/ tpkd;&tay: t}uHay;}uD;=uyfcGifhukd cGifhðy&ef/ ponfwkd@jzpfonf? rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;ukd wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfr_ ESifhtwl tqkH;owfxm;avonf - “&k&S rsKd;cspfEkdifiHom;taygif;wkd@ æ róuHpzl; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;r_rsm; tqkH;owfap&ef twGuftultnDay;&ef/ ESifh u|Ekfyfwkd@. trdajray:wGif +idrf;csrf;a&; ESifh at;csrf;om,ma&; jyefvnf wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@ESifhtwlwuG 0kdif;0ef;óud;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm; =uyg&ef”/ [lI jzpfavonf? Zmbk&ifonf ol. tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfay;+yD;aemuf/ ol@taejzifh ol. tifykdif,mtwGif;Y 0&kef;okef;um; z&kdz&Jjzpfr_rsm;ukd qufvufoD;nnf;cHawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ ajymoGm;av onf?


x&DayghAf rS “tzbk&m;ociftm; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf/ rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;um; vufrSwfxkd;+yD; av+yD/ ,cktcg b0opfukd pwifygawmhrnf” [k a&;om;cJhavonf? olonf oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepftm; tumtuG,fay;ol wa,muftjzpf emrnf&SdoljzpfcJhaomfjim;vnf;/ olonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; usqkH;cJh&+yD;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; atmifjrifvmcJhvdrfhrnf[k/ ,kH=unfol wa,mufjzpfvmonf? tpyxrY x&DayghAf. taumif;jrif0g'onf ta=umif;ckdifvkH[ef&SdcJhavonf? armfpukd ESifh pdef@ yDwmpbwfòrd@rsm;wGif jynfolrsm;onf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif atmifyGJusif;yaecJh=uonf? armfpukdòrd@aumifpDonf rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;tm; axmufcHonfh qkH;jzwfcswckukd csrSwfcJhavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf òrd@awmfaumifpDonfvnf; bk&if eDukdvufpfxHokd@ “vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHwckukd Zmbk&if” [lI aumif;csD;ay;onfh a=u;eef;wapmifukd ay;ykd@cJhavonf? owif;pm wapmifrSrl “vGwfvyfaom jynfolrsm;tjzpf/ vGwfvyfr_. EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpf/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh nD!Gwfaom &k&Stjzpf vufcH,kH=unf=uygpkd@” [lI aysmf&$ifjrL;xl;aecJhavonf?

rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ xkdae@wm rukefqkH;rD/ tqkdyg rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; tjynfht0

auseyfESpfodrfhr_ ray;onfh vuQ%mrsm;&Sdaeonfukd awG@&avonf? armfpukdwGif/ vpfb&,f au'uf ygwD (Kadet Party) xlaxmifonfh uGef*&ufY/ ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDzGJ@pnf;ykHpepfqDokd@ a&mufatmif vkHavmufr_ r&Sdbl;[k wufa&mufpum;ajymolrsm;u tckdiftrmajymqkdae=uavonf? qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf Zmbk&if. rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;. oydwfwkdufyGJrsm; tqkH;owf oGm;atmif Oyg,fwHrsOfjzifh vSnhfuGufqifxm;onfh/ vSnhfpm;a&;qGJxm;csufrsm;omjzpfa=umif; ykdrkdjyif;xefpGm &efpG,faigaigjzifh pGyfpGJ&_H@cs=uavonf? vD,Gef xa&mhpuDonf pka0;ae=uonfh tvkyform;rsm;ESifhh teDa&mif acgif;pnf;rsm;a0S@&rf;aeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wkdufyGJonf r+yD;qkH;ao;a=umif; wuUokdvf vomaqmif 0&HwmrSaeI tckdiftrmwkdufwGef;ajymqkdaeavonf - “EkdifiHom;wkd@ - ,cktcg igwkd@. tkyfpkd;olvlwpk[m eH&HrSm acsmifydwfrdoGm;+yD/ olwkd@[m vGwfvyfcGifhawG ay;r,fvkd@ igwkd@ukd uwdu0wfawG ay;ae=u+yD” [k xa&mhpuDonf atmf[pfajymaeavonf? “vGwfvyfa&;qkdwJh uwdpum;[m ol@zmomol vGwfvyfa&;qkdwJh pum;vkH;twkdif;yJ&SdaerSmvm;´ æ vufxJrSm "g;ukdifxm;&+yD;awmh u|efawmfwkd@&Jh vGwfvyfa&;tay:rSm umuG,fapmifha&Smufae&vdrfhr,f? Zmbk&if&Jh rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;t&qkd&if/ 'DrSm=unhfprf;/ 'g[m puULtykdif;pwpyJ? 'DrSm cifAsm;wkd@&Jh ta&S@rSmyJ/ 'DrSm u|efawmf&Jh vufxJrSm qkyfacsrGvkduf+yD? 'Dae@olwkd@ xkwfjyefw,f/ tck u|efawmf 'D vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpm&Gufukd cifAsm;wkd@&Jh rsufpda&S@arSmufrSmyJ qGJ+zJaeovkdrsKd;/ reufjzefus&if 'gukd olwkd@ jyef,loGm;+yD;aemuf wppD qGJ+zJypfvdrfhr,f”?

wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwf&Sdaeolrsm;rSm tajctjrpfrSpI vkH;0ðyjyifajymif;vJvkdolrsm;r[kwfyJ/ vuf,m0g'D rsm;vnf;

t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd jyif;xefaom a&pD;t[kefuJhokd@ woDwwef;}uD; ðyvkyf=uavawmhonf? (Balck Hundreds) [kac:onfh vuf,m0g'Drsm;tkyfpkrsm;onf armfpukd ESifh pdef@ yDwmpbwfòrd@rsm;wGif ae@&ufaygif;rsm;pGm vSnhfvnfoGm;vm+yD; qkdifjyLwif;aygufrsm;tm; &kdufcsKd;jcif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom awmfvSefa&;orm;[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;tm; &kdufESufjcif; ESifh wcgw&H owfypf vkdufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? ykvdyfrsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;+yD;/ tcsKd@jy\emrsm;wGif ‚if;wkd@tm; tm;ay; tm;ajr‡mufðyvkdufao;onf? zsufqD;&rf;um; 0&kef;okef;um;vkyf=ujcif;onf/ t}uD;rm;qkH; òrd@}uD; ESpfòrd@. tjyifzufwGif tqkd;qkH;jzpfonf? &k&SvlrsKd;r[kwfolrsm; ESifh c&pf,mefr[kwfolrsm;onf t"du ypfrSwfrsm; jzpfae=uavonf? uufpyD,ef yifv,f&Sd/ bmul (Baku) a&eHòrd@av;wGif/ Black Hundreds rsm;onf tar&duefrsm;ukd armif;xkwf&ef ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzifh/ wkdufckdufr_rsm; jzpfay:vmav&m/ tar&duef (60) ausmf towfcHcJh=u&avonf? tar&duefrsm;onf c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf;/ a&S;&kd;c&pf,mef (Orthodox) toif;awmf0if;rsm; r[kwf=uay? txl;ojzifh *sL;rsm;rSm tqkd;&Gm;qkH; cH&olrsm;jzpf=uonf? udAfòrd@ (Keive) wGif (12) a,muf towf cHcJh&+yD;/ a&mhpawmhAf tGef 'Gef òrd@ (Rostov-on-Don) wGif (34) a,muf towfcHcJh&onf/ rifhpf (Minsk) òrd@wGif (54) a,muftowfcHcJh&+yD;/ tkd'ufqmòrd@ (Odessa) wGif (500) ausmf towfcHcJh=u&onf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf ESifh armfpukdrSmuJhokd@yif/ a'otm%mykdifrsm; ESifh ykvdyfwkd@. yg0ifusL;vGefjcif;rsm; &Sdavonf?

awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf xkdae@rSpI ,kH=unfr_rsm;&&Sdvm+yD;/ oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd zsufqD;ypf&ef ESifh

orwEkdifiHawmfwckxlaxmif&ef xkd@xuf avsmhenf;aom taetxm;jzifh/ ausat; a&mifh&Jvkduf&ef qENr&Sd=uacs? azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;rrsm;ukd tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; rkef;wD;aeaom &efolrsm;. vufxJwGif ypfxm;cJh&ef qENr&Sday/ xkd@a=umifh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfpGm jyefvnfwkdufckduf=uavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf. ZEM0g&Dv. a&cJ ESifh


ESif;xkrsm; zkH;v$rf;aeaom vrf;rsm;ay:wGif pwifcJhonfh yËdyuQonf tpkd;&. rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;a=umifh/ t=uifemuif;rJhonfh &uf&ufpufpuf wkdufckdufr_rsm;jzifh yËdyuQtopfukd pwifcJhavawmhonf?

“xdef;csKyfr_rsm; r&Sdoavmufyif” atmufwkdbm (17) &ufae@/ ae@rsm;wGif/ Izvestiia owif;pmonf t,f'DwmhtmabmfwGif Zmbk&if. rl0g'

a=unmpmwrf;ESifh ywfoufI rnDr!Gwf/ 0da&m"d jzpfaeonfrsm;ukd xkwfE_wfjyavonf - “v$wfawmf. vGwfvyfr_ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; ay;xm;+yD;jzpfw,f/” owif;pmrS 0efcHxm;avonf? “'gayr,fh æ u|efawmfwkd@&J@ v$wfawmfpnf;a0;rsm;ukd ppfwyfawGeJ@0kdif;xm;w,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdr_ukd u|efawmfwkd@tm; cGifhðyxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh aiGrSifokwfjcif;/ qkwf+zJjcif;/ jzwfawmufjcif;awGuawmh qufvuf&Sdaeao;w,f æ? 0Spfwf ukd u|efawmfwkd@tm; ay;xm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh x&DayghAfuvnf; u|efawmfwkd@qDrSm &SdaeqJyJ? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' wckukdvnf; u|efawmfwkd@tm; ay;xm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifpepf uawmh qufvufwnf &SdaeqJyJ?”

Zmbk&if. rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;onf EkdifiHukdtkyfcsKyfolvlwpk ESifh EkdifiHtkyfpkd;r_ ESpfckt=um;&Sd

qufqHa&;topfukd tmrcHay;cJhavonf? okd@aomf a=unmcsufpmwrf;ukd,fYyifv#if tpDtrHopfukd rzefwD; EkdifcJhacs? Zmbk&if ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;rsm;onf tqkdyg a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; rnfokd@ taumiftxnfazmfrnf [lonfESifh ywfoufI jiif;ckH pum;rsm;ae=ucsdefwGif/ pdef@ yDwmpbwfjynfolrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;topfrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@zmom oifhavsmfovkd vkyfaqmif=uavonf? owif;pm;rsm;onf tjzpftysufopfrsm;ukd pmvkH;rJopf }uD;rsm;ESifhtwl tpD&ifcHa&;om;jcif;/ rSwfcsufay;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfae=uavonf? òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd jynfoltrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufonfh oabmxm;/ &_axmifhrsm;tm;vkH;ukd axmufcHtm;ay;I xkwfa0 or#ukd tukefvkH; odrf;óuH;0,f,l=uavonf? pufaoeuf [k trnf&onfh Pulemet uJhokd@aom avSmifajymifoa&mfonfh *sme,frsm;rSm v_H@aqmfr_tay;qkH;/ tE_d;qGqkH;jzpfonf? xkd*sme,frsm;onf Zmbk&if ESifh ol. t&m&Sdrsm;. ykHrsm;ukd aoG;rsm;jzifh&$Jpkdaeonfh &kdif;pkdif;=urf;ñuwfaom vl&kdif;rsm;ykHo¾mef &kyfajymifykHrsm;ukd ykHESdyf=uavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;onf owif;pm/ *sme,fxkwfa0onfhwkdufrsm;okd@ tcgtm;avsmfpGm 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? okd@aomf w&m;0ifonfjzpfap/ w&m;r0ifonfjzpfap avmavmq,f topfa=unmxm; onfh vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhukd acsr_ef;okwfoif&ef pepfwuspD;eif;jcif;rsKd; r&Sdacs?

&mpwm&Da,hAf oH&nfóudpuf&kH (Rasteriaev) wGif/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ajratmuf

owif;pmrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. pufrsm;atmufwGif qufvuf0Sufxm;jcif;rðyawmhacs? owif;pmrsm;wGif qkdAD,ufwkd@. a=unmcsufrsm;ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ay:ay:wifwifyif zwfae=uav+yDjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;rS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukdvnf;/ pmwkdufrS ykd@aqmifaeav+yD? atmufwkdbmvaESmif;ydkif; ESifh Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;Y pdef@ yDwmpbwfwGif/ usif;yaeonfh jynfol@tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf &ufowWywfwkdif;wGif wkd;Iwkd;I rsm;jym;vmavonf? jynfolvlxkonf Zmwf&kHrsm;/ crf;rrsm;wGif tpkd;&qkdonfESifh ESifh Oya'qkdif&m wkd@. tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ta=umif; ykd@csa[majymcsufrsm;ukd em;axmif&eftwGuf jynfh=uyfwef;pD ae=uavonf? (1905) ckESpf tukefykdif;wGif/ pufcsKyform;rsm; ESifh aygifrkef@zkwform;rsm; rSaeI rD;ckd;acgif;wkdif oef@&Sif;a&;orm;rsm;/ tdrfazmfvkyfief;rsm;/ ESifh ykvdyfom;rsm;txd yg0ifonfh or*~topfrsm;onf toD;oD; tou/ tv#Kdv#Kd ay:xGuf zGJ@pnf;vm=uavawmhonf?

olwkd@em;vnfvufcHxm;=uonfhtwkdif;/ xkd “vGwfvyfaomae@&ufrsm;” onf òrd@}uD;rsm;wGifom

abmifcwfuef@owf xGufay:cJhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvnf; Zmbk&if. rl0g' a=unmpmwrf;tm; ajymqkdaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf/ v,form;rsm;onf awG@qkH=u+yD;/ ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ oD;EHSpkdufysKd;a&; ynm&Sifrsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) aus;&Gm ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm;twGif;&Sd/ ynmwwfrsm;tm; zdwfac:I ‚if;wkd@tm; a[majymykd@csay;&ef/ aus;&Gmvlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; ðyvkyf=uavonf? armfpukd ESifh uDvkdrDwm (150)/ (okd@r[kwf) rkdiftm;jzifh (93) rkdif omuGma0;onfh/ rmukdAkd (Markovo) wGif/ aus;&Gmv$wfawmf (Village Assembly) onf taumuftcGefrsm; &kyfodrf;ay;&ef/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&; xnfh0if&r_rsm;tm; &yfwef@ay;&ef/ ESifh 'Drkdua&pD pepftwGuf awmif;qkdxm;r_rsm;


r&&Sdao;rD umvtwGif;Y/ a'oEW& t&m&Sdrsm;. vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;tm; todtrSwfrðy/ vpfvsL&_xm;&ef/ urBmhtqifhtwef;rD yk*~vduynma&;/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;twGuf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm;/ ESifh ajr,m jyefvnfa0iSjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfay;a&;/ ponfwkd@twGuf rJqENay;cJh=u avonf? olwkd@onf “rmukdAdk orw EkdifiH (Republic of Markovo)” tjzpf olwkd@ukd,f olwkd@ a=unmcJh+yD;/ orw wa,mufukd a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf cJhavonf? xkd@aemuf ausmif;rsm; ESifh &mZ0wfr_ w&m;&kH;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfvkdufavonf?

ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFmom;rsm;onfvnf;/ atmufwkdbma=unmpmwrf;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;

ta[mif;rsm;tm; vkH;0touf0ifr_ r&Sdawmh[lonfh tcsufjy pmwrf;wcktjzpf owfrSwf,lqvkduf =uavonf? abmvfwpf yifv,ftwGif;&Sd/ u|ef;wcktay:wGif&Sdonfh/ u&Gefpw'f (Kronstadt) a&wyf tajcpkdufpcef;wGif/ &mxl;tqifhedrfhusonfh t&mcHppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm;onf ppfr_xrf;oufav#mhcsay;a&;/ ppfr_xrf;vpm wkd;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ jynfol@tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif wufa&mufcGifhay;jcif;/ ESifh jynfol@tyef;ajz ae&mrsm;wGif vrf;av#mufcGifhay;jcif;/ jynfol@pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGif t&ufaopmaomufpm;cGifhðyjcif;/ ESifh ppfpnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&; w&m;&kH;rsm;ukd a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzifh a&G;aumuf&ef/ ponfwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=u avonf? Zmbk&ifonf “‚if;wkd@. vdktifqENrsm;ukd azmfjy&ef ESifh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd xkwfazmf&ef” tvkd@iSm “vGwfvyfaom vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; (open assembly)” Y pka0;cGifhukd cGifhðyvkdufonf [k oabFmom;rsm;onf vufcH,kH=unfcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh/ ajcvsifwyfcGJwckonf olwkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ukd olwkd@. wyf&if;rSL;tm; wifjyaomtcg/ tzrf;cHcJh=u&+yD;aemuf/ olwkd@onf ,rf;ykHrD;us em=unf; a'goxGufcJh=uavonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom a&wyfoabFmom;rsm;onf/ t"du&k%f;rsm;zefwD;jcif;/ ukefpkHqkdifrsm;tm; òzdcs zsufqD;jcif;/ avxJokd@ aoewfrsm;axmifypfjcif;/ ESifh t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh t&yfom;rsm;tm; wkdufckdufjcif; wkd@ukdðyvkyf=uavonf? (26) a,muftowfcHcJh=u&+yD;/ (2000) ausmf tzrf;cHcJh=u&avonf?

atmufwkdbm (17) &ufae@aemufykdif;/ &ufowWywf (6) ywftwGif;Y/ wyfwGif;ykefuefr_ w&mausmf

jzpfyGm;cJhavonf? u&Gefpw'f (Kronstadt) a&wyftajcpkdufpcef;uJhokd@r[kwfbJ/ t&m&Sdrsm;onf/ &mxl; tqifhedrfhusonfh t&mcHppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm;. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rS tcsKd@onf [kwfrSefa=umif;/ oihfavsmf a=umif; 0efcH+yD;aomtcg/ +idrf;csrf;pGm +yD;qkH;oGm;cJh=uavonf? Oyrm- omrefwyfwGif;tajctaersKd;wGif wyfwGif;pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfonfh/ t&m&Sdrsm;trdef@ay;apckdif;onfhtcg ppfom;rsm;onf vkdufemvkyfaqmif&rnf [laom/ ppfpnf;urf;onf &Sdp&mrvkd[laom awmif;qkdcsufukd tjyeftvSefem;vnfr_rsKd;jzifh zGihf[0efcH&ef rvkdbJ todtrSwfðyvkdufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? ,if;onf Zmbk&ifvkdvm;ol t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf raumif;aom/ qkd;&Gm;aom owif;jzpfoGm;cJhavonf? ppf0ef}uD; AkdvfcsKyf atvufZef'g &'D*sm(Ministe of War Genenral Aleksandr Rediger) rS jyefajymif;rSwfrdonfrSm - “wyfzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;rSaeI trdef@remcHr_ESifh ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf 'gZifrsm;pGm/ ae@pOfESifhtr# vufcH&&Sdaeavonf? ,if;onf ppfwyftay:ukdyiftm;ukd;I rjzpfEkdifawmha=umif; oufaojyvkdufaomtcg/ tcsdefonf eD;uyfvm+yDjzpfa=umif;xif&Sm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tazmfrJhr_/ txD;usef&r_ tedÏm&kHonf usa&mufvmawmhrnfjzpfonf?

&k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf xkduJhokd@ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ xkwfa0jzef@csdcGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ ESifh tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@pnf;cGifh wkd@ukd

,cifu wcgr# r&&SdcJhzl;acs? xkdvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd olwkd@onf Oya'rS tmrcHay;xm;onfh twGufa=umifh r[kwfbJ/ ,if;wkd@ukd olwkd@rS ,laqmifusifhokH;vkdufaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkdtcg tm%mykdif rsm;onf xkdvGwfvyfcGifh usifhokH;aer_wkd@ukd &yfwef@/ wm;qD;&eftwGuf tvGefyif acgif;&_wfaeapcJhavonf? “awmfvSefa&;avxk[m jynfolvlxkukd 0kdift&ufvkdrsKd; rl;,pfapcJhonfhtwGuf/ u|efawmfwkd@onf t&ufrl;ae onfh tajctaersKd;xJwGif aexdkifaecJh=uonf” [k rif&SDApfuf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh tufzf tkdif 'ef (F. I. Dan) rS *smref qkd&S,fvpf wa,mufjzpfonfh um;vf aumhwfpukdif (Kaul Kautsky) xHokd@ ay;ykd@aom pmxJwGif a&;om;cJhavonf? qufvufI pmxJwGif - “trSefwu,fwGifrl vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifhrsm;tay:wGif/ xdef;csKyfr_rsm; vkH;0 r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfaecJhavonf? pdwfaepdwfxm; rsm;uawmh crf;em;xnf0gvGef;ayonf”[k a&;om;cJhonf?

okd@&mwGif “vGwfvyfaom ae@&ufrsm;”onf tEW&m,f&Sdaom ae@&ufrsm;vnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tpGef; a&muf

vuf,m0g'Drsm;. tqdk;&Gm;qkH;aom t=urf;zuf zsufqD; wkdufckdufr_rsm;/ atmufwkdbmwGif +yD;qkH;oGm; aomfvnf;/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf qufvufI &Sd+rJ &SdaeqJjzpf+yD;/ rkefwkdif;opfwckonf +cdrf;ajcmufaecJhavonf?


Ekd0ifbmv tpykdif;wGif/ vuf,m0g'Drsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~ (Union of the Russian People - URP) topfwckrSaeI/ zGJ@pnf;ykHay:vmcJhavonf? &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~ onf tajctaewnfwnf+idrf+idrf &Sdr_ukd vkdvm;aom ukefonf}uD;rsm;/ ,cif pepfa[mif;atmufwGif csrf;om }uD;yGm;ae=uaom twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ jynfe,f/ c&kdif t&m&Sdrsm;/ ESifh tcsKd@aom v,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;wkd@. pdwf0ifpm; pGJaqmifr_wkd@ukd &&SdcJhavonf? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepftm; ‚if;wkd@. ckHcHumuG,fay;r_tay:/ rsufESmvkdrsufESm& azmfvHzm;onfh/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_ oabmw&m;wckudkvnf;/ wjznf;jznf;csif; oGwfoGif;ay;cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@. pdwful;rsm;ukd/ vkyf}uHZmwfcif;xm;onfh ZD,Geftpfudkawmfrsm;.usifhxHk;rsm;pmtkyf (Protocols of the Elders of Zion) tay:wGif tajccHI/ &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ v#Kd@0Suf}uHpnfaeonfh EkdifiHwum *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tzGJ@tpnf;wckrSaeI/ c&pf,mefe,fajrwckay:wGif/ r+idrfrouf qlyltkHºuGr_rsm;ukd zefwD;&eftwGuf ESifh *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;. v$rf;rkd;}uD;pkd;r_ukd ,laqmifvm&eftwGuf/ &k&SEkdifiHwGif jzpfay:aeom awmfvSefa&;ukd óud;ukdifpDrHaeygonf [k ,kH=unfaecJh=uonf? &k&Sjynfolrsm;or*~onf zdESdyfr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef twGuf/ ESifh twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&eftwGuf vlowfwyfzGJ@rsm;ukdyg zGJ@pnf;&ef wkdufwGef;cJhavonf?

vuf,m0g'Drsm;. arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;ukd Zmbk&ifonf pdwfESvkH; ESpfòcduf/ oabmawG@cJhavonf?

atmufwkdbm (27) &ufae@wGif/ ol. r,fawmfxHokd@ pmwapmifa&;om;cJhavonf? “opPmawmf&Sdonfh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;”onf/ olwkd@tm; aoGzDvrf;vGJatmifvkyfaqmifaeonfh “the kikes” rsm;/ ESifh &k&S todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh/ aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;tygt0if/ vufwqkyfpm “qkd;oGrf;aom vlrsm;”tm; tjyif;txef qef@usifae=uavonf? eDukdvufpfxHokd@ tajrmuftjrm;a&muf&Sdvmonfh a=u;eef;rsm;rSaeI/ a&yef;pm;aeonfh txiftjrifrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; qef@usifaeonfqkdonfukd/ ol@tm; tckdiftrm,kH=unfapcJhonf? 0SpfwfrS ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;ukd ,laqmifvmvdrfhrnf[k ol@tm; tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhavonf? olwkd@ r+idrfoufcJh=uay? ,cktcg tqkdyg tkef;tkef;u|ufu|uf 0&kef;okef;um; jzpfr_rsm; tqkH;owf&ef tcsdefwefav+yD?

eDukdvufpfrS ykdI v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfvmaomtcg 0Spfwf. t&Sdef=oZmrSm usqif;vmavonf? 0Spfwfonf

xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom oufarG;r_ynm&Sifwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;/ tifykdif,m. eef;wGif;Y olonf t+rJwrf; tjyifvlwa,mufom jzpfaecJhavonf? *sL;vlrsKd;wa,mufjzpfonf[k aumv[vxGufaeonfh/ wvifuGmxm;onfh trsKd;orD;wa,mufukd vyfxyfxm;jcif;twGufukdyifv#if wpdwfwykdif;tjzpf aus;Zl;wif& awmhayrnf? ,cktcg/ Zmbk&ifonf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_tay:wGif t,kHt=unfr&Sdawmhacs? eDukdvufpfonf x&DayghAftay:wGif ykdrkdI tm;ukd;vmavonf? ,cktcg x&DayhgAfonf eef;wGif;wyfrSL;csKyfwa,mufjzpf vmavonf? eDukdvufpftwGufrl/ x&DayghAfonf jywfom;aom/ rqkwfrepfaom/ qkH;jzwfcsufckdifrmaom/ tºuGif;rJhopPm&Sdaomolwa,mufjzpf[ef&Sdavonf? okd@aomf ynmwwfvlwef;pm; tzGJtpnf;rsm;twGufrl/ x&DayghAfonf &k&Sppfwyf. &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfol/ tqiftjcifr&Sd rkdufrJaomol wa,muftjzpf oauFwðy avonf? 0Spfwf rS aemufykdif;wGif a&;om;onfrSm - “x&DayghAfukd,fwkdiftwGufrl/ tm;vkH;onf evydef;wkH;rsm; jzpf=uonf? t&m&mwkdif;onf vG,fvG,fuav;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI jynfolvlxkonf qlyltkHºuGygu/ olwkd@tm; oif &kdufESufvkdufyg” Tr#omjrifoljzpfonf?

vGwfvyfr_topfrsm;. rsufpdoli,ftdrfwck/ jyefvnfEkd;xvmaom t=urf;zufr_/ ESifh ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_ ESifh

jyefvnfvufwkef@jyefr_ ESpfckt=um; a&$@ajymif;aeaom tpkd;&wckwkd@onf twkduftcHrsm;tm; tvSnhftajymif; ae&mwckokd@ a&muf&SdapcJhavonf? atmufwkdbm rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;tm; wGef;tm; ay;&mwGif/ Zmbk&if. twkduftcHrsm;onf vtenf;i,frwkdifrDu olwkd@ tdyfruf rufxm;cJhonfrsm;xuf ykdI atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf xkdxufykdrkdI zdtm;ay;&ef aoG;aqmif jzm;a,mif; cHcJh=u&avonf? tvGeftu|H wGef;tm;ay;jcif;onf 0Spfwftm; *k%foduQm ykdrkdusqif;ap+yD;/ t,kHt=unf ykdrkd rJhvmap+yD;/ Zmbk&iftm; t=urf;zuf òzdcGif;r_qDokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;atmif E_d;qGay;+yD;/ ,if;onf &&Sdxm;onfh atmifjrifr_rsm;tm; acszsufypfapcJhavonf? okd@aomf/ Zmbk&ifonf óud;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifcHae&csdefwGif/ tu,fI olwkd@taeESifh qufvufwkdufckdufaer_rsm;ukd &yfwef@cJhygu/ olwkd@taejzifh ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom atmifjrifr_tcGifhtvrf;wckukdvnf; vufv$wfqkH;&_H;oGm;&Ekdifavonf? rnfonfhvrf;a=umif; ukdyif olwkd@taejzifh vkdufav#mufapumrl/ atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJukd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;apcJhonfh pkpnf;r_ tiftm;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef/ aoa&;&Sifa&;tjzpf ta&;ygayvdrfhrnf?


“t=urf;zufyGJwck ² ² ² csOf;uyfvmaejcif;”

rnfonfhygwD/ or*~/ (okd@r[kwf) tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;wckur# atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJukd wGef;tm;ay;armif;ESifjcif; rðycJh=uay? rnfonfhyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufur# wpkHvkH;twkdif;twm. acgif;aqmif wOD;tjzpf (odk@r[kwf) r[mAsL[mcsrSwfolwa,muftjzpf ay:rvmcJhacs? tkyfcsKyfol tpkd;&. òydifzuf &efolrsm;tm;/ atmufwkdbm ae@&ufrsm;twGif;Y twlwuG0kdif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef/ pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonfrSm/ t"duyef;wkdifrsm;jzpfonfh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ESifh ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&ay:aygufvm&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;. aemufuG,fwGif/ v#rf;v#rf;awmuf xdwfxdwf}uJ tkyfpkrsm;rS/ tapmykdif;u vkyfaqmifxm;cJhr_rsm;a=umifhom jzpfavonf? ,if;wGif pmykHESdyfpufrsm;rS tkyfpkuGJ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) owˆKtvkyform;rsm;rS tif*sifeD,m;rsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhavonf/ xkd@tjyif +yD;cJhonfh ESpftwGif;rS tjzpftysufrsm;onfvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; tm;vkH;. wlnDaom yef;wkdifrsm;tay:wGif twlwuGtm;vkH;0kdif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&ef oif=um;ay;cJhavonf? ,cktcg vGwfvyfa&; vufwurf;tuGmwGif&Sdae[ef &Sd+yD;/ ,cifu w}udrfwcgr# r&SdcJhzl;onfh ‚if;wkd@. pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ ckdifrmjcif; &Sd/ r&Sdukdvnf; prf;oyfcH&awmhrnfjzpfonf?

atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;/ armfpukdY wnfaxmifcJhonfh au'wfygwDonf “vGwfvyfaom

ae@&ufrsm;” umvtwGif;/ vpfb&,frsm;.t=um;wGif t"du zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tiftm;wckjzpfonf? olwdk@. vkyfief;OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm/ ,cktcg atmufwkdbmvtwGif;Y &ifhrSnhfvmcJhonfh t=urf;twrf;cHonfh oefrmaom twkduftcHtzGJ@tpnf;ukd tm;tifjznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfonf? tpkd;&. ‚if;wkd@. ay;xm;onfh uwdrsm;ukd apmifhxdef;&ef pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;jcif;/ ESifh &&Sdxm;onfh tajctaeopfxJwGifyif ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh EkdifiHa&; ESifh vlr_a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd atmifjrifatmifvkyfaqmif&efwkd@jzpfonf? au'wfrsm; yg0if ywfoufaeor#umvywfvkH; awmfvSefa&;onfum; tqkH;owfcJhav+yD/ vkyfaqmif&ef usef&Sdaeaomt&mrSm ckdifrm awmifhwif; uspfvspfvmap&ef ESifh tajctaeykdrkdwkd;wufvmatmif wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf?

vGwfajrmufa&;or*~uJhokd@yif au'wfrsm;onf vlwef;pm; ESifh ygwD e,ferdwfrsm;ukd ausmfvGefI ta&;awmfykH

trnfjzifh ajymqkdcJh=uonf? olwkd@onf v,fykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh vpfb&,frsm;tm;/ tvkyform;rsm; ESifh qkd&S,fvpfrsm;tm; wpkwpnf;wnf; twlwuGukdifaqmifxm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;cJh=uonfh/ 'Drdkua&pD ESifh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya't&jzpfaomtpkd;&uJhokd@aom pepfrsm;. wefbkd;rsm;ukd az:jycJh=uonf? okd@&mwGif au'wfrsm;onf/ vGwfvyfa&;0g'Drsm;uJhokd@yif/ vufawG@trSefwu,fwGifrl vlOD;a&. usOf;ajrmif;aom tv$mwckukdom ukd,fpm;ðycJhavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ajrykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh òrd@jy txufwef;v$mrsm;omjzpfonf? ygwDukd OD;aqmifae=uonfh a&S@aersm;ESifh ygarmuQ ya&mfzufqmrsm;onf tv#iftjrefyif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm; qkd&S,fvpfrsm;. z,fcGm a&SmifusOfjcif;ukd cH&avawmhonf? xkd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm; qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf tqkdyg a&S@aersm;ESifh ya&mfzufqmrsm;.OD;aqmifr_ aemufokd@ vkdufyg&ef qENr&Sd=uacs?

atmufwkdbm (17) &uf. wywftwGif;wGifyif/ pdef@yDwmpbwftvkyform;rsm;onf/ olwkd@wGif

EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tjyif/ tjcm;aom t&mrsm;vnf; olwkd@. pdwfxJY &Sdaea=umif;ukd jyocJhavonf? atmufwkdbm (24) &ufae@wGif/ ae@AfpuD oabFm ESihf pufypPnf;vkyfief; (Nevskii Ship and Machine Works) rS tvkyform;rsm;onf/ ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfcsdefrsm; av#mhcsa&;twGuf qENrJxnfhcJh=uavnf? qENrJ xnhf0ifykHenf;pepfrSm/ tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D jynfhaomtcg vkyfief;cGifukd odrf;qnf;vkdufonfh/ &kd;pif;aom enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf? xkdenf;twkdif;yif/ wòrd@vkH;&Sd tjcm;aompuf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; vkdufyg vkyfaqmif=uavawmhonf? atmufwkdbmoydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;Y tpkd;&tm; wkdufckduf&ef &nf&G,fI oifwef; ay;xm;onfh ppfaoG;ºuGaeolrsm;ukdrl/ ,cktcg puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm; ESifh olaÏ;rsm;tm;wkdufckduf&ef oifwef;ay;ae cJhavonf?

atmufwkdbm oydwfwkdufyGJtwGif;Y/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. qef@usifqENjyr_rsm;tm;

onf;nnf;cHcJhonfhtjyif/ trsm;pkrSm qENjytvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;c wpdwfwydkif;ukdyif qufvufI ay;aecJh avonf? okd@aomf tvkyf&Sifrsm;. tvkyfcsdef (8) em&D v_yf&Sm;r_wGifrl wkef@jyefr_ rwlnDawmhacs? Ekd0ifbmv (10)


&ufae@wGifrl/ puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. puf&kH*dwfwHcg;rsm;ukd aomhcwfvkduf=u+yD;/ aemuf &uftenf;i,ftwGif;Yyifv#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;rSm armif;xkwfcHvkduf=u&avonf? yk*~vduykdifpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;tcsKd@wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkyf&SifolaÏ;rsm;ESifh aphpyfajy+idrf;vkduf=u+yD; tvkyfcGifxJokd@ jyef0ifoGm;=uavonf? tjcm;aom ae&mrsm;Yrl wae@tvkyfcsdef (8) em&Dtxd av#mhcsay;a&; twGuf/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;ukd jiif;qkd=u+yD; vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qufvuf aexkdifae=uavonf?

wae@tvkyfcsdef (8)em&D v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;. &efrlqef@usifr_cH&&kHomru/ vpfb&,frsm;.

a0zefr_rsm;ukdvnf; &&SdoGm;avonf? ,cktcg tvkyform;rsm;. ‚if;[email protected];pD;yGg;twGuf twif;t=uyf awmif;qkdaer_rsm;onf/ vGefcJhonfh &ufowWywfrsm;u wpkHvkH; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl yg0ifaqmif&Guf/ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;. z,fcGma&SmifusOfr_ukd &&SdoGm;avonf? tjcm; wzufwGifvnf;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf qkdAD,ufxHrS oem;*&k%mukd &&Sdavonf? qkdAD,ufwkd@onf xkd v_yf&Sm;r_tm; ausmaxmufaemufcHay;&eftwGuf qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfukd atmufwkdbmv (29) &ufae@wGif csrSwfcJhavonf? okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ vpfb&,frsm;. t,ltqESifh oabmxm;csif; wlnD+yD;/ vlr_pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;oufoufvkyfaqmifjcif;onf/ tiftm;rsm;ukd qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;ap+yD;/ xkdtiftm; rsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJwGif tokH;ðyygu ykdrkdaumif;rGefrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqkd=uavonf? “oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&SifpepfukdawmifrS u|efawmfwkd@ rðzwfcsEkdifao;bl;/ cifAsm;wkd@uawmh blZGmawGeJ@yg ,SOfòydifcsifae=u+yD” [k qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwa,mufrS/ (8) em&Dv_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufcHtm;ay;aom qkdAD,uf ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;tm; owday; E_d;aqmfavonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf pdwfr&SnfzG,f &Snf=umvmaomtcg/ tvkyfydwfxm;onfh puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. pdwf"gwfay:wGif tav#mhay;vkdufjcif;jzifh/ Ekd0ifbmv (13) &ufae@wGif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tm;&yfqkdif;&ef awmif;qkdvkdufavonf?

awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;onf ‚if;[email protected] tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf wjcm;aom vkyfief; wm0efvnf;

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xkd@tjyif/ i,f&G,faom &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;pGmtwGuf a&yef;pm;aeaom vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;. ykH&dyf rsm;onf

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aoG;v$rf;aom we*FaEG aemufykdif;Y xa&mhpuD. rmufhpf0g'Drsm;twGif;Yyif xa&mhpuD. cg;oD;aom

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abmvf&SDApfrsm;onf wESpfywfvkH; tvkyform;rsm;tm; vufeufukdifaqmif&ef em;ylem;qm

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a=unmcsufpmwrf;wapmifukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? a=unmcsufwGif tifykdif,mtwGif;&Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;vkH; tm; ‚if;wkd@. b%frsm;Y pkaqmif;xm;aiGrsm;ukd xkwf,l&ef ESifh ay;aqmif&ef&Sdonfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd a&$jzifh ay;aqmif=u&ef wkdufwGef;cJhavonf? pmwrf;rS a=unmxm;onfrSm “tpkd;&tm; ‚if;. &Sifoefaeonfh aemufqkH; &if;jrpfjzpfonfh b¾ma&;tcGefawmfaiGukd jzwfawmuf&eftwGuf/ 'g[m rjzpfraevkyfzkd@ vkdtyfw,f”? okd@aomf ykdrkdus,fjyef@onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rS qef@usifaeonfrSm/ tpkd;&. &Sifoefaejcif;ukd r[kwfay/ oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepfukdjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh Tenf;tm;jzifh jr‡ifhwifcJhonfh ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rSm/ tajrmuftrsm; b%faiGtyfESHxm;olrsm;rS/ eufeuf&_dif;&_dif; jzwfawmufatmif/ vkdufygvkyfaqmif&ef rjzpfEkdifcJhacs? aemufxyf &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;txd/ b%fpkaiGrsm;rS &lb,f oef; (90)avmufom xkwf,lcJh=uavonf?

b¾ma&;qkdif&m a=unmcsufpmwrf;onf tpkd;&rS tv#iftjrefwkef@jyefr_wckukd v_H@aqmfay;cJhav onf?

xkwfjyefa=unmonfhae@wGifyif/ tpkd;&onf pdef@ yDwmpbwfwGif xkda=unmcsuftm; ykHESdyfonfh owif;pmwkduf (8) cktm; odrf;qnf;cJh+yD;/ xkd owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJhavonf? aemufwae@ nae/ 'DZifbm (3) &ufae@wGif/ qkdAD,uf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taqmuftOD;okd@/ cgwkdif;uJhokd@yif a&muf&SdvmcJh=uavonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;. ta=umif;t&maygif;rsm;pGmudk aqG;aEG;=u+yD;aemuf/ tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDonf taqmuftOD;tm; ajcvsifppfom;rsm;/ jrif;pD;aumhquf rsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rS 0kdif;xm;onfukd owdðyrdavawmhonf? xa&mhpuDonf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; vufwkef@jyef ckcHr_ rðy&ef !ïef=um;vkdufavonf? xkd@tjyif ppfom;rsm;tcef;xJokd@ 0ifvmaomtcg aumfrwD onf tvkyfqufvufvkyfukdifaecJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif olonf tpnf;ta0;&kwfodrf;vkdufa=umif; a=unmvkdufavonf? tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDESifh ukd,fpm;vS,f (200)wkd@ tm;vkH;tzrf;cHcJh=u&avonf? vufeufukdifolykefx&eftwGuf aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfaeaom pdef@ yDwmpbwf qkdAD,ufonf/ aoewf wcsufr# razmufvkduf&yJ/ vufeufcs tnHhcHvkduf=u&avonf?

“t=uifemuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmifyg”

armfpudk&Sd awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf;/ òrd@awmf&Sd ‚if;wkd@. awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;uJhokd@yif/ atmufwkdbmvuwnf;u/ tpkd;&ESifh zufòydif&efjzpf&ef wkdufyGJwcktwGuf &efapmifae=uavonf? “vufeufpGJukdif=u æ vufeufpGJukdif=u æ ,if;onf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm;vkH;. aºuG;a=umfoH yifjzpfonf” [k qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh ADG trf ZefZDaemhAf (V. M. Zenzinov) u jyefajymif; ajymjyjcif;jzpfygonf? vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf vufwavmav;wGifyif wyfwGif;ykefuefr_'Da&v_dif;vkH;rsm; wufvmcJhonfh armfpukdòrd@apmifhwyfrS wyfzGJ@rsm;rSaeI ‚if;wkd@tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;vdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ukd ,kH=unfxm; ae=uavonf? okd@aomf tcsKd@onf xkdòrd@apmifhwyfzGJ@rsm;rSaeI r[mrdwftul tnDukd &&Sdvdrfhrnfqkdonfukd oHo,&Sdae=uavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ppfom;rsm;. r=unfjzLr_ rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh/ tm%m&Siftpkd;&tay: &efvkdjcif;rS jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfyJ/ ‚if;wkd@tay: rSm;,Gif;aom qufqHr_rsm;rSaeI aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf qkdonfukd em;vnfoabmaygufxm;=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;onf vkdtyfvmcJhv#if ‚if;wkd@csnf;om vkyfaqmifoGm;&vdrfhrnf[k em;vnf xm;cJh=uonf? ZefZDaemhAfrS olrSwfrdor#ukd jyefajymjyonfrSm -


“wkdufyGJwcktwGif;Y 0ifa&mufyg0if&jcif; rðy&yJ/ ajc vufrsm;ukd wkyfaESmifcHxm;&jcif;xuf ²aoa=uysufpD;oGm;jcif;onf ykdaumif;ayonf”?

‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif t=urf;zufavvkH;rsm;ESifh b0ifjrihfae=uaom/ acgif;rm*dk%f;om; a&'Du,ftkyfpk (3) ck

pvkH;jzpfonfh abmvf&SDApf/ rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tkyfpkrS tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;y=u+yD;/ qlyltkHºuGr_}uD;wck. a&S@ajy;tjzpf/ taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJ wckqifEGJ&ef qENrJ xnfh0ifae=uavonf? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufae@wGif/ ESpfywftausmfu wnfaxmifcJhonfh armfpukd qkdAD,uf oydwfwkdufyGJ azmfaqmif&ef twnfðyaxmufcHcJhavonf? wkef@jyefr_rSm txif}uD;avmufayonf? (2) &uf twGif;wGifyif/ tvkyform; (80000)onf tvkyfcGifrsm;rS xGufcGmoGm;=uavonf? pwkd;qkdifrsm;rSm ysOfcsyfrsm; jzifh um&Hxm; vkduf=uavonf? ae@pOfvnfywfaer_rsm;rSm xyfrHI vkH;0O\kH&yfwef@oGm;jyefavawmhonf?

vufeuf ukdifaqmifxm;onfh vlta,muf (100)wkd@ odrf;ykdufxm;onfh taqmuftOD;wckukd

ppfwyfrsm;rSaeI vufeuf}uD;jzifh ypfcwfaomtcg/ taxGaxGwkdufckdufr_}uD;onf/ 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@n rwkdifrDtxd &kef;rxGufEkdifcJhay? ‚if;wkd@. ta&twGufrsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;r_rS a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ awmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;onf '&lZifeduD (druzhinniki) [k ac:onfh vufeufukdif wyfzGJ@i,frsm;ukd òrd@tESH@vSnhfywfoGm;vmae apav+yD;/ rnfonfhae&murSef;roday:xGufvm=uum ppfom;rsm;ESifh ykvdyftkyfpki,fav;rsm;ukd vufeufcs apavonf? (druzhinniki) rsm;rS ppfwyfrsm;tm; ypfcwfaomtcg/ ppfwyfrS vltkyfxJokd@ jyefvnfypfcwfjcif; jzifh vufwkef@jyef=uavonf? y&yfpeD;,m; c&kdifwGif (Presnia district)/ tdrfrSaeI txnf,ufvkyfonfh puf&kHrsm;txd/ ta,mufpDwkdif;onf twm;tqD;/ t[ef@twm;rsm;ukd aqmufvkyfae=u[ef&Sdavonf? trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;onf ukwifabmifrsm;/ {nfhóudol pmyGJ&Snfrsm;ESifh w,fvDzkH;wkdifrsm;ESifh vrf;ab;rD;wkdifrsm;ukd vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ qGJ,lvm=uavonf? “wòrd@vkH;tESH@&Sd twm;tqD;acGrsm;ukd wif;=uyfaeap&ef qufxm;=uonf”/ òrd@. bk&ifcHcsKyfonf pdef@ yDwmpbwfokd@ óud;rJha=u;eef;jzifh/ wyfulrsm; tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef awmif;cHavonf?

puf&kHa'orsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf;/ òrd@v,f&Sd ta&;}uD;aom

tcsuftjcmusonfhae&mrsm;udk odrf;ykdufxm;Ekdif&ef wcgr# róud;pm;cJh=uacs? tu,fI ppfom;rsm;onf trdef@tm%mrsm;ukdzDqef&ef ar#mfvifhxm;cJh+yD;/ olykefrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vmcJhv#if/ ‚if;onf t"dyg,f&Sdaom vkyf&yfjzpfayrnf? yxrae@rsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;onf qENjyolrsm;ESifh ta&mw0ifqufqHvkdufaomtcg ESifh ‚if;[email protected]&;udpPESifh wef;wloabmxm;[ef &Sdaeaomtcg/ xkdar#mfvifhcsufrsm;onf rSefuefae[ef &SdcJh avonf? okd@aomf xkd yg0ifywfoufjcif;ukd ydkrkdawmifhwif;vmatmif/ (okd@r[kwf) tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rS ppfom;rsm;t=um;ESifh ppf,leDazmif;0wfI tr_xrf;ae&onfh v,form;rsm;tm; trSefwu,f bufawmfom; rsm;jzpfvmatmif awmfvSefa&;ajymufusm;rsm;tjzpf yg0iftm;ay;&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;jcif;ukd tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhavonf? tusKd;&v'fwcktwGuf ar#mfvifhaejcif; ESifh atmifjrifr_&&Sd&eftwGuf pnf;&kH;jcif; wkd@onf rwluGJjym; jcm;em;aomt&m ESpfckjzpfavonf? ypfcwfr_rsm;pwifv#if pwifjcif; ppfom;rsm;. pdwfrsm;onf ododomom ajymif;oGm;avonf? vDeif. óudwifcef@rSef;xm;csufrsm;um; ysufpD;oGm;avonf? ppfom;rsm;onf olwkd@tm; aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfh tvkyform;rsm;tm; ypfcwf&eftwGuf pdwfrokd;roef@jzpfr_ rcHpm;&awmhacs?

'DZifbmv (15) &ufae@wGif/ òrd@awmfrS ppfwyftulrsm; armfpukdokd@ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ 'Da&onf

jyefvnfusoGm;avawmhonf? tvkyform;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl/ aus;vufa'o rsm;okd@ c&pfprwfyGJawmf qifE$J&eftwGuf xGufcGmoGm;=uaomtcg/ ykefuefolrsm;onf òrd@tESH@toD;oD;okd@ pwif jyef@ESH@uGJxGufoGm;=uavawmhonf? ckcHtHwkaeonfonfh ae&mwckrSm usef&Sdaeao;onf/ y&yfpeD;,m; c&kdifjzpf+yD;/ xkdae&mwGif ppfwyfrsm; ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rSm twm;tqD;rsm;jzifh ydwfqkd@cHxm;&qJjzpfavonf? xkdtcg pdef@ yDwmpbwfrS wyfom; (1500) &Sdonfh qDrDaemhAfpuD wyf&if; (Semenovskii Regiment) onf usef&Sdaeonfh awmifhcHaeolrsm;ukd xGufoGm;ap&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&avonf? xkd wyf. wyfrSL;rSm “tn‡m twmuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmif&ef”/ “ykefuefolrsm;. *kd%f;rsm;ukd rsKd;ðzwf&ef ESifh qlyltkHºuGolrsm;. acgif;aqmif rsm;ukd zrf;qD&ef” trdef@ay;jcif;ukd cHxm;&oljzpfavonf? aemufwae@reufwGif tvkyform;rsm; odrf;ykduf xm;aom puf&kHrsm;rSm tajr‡mufusnfqHrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwfjcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? tvkyform; rsm;rS tenf;tusOf;


jyefvnfypfcwfaomfvnf;/ wyf&if;}uD;onf w&pyfypfcwfr_udk (2) &ufvkH;vkH;/ tqufrjywf qufwkdufypfcwfaeav&m/ &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ckcHolrsm;ESifh omreft&yfom;rsm;yg aoqkH;=uavonf?

(18) &ufae@a&mufaomtcg/ abmvf&SDApfrsm; ESifh armfpukd qkdAD,uf wkd@yg ta&;&_H;edrfhoGm;=u avonf?

xkd@aemuf ykefueftkHºuGr_rSmvnf; wzkwfzkwfjrnfI &yfwef@oGm;avawmhonf? 700 (okd@r[kwf) ‚if;xufykdaom awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; ESifh t&yfom;rsm; towfcHcJh=u&onf? okd@aomf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;rSm ta,muf (70) om&Sdavonf? armfpudk&Sd typftcwftkyfpkrsm;rSm/ tpuwnf;uyif olwkd@ taejzifh awmfvSefa&;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh rvkyfaqmifEkdifygu/ olwkd@. ta&;tcif; =urRmiifvdrfhrnfqkdonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufxm;cJh=uavonf? okd@aomf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ }uD;rm;onfh avmifu|rf;r_wck. tpjzpfonfh xif;pi,fonf 'DZifbmvtv,fwGif pkdpGwfaecJhavonf? pdef@ yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;onf taxGaxGoydwfwkdufyGJukd tusOf;r#om vkyfaqmifcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif olwkd@onf wcgr#yif vufeufrsm;ukdifaqmifr_ukd rðyvkyfchJ=uay? tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;tcsKd@wGifvnf; ao;i,faom olykefxr_rsm;om &SdcJhavonf? ,if;wkd@rSm ppfwyfrsm;tm; jyefvnf&kwfodrf;/ qkwfcGmoGm;atmif trdef@ay;&ef rvkHavmufcJhacs?

armfpukdwGif tpkd;&rS xºuGaomif;usef;r_rsm;ukd tjyif;txef&kdufcsaepOfwGif/ wEkdifiHvkH;wGif xda&mufaom

ESdrfESif;òzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd Ekd0ifbmvukefwGif +yD;qkH;&efvnf; t&Sdefjr‡ifhvkyfaqmifaeavonf? 0Spfukd,fwkdifonfyifv#if vufeufukdifaqmifxm;onfh &efolrsm;tm;/ ppfwyfrS “jywfjywfom;om;ESifh t=uifemuif;rJhpGm” acsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&ef/ tcsufjyaecJhavonf? eDukdvufpfonf ol. t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh wyfrSL;rsm;rS wqifh/ &efvkdr_t&dyfvuQ%mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd t=urf;zuf òzdcGif;ESdrfESif;&ef pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh axmufcHtm;ay;aecJhavonf? “t=urf;zufr_ukd t=urf;zufr_jzifhomv#if tajzay;&rnf”[k ol ,kH=unf aecJhavonf? trdef@ay; t&m&Sdrsm;rSm twkduftcHrsm;tm; ESdrfESif;&mwGif rnfonfhvkdtyfcsufrsKd;ukdrqkd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfcGifhay;xm;avonf? ud,ufAf (Kieve) bk&ifcHcsKyfonf “ykefuefol rsm;ukd tjrpfjzwfokwfoifacsr_ef;&ef ESifh ckcHygu ‚if;wkd@. tdrfrsm;ukdyg rD;&_d@ypfvkduf&ef” trdef@rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;cJhavonf? &xm;vrf;oydwfwck tqkH;owf&eftwGuf qkdufab;&D;,m;okd@ apv$wfvkdufaom wyfzGJ@rsm;rSm jynfolrsm;tm; óud;jzifh csdwfqGJxm;+yD;/ jrif;=umyGwfjzifh y,fy,fe,fe,f &kdufESufcJhavonf? abmvfwpf jynfe,f/ c&kdifrsm;okd@ qif;oGm;aom ppfwyfrsm;rSm jynfolrsm;ukd tusOf;enf;jzifh owfjzwfuGyfrsufjcif;rsm;/ jynfolvlxktm; pk&kH;I &kdufESufjcif;rsm;/ ESifh rD;&_d@r_rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavawmhonf?

(1905) ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;wGif/ tpkd;&rS zdESdyfr_ajracG;rsm;udk avSmiftdrfzGifhIv$wfvkduf+yD;/ jynfolvlxk}uD; tm;

0yfusoGm;atmif csKd;ESdrfI/ tusOf;axmifrsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jznfhwif;vkdufonf? (1906) ckESpftapmykdif;okd@ a&mufaomtcg tpkd;&onf awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm;udk a=umufp&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmhacs? awmfvSefa&;onf ‚if;. ukd,fykdifaoG;rsm;xGufapjcif;jzifh/ aoG;xGufoH,kd ykefuefr_wckonf qdwfa¹cGcH cJh&avonf? zdESdyfr_rsm;wav#mufwGif 0Spfwfonfvnf; ZGJeyJ}uD;pGmjzifh t&_H;ray;yJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&m }uD;rm;aom uyfab;}uD;ukd vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhavonf? tjyif;txef nd‡E_dif;r_rsm; vrsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf/ olonf z&ef@aiG (5) bDvD,Hausmf acs;aiGukd/ {+yDv (16) &ufae@wGif/ EkdifiHjcm;b%ftkyfpkwckESifh jynfwGif;b%frsm;rS acs;,lEkdifcJhonf? Zmbk&ifrS 0Spfwf. tvkyfoufwrf;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ ,if;onf taumif;qkH;aom atmifjrifr_wckjzpfonf[k ajymqkdcJhonf? tvGef@tvGef ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom udpPwcktay:wGif Zmbk&if. ajymqkdr_onf w}udrfwcgtwGuf rSefuefcJhavonf?

armfpukd/ pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;aomòrd@rsm;rS awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf/ wefbkd;}uD;rm;pGm

rSm;,Gif;wGufcsufr_wckukd ðyvkyfcJhrdavonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.ae&mY/ vufeufukdifpGJonfhenf;vrf;ukd tokH;cscJhvkdufjcif;jzifh/ olwkd@onf tpkd;&tm; tajcrckdif,drf;,dkifaeatmif vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;ukd &yfwef@ypfcJh avonf? xkd@tjyif tpkd;&tm; &efolukd rnfuJhokd@ tjywftowftEkdif&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd odoGm;apcJhavonf? awmfvSefa&;. EkdifiHa&;t& atmifjrifr_rsm;ukd vD,kd awmfvpwdGKif;onf aysmf&$if0rf;ajrmufcJh+yD;aemuf/ cyfwkdwkdyif a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “olwkd@ EkdifiHa&;ukd vkyfaqmifaeygonf[k pOf;pm;pdwful;,Ofaeolrsm;onf xkdEkdifiHa&;ukd zsufqD;cJh=uonf? xkdolrsm;twGuf ol@taejzifh 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ cJh&onf? tpkd;&pepfa[mif;. t=urf;zufr_udk/ xkdt=urf;zufr_wGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif; ryg0ifjcif;jzifhomv#if zsufqD;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcg xkdusL;vGefcJh+yD;aom rkdufrJonfh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_topfrsm;jzifh vkH;0 atmifjrifEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs?” [ka&;cJhonf?


ckcHykefuefr_rsm;tm; t+yD;owf&Sif;vif;okwfoifI r+yD;ao;rDyif/ tpkd;&onf rl0g'vkyfief;pOftopf

ukdabmifcwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;ukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@wGif 'l;rm;v$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd xkwfjyefcJhavonf? twkduftcHrsm;. t"du awmif;qkdcsuf ESpfckjzpfonfh qENrJxnhfEkdifcGifhrsm;onf urBmwv$m;usifhokH;aeonfh ykHpHrsKd;vnf;r[kwf/ tm;vkH;wef;wlnDr#vnf;r[kwfacs? trsKd;orD;rsm;/ ajrykdifr&Sdonfh v,form;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;/ tcsKd@aom vufr_twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;ukd qENrJay;ykdifcGifhrS xkwfy,fxm;avonf? wqifhcHa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif/ ajrykdif&SifwOD;. rJwjym;onf/ v,form; (15) a,mufESifh tvkyform; (45) a,mufwkd@. rJjym;rsm;ESifh nDr#onfh ta&twGufukd ,lrnfjzpfavonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;ukd aemufykdif;wGif w&m;0ifcGifhðyvkdufcsdefwGif/ ‚if;wkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;jzpfavonf/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyif xm;+yD;jzpfavonf?

(1906) ckESpf/ {+yDv (23) &ufae@wGif/ 'l;rm;v$wfawmf. vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;tm; t"dy`g,f zGifhqkdxm;onfh/

&k&Sm; tifykdif,m. tajccHOya'topfrsm;ukd xkwfjyefa=unmcJhavonf? atmufwkdbm a=unmpmwrf;wGif uwdðyxm;cJhonfhtwkdif;/ Oya'wck jzpfvm&eftwGuf/ rnfonfh Oya'ðyr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ 'l;rm; v$wfawmfrS twnfðy+yD;jzpf&rnf? okd@aomf 'l;rm;v$wfawmfonf EkdifiHawmfbwf*suf. (60μ) ukdom xdef;csKyf &rnf? ppfzufa&;&mudpPrsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g' qkdif&mudpPrsm; wGif aqG;aEG;ykdifcGifhr&Sday? 0ef}uD;rsm;onf Zmbk&ifukdom ajz=um;&vdrfhrnf? Oya'ðycGifhtm%mukd EkdifiHawmfaumifpDokd@vnf; ay;xm;onf? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDwGif Zmbk&ifrS cef@tyfxm;olrsm;ESifh/ usOf;ajrmif;aom rJqENxnfhykdifcGifhwck. atmufrS a&G;aumufcH&onfholrsm; wkd@yg0ifrnf? 'l;rm;onf v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;ycsdefr[kwfygu/ Zmbk&ifonf Oya'uJhokd@tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;xkwfjyef+yD; Oya'ðyrnfjzpfonf?

rl0g'vkyfief;pOftopfonf tpkd;&. twkduftcHrsm;/ vpfb&,frsm; ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/

aoG;ºuGaecJh=uaom atmufwkdbm ESifh Ekd0ifbmvrsm;twGif;Y atmifjrif&efar#mfvifhxm;cJhonfxuf rsm;pGm tvSrf;uGmaeavonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDESifh ta0;}uD;wGif&Sdaeavonf/ xkd@tjyif/ eDukdvufpf onf ol@ukd,fol oufOD;qHykdiftjzpfajymaeqJjzpfonf? tpkd;&onf atmufwkdbm a=unmpmwrf;wGifygaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd ykdrkd us,fjyef@pGm rvkyfaqmifcJhaomfvnf; jznfhpGrfay;cJhavonf? tm;vkH;onf twlwlyifjzpfonf? &k&Sm;tifykdif,monf pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfwck r[kwfao;aomfvnf;/ tuef@towfrJh oufOD;qHykdif bk&ifpepfvnf; r[kwfawmhay? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ tvkyform; or*~rsm;/ ykdrkd vGwfvyfaom xkwfa0cGifhESifh wu,fhtuef@towfrsm;onf rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tkyfpkd;ol. tm%may:wGif toifhtwifh &Sdaeavonf? xkdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf &Sdaeao;onf? v_yf&Sm;r_wck. atmifjrifr_rsm;onf ‚if;. t}uD;rm;qkH;aom cGeftm;ukd vrf;rsm;ay:&Sd vufeufukdif ppf0g'Drsm;xHrS r[kwfyJ/ *k%foduQmr&Sdaom tpkd;&w&yfESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef jynfolwkd@rS jiif;qkdjcif;a=umifhom &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfavonf?

á á á

&mpkESpfukefqkH;cgeD;vmaomtcg &k&Sm;rsm;onf rwluGJjym;aom oufOD;qHykdifrl0g'aemufwrsKd;ukd pdefac:cJh=uavonf? jyefvnfouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmaom tm%m&SifygwDwck jzpfonf? xkd@aemuf urBmhtm&kHpl;pkdufr_udk t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;ESifhtwl pGJaqmifodrf;oGif;vkdufjyefonf? (1991) ckESpfwGif jynfolwdk@. atmifyGJonf tvGefv#ifjref+yD;/ tHhrcef;zG,f&myifjzpfavonf? &k&Sorw abm&pf,vfqifonf/ tm%modrf;&efóud;pm;onfh ppfzuft&m&Sdtkyfpk wpkudk rqkdif;rwG csufjcif;yif qef@usifcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf jynfoljynfom;rsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;tm; jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,fr_wckudk urf;vSrf;cJhavonf? olwkd@taejzifh olwkd@ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aomtpkd;&ukd axmufcHEkdifonf/ (okd@r[kwf) olwkd@taejzifh uGefjrLepf pepfa[mif;ukd tumtuG,fay;olrsm;ukd axmufcHEkdifonf? vlxktkHºuGr_wckESifhawG@vkdufaomtcg rusufwusuf ppftm%m&Sifwkd@rSm wyfacgufoGm;&avonf? t=urf;rzuftiftm;ESifh ppfwyfaxmufcHr_ jiif;qkdjcif;wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. =urRmukd wHqdyfcyfESdyfed*Hk;csKyfoGm;apcJhavonf?


(1905) ckESpfwGif/ Zmbk&if. tkyfpkd;r_udk qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uonfh rwluGJjym;aom tkyfpkrsm;onf ykdrkdI yËdyuQESifh óuHawG@cJh&avonf? &k&Sm;jynftm; &mpkESpfrsm;pGm tkyfpkd;vmcJhaom rif;qufwqufonf &kd;&mtpOf tvmjzpfonfh tºuGif;rJhtm%m&SifpepfwckxJwGif }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfonf rdrdukd,fukd rdrdcef@tyfxm;aom tm%mvk,lxm;olrsm; tkyfpkr[kwfay? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfwGif rrSm;oifhaom qkd;0g;aomtrSm;rsm;ESifh aysmhuGuftm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaepOfwGif/ bk&ifonf ol. touf twGuf wkdufckdufrnfom jzpfavonf? bk&ifonf &dk;&mtpOftvmpGJ}uD;olrsm;ESifh bmoma&;wGif tm%m&Sdolrsm;tm; bk&ifpepfukd qufvufumuG,f&ef arwWm&yfcHrnfomjzpfavonf? bk&ifonf enf;y&d,m,fqkdif&m tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJhvdrhfrnf/ ol. ppfom;rsm; ESifh ykvdyfrsm;tm; apv$wfvdrfhrnf/ ol. vuftwGif;Y tm%m&Sdaeap&eftwGuf tifykdif,mtwGif;t&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd tokH;csrnfomjzpfavonf? tjyif;txef wif;rmaom zdtm;rsm;ukd/ trsKd;rsKd;aom rsufESmjyifaygif;rsm;pGmwGif/ &Snfvsm;aom umvwcktxd zdtm;ay;EkdifcJhrSomv#if Zmbk&if.tpkd;&tm; òyduGJoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

Zmbk&if. twkduftcHrsm;onf a'gojzpfatmif v_H@aqmfE_d;qG=u+yD;/ ol. rSwf,lxm;rl vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mukdk

vGwfatmifa&SmifcJh=ujcif;jzifh/ tm;vkH;udk &kwfw&uf thHtm;oifh =uufaoao oGm;cJhaponf? wrif&nf&G,fpDrHxm;jcif;rsKd;xuf/ ol@zmomol tvdktavsmufoabmrsKd;jzifh/ olwkd@onf tpkd;&. b¾mawmfaiGukd qkwf,kwfukefcrf;apcJhonf/ ‚if;. ykvdyfrsm;tm; a0cGJr& ajcrukdifrd vufrudkifrdjzpfapcJhonf/ ‚if;. qufoG,fa&;rsm;tm; aESmifh,Suf&yfwef@apcJhonf/ ‚if;. tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm; pm&dwWysufjym;apcJhonf/ ‚if;. qifqmwnf;jzwfr_rsm;tm; xkwfazmfa&;om;&ef tcGifhtvrf;&&Sdwkdif; tmcH tHwkcJh=uonf? twkduftcH rsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. atmufqkH;tqifhrSaeIvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wkd@twGif;&Sd tkyfpkrsm;twGif;rSaeI vnf;aumif;/ xdyfykdif;ae&mrsm;okd@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? v,form;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif “orwEkdifiH” i,frsm;ukd wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected];rS xGufvm=u+yD;/ vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ csDwufvmcJh=uonf? ppfom;rsm;onf olwkd@. txuft&m&Sd. trdef@rsm;ukd remcH/ zDqefvmcJh=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUokdvfrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;ckdv_H&mae&mrsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;vkduf=uavonf? owif;pmq&mrsm;onf tpkd;&. tpGrf;tpr&Sdr_/ nhHzsif;r_rsm;udk xkwfazmfa&;om;=u+yD;/ ,if;wkd@. w&m;vGeftðytrlrsm;ukd &_H@cs=uavonf? a&S@aersm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef awmif;qkd=uavonf?

t}udrf}udrf txyfxyf/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf Zmbk&if. 0ef}uD;rsm;tm; qkd;&Gm;aom a&G;cs,fp&m

vrf;rsm;ukdomay;cJhavonf? tm%mykdifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; ESdrfESif;&ef tiftm; tokH;ðyaomtcg/ (okd@r[kwf) owif;pmrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkdufaomtcg/ jynfolwkd@tm; tvGefa'goxGuf pdwfqkd;apavonf? tpkd;&rS jynfolwkd@. a'gotm; wjcm;vrf;a=umif;okd@ v$Jay;vkduf+yD;/ tenf;i,f tav#mhay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvmaomtcg/ twkduftcHrsm;onf cGifhðyay;vkdufonfh tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukdtokH;ðyI pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;jcif;rsm;/ ‚if;wkd@. tjrift,ltqrsm;ukd xkwfazmfajymqkdjcif;rsm;jzifh ykdrkdðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef zdtm;rsm;ykdrkdI ay;=uavonf? xkd@aemuf vaygif;rsm;pGm pGef@v$wf&if;ESD;ay;qyfr_rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;/ aumfvmjzL0efxrf;rsm;ESifh twwfynm&Sifrsm;onfonf wm;jrpf ydwfqdk@r_ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? xkdwm;jrpfydwfqkd@r_onf ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif Zmbk&if. wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; wkdufckduf&efay:xGufvmjcif;rsKd; r&SdyJ/ EkdifiHawmf. toufaoG;a=umjzpfonfh tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk tjyif;txef xdckdufapavonf? ,if;onf tm%m&Sifwkd@. OD;acgif;ukd w&=urf;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ tifykdif,mw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;onf &kd;&Sif;pGmyif ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;rsm;ukd&yfwef@vkdufI tdrfokd@jyefoGm;=ujcif;jzifh/ tm%mykdifwkd@tm; tajctae,drf;,kdifoGm;apr_onf/ wpkHw&m tkHºuGqlylr_ðyvkyfjcif;xuf ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;oGm; apavonf?

okd@aomf tcGifhta&;opfrsm;udk &&Sdatmifjrif&ef ESifh EkdifiHawmftm%mukd jynfolwkd@ESifh cGJa0,l&ef

óud;yrf;&kef;uef=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf/ pkpnf;nD!GwfI pnf;urf;&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wcktjzpfokd@ a&muf&Sdatmif w}udrfwcgr# a&maESmaygif;pyfoGm;jcif;rsKd; r&Sd=uacs? (1991) ckESpfwGif armfpukd&Sd jynfolrsm; uJhokd@ r[kwfyJ/ olwkd@onf tm;vkH;ukd ukd,fpm;ðy pkpnf;Ekdifaom oauFwrsm; csKd@wJhcJh=uonf? tm;vkH;rS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;onfhacgif;aqmifrsKd; r&SdyJ/ jzpfcsifawmh &k&SvlrsKd;wkd@. okH;a&mifjc,ftvH jzpfaeavonf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfta&;,lr_udk [efcsufnDnDpnf;0g;&kduf vkyfaqmif&ef twGuf/ acgif;aqmifr_rsKd;ukdvnf; tm;vkH;rS vufcHjcif;rsKd;r&SdcJhacs? (1905) ckESpf ,SOfòydiftHwkr_wGif/ twkduftcH rsm;tm;


OD;aqmif&eftwGuf/ tzGJ@tpnf; csKd@wJhr_rsKd;r&SdcJhacs? awmfvSefa&;qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ vpfb&,f 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh tv,ftvwf0g'D zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOay'0g'Drsm;/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf olwkd@. qkdif&mtzGJ@tpnf;. awmif;qkdr_rsm;udkom ðyvkyf=uonf? olwkd@onf wkdufyGJukdtqkH;tjzwfay;Ekdifonfh jywfjywfom;om; vlxk. axmufcHyHhykd;r_&&SdatmifpDrH}uD;=uyf&eftwGuf/ olwkd@. EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrwluGJjym;r_ukd/ vkHavmufaom &Snf=umonfhtcsdefumvtxd/ wcgr#ab;z,frxm;cJh=uay?

xkdokd@ uGJjym;xm;r_rSm EkdifiHa&;t,ltq wckwnf;a=umifhr[kwfay? awmfvSefa&;onfvnf;

vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_rsm;ESifh vlrsKd; rkef;wD;r_rsm;tay: xGufayguf&Smvmavonf? v,form;rsm;rS v,fykdif&Sif rsm;tm; zufòydiftHwk=unhfjcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;rS tvkyf&Sifrsm;tm; qef@usif=ujcif;/ c&pf,mefrsm;rS *sL;vlrsKd; rsm;tm; &efvkyfjcif; ponfh ukvm;rEkdif&ckdifrJonfhvkyf&yfrsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? Zmbk&if. twkduftcHrsm;onf tpDtrHrsm; a&;qGJ&ef ESifh atmifjrifcJhonfh ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;tay: xyfrH wnfaqmuf &eftwGuf r=umc%qkdovkd twlwuG 0kdif;0efvkyfaqmif&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh=uay? olwkd@onf tpkd;&. tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd tjrwfxkwf&eftwGuf ratmifjrifcJh=uay? tpkd;&rS vufOD;r_&,lI t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd ðyvkyf+yD;/ vGwfvyfaomae@&ufrsm;ukd av#mhcsjzwfawmufvkdufaomtcgwGifvnf;/ olwdk@onf jym,m cwfae=uavonf? (1905) ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaom t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifhtwl Ekd;xvmaom EdkifiHa&; tajymif;tvJonf tppftrSefwckjzpfcJhayonf? okd@aomf tu,fI xkdv_yf&Sm;r_onf wpnf;wvkH; wnf;&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;r_wcktjzpf/ tajrmftjrif&Sdaom/ xkd;xGif;odjrifaom r[mAsL[mrsm;jzifh yJhukdifxdef;ausmif; EkdifcJhv#if/ &k&Sm;wkd@. &mpkopfonf tjcm;aomvrf;a=umif;opfwckwGif pwifav#mufaevdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

tjzpftysufrsm;jzifhjynfhaeonfh a&pDa=umif;xJwGif jzpfay:cJhonfh/ (1905) ckESpf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ onf

}uD;rm;aomt=urf;zufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhavonf? +idrf;csrf;aom enf;jzifh csDwufqENjyr_wcktjzpf pwifcJhr_ rsm;onf/ r=umc%qkdovkd t"du&k%f;wcktjzpf (okd@r[kwf) qENjyolrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;t=um; vrf;ay: wkdufckdufr_wcktjzpf/ toGifajymif;oGm;wwf=uavonf? jzpfyGm;cJhaom t=urf;zuf t"du&k%f; trsm;pkrSm/ r=umc%qkdovkd tm%mykdifwkd@. &ufpufpGmòzdcGif;r_rsm;a=umifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;wckck. tjynfht0xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;/ t=urf;zuf&ef r&nf&G,fyJ jzpfoGm;wwf=uavonf? rnfokd@yif qkdapumrl/ tkyfpkwckonf Zmbk&iftm; ðzwfcs&eftwGuf t=urf;zufenf;vrf;ukd tokH;ðy&ef txl;*&kpkdufI pDrHaecJhavonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@. aemufvkdufrsm;ukd vufeufrsm;ukdifaqmif&ef vaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qkdwkdufwGef;aecJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf tpkd;&. vufeufrsm;ukd a=umufvef@p&mrvkd/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ppfom;rsm;onfvnf; qlyltkHºuGr_twGif;Y ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;vm =uvdrfhrnf a=unmcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf/ tpkd;&onf ol. tajc,kdifoGm;r_ jyefvnfwnfhrwfvmaom tcsdefwGif/ awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf qlyltkHºuGr_ wckudk pwifcJhavonf? wywfausmf&kHom =umjrifhonfh wkdufckdufESdrfESif;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aomtcg/ armfpukdòrd@&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_wckvkH;onf òydusysufpD;oGm;cJh&avonf? xkd@aemuf tm%m&Sifwkd@onf atmifjrifr_ &&SdoGm;&kHomru/ ykdrkd zdESdyfr_rsm;twGufyg tajccHaumif;oGm; avonf?

(1905) ckESpfwGif/ ppfwyfrsm;tm;/ armfpukdtvkyform;rsm;rS vrf;rsm;ay:wGif ydwfqkd@wm;qD;xm; aom

twm;tqD;rsm;onf/ (1991) ckESpf &k&Sm; tdrfjzLawmfwnf&Sdaomae&mESifh &yfuGuf tenf;i,fom uGmvSrf;avonf? xkdae&mwGif vufeufrJh t&yfom;rsm;onf/ AkdvfrSL; tDAf'kduDarmhAf ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;ouJhokd@/ ppfom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESifh yl;aygif;yg0if&ef acsmharmh ajr‡mufyifh em;cscJh=uavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfckukd E_dif;,SOf=unfhv#if tusKd;&v'f ESpfckrSmvnf; }uD;rm;pGm uGmjcm;avonf? rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm;. tjrifwGif/ (1991) ckESpf. t=urf;rzufjynfolrsm;. tiftm; onf/ tm%modrf;ppftkyfpkxuf rsm;pGmomvGefayonf? ‚if;onf ppfom;rsm;tm; yGJ=unfhy&d\wftjzpf =um;ae rnfavm/ okd@r[kwf tdrfjzLawmfbufrS ckcHumuG,fay;rnfavm qkdonfhbufokd@ ajymif;oGm;ap avonf? (1905) ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif/ Zmbk&if. ppfwyfrsm;tm; qef@usifI avxJwGif a0S@&rf;aeaom aoewfrsm;onf/ t+rJwrf;ppfwyfwwyfrS &efoltay: a'goaygufuGJaeaom ypfcwfr_rsKd;jzifh tajzay;cHcJh &avonf?

xkdtcsdefu xa&mhpuDESifh vDeifwkd@onf tppftrSefajymif;vJr_wcktwGuf awmfvSefa&;onf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyf+yD;/

xkd vkdtyfonfhawmfvSefa&;rSmvnf; t=urf;zufenf;jzifhom atmifjrifEkdifrnf[k ,kH=unf aecJh=uavonf? bmawGjzpfoifhonfqkdonfh tjrifrsm;jzifh rsufpduef;aecJh=uavonf? jzpfvmatmif


bmawGjyifqifvkyfaqmifxm;oifhonfqkdonfh jzpfEkdifacsrsm;ukd olwkd@ rjrifcJh=uacs? &mpkESpfopfrS t}udrfrsm;pGm/ ae&mrsm;pGmwGif o&kyfjycJhonfhtwkdif;/ igwaumaum+yD; pdwful;ayguf&m xif&mvkyfwwfaom tm%m&Sif tay: tajccHxm;onfh pepfwckrSonf/ jynfolwkd@. qENtay:tajccHonf pepfopfqDokd@/ jynfolvlxk. tiftm;ukdqGJ,l+yD;/ wkdif;jynfwjynfukdajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; wnfhwnfhrwfrwf axmifwwfoGm; aom wkd;wufr_wckomjzpfonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wckrS vufOD;r_ukd csufjcif;&,l&eftwGuf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif zdtm;ay;&rnf/ ESifh tv#iftjref vufwkef@jyef pm&if;&Sifjcif; rðyvkyf&efrsm; od&Sdxm;&efvkdtyfouJhokd@/ atmifjrifr_ukd &,l&ef rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ckdifrmawmifhwif;uspfvspfaom wvkH;wpnf;wnf;&Sdr_ukd &,l&rnf/ yËdyuQ. aemufykdif;umvrsm;twGuf rnfokd@ jyefvnfpkzGJ@&rnf ponfwkd@ukd od&Sdxm;&rnfh u|rf;usifr_ t&nf tcsif;rsKd;vnf;&Sd&efvkdtyfonf?

tu,fI Zmbk&iftm; qef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ aomhcsufusonf aocsmaom tcGifhtvrf;

rsm;tay:wGif tjrwfxkwf,lEkdifcJhv#if/ eDukdvufpfonf ol.ðyjyifajymif;vJr_yrm%ukd wkd;csJ@I a=unm&awmh rnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg aemif (12) ESpft=umY abmvf&SDApf awmfvSefa&;ukd OD;wnfvmaponfh qufwkduf jzpfysufvmaom tjzpftysufrsm;ukd a&SmifvGJEkdifoGm;rnfjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh/ tu,fI tm%m&Siftpkd;&. twkduftcHwkd@onf/ Zmbk&if. atmufwkdbm a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm;/ tzufrwef rxDrJhjrif[k oabmxm;&rnfh w0ufwysuf pDrHaqmif&Gufcsuf wcktjzpf oabmrxm;yJ/ jynfolvlxkwGif arG;&myg woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh tm%mrsm; ykdifqkdifonf qkdaom cGifhðycsufwckay;tyfvkdufonfh atmifjrifpGm xkd;azmufausmfv$m;EkdifcJhr_wcktjzpf 0rf;yef;wom vufcHayG@zuf,lEkdifcJhrnfqkdv#if/ t=urf;zufzdESdyfòzdcGif;&ef rvkdtyfawmha=umif;ukd/ rdrdwkd@zufwGif&Sdaom eef;awmftwGif;&Sd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rdwfaqGrsm;onf Zmbk&iftm; zsm;a,mif;odrf;oGif;pnf;&kH;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;twGif;&Sd xkd tay:wGif xm;&Sdaom tylcsdef'D*&Donf tvGefjrifhrm;ae+yD;/ vuf,mtpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;. t=urf;zufr_ rsm;ESifh/ vuf0JtpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;. tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;tay: tvGeftu|H ,kH=unfr_vGefuJjcif;wkd@onf/ &ufpufpGm t=urf;zufzdESdyfòzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:vmapcJhavonf?

(1905) ckESpfY/ tu,fI ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFmom;rsm;tm; twkduftcHrsm;twGif;okd@ pepfwus

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tu,fI qkdAD,uf ESifh ‚if;. aemufvkdufrsm;onf vufeufukdifpGJ&ef ac:aqmifr_ukd *&krpkduf

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Zmbk&iftm;qef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykH. tquftpyftqDtai:rwnfhaom obm0

tajctaeay:wGif/ tm;vkH;r[kwfawmif txufyg a&G;cs,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonfhtajctaersm;xJrS wckckrSm qkyfukdifvkyfaqmifEkdif[ef&SdaecJhavonf? &mpkESpf. tpY t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd pwifcJhaom olrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ pwifrD;&_d@cJhonfh yËdyuQtrsKd;tpm;wkd@. ta=umif;ukd/ v_yf&Sm;r_. aemufykdif;wGif a&muf&Sdvmaom olrsm;xuf/


tvGefeJyg;pGmom odem;vnfcJh=uavonf? okd@aomf/ ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmifcJhonfrsm;ESifh/ rvkyfaqmif cJhonfrsm;twGuf/ ‚if;wkd@ vkdufav#mufcJhaom vrf;a=umif;. tusKd;quf&v'frsm;rSm tpGef;a&mufr_rsm; a=umifh =urRmiifcJh&avonf?

atmufwkdbm rl0g'a=unmcsufpmwrf;tm; xa&mhpuDrS “bmrS r[kwfbl;”[lI/ rw&m;ojzifh &_wfcsa0zef+yD;/

jynfol@orwEkdifiHwckukd awmif;qkdcJhaomtcg/ v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykH}uD;rS +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifcJh onfrsm;tay:wGif olonf r=um;onfhtwkdif;/ em;yif;aecJhavonf? Tokd@jzifh/ aemufqkH;wGif atmifyGJcH,l vkdufaom &efoltm; tm;&auseyfESpfodrfhoGm;apcJhavonf? aqmif;&moDeef;awmfokd@ csDwufqENjyr_rwkdifrD/ *seDAmrS aeI vDeifa&;om;vkdufaompmxJwGif jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_ vkHòcHpdwfcspGm&Sdaeap&eftwGuf jynfolvltm; vufeufwyfqifay;xm;&rnf[lI a&;om;xm;avonf? r=umrDyif vDeif. t,ltq rSm;,Gif;oGm;a=umif;xif&Sm;apcJhavonf? qENjyoydwfarSmufolrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_onf tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; ae&mwkdif;/ tcsdefwkdif;Y uzsuf,zsuf taESmifht,Sufay;cJhaomtcg/ tpkd;&onf zGJ@pnf;ykHqkdif&m tajccHOya'ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;a=umif;ukd zGifhay;cJh&avonf? okd@aomf olESifh ol. ygwDonf xkdvufeufukdifaqmifr_ukdom pdwftm;wufºuG ,kH=unfaecJh=uavonf?

trSefwu,fyif/ rmuhfpf0g'Drsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;cJh=uavonf? (1905) ckESpfwGif t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd

uruxðyvkdufjcif;onf/ &k&Sm;jynfolwkd@. ‚if;[email protected];wGif 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;. yxrOD;qkH;aom tppf trSef tckdiftrm xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifr_vrf;a=umif;rS aoGznfoGm;cJhavonf? xkd@tjyif (1905) ckESpf/ t=urf; zufr_onf/ (1917) ckESpft=urf;zufr_twGufyg rsKd;aphcsay;cJhovkd jzpfoGm;cJhavonf? EkdifiHawmf tm%mukd xdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf tajccHvkdtyfcsuftjzpf Zmbk&if. t=urf;zufr_xuff ykdIqkd;&Gm;aom pepfwus t=urf;zufr_ukd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf tm%m&Siftopfwcktm;arG;zGm;ay;cJhavonf? t=urf;zufr_onf &k&Sm;jynfolwkd@tm; vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd raqmif=uOf;cJhacs? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; aemufxyf (8) ESpf=um/ EkdifiHa&;wGif txD;usef tazmfrJh nd‡K;i,faeapcJhavonf? tqkdyg EkdifiHa&;txD;usefr_onf t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;opfwckonf/ 'Drkdua&pDpepfokd@ajymif;vJ&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wckukd atmifjrifausmfv$m;Ekdifaom tcgusrSyif tqkH;owfcJhavawmhonf?

(1991) ckESpfwGif bmawGjzpfvmawmhrnfqkdonfukd awmfvpwGdKif;onfodjrifaecJhavonf? olonf aysmf&$if

jrL;wl;aecJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdt&mukdvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf rnfonfht&monf jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfqkdonfukd olodxm;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? orkdif;em&DvufwHtm; vSnhf&eftwGuf/ t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_ rvkdtyfyg/ jynfolvlxk. qENukd azmfxkwf&efomjzpfonf/ ,if;rSm “jynfolrsm; ESifh EkdifiHrsm;tm; a&G@&Sm;apcJhaom tajccHtusqkH;tiftm;” jzpfonf[k (1905) ckESpfwGif ol ajymqkdcJhavonf? Zmbk&iftm; qef@usifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykHonf vkyfxkH; vkyfenf;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ukd od&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfcJh ygv#if/ ‚if;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf/ óuHovkd v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ r[mAsL[m csrSwfxm;r_ rsm;&SdcJhygv#if/ &k&Sm;EkdifiHESifh urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif &mpkESpfopfonf taotcsmyif tjcm;aomykHo¾mefwrsKd;jzifh jzpfvmcJhvdrhfrnfjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif/ oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfukd z,f&Sm;&efóud;yrf;cJhonfh (1905) ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfykHonf/ urBm}uD;tm; a&G@vsm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf vkHavmufpGm &Snfvsm;onf ukwfwHwckjzpfcJh aomfvnf;/ (1905) ckESpf&Sd &k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ w}udrfwcgr# tdyfrufyif rrufcJhzl;onfh vrf;a=umif;jzifh &mpkESpftm; a&G@vsm;apcJhavonf?


tdENd, udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ydkrdktpGrf;xufonfh aq;enf; (1905) ckESpf ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;jzpfpOfudk a&;om;xm;onfh owif;pmrsm;udk a0;vHaomt&yfrS urBmvloef;ESifhcsD+yD; apmifhzwfaeonfhtxJY awmiftmz&durS rxifr&Sm;tdEdN,EG,f a&S@aewOD;. wwfºuGxufoefr_rsKd; rnfonfh pm zwfy&dowfxHrSmrS &dScJhrnfr[kwfay? oHk;q,fajcmufESpft&G,f rdk[rf;'wfpf *EDN (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) twGuf ±k&Sm;tjzpftysufrSm urBmopf.a&S@ajy;edrdwfvdkjzpfcJhonf? ±k&Sm;wdk@taejzifh tkyfpdk;olwOD;OD;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;jzifh oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk tqHk;owf&ef ,cifuóud;yrf;cJhzl;onfhudk olodxm;.? tckawmhjzifh ykefuefxºuGr_ESifhowfjzwfr_xuf ydkrdktpGrf;=oZmxufjrwfaom odk@jim;vnf; tvGef&dk;&Sif;onfh enf;vrf;opfwckudk ±k&Sm;wdk@ awG@&dSxm;+yD[k ol,Hk=unfvdkufonf? “tvkyftm;vHk;&yfypf+yD; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifeJG&ef &k&Sm;wdk@ a=u nmvdkufonf” [k *ENDu a&;om;cJh.? “olwdk@wawG vkyfief;cGifawGu xGufcGmoGm;w,f/ w&m;r#wr_awG r&bl; qdk&if tvkyfjyefrqif;bl;vdk@ Zmbk&ifudk ta=umif;=um;cJhw,f? onfudpPudk Zmbk&ifu qef@usifw,fqkdwmawmif rS bmvkyfEdkifrSmvJ? vHSpGyfawGaxmuf+yD; qENjyolawGudk vSnfhjyefoGm;zdk@&ef Zmbk&ifudk,fwdkifyifv#if =oZmanmif;r_ r&SdEdkif?”[k *EDNu rSwfwrf;xm;onf? tpdk;&w&yfudk qef@usifzdk@twGuf vlxkzufrS t=urf;rzufaom ydwfqdk@qENjyr_oHk;jcif;udk *ENDtaejzifh ,ckrS=um;jcif; r[kwf? (1880) ckESpfrsm;twGif; vef'efY Oya'ausmif;wwfaepOfuvnf; ajriSm;&rf;cudk qef@usifonfhqENjyr_tyg t0if udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tdkif,[email protected]_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tay: teD;uyfavhvmapmifh=unfhcJhzl; onf? awmifz&durS tmz&duefrsm;ESifhtdENd,EG,fzGm;wdk@taejzifh tkyfcsKyfolvljzLrsm;u jyXmef;xm;onfh uef@owf csufrsm;eSifhtcGeftaumufrsm;tay: qef@usifv#uf&dSonfudkvnf; olodxm;onf? &k&Sm;ta=umif;ola&;om;aepOf rSmyif b*FvD[dENdLwdk@rS [email protected],fudk cJGxkwf&ef +Adwdo#[email protected] qENjyonfhtaejzifh t*Fvdyft0wf txnfrsm;udkoydwfarSmufonfudkvnf; olzwfvdkuf&onf? xkdjzpf&yfwckcsif;wdkif;wGif jynfolvlxktaejzifh wdkufcdkuf&efrljcif;r[kwfyJ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk jiif;qdkjcif;jzifh tpdk; &wdk@udk pdefac:cJh=uonf? “tm;t}uD;qHk;qdkolrsm;yifv#if tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;xm;&ef ttkyfcsKyfcHrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r&ygu rjzpfEdkif” [k *ENDu a&;rSwfcJhonf? ±k&Sm;jynfrSatmifyJGonf +Adwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS &kef;uefaeonfh [email protected],twGufvnf; oifcef;pmjzpfvmcJhonf? “olwdk@udk t&mxrf;aewJholawG&dSvdk@om tdEdN,rSm olwdk@ tpdk;&Edkifwmjzpfw,f” [k *EDNu rSwfcsufðycJhonf? “±k&Sm;vlxkrSm&dSwJh cGeftm;rsKd;udkvnf; igwdk@jyEdkifw,f”[k *ENDu a&;xm;.? ±k&Sm;jynfrSmjzpfcJhonfrsm;udk [email protected] tdENd,wGif rnfodk@rnfzHktoHk;ðyEkdifrnfenf;[k xdkvl&G,f a&S@aeuav;. pdwftpOfwGif ajy;v$m;aepOf (1905) ckESpfrSmyif awmiftmz&du. tjzpftysuftpdwftydkif;umv wckwGif ol&dSaecJhonf? awmiftmz&dua&muf *END “rdrdudk,fudkav;pm;wefzdk;xm;onfh tdENd,vlrsKd;wOD;twGuf ae&mr&Sd” rdk[rf;'wfpf *EDNudk tdENd,EdkifiHtaemufydkif;urf;&dk;wrf;&dS om;em;x,f0gonfhjynfe,fi,fav;wck. *k*s&wD pum; ajymrdom;pkrS zGm;jrifvmcJhonf? bHkabESifh umvuwWm;òrd@uJhodk@ òrd@}uD;rsm;ESifhE_d_if;,SOfv#if acwfa&pD;a=umif;ESifh twefi,fuGmvSrf;aeonfh òrd@wòrd@[k qdkEdkifonf? ol.rdom;pktaejzifh *EDNudk tazhajc&mtwdkif;vdkufrnfholtjzpf a'otkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSwOD;jzpfvmap&ef ar#mfrSef;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol@udk vef'efudkapv$wfI Oya'ynm&yf oif=um;apcJh.? odk@aomfvnf; *EDN. +Adwdo#oGm; ynmavhvmr_onf tdEdN,EdkifiHtwGif; Oay'ynmtoHk;cs&ef jyif qifcGifh tenf;i,fomjzpfapcJhonf? (1891) ckESpf oljyefvm+yD;aemuf w&m;cGifxJ0ifa&mufonfhtcg wGef@qkwfr_ a=umifh r±_rvSjzpfcJh&onf? ol.yxrOD;qHk;tr_wGif tmap;xnfhxm;ovdkjzpfcJh&+yD; =um;emr_tv,ffacgifY tav#mh ay;cJh&onf? r=umrDrSmyif ol.arG;&yfajr &wfcsaumh (Rajkot) udk jyefoGm;+yD; Oay'qdkif&mpm=urf;rsm; a&;om; ðypkjcif;jzifh


toufarG;aexdkifcJh&onf? awmiftmz&du&dS tdEdN,ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Dwck. vkyfief;udk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf urf;vSrf;cHcJh&onfhtcg xdktvkyfudk vufcH,lcJhonf? ratmifjrifaomtwwfynmqdkif&mvkyfief;udk tdENd,Y xm;&pf+yD; tjcm;urBmopfwckudk tpðycJhonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tdENd,jynfom;wdk@rSm ,cifuwnf;u awmiftmz&duoGm;I tvkyfvkyf=uonfh Tvrf; a=umif;udk a&G;jc,fcJh=uonf? trsm;pkrSm aºuG;+rDjyefqyfEdkif&ef }uH&dwfjcif; odk@r[kwf aumfzDaphcl;jcif;wdk@jzifh ay:yif usyef;vkyfief;rsm;Y vkyfudkif=u&onf? xdkaºuG;+rDrsm; ta=uqyfEdkif+yDqdkonfESifh ukefoG,fvkyfief;/ rmvD odk@r[kwf tapcHtjzpf yifyifyef;yef;vkyfudkif=u&onf? *EDN.arG;&yfajr *l*s&wfa'orS tdENd,ukefonftrsm;pkvnf; a&G@ajymif; aexdkifcJh=uonf? xdk&mpkESpfqef;ydkif;wGifaew,fvf (Natal) wckwnf;Yyif tdEdN,vlrsKd; (5) aomif;&dScJhonf? xdkta& twGufrSm tmz&duef (5) odef;vlOD;&nfxufpmv#if enf;yg;aomfvnf; t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh vljzLvlOD;a&ESifh twl wljzpfonf? tdENd,vlOD;&nfyrm%enf;onf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; ae&mwdkif;wGif tdEdN,tEG,frsm; tv#iftjrefwdk; wufI jyef@usJwnf&dSaecJhonf? awmiftmz&du&dS tdENd,tEG,frsm;wGif [dENL/ rGwfqvif/ c&pf,efbmom0ifrsm;&dSovdk/ csrf;omol qif;&Jol/ ynm wwfESifhynmrJh/ ZmwfjrifhESifhZmwfedrhf pojzifh &dSae=uonf? vljzLrsm;. tjrifwGifrl xdkoltm;vHk;udk ulvD odk@r[kwf rsKd;EG,fedrfhonfh ta&S@wdkif;om;tjzpf &dSaeonf? xdkodk@ tajctjrpfr&dSonfhtpJGtvef;rsm;jzifh xdkolrsm;tay: Oya' rsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;txyfxyf pkpnf;jyXmef;xm;.? +Adwdo#tifyg,mwvHk;Y bmoma&;t&vGwfvyfcGifh&dS&efESifh vlrsKd; a&;cJGjcm;r_rsm;r&dSap&ef tmrcHxm;onfh (1858) ckESpfApfwdk&D;,m; bk&ifr.a=unmcsufudk qef@usifazmufzsufxm; jcif;jzpfonf? rJay;cGifh/ wdkif;jynfwGif;0ifa&mufcGifh/ wdkif;jynfwGif;c&D;oGm;vmcGifh/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifcGifh/ aexdkifrnfhae&ma&G;jc,fcGifhtm;vHk;udk wif;=uyfcHxm;&onf? xdkodk@ uef@owfwif;=uyfrsm;tay: *EDNtaejzifh tcsdef=um=um csKyfwnf;raeEdkifcJhay? 'gbef (Durban) a&muf+yD; wywftwGif;rSmyif tr_wckpum;ajym&eftwGuf *k%foa&&dS 0wfvHkawmf&wOD;taejzifh y&Dwdk&D;,m;oGm;&xm; yxrwef;xdkifcHkvufrSwfudk 0,f,lcJhonf? yxrwef;xdkifcHkwGif ol&dSaeonfudk vljzLwa,mufu wdkif=um;onfhtcg yxrwef;cHkrS armif;xkwfcH&onf? olujiif;qdkaoma=umifh &xm;ay:rS uefcscH&zl;.? aemufw}udrf xdkc&D;pOfrSmyif Oa&mywdkufom;c&D;oGm;rsm;ESifhtwl &xm;vHk;xJwGif vdkufygxdkifcGifhr&yJ &xm;vHk;tjyif armif;olESifhtwl vdkufygcJh &zl;onf? “rdrdudk,fudk wefbdk;xm;wJh tdENd,vlrsKd;awGtzdk@awmh awmiftmz&durSmae&mr&dSbl;vdk@ usaemfjrifw,f” [k *EDNu aemufydkif;Y a&;om;cJhonf? 'gbefòrd@Y Oya'ynmtoHk;ðyI &yfwnf&SifoefcJhonf? usifh0wfqdkif&mwGifomru tay;t,loabm r#r#ww vkyf aqmifvdkpdwf&dSonfhtwGuf vlodrsm;cJhonf? xdktawmtwGif; cJGjcm;qufqHonfh Oya'rsm; qufwdkufxkwfjyefvm onfhatmufwGif tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;tzdk@ cHpm;epfemr_rsm;jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkolrsm; rJay;cGifhtay: ydwfyif&ef aew,fvftpdk;&rS tqdkðywifjyvmonfhtcg xdkOya'udk qef@usif&eftwGuf *ENDrS tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;cJh onf? ,cifusyef;vkyfom;rsm;tay: acgif;cHGaumufcHr_/ a&G@ajymif;aexdkifr_tay: tuef@towfrsm;/ tdEdN, ukefonfrsm; vkyfief;cGifhðycsuf &,lr_vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm; vkyfief;vkyfudkifcGifhESifhaexdkifr_tay: wif;=uyfr_pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJopfrsm;udk *EDNtaejzifh r=umcifESpfrsm;twGif; 'gbefrStpðyI aemufydkif; *sdK[ef;empbwfòrd@rsm;wdkif w&m;pJGqdkjcif; pkaygif;vufrSwfxdk;awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0ifjcif;ESifh owif;pmrS wqifh wdkufyJG0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif ,m,Dtm;jzifh atmifjrifr_rsm;&&dSaomfvnf; tdEdN,EG,fzGm; qef@usifa&;'Dvd_if;udk ol@taejzifh vHk;0 &dkufcsdK;EdkifpGrf;r&dScJhay? *EDN txif}uD;cJhonfh &k&Sm;tjzpftysuf wESpf=um+yD;onfhaemuf *EDNaexdkif&m x&ef@pfAJvf (Transvaal) Y tdEdN, EG,fzGm;a&G@ajymif;aexdkifolrsm;tay: wm;jrpfuef@owfonfh aemufxyfOya'rsm;ESifh tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm;taejzifh rSwfyHkwifu'fudkifaqmif&ef Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;cJhonf? tvGeftrif;a'goxGufaeonfh *EDNtaejzifh aemufxyf v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpHwrsKd; vkyfaqmif&rnf[k cHpm;cJh&onf? xdkOya'opfudk rvdkufem&eftwGuf (1906) ckESpf *sdK[efem


pbwftifyg,mcef;rxJ&dS tpnf;ta0;wckY *EDNu tm;vHk;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkaemuf oydwfarSmufrnfholrsm; udk rSwfyHkwifapI tEkenf;jzifh tmcHa&;tzJG@ (Passive Resistance Association) udk zJG@pnf;cJhonf? onfaemuf rSwfyHkwifu'frsm;udk bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;a&S@ pkyHkrD;&d_@yJGrsm;/ tpktðyHvdkuf w&m;r0ife,fpyfjzwfI x&ef@pfAJvfudk 0if a&mufjcif;ESifh rdkif;vkyfom;rsm; qENjyoydwfwckwdk@jzpfyGm;cJhonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cH&ovdk *EDNudk,fwdkif vnf; oHk;}udrfwdkifwdkif tzrf;cH&onf? (1914) ckESpfY tpdk;&u aemufqHk; vdkufav#may;cJh+yD;/ tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm; pdwf roufromjzpfcJh&onfh tqifhtwef;owfrSwfr_tygt0if rSwfyHkwifOya'rsm;udk jyefvnf &kwfodrf;cJh&onf? *EDN. OD;aqmifr_aemufY [dENL rGwfqvif rdkif;vkyfom; ukefonf tm;vHk; vdkufygcJh=uovdk/ rw&m;onfh Oya'rsm;udk azmufzsuf+yD; tzrf;qD;cH=ujcif;jzifh ajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf? tEkenf;jzifh tmcHa&; (Passive Resistance) xdkESpfrsm;&dS awmiftmz&du v_yf&Sm;r_onf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif;atmifjrifr&onfha&S@aeaygufpav;tjzpfrS &_wfaxG;+yD; tuJGuJGtjym;jym;&dSaeonfh vl@tzJG@tpnf;wcktwGif;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaeonfh EdkifiHa&;t&ifhtrmwOD;tjzpf *ENDudk *ENDtm; yHkoGif;ay;cJhonf? xdktdENd,vli,fuav;udk ajymif;vJay;Edkifonfh tvm;wl 'kwd,tcsufwck&dSygao;onf? awmiftmz&duudk a&mufa&mufcsif; *EDNtaejzifh [email protected];b0twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m,Hk=unfr_twGuf &SmazG pl;prf;cJhonf? [dENLbmom0ifwOD;taejzifh &dSaeapumrl tjcm;rGwfqvif c&pf,mef/ ygqpf/ *sdef; pojzifh bmom0if rsm;ESifh [email protected];aumif;/ vef'efYvnf;aumif;/ awmiftmz&duYvnf;aumif;/ &if;&if;ESD;ESD;awG@qHkcJhzl; onf? txl;ojzifhqdkv#if *sdef;bmom0if ausmufrsufukefonfvnf;jzpf uAsmq&mvnf;jzpfol &wfcsfcsef'&m &Af *spf[dkif rmwm (Rajchandra Ravjibhai Mehta) . =oZmv$rfrdk;r_&dS+yD; tjyeftvSefpma&;om;cJh=uonf? rnf onfhwOD;wa,mufjzpfap bmomw&m;t&jzpfap jynfhpHkpGmrodEdkifonfh zufaygif;pHk&dSonfhtrSefw&m;qdkonfESifh ywfouf+yD; *EDNudk olu tav;xm;ajymqdka&;om;cJhonf? “bmomw&m;qdkwmawG[m wlnDwJhae&mwck a&muf zdk@twGuf vrf;toG,foG,fygyJ” [k (1909) ckESpfY *EDNa&;om;cJhzl;onf? “igwdk@wawG wlnDwJhyef;wdkifa&mufzdk@ vrf;toG,foG,fa&G;=uwmbmjy\em&SdovJ” [k *EDNu qdkonf? tpktpnf;wckwnf;urS b0tm;vHk; jzpfvmonf[k ,lqonfh *EDNtaejzifh ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&mESifh vufawG@qdkif&m vkyfaqmifr_rsm; uJGjym;jcm;em;csufr&dSovdk/ xdkenf;twdkif; touf&SifaexdkifoGm;&ef óud;yrf;cJhonf? oltwGuf vufawG@qdkif&m wefbdk;w&m;tjzpf ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&m tajccHrlw&yfrSm t[d Ho (Ahimsa) ac: t=urf;rzufa&; jzpfonf? t[d Ho onf *sdef;bmom/ Ak'<bmomESifh [dENL tawG;tac:wGif eufeuf±d_if; ±d_if; wnf&dSaeovdk/ c&pf ,meftawG;tjrifYvnf; tvm;wlazmfjycsufrsKd;udk *ENDrS tcdkiftrmawG@&dSxm;onf? txl;ojzifh vD,dkawmfpwGdKif; . a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh a'\emusrf;tcsKd@ (Sermon on the Mount) wGifawG@&dS&onf? (1894) ckESpfu vD,dkawmf pwdGKif;. bk&m;ocifwdkif;jynfonf oifhudk,fwGif;Y&dSonf (The Kingdom of God Is Within You) [lonfh pmtkyfudk zwf±_+yD;/ t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usifonfh ±k&Sm;[email protected] ol@udk v$rf;rdk;xm;cJh.? t[d HorSm EdkifiHa&;yËdyuQrsm;ESifhvnf; ywfoufqufEG,fcsufrsm;&dSonf? zdESdyfr_udkqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_onf vrf;vJGae±Hkru trSm;w&yfvnf;jzpfonf[k *ENDu ,Hk=unfcJh.? xdkodk@t=urf;zufr_onf zdESdyfr_udktm;ay;onfh rSm;,Gif;onfht,ltqESifhta=umufw&m;rsm;udk jzpfapaoma=umifh/ xdkt=urf;zufr_jzifh rw&m;rr#wr_rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrS tqHk;owfaprnfr[kwfay? *ENDtwGufrl rw&m;onfhenf;vrf;jzifh w&m;onfhtajzrsm;b,fawmhrS xGufvmrnfr[kwf[k ,Hk=unfxm;onf? (1909) ckESpfY *END. a&;om;csufY “enf;vrf;onf opfaphESifhtvm;wl +yD;/ tajzvrf;qHkrSm opfyifjzpfonf/ opfyifESifhopfaphuJhodk@yif enf;vrf;ESifhvdkvm;csufvrf;qHk;rSm rcsKd;azmufaumif; onfh qufpyfr_jzpfonf/ rdrdwdk@ pdkufysdK;xm;or# rdrdwdk@ jyef&dwfodrf;&rnfrSm taotcsmyif” [k qdkxm;onf? odkaomfvnf; *ENDtaejzifh xda&mufEdkifrnfh EdkifiHa&;vkyf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmcJh&onf? awmiftmz&duwGif &dSae pOftwGif; tdENd,EG,fzGm;acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh [email protected]_yf&Sm;r_rSm t=urf;rzufa&;jzpfaomfvnf;/ rdef@cGef;rsm; pkaygif;vufrSwfxdk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay;pmrsm; tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhtpnf;ta0;rsm;jzifh vlrsKd;a&;cJGjcm;r_t,ltq Oya' rsm;udk


twdtvif;zGifhcsjycJhonf? tdENd,EG,fzGm;rsm;udk wef;wl&nfwlqufqHoihfonf[lawmh t,ltqtrSef w&m;udk vljzLrsm; jrifvmatmif vH_aqmfonfh enf;vrf;jzpfonf? tifyg,mcef;rtpnf;ta0; usrf;usdefyJG +yD;onfh aemufydkif; qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif Tenf;vrf;udk olawG@&dSvmcJhonf? yxrydkifwGif xdkenf;vrf;udk t=urf;rzuftmcHa&;[k ol ac:qdkcJhonf (aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif TtoHk;tE_ef;udk oHk;E_ef;&ef oljiif;qdkcJhonf)? enf;vrf;rSm tvGef&Sif;vif;onf - rr#wonfh Oya'rsm;udk qef@usifa=umif; a=unm onf ( Oyrmtm;jzifh - vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifhudk uef@owfcsufOya'rsm;)/ xdkOya'rsm;udk csdK;azmufonf (owfrSwfe,fajrpnf;udk w&m;r0ifjzwful;onf)/ xdk@aemuf jzpfay:vmonfhtusKd;qufudk cHpm;onf (zrf;qD;jcif;/ !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ axmifcsjcif;)? qENjytmcHolrsm;. wnfwnf+idrf+idrf&dSr_/ tusKd;qufqif;&J'kuQtay: oduQm&dS&dS cH,l cHpm;jcif;wdk@jzifh zdESdyfolrsm;. tjrift,ltqudk yGifhvifap+yD; zdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfapaom &efvdkrkef;wD;r_rsm; av#mhyg; oGm;aponf[k *EDN ,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdkolrsm;taejzifh twdkuftcHrsm;udk tEdkif&&ef Edkifvdkrif;xuf &efðycsufxuf pmv#if trSefw&m;udkodjrifI vdkufav#mvm&onf/ xdkenf;vrf;onf zdESdyfolwdk@. pdwfoabmESifhvkyfaqmifcsuf tay: ajymif;vJaponf[k *END,Hk=unfxm;onf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;r_t,ltqudk o=u*[ (Satyagraha) (trSef w&m;ESifh cdkifcdkif+rJ+rJqkyfudkifjcif;qdkonfh [dENLpum;udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf)[k *ENDu trnfay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; r=umrDrSmyif o=u*[ ESifywfoufI }uD;rm;onfhtjrifw&yf&dSvmonf? xdkenf;vrf;onf ol. jzpfEdkifacsxuf pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&mZpfjrpftoHk;0ifr_enf;vmonfhtcsufjzpfonf? yk*~dKvfa&;t& pHerlejywefbdk;rSm tuef@towf&dSonf[k *EDN todtrSwfðycJhonf? tcdkiftrmqHk; tmcHa&;orm;rsm;yifv#if qif;&J'kuQrsm;pGmudkom cHpm;Edkifaomfvnf; axmifv$m;+yD; tpJGtrSwf}uD;onfh cdkifrmaeonfhtpdk;&trsKd;tpm;rSm v#ifv#ifjrefjref ðywfus roGm;Edkifay? o=u*[udk EdkifiHa&;vufeufwcktjzpf toHk;ðyrnfqdkygu wzuftpdk;&udk zdtm;jzpfapEdkifrnf[k *END u oabmaygufcJhonf? “pdwfydkif;t&jzpfap &kyfydkif;t&jzpfap aemufrSmtiftm;r&dSbl;qdk&if onfvdk awmif;qdk& wmudk igr,Hk=unfygbl;” [k *EDN a&;om;cJhonf? zdESdyfr_rsm;udk vdkufemrvm; jiif;qefrvm;qdkonfudk ttkyfcsKyfcHrsm;rS a&G;jc,f&avh&dS&m tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh xdktajctaetay: rSDwnfae&onf? xdka=umifhvnf; o=u*[rSm wzufvl. taetxm;w&yfudk ajymif;vJrnfh pGrf;tm;jzpfonf[k *EDN ,Hk=unfxm;onf? o=u*[ jzifh wzufzdESdyfoludk trSefw&m;udkod&dSapI tEdkif,ljcif;[k *EDNu ajymxm;aomfvnf; ppfa&;oabmaqmifjcif;&dSonfudkvnf; *EDNu r=umc%xkwfajymcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfol rsm;zufu t±H_;ay;jcif;r&dSu vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;&dS+yD;/ xdkvkyfief;pOfonf tvGef@tvGef &efzufyHko¿mef tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypf&ef r&nf&G,faomfvnf;/ wzufzdESdyfolwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufap&ef &nfrSef;xm;onf? Tenf;a=umifh trSm;trSefcJGjcm;&efxuf ajymif;vJr_jzpfap&efvdkvm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;twGuf *EDNtaejzifh o=u*[ . vufawG@usonfh tjcm;a&G;jc,fpOf;pm;p&mudk zefwD;ay;cJhonf? t[d Ho onf vHk;0tºuGif;rJhrSefuefonfh t,l0g'jzpfonf[k *EDNu qdkvdkxm;jcif;r&dSay? oljyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefcJh onfh tm%mydkifrsm;. tpDtpOfwus t=urf;zufr_ESifh zdESdyfcHeif;jym;wdk@. tvdktav#mufjzpfvmonfh t=urf; zufr_ESpfckudk *EDNu cJGjcm;jrifcJhonf? eif;jym;[email protected]=urf;zufr_tay: ol@taejzifh cGifhvGwfcJhonfr[kwfaomfvnf; xdkodk@jzpf&yfrsm;udk ol@taejzifh em;vnfEdkif+yD;/ *k%foduQmqdkif&mxdrf;odrf;r_twGuf jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEdkifonf[k olu qdkonf? oduQmrJhonfhol&Jabma=umifr_twGuf t=urf;zufr_udk tm;udk;tm;xm;ðyoifhonf[k ol. b0 wav#mufvHk;Y pJGudkif,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh *EDN. t[d HoESifh o=u*[ usifhpOfrsm;rSm ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay: vmap&ef w&m;r#wr_twGuf arwWmw&m;a&S@&_oifhonf[k ,lqxm;onfh olawmfpOfrsm;twGufawmh r[kwfay? (1909) ckESpfaEGOD;umv t*Fvefc&D;pOfonf tdEdN,EdkifiHwGif;Y o=u*[ enf;udk rnfodk@usifhoHk;oifhonfqdkonfh tawG;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? awmiftmz&du&dS tdENd,EG,fzGm;wdk@twGuf pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;&ef vef'efoGm;onfhc&D;pOf jzpfaomfvnf; ol. arG;&yfajrESifhywfoufI jiif;cHk tr_tcif;jzpfcJh&onf? *EDN ra&mufcif&ufydkif;twGif;u vef'ef wGifaexdkifonfh tdENd,vli,fwOD;rS +Adwdo#t&m&dS qm0DvD,H cgZGef 0if;vD (Sir William Curzon-Wyllie) udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonf?


jynfya&muf tdEdN,EG,fzGm;wdk@tjrifY xdkodk@t=urf;zufr_onf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf taocsmqHk;vrf; jzpfonf[ktjrif&dSonfhtwGuf xdktjzpftysufonf *EDNudk wkefv_yfoGm;apcJhonf? xdk,Hk=unfr_udk wefjyefonfhtaejzifh tjyefc&D; (10) &ufwm oabFmay:wGifyif aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;om;cJhonf? nmzufvuf anmif;onfESifhb,fzufvufESifha&;um ta&;w}uD; tv#iftjref aqmif;yg; a&;om;cJh&onf? xdk@aemuf *END. awmiftmz&duef tywfpOfjzpfonfh tdEdN,wdk@tjrif (Indian Opinion) Y xdkaqmif;yg;udk azmfjycJh onf? tdENd,EG,fzGm; t=urf;zuform;rsm;. tjrifudk udk,fpm;ðyonfh pmzwfol ESifh *EDN.tjrifudk udk,fpm;ðyonfh t,f'Dwm t=um; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;onfhta&;tom;[efjzpf.? trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. enf;emw&yftae jzifh t=urf;zufr_toHk;ðyjcif;udk &_wfcsa0zefxm;+yD;/ t=urf;rzufonfh o=u*[enf;vrf;udk tom;ay;azmfjyxm; onf? xdku¾onf aemufydkif;tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olwdk@ pOf;pm;=uonfh t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI a0zef aqG;aEG;r_xuf omvGefaumif;rGefcJh.? tdEdN,trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olwdk@u [email protected];csufrSm qGm&wf (Swaraj) jzpfonf[k tcdkiftrmajymcJhonf - EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifh odk@r[kwf [kef;r&l;tjzpf t*Fvdyfpum; t,l tqESifh twlwljzpfonfh toHk;tE_ef;jzpfonf (0HomEkv_yf&Sm;r_[kvnf; ac:onf)? tdENd,jynftwGuf qGm&wfudk ol@taeESifhvdkvm;a=umif; *EDNu ajymcJhaomfvnf; xdkpum;udk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tjzpf t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@udk,fwdkifudk,fus tkyfcsKyfr_udk avhvmr,fqdk&if 'g[m qGm&wfyJ” [k *ENDu a&;om;cJh.? t=urf;zufr_rSm +Adwdo#wdk@ oGwfoGif;ay;cJhonfh bmomw&m;uif;rJhonfh t&dkif;tpdkif;wdk@. b0aexdkifr_[k *ENDu qdkcJhonf? xdkt=urf;zufonfh tawG;tjrifrS wrsKd;om;vHk;rvGwfajrmufEdkifyJ/ xdkt=urf;zufr_jzifh tdENd,rS +Adwdo# vlrsKd;wdk@udk armif;xkwfrnfhtjriftay: *EDNu ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonf? tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@taejzifh tdENd,. rlvZpfjrpf tppftrSefudk jyefvnf usifhoHk;vdkufem=u&ef *EDNu wdkufwGef;cJhonf? qGm&wfudk vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifygu EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfr_twGuf tajzudk &SmawG@rnf[k *EDNu pJGpJG+rJ+rJ vufcH,Hk=unfcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@tdrfudk tpDtpOfwus xdef;odrf;xm;r,fqdk&if onftdrfeJ@vdkufav#mnDaxGjzpfr,fholawGyJ usefvdrfhr,f/ usefolawGtm;vHk; udk,fhtpDtpOf eJ@udk,f xGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f” [k *EDNu a&;om;cJh.? odk@aomfvnf; qGm&wf. t"dy`g,frSm taemufwdkif;usifhpOfudk vufrcHjiif;y,fcsufxuf ydkygonf? tdEdN,vlrsKd;wdk@ wGifvnf; qdk;0g;onfh tjypftemtqmrsm; &dSonf[k olu 0efcHcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;udk vufxyfxdef;jrm;jcif;qdkonfhtcsufjzpf+yD;/ xdktcsufrSm wdkif;jynfudkvma&muftkyfpkd;onfh wdkif;wyg;om;wdk@udk wky vkyfaqmifjcif;[k tjypfwifIr&ay? qGm&uf onf tdEdN.vlrsKd;[email protected]_udkyif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,f onf[k *EDNu &Sif;jycJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@udk armif;xkwf&efqdkonfh EdkkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufoufoufr[kwfay? raumif; qdk;0g; ewfrdp>mwdk@. usifhpOfrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;&ef &nf&G,fonfh/ vlr_a&;ESifh wOD;csif;qdkif&m &nfrSef;csufvnf;yg&dS ayonf? awmiftmz&duY&dSaepOf q,fpkESpfESpfcktwGif; xdkqGm&uf usifhpOfudk *ENDusifhoHk;cJh.? taemufwdkif;. trSwf oauF w "avhrsm;pGmudk c0gcs+yD; &dk;&Sif;onfh tdENd,v,form;0wfpHkudk 0wfqifcJhonf? ol@uav;rsm;udk Oa&myyHkpHausmif; rsm;xuf tdrfYyif ynmoifapcJhonf? oltygt0if ol@rdom;pkwdk@ usef;rma&;t&wpHkwckjzpfvmwdkif; taemuf wdkif;aq;0g;rsm;udk oHk;pJG&ef jiif;y,fcJhonf? ZmwfpepfESifhywfoufonfh tjrpfwG,faeonfh tdEdN,tavhtxtcsKd@ udkvnf; ypfy,fcJh.? oltygt0if [email protected];vHk;rSm npfnrf;onfhtvkyftudkif[k,lqxm;+yD; Zmwfedrfhrsm;om vkyfaqmif&onfh t0wfav#mfzGwfjcif;/ qHyif!‡yfjcif;/ qD;tdk;oGefjcif; ponfh tdrfr_tvkyfrsm;udk udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif =uonf? *EDN aexdkifusifh}uHcJhonfh txl;0daoorsm;rSm vufr_vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifjcif;/ &dk;&Sif;pGmaexdkifjcif;/ oef@&Sif; pif=u,fpGmaexdkif;jcif;jzpfonf? txif&Sm;qHk;rSm pm;aomufr_udk csKd;jcHac|wm+yD; (1906) ckESpfrSpI umr*k%ftm&HkrS apmifhxdef;a&SmifusOfjcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@ &v'fygonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzifh tdENd,EkdifiHodk@ oljyefa&mufvmcJhonf? awmiftmz&dutpdk;&taejzifh rSwfyHkwifOya'udk y,fzsufay;vdkufonfhtcg [email protected]&;ESifhpdwf"gwft,ltqqdkif&m vufawG@prf;oyfr_udk T ae&mwGif &yfqdkif;&efESifh tdENd,odk@jyefI prf;oyfawG@&dSr_todrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef *EDN qHk;jzwfcJh.? wkEd_if;r&dSonfh


t&nftcsif;rsm;ydkufvmonfh tdrftjyefvrf;vnf; jzpf.? jynfyYaexdkifcJh&onfh b0onf ol@twGuf tdENd,wck vHk;udk v$rf;ðcHtjrif&&dScJhonf? xdkodk@ rdcifajrrS cJGae&onfhtwGufvnf; zefw&mawaeonfh EdkifiHa&;jiif;cHkr_avxkESifh uif;a0;apcJh+yD; [email protected],fydkiftawG;tjrifrsm;vnf; &&dSapcJhonf? udk,fajcudk,f &yfwnfa&; (trSDtcdkuif;a&;) ESifh tdEdN,jynfvGwfajrmufa&;tjrifrsm;jzifh (1914) ckESpfwGif arG;&yfajrodk@ *END jyefvnf a&muf&dSvmawmhonf? &wf*sf tkyfcsKyfa&; (The Raj) odk@r[kwf e,f&Sify,f&Sifrsm; (Overlords) +Adwdo#wdk@ taejzifh ueOD;ydkif;u ppfatmifEdkifolrsm;taejzifh r[kwfyJ ukefonfrsm;taejzifh tdEdN,odk@ a&muf&dSvm jcif;jzpfonf? tdEdN,urf;&dk;wef;wav#mufY tcdkiftrmwyfpJGae&m,l+yD;/ twGif;ydkif; rGwfqvif r*dk (Muslim Mughal) tifyg,modk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? ,cifa&S;bdk;ab;vufxufuwnf;u tm&Stv,fydkif;rSaeI tdEdN, twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfe,fcsJ@cJhonfh tifyg,me,fajrjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; r*dkwdk@rSm A[dktpdk;&ozG,f zJG@pnf;wnfaqmufjcif;r&dScJhyJ/ olwdk@twGuf tcGefaiGESifhppfom;rsm;pkaqmif;ay;rnfh a'ocH tkyfcsyfolrsm;ESifhqufpyf xm;onf? (18) &mpktwGif;Y òydifzuftdENd,tm%m&Sifrsm;t=um; yËdyuQrsm;ay:xGufvm+yD; xdkpepfrSm ysufpD;òyduJG vm&onf? xkdokdk@ EdkifiHa&;t&rwnf+idrfr_rsm;rSm ukefoG,fr_udk xdcdkufvmonfhtav#muf tdENd,&dS+Adwdo#ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh ta&S@tdENd,ukr`%DrSm (1765) ckESpfY ppfwyfwwyfac:,l+yD; umvuwWm; ukr`%DXmecsKyf teD;w0dkuf bifa*g (Bengal) a'oudk odrf;ydkufxdrf;csKyfcJh.? ukr`%D. trdef@pmc|ef (=oZmoufa&mufr_)onf wkduf wwdkufvHk;eD;yg;v$rf;ðcH&ef aemufydkif; tESpf (50) twGif;Y awmifydkif;ESifh taemufjcrf;udkyg jzef@usufcJhonf? ukr`%D . wyfudkvnf; (2) odef; (5) aomif;ausmftxd wdk;csJ@vmcJhonf? ukr`%D. }uD;=uyfuGyfuJa&;Xmeudk umvuwWm;/ ta&S@awmifzufurf;&dk;wef;&dS r'&pfESifh taemufzufjcrf; bHkabòrd@wdk@Y cJGjcm;zGifhvSpfcJh.? +Adwdo#wdk@. wdkufi,f tpdk;&rSmvnf; tcdkiftrmjzpfvmonf? odk@aomfvnf; Oa&mywdkuf (&k&Sryg twdkif;twm)ESifh t&G,ftpm;wl tdENd,udk tkyfcsKyf&efrSm }uD;rm;av;vHonfh wm0efw&yfjzpfonf? ukr`%Dtaejzifh }uD;rm;onfh e,fajrtay: =oZm oufa&mufol tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsKd;EG,frsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktxJwGif tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh ppf a&;t& tumtuG,fay;r_rsm;yg0ifcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tdENd,vlrsKd; rdwfaqGrsm;tay: rDScdkae&onfudk t+rJowdrlxm;onf? (1917) ckESpfY r'&pf&dS ukr%Dwm0ef&dSolwOD;jzpfol aomrwfrGef;&dk (Thomas Munro) a&;om;csufwckY “usaemfwdk@YtawG@tóuHr&dSr_ vlxktaetxm;udk ypfy,fxm;r_rsm;&dScJhonf? Ttcsuft& wdkif;jynfjynfwGif;a&;udkpDpOf!$ef=um;&ef yHkrSef txdkif rsm;. tultnDrsm; &SmazG&ef ydkrdkvdktyfaeonf? u|Ekfwdk@. 'dkareD,HudkaxmufcH&ef pdwfyg0ifpm;ol aus;&Gmacgif; aqmifrsm;. tzJG@tpnf;w&yf&dSaeoifhonfrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@. vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufjzpf.” [k qdkxm;onf? +Adwdo#wdk@udk tvkyftaºuG;ðyonfh tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm tyHktyifjzpf.? vpmaiG/ tqifh twef;&ydkifcGifh/ =oZmoufa&mufr_/ ae&mxdkifcif;rsm;/ tjcm; &kyf0wˆKrsm;ESifh qkcsD;ajr‡mufr_wdk@jzpfonf? oabmwlnDr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifenf;jzifh qJGaqmifpnf;&Hk;&ef rwwfEdkifonfhtcg +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh rv$Jra&Smifom tiftm;oHk;cJh&onf? (1857) ckESpfY tdENd,ajrmufydkif;wav#muf&dS tdENd,ppfom;ESifht&yfom;wdk@ ykefuefr_ay:ayguf cJhonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;&ef wESpfausmftcsdef,lcJh&ovdk wyftiftm;rsm;udk jynfyrS ac:,ljznfhwif;cJh&.? +Adwdo#wdk@. &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;tay: a'oqdkif&moufOD;qHydkifbk&ifwdk@rS ra=ueyfr_rsm; a&&Snf&dSaeonfhae&mwdk@Y jy\emrsm;&dSvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@tay: [email protected]&mESifh csrf;omºuG,f0r_rsm; rDSae&onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tzdk@ +Adwdo#&wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk vdkufem+yD; qlyltHkºuGr_rsm;r&dSay? ta&S@tdEdN,ukr`%Dudk zsufodrf;+yD; tdEdN,EdkifiHtzdk@ udkvdkeDvufatmufcHEdkifiHjzpfvmonfhaemuf aiGa=u; ajr,m *k%fxl;aqmifrsm;jzifh =oZm&dS tdEdN,awmf0ifEG,frsm;udk tpdk;&rS qufvufaxmufyHhay;xm;ovdk/ twdkifyifcH v$wf


awmfrsmtwGuf tdENd,ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; cef@xm;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;vnf;ay;cJhonf? ,cifueOD;toHk;ðycJh onfh enf;emrsm;udk ajymif;vJvdkufaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@. r[mAsL[mrSmrl ,ciftwdkif;jzpf.? tdEdN,EdkifiHom; opPmcHrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;/ qka=u;axmufyHhjcif;rsm;jzifh tdENd,udk xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? “+Adwdo#wdk@u tdENd,udk ,loGm;wmr[kwfbl;/ igwdk@om tdENd,udk olwdk@udk ay;cJhwm” [k (1906) ckESpfY *EDNu a&;cJhonf? “olwdk@ &J@tiftm;a=umifh tdENd,rSm olwdk@&dSaewmr[kwfbl;/ igwdk@uay;xm;vdk@ae&wm” [k a&;cJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; +Adwdo#wdk@. &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tdEdN,vlrsKd;tcsKd@u tpOftwdkuftcHvkyfcJh=u+yD;/ (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;Y xdktwdkuf tcHvkyfr_udk wEkdifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzpfvmatmif vlwcsKd@u óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? xdkoltrsm;pkrSm twwfynm&Sif rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ tdENd,EdkifiH&dS tvGefw&mrsm;jym;aygºuG,faom bmompum;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk xdkolwdk@. t*Fvdyf pmynm&yfjzifh ausmfv$m;EdkifcJhonf? owif;axmufrsm;uJhodk@yif a&S@aersm; odk@wnf;r[kwf tpdk;&0efxrf;wdk@rSm &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;u wnfaqmufay;xm;onfh &xm;vrf;rsm;rSwqifh aps;E_ef;oufomjrefqefpGm wEkdifiHvHk; jzef@ usuf oGm;vmcJh=uonf? xdkolwdk@tzdk@ tdEdN,EdkifiHrSm rwluJGjym;csufrsm; pDjc,foxm;onfht&mwckvdk jzpf&Hkom ru wckvHk;twdkif;twmaqmif em;vnfr_&dScJhonf? wdkufe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;. pum;toHk;tE_ef;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;rsm; udk toHk;ðyonfh enf;vrf;wlpGm (19) &mpk Oa&my. EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;udkvnf; pum;vHk;opfESifh trsKd;om; a&;t,ltqrsm;jzifh avhvmtoHk;csvmcJh=uonf? trsKd;om;a&;t,ltq EdkifiHa&;. t"duqHkcsufrSm tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwD (Indian National Congress) jzpf+yD;/ (1885) ckESpfwGif pwifzJG@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf./ 'DZifbmvwdkif;Y òrd@wòrd@Y udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oHk;&uf=umqHkawG@+yD; tpnf;ta0;rsm; a[majymyJGrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;tcrf;tem;rsm;udkusif;ycJh=uonf? aemufqHk;Y qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf +yD; +Adwdo#t&m&dSrsm;xH ay;ydk@+yD;aemuf wESpfwmtwGuf +yD;pD;oGm;onf? yxrqHk;t}udrfuGef*&ufonf tpdk;& tay: t,Hkt=unfysufjym;aponfh tpktzJG@wckjzpfcJh+yD;/ tpdk;&udk ðzwfcsa&;r[kwfyJ jyefvnfðyjyifvdkonfh oabm xm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;u v$rf;rdk;cJhonf? &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm qif;&JrJGawr_ ydkrdkqkd;qdk;0g;0g;jzpfaponf[k xdkolwdk@u a0zefcJh=uovdk/ tdEdN,. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tifyg,mrS oHk;pJG,lr_rsm;udk av#mhusatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; [email protected];emrSm qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/ vufrSwfxdk;apm'uwwfjcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mv_yf&Sm;r_vdkrsKd; aysmhajymif;nifomonfh aqmif&Gufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@vnf; opPm&dStwdkuftcHrsm; (Loyal Opposition) tjzpf &yfwnfcJh=uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh olwdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufr_[k r,lqyJ pdwfuoduatmifjzpf&Hkavmufom oabm&dScJhonf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;twGufrl EdkifiHa&;rSSm wckwnf;aom xGufaygufr[kwfcJhay? onf;nnf;cHEdkifpGrf;enf;yg;vm ovdk +Adwdo#wdk@. &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk vHk;0tqHk;owf&ef ydkrdkydkif;jzwfvm=u+yD;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGufyg qEN oabmxm;&dSvmonf? yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf v#Kd@0Suft=urf;zuftkyfpkrsm; (1890) 0ef;usifwGif ay:aygufvmonf? &wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef xdktkyfcsKyfa&;!$ef=um;ol +Adwdo#t&m&dSrsm;udk owfjzwfypf&rnf[k olwdk@ ,Hk =unfcJh=uonf? aemufydkif; (20) &mpkawmfvSefa&;rsm;. tm%mudkt=urf;zuf,ljcif;rsm;ESifh xifa,mifrSm;r_jzpfcJh =uonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydwfqdk@zdtm;ay;r_tay: oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifhuJGjym;onfhtcsufrSm xdkolrsm;rSm tajccHususawmfvSefajymif;vJvdkolrsm;ESifh wlnDonfh r[mAsL[mtawG;tac:&dS=uonf? ,if;rSm tdENd,udk txufrSatmuf vHk;0 ajymif;vJypf&efjzpf.? tdEdN, trsKd;om;a&;0g'. us,fjyef@aompD;a=umif;xJY trsm;vufcHonfh tjcm;tjrifESpfckvnf;&dSaeonf? wckrSm &dk;&mvufr_ypPnf;ESifh ynma&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh “tðyoabmaqmif vkyfief;” rsm; vkyf=u&ef wdkufwGef;jcif; jzpf onf? aemufwckrSm EdkifiHa&;oabmygonf? +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &yfwef@ap&ef vlxkudk vH_aqmfvdk onfh uGef*&uftwGif;&dS tpGef;a&mufrsm;rS xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifonf? “tzdESdyfcHeif;jym;awG - *&krpdkufz,fxm; cH&olawG - jzpfygap/ cifAsm;wdk@vkyfr,fqdk&if onftkyfcsKyfr_rjzpfEdkifatmif cifAsm;wdk@rSm pGrf;tm;awG&dSw,fqdkwm owd&=uprf;yg ” [k tpGef;a&mufacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol ab;vf *ef*[m (Bal Gangadhar) u (1902) ckESpfY ajymqdkcJh.? “onf&xm;vrf;awG


onfa=u;eef;&HkawGudk pDrHwmcifAsm;wdk@ygyJ/ ESpfpOftcGefawGaumuf+yD; tqifajy acsmarGatmif vkyfaewm cifAsm;wdk@ygyJ” [k olu ajymcJhonf? rsm;jym;xlajymvSonfh bmoma&;ESifhbmompum;aygif;pHkwdk@t=um; tdENd,trsKd;om;wdk@udk trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;&onfh acgif;aqmifwdkif;tzdk@ olwdk@enf;olwdk@[ef óud;pm;aqmif&Guf=u&.? [dENLbmom0if rsm;rSm tdENd,. trsm;pk}uD;jzpfovdk/ uGef*&ufwGifvnf; trsm;pkacgif;aqmifrSm [dENLbmom0ifwdk@jzpf.? odk@aomf vnf; (19) &mpkaemufydkif;umv tdENd,. t=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh av;yHkwyHkrSm rGwfqvifbmom0ifwdk@jzpf.? tcsKd@rSm vGefcJhwJh &mpkESpfrsm;u tdENd,odk@usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmol rsKd;qufrsm;jzpfovdk/ tcsKd@rSm [dENLbmomrS ul;ajymif; vmolrsm;jzpf.? tdENd,ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;ESifh bef*gvf;t&yfY rGwfqvifbmom0iftrsm;pkvdkjzpfaeonf? tdENd, . t&nftwGuftenf;pkrSm qpfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD; tdEdN,ajrmufydkif; ajrjyef@yef*syfa'owGif trsm;pkaexdkif=uonf? xdkae&mwGif tawmftwef pkpnf;rdonfh vlenf;pktjzpf &dSae=uonf? uGef*&ufudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym;ESifh tdENd,ynmwwftrsm;pkrSm t*Fvdyfpum;udk aumif;rGefpGm wwfu|rf;ovdk/ udk,fydkif a'oEW& wdkif;&if;bmomrsm;udkvnf; vlwdkif; ajymqdk=uonf? tdEdN,wGif t"du bmompum;tkyfpk ESpfpk &dS+yD;/ xdktkyfpk}uD;wckcsif;pDYvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom bmompum;rsm;&dSae+yD; xdkrSwqifh a'otoHk;tE_ef;pum; rsm; uJGoGm;jyefonf? tif'dk-tD&ef bmompum;tEG,f ( [dENL/ tl'l/ b*FvD/ *l*s&wDtygt0if) onf tdENd,ajrmuf ydkif;Y t"du v$rf;rdk;xm;+yD;/ '&mAD'D,ef bmompum;tEG,f (wrDvf;/ awv*l pojzifh)udk awmifydkif;wGif awG@& onf? xdkodk@ aomif;ajymif;a&m,Sufaeonfh bmompum;rsm;a=umifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_Y odomuJGjym;r_ rsm;jzpfvm&onf? xdkodk@rwluJGjym;r_rsm; txyfxyfjzpfae&jcif;tjyif aemufxyf &_yfaxG;ayGvDr_&dScJhjyefonf? vlwdkif;onf Zmwfwckck ESifhywfoufarG;zGm;cJh&onf? xdktcsufu xdkolwdk@. vlr_tqifh *k%fowfrSwfcsufudk azmfjyovdk/ rnfoludkom vufxyfEdkifonf rnfonfhtvkyftrsKd;tpm;vkyf&rnfqdkonfh udk;uG,fr_qdkif&mxHk;wrf;"avhrsm;udk owfrSwfxm; onf? trsm;tm;jzifh jArRmuJhodk@ Zmwfjrifhrsm;udk atmufajctvkyfrsm; rvkyfap&ojzifh/ xdkolwdk@rSm ajrydkif&Sifrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSrsm; odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;jzpfvm=uonf? atmufajctqifhwGif “Zmwfedrfhrsm;”[lI&dS+yD; xdkolrsm;rSm om;a&e,fonfhtvkyf odk@r[kwf vl@tnpfta=u;rsm;oef@pifonfhtvkyfrsm;udk vkyf=u&onf? xdkpepf rSm wif;=uyfvSonfr[kwf/ arG;&mrSmtcGifhtvrf;w&yftaejzifh b0aexdkifr_udk vHk;0owfrSwfxm;onfr[kwfaomf vnf;/ xdkpepfa=umifh tdEdN,vlrsKd; wOD;ESifhwOD;t=um; twm;tqD;vdkjzpfcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf tdENd,vlrsKd;wdk@t=um; xdkodk@uJGjym;csufrsm;tay: aumif;rGefpGmtoHk;cscJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1840) tv,fydkif;umvY qpfvlrsKd;wdk@tkyfcsKyf&m yef*syfjynfe,fwGif ta&S@tdENd,&Hk;zGifhvSpfonfhtcg aoG;pGef; onfh tvkyfrsm;wGif b*FvDppfwyfudk trsm;tm;jzifh toHk;ðycJh.? q,fpkESpfwck=um+yD;aemuf ajrmufydkif;tdENd,Y b*FvDppfwyfrsm; ykefukefr_jzpfonfhtcg qpfvlrsKd;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk; qJGaqmif tcGifhta&;ay;+yD; ykefuefr_udk ESdrfeif;ap onf? xdkodk@ aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyfa&;AsL[ma=umifh &dSae+yD;om; wif;rmr_rsm;udk }uD;rm;aponf tqdk;qHk;rSm bmoma&; udpP jzpf.? [dENLbmom0ifwdk@ESifh rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;t=um; &efzufjzpfyGm;r_rSm r=umc%qdkovdk tkyfpkvdkuf t=urf;zufr_rsm;tjzpf avmif+rdKufapcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rGwfqvifyJGawmfrsm;Y EGm;owfjcif;rsm;udk qef@usif onfh [dENLbmom0ifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rSm (1893) ckESpfwGif taotaysmufrsm;onfh qlylaomif;usef;r_wckjzpfvmcJh onf? tdENd,EdkifiH. tuJqwfr_rsm;udk rnfodk@ pkpnf;nD!Gwfatmifvkyfrnfenf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;rSm ESpfq,f&mpk tpydkif; trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;twGuf &ifqdkif&onfh t=uyftwnf;wckr#omjzpfonf? [email protected];pGef&nfrSef;csufrSm &wf*sf tkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;vm;/ vHk;0tqHk;owfa&;vm;? uGef*&uftwGif;&dS ynmwwfa=u;&nfwwfrsm;. todkif;t0dkif;udkausmfvGef+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_udk rnfodk@ csJ@xGifrnfenf;? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&mwGif Oya'a=umif;t&ESifh tysufoabmr[kwfonfh enf;emrsm;udk usifhoHk;rnfvm;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ðyvkyfrnfvm;/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf r_ðyvkyfrnfvm;? (1914) ckESpfwGif xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajzqdkEkdifjcif;r&dScJhay? xdkar;cGef;rsm;ajzqdk&ef wpHkwOD;urSvnf; aqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&dS? odk@aomfvnf; xdktajctaeuyif ajymif;vJzdk@twGuf pwifjzpfvm&onf?


*ENDESifhol.EdkifiH trSefwu,f jyefvnfEdk;=um;vmjcif; yxrurBmppf+yD;+yD;csif; tdEdN,EdkifiHodk@ *EDN jyefa&mufvmcJh.? ppfyJGrsm;rSm tvSrf;uGmonfh Oa&mywGifom jzpfcJhaomf vnf; +Adwdo#wdk@taejzifh tdEdN,om;rsm;udkac:,lI tifyg,mudk,fpm; taocH wdkufcdkufapouJhodk@ tdEdN,EkdifiH twGif;Yvnf; tcGeftaumufwdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dtrsm;pk ppfudk axmufcHcJh=uovdk xkdodk@ay; qyfr_rSm [email protected]&;rsm;twGuf tcdkiftrmawmif;qdkp&mtcsuf[k qifjcifðy=u.? vGwfvyfonfhwdkif;jynf rsm;r[mrdwftzJG@ (An alliance of free nations) wGif olwdk@yg0ifcJhonfhtwGuf [email protected],fydkiftcGifhta&;udk vnf; av;pm;todtrSwfcHoifhonf[k xdkolwdk@u qdkcJh=u.? (1916) ckESpfwGif uGefu&ufESifhrGwfqviftzJG@csKyfwdk@ yl;wJG+yD; zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'jyifqifa&;qJGum udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynfht0&&a&;tqdkðycJh=u.? wdkif;jynf. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'qdkif&m tqifhtwef;rSm *EDNtwGufrl t"du udpP&yf[k r,lqcJhay? qGm&wf trsKd; om;a&;udpPrSm xdyfydkif;EdkifiHa&;t&ajymif;vJ&Hkr#jzifh jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k awmiftmz&du&dSpOfuyif olr,lqcJhay? vl@ tzJG@tpnf;tajccHrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzufa&;vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfonf[k ol,Hk=unfcJh onf? [email protected] tjcm;tdENd,acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;wdk@u ta&;r}uD;[k xifjrif,lq=uaomfvnf;/ tdEdN,odk@ a&mufa&mufcsif;rSmyif *EDNtaejzifh xdkudpPudkom wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfcJh.? *EDN}uD;taejzifh trsm;tm&Hkxm;&m vrf; a=umif;rS xkdodk@ a&SmifcGmaejcif;uyifv#if/ trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_.t"duae&modk@ ol@udk a&muf&dSapcJhonf? *EDNonf wESpfwmumvtwGif; wdkif;jynftESH &xm;jzifh vSnfhvnfcJhonf? wwdwwef;udkpD;+yD; tdENd,. tajcrSpI avhvmcJhonf? xdkrSwqifh tdENd,jynfwGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfEdkifrnfh ajymif;vJr_yHkpHudk ESHESHpyfpyfpOf;pm;awG;ac: cJh.? qGm&wf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf vlr_b0tm;vHk;udk Ed_;=um;ap+yD; wOD;csif;.todw&m;udkjzpfaponf[k (1917) ckESpfY ola&;om;cJhonf? tdENd,&dSt&m tm;vHk;udk cspfjrwfEkd;ap+yD;/ ZmwfuJGrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh bmomudk; uG,fr_rsm;t=um; nD!Gwfr_jzpfaponf? a'otkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;/ ynma&;/ vlxkusef;rma&;ESifh ywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif; a&;udpPrsm;Yvnf; vufawG@b0ESifheD;pyfonfh wdk;wufr_rsm;jzpfapcJhonf? “igwdk@&J@ tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf tpdk;&udk pkaygif;awmif;qdkEdkifw,f/ vH_@aqmfEdkifw,f - 'gayr,fh vlawG wu,fwrf; Edk;=um;vmapzdk@ ydkta&;}uD;wJhtcsufu pdwfo¿mefwGif;uvmwJh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_jzpfzdk@yJ” [k oluqdkcJhonf? xdkta=umif;&yfrSm *EDN}uD;. aemufydkif;b0wav#mufwGif pdwftm;xufoefr_ jzpfapcJhonf? *EDNtaejzifh bmom a&;t& tjrifao;odrfr_ csKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk a0zef&_wfcscJh+yD;/ [dENLESifhrGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;t=um; nD!Gwfa&;udk vnf; yef=um;cJhonf? trsm;rjrifzG,fjzpfatmif twif;t=uyfpDrHonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: w&m;rJh qufqHr_rsm; ESifh "rRwm oGm;aeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh xdpyf&ef a&Smif&Sm;r_rsm;tay: +iD;jiLa0zefajymqdkcJhonf? qif;&Jom;wdk@ twGuf wm0ef,l=u&ef ajrydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk awmif;yefcJhonf (v,f,majr jyefvnfa0jcrf;a&;uJhodk@ aom pD;yGm;cJGa0jzef@usufa&; awmif;qdkr_rsm;rS aoGzDonf[lIawmh qdkEkdifygonf)? xdk@tjyif Zmwfedrfhonfh tavh tusifhrsm;twGufvnf; vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf0ufcef@u tar&duef&dS u|efpepfESifhywfoufI tDb&m[ifvifuGef;. ajymqdkcJhovdk ykwfcwfa0zefr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? *EDN. “tðyoabmtpDtpOf ”rSm tjcm;olrsm;udk rnfodk@aexdkifusifh}uHoifhonf[laom tEl;t!Gwfyef=um;wdkuf wGef;csufwckr#om r[kwfay? [email protected],fydkifb0Yvnf; tdENd,vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;udk cJGjcmxm;onfh t[ef@twm;rsm; udk zsufypfvdkuf+yD;/ rGwfqvifrsm; Zmwfedrf@rsm;jzifh vltrsm;a&S@ twlwuGaejyjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhzufvJSwuif; aexdkifjcif;rsm; &dScJhonf? xdkenf;wlpGm tdENd, vufvkyfcsnfxnfrsm;udk t+rJ0wfqifcJhonf? udk,fwdkif&ufvkyfcsnf iif=u&ef tm;ay;onfh tzJG@tpnf;wckudkvnf; zJG@pnf;cJhonf? wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmt& v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifae cJh&onfhwdkif [email protected]@pOfvkyfief;aqmifwmwcktaejzifhvnf; csnfiifr_udk tcsdefay;vkyfudkifcJhonf?


ol@. qGm&wftrsKd;om;a&;tjrift& usifh}uHaexdkifol pdwfwloabmwlolrsm;ESifhvnf; tpktzJG@rsm;udk zJG@pnf;cJh onf? xdktxJrS txif&Sm;qHk;rSm trfrm'gbwf/ *l*s&ufòrd@&dS qbmrwd t&S&rf (Sabarmati ashram) [dENL0wf ausmif; tzJG@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ xdktzJG@0ifrsm;taejzifh jA[Rmp&d,tusifhtwdkif; trSefw&m;ESifh t[d Horludk pJGpJG+rJ+rJ ESvHk;oGif;rnf[k cH,lxm;=uonf? ZmwfuJGjym;r_rsm;udk arhazsmuf+yD; qkawmif;jcif;/ tdrfwGif;r_tvkyf udkk,fwdkifvkyf udkifjcif;rsm;udk tm&Hkðyum &dk;&Sif;pGmaexdkifcJh=uonf? 0wfðyausmif;tzJG@zGifhvSpf+yD; r=umcifvydkif;twGif; Zmwfedrfh rdom;pkrsm;udk toif;0ifa&mufcGifhay;cJhojzifh tcsKd@tzJG@0ifrsm; E_wfxGufukef=uonf? xdktpktzJG@uav; qufvuf wnf&dSa&;twGuf *EDNtaejzifh a'ocHukefonfrsm;xHrS vHkavmufonfh aiGa=u;udk tvSLcHcJh&onf? vlr_jyefvnfzHGòzd;tm;aumif;a&;rSm *EDNtwGufrl tqHk;owfr[kwfao;acs? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tajccH omjzpfacsonf? rGwfqvifESifh [d¹ENLbmom0ifrsm;t=um; &ef+idK;xm;r_/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh Zmwfedrfhrsm;udk z,fusOfxm;r_/ tdENd,vlOD;&nftawmfrsm;rsm;t=um; jzpfaeonfh qif;&JrJGawr_ESifh tod m%fedrhfyg; r_rsm;rSm trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. nD!Gwfr_ESifhpnf;urf;&dSr_twGuf taESmuft,Sufrsm;jzpfaeI jzpfonf? tdENd,EdkifiHtwGif; [email protected];t}udrf o=u*[ tEkenf;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm wudk,fawmfqENjyr_jzpfonf? bD[m jynf e,f/ csefyg&efc&dkiftwGif;rS xGufcGm&ef a'ocHt&m&dSrsm;. trdef@udk jiif;qefvdkufjcif;jzpf.? xdka'otwGif; pdkufysKd; a&;orm;wdk@taejzifh [email protected],f,mvkyftm;rsm; *kwfaoG;pkwftjrwfxkwfcHae&onfudpPudk vma&muf=unfh&_&ef *ENDtaejzifh xdka'oodk@ (1917) ckESpfuwnf;u a&muf&dScJhonf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh xdktajctaersm;udk pHkprf;ppf aq;&ef tpdk;&rS tzJG@wzJG@ zJG@pnf;cJhonf? aemufwESpftapmydkif;a&mufonfhtcg vpmaiGjzwfawmufcH&r_twGuf txnfcsKyfvkyfom;rsm;qENjyaeonfh trfrm'gbwf&dS tvkyform;a&;jy\emY olyg0ifywfoufcJhjyefonf? tay; t,lvkyfnd‡Ed_if;&ef yxrOD;tm;jzifh olu wdkufwGef;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf oydwfac:I aemufqHk;tm;jzifh tpmrpm;yJ aeonf[k a=unmvdkufonf? Todk@jzifh tqHk;wGif ajyvnfr_w&yf&&dScJhonf? tvkyform; v,form;rsm;. udk,fpm; 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;jcif;jzifh tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'D EdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;. a&S;&dk;yHkpHrS cJGxGufvmcJhonf? qGm&wf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pum;vHk;oufoufr#omr[kwfyJ tcsKd@ae&m rsm;wGif tzdESdyfcHeif;jym;rsm;twGuf vufqkyfvufudkifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifr_rsm;&dScJh.? v_yf&Sm;r_.yif&if;a'owdkif;wGif ausmif;aqmuf&ef vkyftm;ay;rsm;ac:,ljcif;/ ywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif;pif=u,fap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh &dk;&mvufr_ ypPnf;rsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;wdk@udk vkyfcJhonf? xkdodk@jzifh ausmif;q&m/ a&S@ae/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh ajr,mydkif qdkifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tquftoG,fvkyfcJh&onf? xdkolrsm;rSm aemufydkif;wGif ol. =oZmcH tcdkiftrm r[m rdwfrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf? aemufqHk;Y o=u*[ tEkenf;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. xifay:vmjcif;a=umifh trsKd;om;a&;udk tm; opfavmif;EdkifrnfholwOD;taejzifh tdENd,jynfw0Srf; *EDN.trnf ausmf=um;vmcJh.? usnfqHawG&J@trSwftom;ae&mawGudk usrudkjycJhw,f? vlr_ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh a'otvdkuf t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk *EDN OD;aqmifóud;yrf;aecsdefwGif [krR&l;tkyf csKyfa&;twGuf uGef*&ufrS qufvufvH_aqmfv#ufyif&dSonf? (1920) tukefydkif;Y *EDN. òydifzufuif; vlodxif&Sm; vmr_/ pnf;&Hk;a&;r_;ESifhAsL[mr_;taejzifh vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;wdk@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vdktyfvm+yD[k uGef*&uf acgif; aqmifrsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfðyvm&onf? txufydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif qGm&yf 0HomEkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tEdkif&vmjcif; onf atmufajcvlxktqifhrsm;Y qGm&yf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wnfaqmufEdkifjcif;a=umifh[k *EDN. cH,lcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@a=umifhvnf; tajymif;tvJjzpfap&ef t"du taxmuftyHhjzpfchJygonf? (1919) ckESpfY ppfyJGtwGuf ta&;ay:aqmif&Gufcsuftaejzifh &dkvwf (Rowlatt Act) Oya' jzifh uef@owfwm;jrpfr_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhcJh.? xdktxJwGif EkdifiHawmft=unf!dkysufjym;apaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf *sL&D cHkorm"dvl}uD;rsm;tpm; w&m;ol}uD;rSaeI zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;ESifh w&m;pDa&;qdkif&m pDrHcef@cJGr_rsm;yg0ifonf? “Oya'ðya&;tpdwftydkif;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifwJh tm%mydkifawG&J@ Oya'pnf;rsOf;awGudk +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; vdkufem&dk;usKd;zdk@udpPudk usaemf quf+yD; rvkyfEdkifawmhbl; qdkwJh


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jzwfoGm;=uygvdrhfrnf? olu csDwufyGJudk wu,fhvufawGŒ vlxk=um; ay:vGifpGm upm;&+yD; owif;pmrsm; tm;jzihf wEkdifiHvkH;odk‹ ysHŒESH‹oGm;Ekdifonfh EkdifiHa&;upm;yGJ}uD;/ ZmwfcHkwcktjzpf xifjrif,lqxm;cJhygonf?

(70) ywf0ef;usif&Sdrnfh csDwufolrsm;rSm uGef*&ufxJrS tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrwlyJ ol.tajccHpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm; pl;epf,kH=unfxm;olrsm;tjzpf *ENDu od&Sdxm;cJhygonf? olwkd‹onf udk,fcE<m yifyef;qif;&Jr_rsm;udk onf;cHEkdif=u/ "rR &dyfomb0. rdrdudk,fwkdif òcd;+cHjiif;y,fEkdifr_&Sd=u+yD; olwkd‹.pnf;urf;onfvnf; tjcm; tdENd,om;rsm; erlem,l avmufp&m awmufajymifaevdrhfrnf[k olu ,kH=unfxm;cJh+yD; jzpfygonf?

rwluGJjym;aom a'orsm;/ bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;todkuft0ef;rsm;ESifh rsKd;Zmwfrsm;rS yg0ifvm=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; trSef w&m;ta=umif;&if;cHay:wGif &yfwnf=uolrsm;jzpfojzifh olwkd‹onf wkdif;jynftwGuf tE_dif;xyfwlðy pHerlem,lp&m jzpfygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; *END. !¸ef=um;r_rsm;t& csDwufyGJwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifvdrhfrnf r[kwfyg? tcsKdŒaom trsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u uef‹uGufvmcJhaomtcsdefwGif olu trsKd;orD;rsm; csDwufyGJwGif yg0ifvmygu +Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh tdENd,trsKd;om;rsm;u ‚if;wkd‹ukd &Jtr_xrf;rsm; wkdufckdufvmygu 'dkif;tjzpf tumtuG,f&&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;udk tokH;ðy&ef ac:aqmifvmonf[k pGyfpGJvmEkdifa=umif; olu &Sif;jycJhygonf? olu tdENd,trsKd;orD; rsm;tm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvkyftau|;ðyapvkdaomfvnf; vufawGŒoabmt& +Adwdo#wkd‹ESifh &ifqkdif&efta&; u ykdIa&S›wef;us OD;pm;ay;&rnf jzpfygonf?

pwifrnfh&ufpGJrwkdifrD oDwif;ywfonf tjyif;txef jyifqifr_ðy&rnfhtcsdef jzpfygonf? ol. *l*s&wfr[mrdwf OD;pD; jzpfol AvA[dkif; yaw; (Vallabhbhai Patel) .tultnDjzifh *ENDu tmruf'b'f (Ahmeddabad) rSonf 'if'D (Dandi) urf;±dk;wef;&Gmtxd awmifbuf rkdif (240) vrf;a=umif;udk pDpOfcJhygonf? vrf;wav#mufwGif csDwufol rsm;onf r=umcifESpfrsm;twGif;u tðyoabmvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh o=u*[tmcHqef‹usifr_udpPrsm;udk vdkvm; axmufcH=uonfh/ toifhjzpfaeaomaus;&Gmrsm;wGif &yfem;=uygvdrhfrnf? ausmif;om;rsm;u vrf;a=umif;wGif uif; axmufI xkd&Gmrsm;ESihfywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;+yD; &yfqkdif;rnfhae&mtpDtpOfrsm;ukd *END. *l*s&wDbmom tywfpOfxkwf e0*sDAefowif;pm Navajivan wGif ykHESdyfazmfjycJh=uygonf? tdENd, bmom pum;jzifhomru EkdifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;odk‹yg csDwufyGJtm; vlxkodap&ef tpGrf;ukef tm;xkwfcJh=uygonf?

rwfv (12) &uf eD;uyfvmonfESifhtr# "rR&dyfomESifh tmruf'b'fòrd@wGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;xºuGp&m taetxm; }uD; rm;vmcJhygonf? “'g[m t+yD;owfppfyGJyJ? usKyfwkd‹awG eH&HrSm ausmuyf+yD; usnfqHawGukd &ifqkdif=ur,f? b,fvkd enf;eJ‹rS aemufrqkwfawmhbl;” [k *EDNu &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymcJhygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; wif;rmr_udk ykdI jyif;xefvmatmif axmufulay;cJh=uygonf? a'ow&m;ol}uD;wOD;u yaw;udk pwifzrf;qD;cJhygonf? rwfv (7) &ufae‹wGif csnfr#ifpufrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;/ aps;qkdifrsm;ESifh jrLeDpDy,f±kH;rsm; ydwfypfcJh&aom taxGaxGoydwfwck pwifjzpfyGm;cJhygonf? (12) &ufae‹naeykdif;wGif vltkyf}uD;rsm;u wnvkH;Ekd;=um;pGmESihf &yfaecJh=uygonf? aemufykdif;wGif qkawmif;oHrsm;/ bk&m;&Sdckd;oDcsif;rsm; xGufay:vmcJhygonf? ‚if;aemufwGif *ENDu “'DwkdufyGJ[m vlxkjyyGJwck r[kwfygbl;? 'g[m aemufqkH;±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_/ usKyf cifAsm;wkd‹udk tav;teufajymcsifwmu 'Dae&mudk vlaoawGtjzpfyJ jyefvm=uyg? 'grSr[kwf vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ&olawGtjzpf jyefvm=uyg” [k ajym =um;cJhygonf? *END.ZeD;jzpfol umpfwmb[dkif (Kasturbhai) u olŒtm; tdrfwGif;,ufxnf cg'DESifh yef;ukH; pGyfay;cJh+yD; vrf;av#mufwkwfwacsmif;vnf; ay;tyfcJhygonf? "rR&dyfomrS olvSrf;xGufcJhonfhtcsdefwGif tdENd, acgif;aqmifonf ylavmifv_yf&Sm;oGm;ap+yD; olŒtm;apmihf=unfhae=uaomolrsm;=um;wGif qef‹usif uGJjym;aom cHpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmapcJhygonf? ol.twGif;a&;rSL; r[m'ufpfa'qkdif; (Mahadev Desai) twGufrl *ENDudk =unfhjrif&onfrSm oD&DvuFmudkatmifEdkifppfcsDcJhaomppfbk&if}uD;&mrESihf ylaqG;aomua&mufae=uaom/ 'kuQ a&mufaeaomvlxkrsm;udk u,fwifrnfh Ak'<&Sifudk,fawmf ESpfOD;pvkH;ESifh wkE_dif;=unfhaecJhrdygonf?

csDwufolrsm; w&GmpD0ifa&muf=uonfhtcsdefwGif vltkyf}uD;u pka0;vm=u/ vif;uGif;rsm;/ AkHrsm;ESifh tjcm; wl&d,m ypPnf;rsm;jzifh qlqlnHnHwD;r_wf=uygvdrhfrnf? *ENDu qm;cGeftm; vlrqefaomvkyf&yftjzpf wkdufckdufonfh rdef‹cGef; pum;tusOf;ajym=um;+yD; qm;cGeftmcHqef‹usifr_onf ‘qif;&Jom;wkdufyGJ’ jzpfa=umif; a=unmygvdrhfrnf? &yfqkdif; vkdufonfhtcgwkdif; aus;&Gmt&m&Sdrsm;tm; EkwfxGufay;&efvnf; tjyif;txef awmif;qkdygvdrhfrnf? EkwfxGuf&ef jiif;qefonfholrsm;udk wOD;csif; qef‹usifoydwfarSmuf=u&ef !¸ef=um;r_rsm; ðyvkyfygvdrhf rnf? olwkd‹&Gmol}uD;tm;


E_wfxGufapcsifaom &Gmom;rsm;taejzifh ol.tdrfwGifusif;yaom r*Fvmaqmiftcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh tjcm;txdrf; trSwfyGJrsm;ukd wufa&muf&ef jiif;qefEkdif=uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; olŒtwGufvkdtyfaom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; ukdrl jiif;qefjcif;rðy&yg? “arwWm&yfcHcsuf[m OD;acgif;eJ‹ ESvkH;om;eJ‹ vkyf&rSmyg? tiftm;ukd a=umufvef‹oGm;atmif vkyfzkd‹r[kwfygbl;” [k *ENDu qdkygonf?

*ENDu yifv,fbufokd‹ csDwufvkdcJhonfrSm omref&Gmom;rsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ydkrkd}uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifvmapcsifIjzpfygonf? olu qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh }uH›ckdifawmifhwif;a&; pum;ajym±kHr#ESifh rvkHavmufa=umif;/ odcJh&ygonf? csDwuf=uolrsm;taejzifh ±kd;pif;r_ESifh wudk,faumif;rqefaom tðytrltm;jzihf olwkd‹.ajympum;ukd ckdifrma=umif; jyoay;cJh=u&ygonf? npOfnwkdif; *ENDu olwkd‹tm; av[mjyifyifwGif tdyfpuf&efESifh &Gmol&Gmom; rsm;xHrS tpm=urf;rsm;ESifh tem;,l&ef av#mfzGyfaq;a=um&efae&mrSvGJI tjcm; bmrSrawmif;qkd=u&ef trdef‹ay; !¸ef=um;cJhygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; *ENDcsrSwfcJhaom pHE_ef;rsm;rSm tcsKdŒvlrsm;twGufrsm;pGm 0efxkyf0efykd;jzpfapcJhyg onf? tcsKdŒcsDwufolrsm;rSm Ekd‹ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;tm; um;ESihfwif o,f,lcJh=u+yD; tcsKdŒu armfawmf,mOfrsm; ay:wGif pD;eif;vkdufygcJh=uojzihf olt&Suf&cJh&a=umif; *ENDu ajymcJhygonf?

bwf*ef (Bhatgan) aus;&GmwGif olu olwdk‹. tykdðzef;wD;r_rsm;ESihfywfoufI ajym=um;cJhygonf? ‘vlwkdif;[m olŒ&JŒ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJaewJhtoHudk =um;&wJhtcsdefrSm vkH;0+idrfusoGm;cJh=uw,f’ [k avhvmolwOD;u a&;om;cJh ygonf? ‘olŒpum;vkH;awG[m usaemfwkd‹&JŒESvkH;om;udk xkd;azmufoGm;cJh=uw,f? wvkH;+yD;wvkH;/ atmufvif;rD;tm; vkH; +idrf;ypfcJh=uw,f? *ENDem;rSmxGef;xm;wJh rSeftdrfuav;uvGJ+yD; tpnf;ta0;[m arSmifoGm;awmhw,f’?

c&D;vrf;wav#mufvkH;wGif tdENd,vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;. tckdiftrm&SdaecJhaom tufuGJa=umif;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay: vGifaecJhygonf? òrdŒ&Gmrsm;. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;okd‹ rGwfqviftenf;tusOf;r#om wufa&mufcJh=u+yD;/ csDwufyGJwGif ygvmaom Zmwfedrfhrsm;rSm tcsKdŒvlrsm;. rkef;wD;&GH&Smr_udk cHcJh=u&ygonf? xkdtajctaewGifyif c&D;yef;wkdiftqkH;okd‹ eD;uyfvmonfESifhtr# *END.pum;udk em;axmif&ef vma&muf=uaom vltkyf}uD;rsm;rSm ydkIrsm;jym;IvmcJhygonf? bm'kdvD tmcHqef‹usifr_jrifuGif;rS ra0;uGmvSaom ql&wf (Surat) wGif vl (30000) cef‹u olwkd‹tm; óudqkd E_wfcGef;qufcJh=uygonf? 'gbDrD;&xm;vrf;qkHwGif vl (50000) cef‹ pka0; a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? a'oqkdif&mt&m&Sd rsm; E_wfxGufr_vnf; qufwkdufay:xGufvmcJhygonf? {+yDv yxrywfwGif ql&wfc±kdiftwGif;&Sd &Gmtm;vkH;rS &Gm ol}uD;oHk;ykHwykHcef‹ E_wfxGwfoGm;cJh=uygonf?

qm;csDwufr_onf *l*sm&wfa'oudk ausmfvGefIyif v_yfcwfoGm;apcJhygonf? vrf;wav#mufwGif *ENDu aqmif;yg; rsm;a&;om;cJh+yD; tifwmAsL;rsm;udkvnf; ajz=um;ay;cJhygonf? tdENd,owif;pmrsm;u csDwufyGJowif;rsm;udk owif;pmrsufESmzkH;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;cJh=u+yD; *END. &J&ifhaomvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd us,fus,f jyef‹jyef‹azmfjycJh=uygonf? ‘bk&m;ocifudkwkdifwnf+yD; tJ'Dtcsdefu usKyf[m ausmif;om;av;wa,mufyJ jzpfao; wmawmifrS usKyfcifAsm;wkd‹udkajymr,f? ol[m &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifukd wjznf;jznf;csOf;uyfvmae+yDvkd‹ usKyfodjrif vmwJhtcsdefrSm ajcmufjcm;oGm;cJhrdw,f’ [k ±kyf&Sifrif;om; tmvDuGD; yg'rfqD (Alyque Padamsee) u jyefajymjy cJhygonf? bkHab±kyf&Sifukr`%DokH;ckrS tzGJŒom;rsm;apv$wfI owif;rSwfwrf; ±kduful;apcJh+yD; EkdifiHjcm; owif;pm q&m rsm;u *ENDtm; Oa&myESifh tar&dutxd vlodrsm; xif&Sm;oGm;apcJhygonf? (1930 ESpfukefwGif wkdif;rfr*~Zif;u olŒtm; ESpfwESpf.txl;c|eftajymifajrmufqHk;ol 'Man of the Year' tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhygonf?)

vrf;ray:wGif okH;ywf=umt+yD; {+yDv (5) &ufae‹reufwGif csDwufolrsm;onf owfrSwf&ufxufw&ufapmI 'ef'D (Dandi) okd‹ a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? xkdae‹naewGif &Gmi,fuav;Y vl (12000) ausmf pka0;a&muf&SdcJh=uygonf? *ENDu tpdk;&tm; olwkd‹.csDwufyGJtm; raESmuf,SufcJhonfhtwGuf csD;usL;ajymqkdcJh+yD; ‚if;aqmif&Gufr_onf urBmh tjrifwGif vkHòcHpdwfcsaumif;rGefr_udk jzpfay:aponf[k qkdcJhygonf? *ENDonf tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;tm; olwkd‹onf vGwf vyfjcif;ewfbk&m;rausmif;awmfodk‹ a&S›±_ae+yD; olwkd‹. c&D;yef;wkdiftqkH;okd‹ ra&mufrcsif; tpdk;&tm; +idrf;csrf;r_wpkH w&mudk rodap&[k ajym=um;&if; tjynfjynfqkdif&m jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; tdENd,EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf axmufcH r_jyo=u&ef yef=um;cJhygonf? olu 'ef'Durf;ajctm; ‘jrifhjrwfaomajrjyif’[k qddkcJhygonf?

aemufwae‹reuf {+yDv (6) &ufae‹wGif *ENDonf urf;ajcwGif rwfwyf&yfae&mrS qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_csKd;zsufjcif; tpðy&ef tcsufjyr_wckjzpfonfh ajrcJwcJtm; ukef;Iaumuf,lcJhygonf? csDwufolrsm;vnf; csufcsif;yif a&tkd;rsm; tm;


yifv,fa&tjynfh jznhfvdkuf=uygonf? tpDtpOfcsrSwf pepfwus&Sdaom vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf aemufqkH; wGif pwifjzpfay:vmcJh+yDjzpfygonf?

‘*ENDOD;xkyfrsm; jynhfv#rf;aeonfhvrf;rsm;’

tmruf'bwfòrd@rS 'ef'Dokd‹csDwufyGJonf ydkrdk}uD;us,fcef;em;aomatmifyGJ rjzpfEkdifcJhyg? wkdif;jynftjrift& *ENDonf vlxktwGuf rwkefrv_yfvkyfaeaom tpkd;&w&yftm; t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_ tokH;ðyI qef‹usifwGef;vSefa&; &nfrSef;csufoifcef;pmjyocJholjzpfygonf? ol. &Sif;vif;aompum;vkH;rsm;ESifh &J&ifhjywfom;aom erlemrsm;jzifh *END u tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; tpkd;&.Oya'rsm;ESihf tcGeftwkyfrsm;rS vGwfvyfa&;a=unm&ef/ wkdufwGef;ajym=um;cJhyg onf? olu +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; olwkd‹.=oZmtm%mtm; emcHvdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; olŒtaejzifh v,f,majrrsm;udk &ufaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;+yD; r=umrwifay:aygufvmawmhrnfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; ajymqkdwifjycJh/ xkdokd‹ tvm;wlðyrlaqmif&Guf&efvnf; olwkd‹wGif wm0ef&Sda=umif; vlwkdif;tm; ajymjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf?

+Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;taejzifhrl rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_tpOfjzpfap *END.uZmwftwkdif; vkdufygaqmif&Guf=ujcif;yif jzpf ygonf? tu,fI olwkd‹u qm;Oya'csKd;azmufolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;vkdufrnfqkdygu trsKd;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tmZmenfrsm; zefwD;ay;rdovkdjzpfoGm;+yD;/ *ENDu olwkd‹. zdESdyfvkdaom&nf&G,fcsufudk axmufjyxm;onfukd twnfðyay;ouJhokd‹vnf; jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? tu,fI qm;ckcHqef‹usifolrsm;tm; cGifhv$wfxm;vkdufrnf qkdygu vnf; tdENd, ckcHqef‹usifr_ESifh &ifqkdifonfhtcsdefwGif olwkd‹tpdk;&. Oya'rsm;tm; awmifhwif;tm;aumif;&ef rvkyf aqmifEkdifawmh[k xifjrifoGm;apEkdifrnfjzpfonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;yifjzpfap olwkd‹taejzifh wpkHw&mqkH;±_H;&efom &Sdayawmhonf?

v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;&efrSm vG,fulygonf? ta=umif;rSm yifv,fa&&Ekdifaomol rnfolrqkd qm;csufEkdifyg onf? vkyf&rnfht&mrSm qm;iHa&udk tkd;wvkH;wGifxnhf+yD; ta&óudypf/ +yD;v#if usef&pfaomqm;rsm;udk jcpf,l±kHom jzpfyg onf? qm;csufvkyf=ujcif;rSm urf;±kd;wef;a'orsm;jzpfaom b*Fvm;/ r'&wfpfESifh txl;ojzifh bkHabwGifom a,bl ,sv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfvmcJhaomfvnf; TtjzpftysufESifhywfoufI owif;rsm;u wjynfvkH;eD;yg; ysHŒESH‹cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? bkHabòrdŒ}uD;wGif ajAmifusus qm;csuf=uolrsm;tm; &J&efrS tumtuG,fay;&ef apwem0efxrf;vltrsm;u vufcsif;csdwfI umuG,fay;xm;cJh=uygonf? ‘py&ifwckudk ±kwfw&uf v$wfvkdufovdk rsKd;yJ’ [k tlwmy&m'uf&Sf/ tvm[mbuf'f/ òrdŒwGif zcifESifhtwl qm;a&mif;csaecJhaom *s0g[mv,fae±l;u ajymcJhygonf? ‘qm;aumif;wm raumif;wmu wu,fhudk ta&;r}uD;ygbl;? t"duu pufqkyfp&mjzpfwJh qm;Oya'udk csKd;azmuf=uzkd‹ygyJ’olu ajymjyonf?

qm;csDwufyGJt+yD; oDwif;ywfrsm;twGif; *ENDu tm%mykdifrsm;u olŒudkzrf;qD;&ef qGay;&rnfhenf;vrf;wckudk &Sm=uHcJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif {+yDv (12) &ufae‹wGif olu txl;ojzifh pdwftaESmifht,Sufay;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wckudk a=unmcJhygonf? wyfrsm;ESifh xdyfwkduftaotcsm&ifqkdif&Ekdifaom 'g&moem (Dharasana) &Sd qm;vkyfief;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;&ef olu OD;aqmifrnfjzpfygonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; 0uf*sf0k'f bif;u (Wedgewood Benn) u *ENDqifxm;aom axmifacsmufudk em;vnfoabmaygufcJhygonf? olu ‘olwkd‹u olwkd‹ukd,fpm;ðyaqmif&Gufaejcif; onf rrSefuefvufoifhrcHEkdifaom tm%m&Sifqefaom zdESdyfr_jzpfonf/ okd‹r[kwf olwkd‹awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk vkdufavsmr_wckckudkom a&G;cs,fap&ef pDpOfwus u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm;jyo&ef tm;xkwfvmjcif;jzpfonf’ ‘olwkd‹onf u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm; onftwkdif;=unfhae&ef cGifhðyvdrhfrnfr[kwfay’ [k a&;om;cJhygonf?

qm;csDwufyGJpwifcJhaomtcsdefu tm0iftaejzifh olŒwGif t}uHtpnfwck&Sdonf[k xifxm;cJhygonf? ‚if;rSm *END tm; Oya'udk csKd;azmufvmonftxd onftwkdif; =unfhaevkduf+yD; csKd;azmufvmonfESifh rqkdif;rwG zrf;qD;&ef jzpfygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; xkdao;i,faomvluav; 'ifbD (Danbi) yifv,fjyifokd‹ csOf;eif; 0ifa&mufvmonfh tcsdefwGifrl bk&ifcHu wGef‹qkwfaecJhygonf? aemufykdif;wGif *ENDtm; zrf;qD;vkdufjcif;onf qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ rkefwkdif;tm; pwifwkdufckdufapvkdufovkdjzpfoGm;+yD; tm0ifu pm;yGJ0kdif;awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifvmapcsifolrsm; jzpfaom oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifhvnf; yËdyuQjzpfvmaprnfjzpfygonf?

tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;rSm Oya'twkdif;aqmif&Guf&ef ydkItm;oefcJh=uygonf? bkHabtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u *ENDtm; vGwfvyf cGihfay;xm;jcif;onf qef‹usifuef‹uGufolrsm;tm; tm;wufvmapovkdyif tpkd;&axmufcHolrsm;tm; tm;ysuf


oGm;apEkdifonf[k ta=umuftuef ajymqdkcJhygonf? tusyftwnf;rSvGwfajrmuf&ef vrf;r&Sdyg? ‘*ENDtm;zrf;qD; vkdufjcif; tdENd,wjynfvkH;udk rD;±_dŒvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf’ ‘olŒtm; rzrf;qD;yJxm;jcif;onf olŒvkyf&yftm; vlod &Sif=um;jzpfatmif vkyfay;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf’ [k trsKd;om;a&;0g'D owif;pmwapmifu a&;om;cJhygonf? tm0ifrSm aemufqkH;wGif ol.pdwfukd qkH;jzwfEkdifcJhygonf? olu arv (4) &ufae‹nwGif *EDNtm; (1827) ckESpf w&m;&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&efvkdtyfaom (odk‹r[kwf) ykHaojypf'%fcsrSwfcH&Ekdifaom Oya'jyÏmef;owfrSwfcsufjzihf zrf;qD;ckdif;cJhygonf?

*ENDtm; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vdkufr_onf 'g&moemqm;usif;&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_udkr&yfwef@apcJhyg? touf (70) t&G,f t+idrff; pm;w&m;ol}uD; tufbmhpf wdkifbm*sD (Abbas Tybaji) onf *END.ZeD;onf upfwmbm[dkifESifhtwl vma&muf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufol (300) tm;OD;aqmifI arv (12) &ufae‹wGif qm;vkyfief;okd‹csDwufcJhygonf? *ENDbufrS &yfwnfay;cJhygonf? olwkd‹onf vkyfief;cGifokd‹ra&mufrDyif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; axmif'%fokH;v tjypfay;cHcJh&ygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; 'g&moemqm;usif;tmcHqef‹usifr_onf ed*kH;csKyfIroGm;cJhyg? uAsmq&mESifh vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifjzpfol qm&dk*sDeD Edkif'kl (Sarojini Naidu) u urf;ajca'ookd‹ tvsiftjrefa&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; qufvuf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf cJhygonf? olrESihf vma&mufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf qm;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd&modk‹ t}udrfrsm;pGm csOf;uyfvmcJh=u ygonf? t}udrfwkdif;vnf; olwkd‹.vrf;a=umif;tm; &Jrsm;u ydwfqkd‹cJh=uygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif olwkd‹u xkdifIom apmifhaecJh=u&m w}udrfv#if (28) em&Dr# =umjrihfcJhygonf? aemufxyf &maygif;rsm;pGm tusOf;csxm;cHcJh&ygonf? Edkif'l; u 0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_onf t=urf;zufr_jzpfonfudk odjrifcJh+yD; olraejzifh t=urf;zufr_onf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;ol rsm;xHrS r[kwfrnfudkom pkd;&drfa=umifh=ucJhygonf? ‘b,fvkd tajctaersKd;rSmrqkd t=urf;rzuf&bl;? &Sifwkd‹ t±kduf tESufcH&rSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh &Sifwkd‹ rckcH&bl;? ±kdufcsufawGudk umuG,fzkd‹ vufwzufudkawmif rajr‡muf&bl;’? arv (21) &ufae‹wGif qENjyolrsm;u qm;avSmifcef;rsm; ywfywfvnf&Sd oHql;óud;em;wGif&yfem;&ef óud;pm;cJh=uygonf? &Jom;rsm;u tv#iftjref ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;xm;=u+yD;/ (Lathis) [kac:aom oHr%dacgif;wyf eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh olwkd‹tm; pwif±kdufESufcJh=uygonf? ‘csDwufvmolawG[m ±kdufcsufawGudkumuG,fzkd‹ vufudkawmifrajr‡muf cJh=uygbl;? olwkd‹[m abmvif;ypfwJh ykvif;awGvkdyJ twkH;t±kef;vJusukef=uw,f? vJusroGm;ao;olawG[m vlwef;udk zsufrypfbJ +idrf+idrfoufoufacgif;rmrmeJ‹ vJusoGm;atmif t±kdufcH&wJhtcsdeftxd quf+yD;csDwufcJh=u w,f’ [k EkdifiHjcm;owif;axmufwOD;u owif;ay;ykd‹cJhygonf? yxrvlwef; vJusoGm;cJhonfhtcsdefwGif '%f&m &olrsm;udko,f,l&ef xrf;pifrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJh=u+yD; ae‹pOfae‹wkdif;yif ykdrdkrsm;jym;aom xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifr_rsm; qufIjzpfay:vmcJhygonf? ZGefv (6) &ufae‹txd 'g&moemqm;usif;rS v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &yfqkdif;oGm;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg?

'ef'Dudk csDwufaepOftawmtwGif; *ENDrSm v_yf&Sm;r_.aemufwqifhESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;aecJhygonf? vlxk tmcH qef‹usifr_onf qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tay:Yom A[kdðyxm;oifhonf[k olu ,kH=unfxm;cJhygonf? tcGefray; aqmifjcif; odk‹r[kwf opfawmOya'rsm; csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;udk tm;ray;=u&yg? ta=umif;rSm wqufpyfwnf; yg0ifywfoufaeaom w&m;rr#wonfh qm;cGefawmfudkvnf; ypfrSwfxm;wkdufckdufcJhjcif;r[kwfI jzpfygonf? okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_onf EkdifiHjcm;t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh t&ufrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufa&;wkd‹uJhokd‹ aom w&m;Oya' jyify r[kwfaomfvnf; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk tm;enf;oGm;apEkdifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; yg0ifoihfonf[k olxifjrif ,lqcJhygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf tm;oGefpdkufxkwfr_udk av#mhcs&ef roihfaomfvnf; oludk,fwkdif vkyfaqmifrSr[kwfyJ aumif;pGm pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;&Sd&ef vkdtyfygonf? *ENDESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; tm;vkH;u txl;ojzifh ‚if;wkd‹zrf; qD;jcif;cH&+yD;v#if òrdŒwkdif;&Gmwkdif;&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk olwkd‹taejzifh vrf;jy!ef=um;&ef rjzpfEkdifrSef; od&SdcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹u xkdudpPudk a'oqkdif&m tajctaersm;tay: tcGifhaumif; &,lEkdifonfh enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;aom vkdtyfcsufwckjzifh jynfe,faumfrwDrsm;okd‹ wifjycJh=uygonf? v_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifr_tm;vkH;onf xdef;csKyfr_tjynfht0jzifh t=urf;rzufa&; jzpf&rnf[k !$ef=um;xm;cJh=uygonf?

qm;csufvkyfjcif;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;t0wftpm; oydwfarSmufr_wGif uHraumif; ta=umif;rvScJh=uaom vufuaemif; (Lucknow) òrdŒrS uGef*&uftzGJ@0ifpnf;±kH;a&;orm;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;tm; zdESdyfr_ESifh aemufqkwfr_ESpfckteuf wckudkoma&G;cs,f&ef/ aemufxyfta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wck ðyvkyfcJh=uygonf? (1857) ckESpf tmcHqef‹usifr_t+yD;wGif +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&;u wyfrsm; tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufEkdifa&;twGuf tdrfrsm;ESifh ocsKõif;rsm;udkyif òzdzsufjcif;tm;jzifh a&S;tdENd,0ef;usiftm; jzwfoef;oGm;onfh vrf;r}uD;ESpfcktm; jzwfawmufypfcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹u +Adwdo# vlae a'oopfwckudkvnf; cGJxkwfvkduf+yD; ‚if;.A[dkwGif [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) [kod=uaom aps;vrf;wvrf;


xm;&SdcJhygonf? vlwkdif;uvufuaemif;. +Adwdo#xdef;csKyfr_rSm +Adwdo#wkd‹u òrdŒ. olwkd‹tpdwftydkif;[k oabmxm; aom ae&mudk w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;r_xm;&Sdjcif;jzihf trSwfoauFw jyovkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnfcJh=uygonf? [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) vrf;ay:wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@rS OD;aqmifvSnfhvnfcsDwufjcif;udk umvtawmf=um=um uyif ydwfyif wm;qD;jcif; cHcJh&ygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'D acgif;aqmifrsm;u pdefac:r_w&yfðyvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uygonf? ‚if;rSm vufuaemif;wGif tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh rnfonfhae&mudkr# ra&Smif=u&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf?

ar (14) &ufESifh (22) &uf ESpf}udrfwdwd uGef*&uftzGJ@ESifh yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) vrf;ay:wGif csDwuf&ef óud;yrf;cJhonfudk &Jrsm;u ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;cJh=uygonf? okd‹&mwGif tacs twifjzpfae=ut+yD;wGif &Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufcGifhðycJhygonf? acgif;aqmif (13) OD; tzrf;cHcJh&aomfvnf; tu,fI uGef*&uftzGJ@u vkdifpifav#mufxm;ygu csDwufcGifh&rnf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ajymvmcJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹u +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mydkiftzGJŒxH OD;pGmta=umif;=um; today;xm;rSomv#if tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd‹. t0ef;t0dkif; twGif;wGif v_yf&Sm;cGihfðyrnf[k ajym=um;cJhygonf? vGwfaeqJjzpfaom uGef*&uftzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;url +Adwdo#wdk‹tm; tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rS tvG,fwul vGwfajrmufcGihfray;cJh=uyg? arv (25) &ufae‹wGif trsKd;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u cGifhðycsufvkdifpifrawmif;cH yJ [m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) vrf;qDokd‹ OD;wnf csDwufcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; &Jrsm;u ‚if;wkd‹r0ifa&mufEkdif atmif ydwfqkd‹xm;cJh=uygonf? w&m;ol}uD;u tu,fI olwkd‹qkwfcGmray;cJhygu tiftm;okH;I òzdcGJ&vdrhfrnfjzpf a=umif; owday;t+yD;wGif olwkd‹u rdepftwef=um apmifhaecJh=uygonf? aemuf &Jrsm;u a&S›qkH;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd qGJI z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uygonf? jrif;pD;&Jrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJhonfhtcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;u uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm; tm; vSJcs=u&ef trdef‹ay;cJhygonf? ajcv#if&Jrsm;u olwkd‹tm; '&GwfqGJI z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uygonf? tcsKd‹u ckcHqef‹ usifvmonfhtcsdefwGif &Jrsm;u oHr%dacgif;wyf eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh csDwufolrsm;ESifh =unfh±_ae=uolrsm;tm; ±kdufESufcJh=uygonf? vlw&mausmfcef‹ '%f&m&&SdcJh&m tcsKdŒrSm jyif;xef+yD; uGef*&uftzGJ@u aoqkH;olrsm;vnf; &Sda=umif; ajym=um;cJhygonf?

[m&wf*ef@*sf (Hazratganj) . ta&;ygjrifhjrwfr_udk pdefac:cJhjcif;rSm tmcHqef‹usifr_jyÏmef;pmtkyfwcktjzpf wjznf;jznf; ay:vGifvmcJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@u vlrsm;twGuf wukd,fa&t"dy`m,f&dS+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfpkd;r_. taxGaxG w&m;rr#wr_. oauFwwckvnf; jzpfonfh ta=umif;&if;wckudk owdðy odjrifem;vnfcJhygonf? xkdtcsdefu yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u +Adwdo#wkd‹. trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk tmcHqef‹usifcJh=u+yD; aemufqkH;wGif olwkd‹udk,fE_duf t=urf;zufr_udk a&SmifusOfae=u&if; vufeufrJhjynfolvlxktm; &Jrsm;u wkdufckdufr_tay: pdwfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygonf? qef‹usifuef‹uGufolrsm; cHcJh&onfh ±kyfydkdif;qkdif&m '%f&mtemw&rsm;onf ol&owWd. trSwfwHqdyfwckjzpf+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;u p±kdufobm0t& vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;zufr_udk trSwf& ap&ef owday;aernfht&mrsm; jzpfygonf?

okd‹&mwGif yËdyuQrSm xkdae&mwGif &yfqkdif;roGm;cJhyg? aemufwae‹ uGef*&uftzGJ@u aemufxyfw}udrfóud;pm;&ef pDpOfaea=umif; òrdŒtm%mykdifrsm; =um;odoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif (400) cef‹&Sdrnfh &JESifh ppfom;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@. XmecsKyfrsm;wGif csxm;vmcJh+yD; vrf;rsm;ukd&Sif;vif;ypf/ uGef*&uftvHudk qGJcsypfcJh=uygonf? xdktcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm;u csDwufyGJudk &yfqkdif;ypfvkduf=u+yD; &Jrsm;vnf; qkwfcGmoGm;cJh=uygonf? a'gojzpfae=uaom òrdŒae vlxkrsm;u &Jom;rsm;aemuf pcef;txd vkdufygoGm;cJh=u+yD; uGef*&uftzGJ@ESifh yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u tdrfjyef=u&ef awmif;yefaeonfh=um;rSyif tkwfcJrsm;/ ausmufwkH;rsm;ESihf ykvif;rsm;jzifh ypfaygufcJh=u&m aemufqkH; &Jpcef;udk rD;±_dŒypf&eftxd aºuG;ausmfawmif;qkdcJh=uygonf? em&D0ufcef‹=umoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif &Jrsm;u pwif ypfcwfygawmhonf? wyfom;rsm;u tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;cJhaomfvnf; vlav;a,muf aoqkH;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfyg onf?

tm%mydkifrsm;u ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@ (curfew) xkwfjyefcJh+yD; vlpkvla0;ESifh csDwufjcif;udk ydwfyifypfcJh/ vlaygif;rsm; pGmudk zrf;qD;cJhygonf? vufuaemif;òrd@vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf +Adwdo#wkd‹. tm%mudkjyqkdonfh vrf;rsm;ay: csDwufcGifh&a&; atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhyg? odk‹aomfvnf; trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf ykdrkd}uD;rm;onfhatmifyGJudk &&SdcJh yg onf? olwkd‹u +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; tifyg,mtkyfcsKyfr_onf aoewfESifhtcsdefcHxm;&onfh tpkd;&ESifh wjcm;pD jzpfonf[laom pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;ukd pGef‹v$wf&ef wGef;tm;ay;EkdifcJhygonf? olwkd‹onf cufcJaom oifcef;pm wckudkvnf; &&SdoGm;cJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd Ekd;=um;qef‹usifvkdpdwf&SdcJhol tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm t=urf;rzuf aom


Oya'oe,fy,fukd em;rvnfcJh=uyJ/ tqkH;ed*kH;wGif ydkIjyif;xef=urf;wrf;aomzufokd‹ pGrf;tm;jyefvnfa&muf&Sd oGm;Ekdifa=umif; awG@cJh=u&ygonf?

vufuaemif;onf qm;csDwufyGJ pwifjzpfay:vmonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfcJh&aom òrd@wckwnf;r[kwfyg? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyf a&;tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh ae&mrsm;pGmwGif ‚if;wdk‹taejzifh xdef;csKyfr_udkpGef‹v$wfrnfavm/ jyif;xef=urf;wrf; aomtiftm;udk tokH;ðyrnfavm[laom vrf;wckckudkom a&G;cs,f&ef acsmifydwfrdapcJh&ygonf? {+yDv (6) &ufae‹ aemufykdif;oDwif;ywfrsm;/ vrsm;twGif; a'vDòrd@awmfodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhaom a=u;eeff;pmrsm;/ tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;u ‚if;wdk@ ,cifawG;xifxm;csufudk ajymif;apcJh&ygonf? qm;csufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rvmEkdifovkd/ pkd;&drf&avmufaom +cdrf;ajcmufr_vnf; jzpfrvmEkdifqkdonfh +Adwdo#wkd‹. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ysufpD;oGm;apcJhygonf? *END. vlxk tmcHqef‹usif&ef awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf wkdif;jynfw0ef;vkH;wGif ti,fpm;/ t}uD;pm; xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& jzpfr_rsm;udk jzpfay:vmapcJh+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdwfvef‹ajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJh&ygonf?

bkHabòrdŒwGif qm;tmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t0wftpm; uef‹uGufr_rsm; ae&mwkdif;wGif jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; yg0ifyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf olrsm;u }uD;rm;I pnf;pepfwus pkpnf;xm;aom csDwufyGJrsm;udk vrf;!¸efxdef;ausmif;ay;&ef vrf;rsm;ay:odk‹ a&muf&SdvmcJh=uygonf? ‘uGef*&ufonf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif vrf;!¸efxdef; ausmif;ay;cJhygonf?’ ‘*END.OD;xkyfrsm; vrf;rsm;ay:jynhfESufae+yD;/ apwemh0efxrf;rsm;uvnf; ,leDazmif;0wfum yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk pepfwus uef‹uGufqef‹usifr_ðyvkyf&ef &JwyfzGJ@rsm;uJhokd‹yif pnf;urf;pepfwus csxm;aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf’ [k e,l;a'vD òrd‹awmfjynfxJa&;0ef}uD; tdyfcsf-*sD-[dwf (H.G. Haig) u rSwfwrf; wifxm;cJhygonf? bifa*gvftkyfcsKyf a&;e,f rpfemyl;&fa'owGif qm;csuform;yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk &Ju wkdufckkdufr_onf aus;vufykefuefxºuGr_wckudk jzpfyGm;apcJhygonf? v,form;rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;udk cHwyftjzpf ajymif;vJypfcJh=u+yD;/ 0g;/ opfom;rsm;jzifh t&Htwm;cHwyfrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJh=u+yD; v,fuGif;rsm;udkjzwfI uwkwf rsm;wl;xm;cJh=uygonf? ‘u|Efkyftaejzifh aemufxyfypfcwfr_ tenf;i,f xyfvkyfcJh&onfhwdkif +idrf;csrf;r_jyefvnf xdef;odrf;wnfaqmuf&ef ar#mfvihfcsuftvGefenf;yg;ygonf[k’ [k xdwfvef‹ajcmufjcm;aecJhaom c±kdifw&m; ol}uD;u ZGefvwGif a&;om;xm;cJhygonf?

ta&;awmfykHwcktjzpf xºuGjzpfysufaeonfhtcsdefwGif/ *ENDcsrSwfv_yf&Sm;cJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. v_yf&Sm;yHk uGefwkdykH azmfrsOf;rsm;rSm rxifrSwfEkdifavmufatmif ,uf,S,f±_wfaxG;cJh=uygonf? ppfwaumif; (Chittagong) ESifh bifa*gvf (Bangal) wGif t=urf;zuform;rsm;uvnf; t[d Hopdwf"mwf jzifh pwifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_xJokd‹ twif; uma&m 0ifa&mufvmcJh=uygonf? {+yDv (18) &ufae‹wGif vlajcmufq,fcef‹u a'owGif; vufeufwkdufwcktm; wkdufckdufzsufqD;I vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;pGmudk vk,lcJh=u ygonf? olwkd‹u atmifyGJtxdrf;trSwftjzpf ‘*ENDtkyfcsKyfa&; vm+yD’[k aºuG;a=umfcJh=u+yD; &Jrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh wkdufckdufjcif;rðyrD vGwfvyfa&;a=unmcsufwapmifukd xkwfjyefcJh =uygonf?

tpkd;&twGuf ydkIqkd;0g;aomowif;rSm t"dutm;jzihf rGwfqvifyxefvlrsKd;rsm; trsm;pkaexkdif&m awmifwef;a'o jzpfaom taemufajrmufa&S›wef;a'orS a&muf&SdvmcJhjyefygonf? t"duacgif;aqmifrSm t=urf;rzuf a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 0g'DwOD;jzpfvmcJhol vlrsKd;pk*k%foduQmESifh vlr_ðyjyifa&; ckcHumuG,fa&;orm; tufbf'lvf*zm;cef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) u OD;aqmifI xyfrHqef@usifvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ol.aemufvkdufaemufygrsm;u yuf&S0g t&ufpwkd;qkdif rsm;udk qef‹usifuef‹uGufcJh=uaomtcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; vltkyfpkaygif;rsm;pGmu òrdŒwGif;okd‹ pnf;urf;pepfuspGm jzwfoef;csDwuf uef‹uGufqENjycJh=uygonf? ppfom;rsm;u aoewfjzifhypfcwfcJh&m tenf;qkH; vl (65) OD; aoqkH;oGm;cJhygonf? ‚if;aemufwGif [dENL±kdifz,fvfwyfpkESpfpku rGwfqviftrsm;pkyg0ifaom vltkyfpk }uD;ukd ESdrfeif;&eftrdef‹ukd jiif;qefcJh=u&m wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u ppfom;rsm;udk òrdŒawmfrS qkwfcGmckdif;cJh =uygonf? q,f&ufcef‹ +Adwdo#wkd‹ yuf&S0gòrd@udk rxdef;csKyfEkdifcJh=uawmhyJ wm0ef&Sdt&m&Sdrsm; EkwfxGufcJh+yD;/ tcGefaiGaumuf,l a&;ESihf w&m;±kH;rsm; &yfwef‹oGm;cJh=uonftxd/ aus;vufa'orsm;txd r+idrfoufr_u ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhygonf? jynfe,f aumfr&SifemcsKyftm0iftaejzifh pdwf"mwfusqif;ysufjym;aeonfh tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf[k qkdcJh=uygonf? a=umuf&GHŒajy;v$m;a&Smifwdrf;r_rsm;onf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; tjcifrsm;=um;rS tv#Kdtv#Kd xGufay:I vmcJh=uygonf?


‘òzdcGJESdrfeif;r_ESihf cHEkdif&nfpGrf;’

*ENDtzrf;rcH&rDtcsdeftxd/ tpdk;&taejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_udk udkifwG,fxdef;csKyf&ef r[mAsL[m[lI r&SdcJhyg? ol@tvdkvdk +idrfoufat;csrf;oGm;onftxd apmihfae&efom pOf;pm;xm;cJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif a'oqkdif&m t&m&Sd rsm;tm; txl;tm%mrsm; ay;tyfvmcJh+yD; vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf olwkd‹taejzifh tiftm;ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;tokH;ðyvmcJh=u&onf? *ENDtaejzifh 'ef'Dokd‹ rkdif (200) ausmfausmf taESmihf t,Suf t[ef‹twm;r&Sd csDwufcGifh&&SdcJh+yD;aemufydkif;/ tjcm;tdENd,om;rsm;taejzifh +Adwdo#tpkd;&.Oya'tm; csKd;azmufv#if Tr# nifnifomomqufqHcH&&ef ta=umif;r&Sdawmha=umif; odjrifem;vnfapcJhonf? arv tukefwGif a'oqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;u oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufolrsm;/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufolrsm;/ tcGefraqmifa&;v_H‹aqmfolrsm;tm; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef tcGihftm%m ay;tyfcJh=uygonf?

ZGefv (3) &ufae‹wGif bk&ifcH.aumifpDrS jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;tm; ‘vlxktmcHqef‹usefa&; pnf;±kH;a&;tzGJŒrsm;tm;’ rw&m;toif;tzGJ@rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfa=ujim&ef cGifhðycJh+yD; aEG&moDtukefwGif vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;tm;/ ae&m trsm;pkwGif w&m;r0if tjzpfa=unmcJhygonf? axmifrsm;wGifvnf; uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfhv#HoGm;yg onf? ae±l;ESifh yaw;wkd‹tygt0if uGef*&uf acgif;aqmifrsm; trsm;tjym;tzrf;cHcJh=u&ygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@. pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk qifqmjzwfawmuf&ef jyÏmef;owfrSwfvdkuf+yD; atmufwkdbmvwGif uef‹owfydwfyifcHxm;& aom tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ykdifypPnf;rsm;ESifh taqmuftODrsm;udk pwifodrf;,lcJhygonf? tpkd;&u jyif;xefonfh ab; tEœ&m,f t=uyftwnf;wcktwGuf ta&;ay:tajctaetxl;Oya'wckudkvnf; jyifqifxm;&SdcJhygonf?

v_yf&Sm;r_tm; acsr_ef;&ef +Adwdo#wkd‹. r[mAsL[mrSm tay:&Htm;jzifh ykdI txif}uD;av;pGm;zG,fvnf; &SdcJhygonf? pm;yGJ0kdif;awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk atmufwkdbmvwGif pwif&rnfjzpf+yD; tm0ifu uGef*&uftzGJ@tm; ‚if;aqG;aEG;yGJudk wufa&muf&ef qEN&SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? olŒtaejzifh uGef*&ufygwDrygyJ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifjcif;onf olwkd‹tm; ydkrkdqkd;0g;pGm txD;wnf; jzpfusef&pfcJhapvdrhfrnfukd odjrifaecJh=uaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tay: opPmapmifhod ae=uqJjzpfonfh tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh twlwuG yg0ifaqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef ar#mfvihfxm;cJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif olwkd‹xJrSESpfOD;onf *ENDESifh ae±l;wkd‹tm; tusOf;axmifwGif oGm;a&mufawGŒqkHcJh+yD; uGef*&ufygwDyg0ifvmatmif rnfokd‹vkyfaqmif&rnfudk oabmwlnDr_&&ef nd‡E_dif;cJh=uygonf? tjyefjyeftvSefvSef aqG;aEG;r_rsm;t+yD;wGif tusOf;om;ESpfOD;u tu,fI tjcm;tajctaersm;=um;wGif vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vkH;tm; v$wfay;v#if/ txl;Oya'rsm; zsufodrf;ay;v#if/ odrf;,lxm;aomajrrsm;tm; jyefay;tyfv#if/ oydwfarSmuf qef‹usifjcif;ESifh qm;csufjcif;tm;cGifhðyv#if/ +Adwdo#tifyg,mrS tdENd,EkdifiH. cGJxGufcGifhtm; todtrSwfðyv#if vkdufavsmrnf[k oabmwlnDcJh=uygonf? tm0ifrSm ‚if;us,fjyef‹aom awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm; rvkdufavsmEkdifcJhyJ pufwifbmv yxrywfwGif tay;t,lvkyfr_udk ESpfzufpvkH;rS pGef‹v$wfvkdufcJh=uygonf?

tm0if. r[mAsL[mjzpfonhf tajctae ykHrSeftwkdif; jyefjzpfap&ef zdESdyfr_ESifh aphpyfnd‡E_dif;r_ ESpfckyl;wGJ tokH;ðya&; rSm &yfwef@oGm;cJh&jyefygonf? okd‹&mwGif tpkd;&. udkifwG,faqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzpfonfh zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;/ txl;Oya'rsm;/ uef‹uGufqENjyolrsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;u vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; ±_yfaxG;oGm;apcJhygonf? tu,fIom uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk qufvufv_yf&Sm;xm;apEkdifcJhrnf/ ‚if;&,lxm;cJh+yD;onfh t&Sdef t[keftwkdif; &Sdae apEkdifcJhrnfqkdygu ydkrkdwif;wif;=uyf=uyfxdef;csKyf&ef tpkd;&.tm;xkwfr_tm;/ tm;aysmhcsdeJ@oGm;apEkdifcJhvdrhfrnf jzpfonf? xkdodk‹vkyf&efrSm uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;vkdolrsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;a=umifh a=umuf&GHŒacsmufcsm;roGm;=uap&ef taotcsmvrf;!$ef vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh&ef vdktyfygonf? 'g&moemqm;usif; odk‹r[kwf vufuaemif;tjzpftysufrSmuJhokd‹ qef‹usifuef‹uGufolrsm; trsm;tjym;ygvmaomtajctaeu vlxktm; tvG,fwulwkdufckdufcH&r_ jzpfapEdkfifygonf? xkd‹a=umifh uGef*&ufonf vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwf okd‹r[kwf usnfqHESihf &ifqkdifawGŒóuH&r_enf;onfh qm;csufjcif;/ t0wftpm;ESifh t&ufoydwfarSmufjcif;wkd‹uJhodk‹ ti,fpm; wuGJwjym;pDaqmif&Guf&aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkI tav;ay;apcJhygonf?

+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftaejzifh zdESdyfr_twGuf wefzkd;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; wpkHw&may;qyf&rnfudk uGef*&ufygwDu em; vnfoabmaygufcJhygonf? *ENDtm; zrf;qD;vkdufjcif;u rsm;pGmaom òrdŒ}uD;òrdŒi,frsm;wGif qENjyyGJ}uD;rsm; taxGaxG oydwfrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhovkd +Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ukd &yfqkdif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdr_rsm;tm;


qef‹usifae=uqJjzpfonfh Oya'ðyaumifpDrsm;rS oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olwcsKdŒtm;vnf; EkwfxGufoGm;apEkdifcJhyg onf? v_yf&Sm;r_tay: wdrf;!Gwfol owif;pmorm;rsm;u vufeufrJhqef‹usifolrsm;tm; &Jrsm;u udkifwG,f aqmif&GufcJh=uykH xdwfvef‹wkefv_yfzG,f&m tjzpftysufrsm;udkvnf; tao;pdwf owif;ay;ydk‹cJh=u+yD;/ uGef*&uftzGJ@ uvnf; 'g&moemqm;usif;rS '%f&m&&Sdolrsm;. "mwfykHrsm;udkvnf; xkwfazmfjyocJh=uygonf? acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;&ef acsr_ef;&ef vkyfaqmifr_wkdif;tm; uGef*&uftzGJ@u tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;xHrS ykdrkdtm;aumif;aom axmufcHr_&,lEkdif atmif tokH;csEkdifcJh=uygonf?

,cktcsdefwGif olwkd‹taejzifh oEMdÏmefcsrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfaom &efolwOD;tm; &ifqkdifcJh&+yDjzpfa=umif; odoGm;onfh +Adwdo#tpkd;&u vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; &yfqkdif;ypf&eftwGuf ‚if;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; armif;ESifr_ay;aeonfh tzGJŒ tpnf;tm; csdeJ‹tm;enf;oGm;atmif vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfa=umif; odjrifem;vnfvmygonf? olwkd‹u ‚if; e,fy,f ESifh qufoG,fae=uaom *sme,frsm;/ owif;pmrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;vmcJhaomtcsdefwGif uGef*&uftzGJ@u vufurf;pmapmifrsm; ±kdyfESdyfjzef‹jzL;jcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJh=u+yD; tpdk;&u ykHESdyfpufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;vkdufaomtcg/ a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;qDodk‹ pmrsm;/ oHóud;pmrsm;/ qufom;rsm;apv$wfjcif;jzifh wkH‹jyefcJh=ujyefygonf? zdESdyfr_ESifh &ifqkdif&mwGif tdENd,EkdifiH. yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_tm;vkH; uef‹owfcHcJh&ygonf? jynfe,ftzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf!¸ef=um;csufrsm; rxkwfjyefEdkifawmhyJ/ qm;tmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t0wftpm;oydwfarSmufjcif;ufdk qufvufaqmif&Guf&ef/ t=urf;rzufrludk udkifpGJIa0zef±_wfcs&efom a,bl,sqefqef!$ef=um;awmif;qkdEdkifawmh ygonf? ‘wkdufyGJr[mAsL[monf a'oqkdif&mtajctae. jyÏmef;cHjzpf&rnf? ‚if;wdk‹ESifh tnD ae‹pOfajymif;vJae &rnf’ [k Zlvkdifv xkwf *END. EkysKdopfvGifaom tdENd, (Young India) *sme,fwGif pma&; q&mwa,mufu a=unmcJhygonf? tpkd;&u v_yf&Sm;r_udk tusOf;t=uyfawGŒapjcif;xuf wppDòyduGJoGm;ap&ef wkdufckdufcJhygonf? jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm; tusOf;axmifwGif; a&mufoGm;aomtcsdefwGif a'ocH wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf Oya'csKd;azmufonfhtqifhokd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJh=uygonf?

‘euf&_dif;us,fjyef‹aom ckcHawmfvSefa&;’

v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh *END. &,latmifjrifr_rSm txufwef;v$mvlenf;pk tjrwfwEkd;xm;aom jrihfrm;onfhyef;wkdifwckjzpfonfh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;udk oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; tweftoifhwkd;wufr_rsm;ay;Ekdif+yD; tusKd;pD;yGm;&v'f xGufay:vmEkdifaom vufawGŒusonfh awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;EkdifcJhygonf? T&nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufatmif axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkvnf; qxufwefydk; jzpfvmatmif aygif;pnf;&,lapEkdifcJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHom;wdk‹taejzifh qm;tay: tpkd;&. w&m; r#wr_r&Sdaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;pm;jcif;jzifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtwGuf yxrOD;pGm wkdufyGJ0ifoihfonf[k olu jrifygonf? aemufykdif;vrsm;wGif a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;u qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ rsm;udk pkpnf;Ekdifonfh tvm;wlta=umif;t&mrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufvmcJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; tdENd,EkdifiHom;wdk‹ . toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_e,fy,fxJodk‹ csOf;eif;usL;ausmfvmonfh ae&mwkdif;onf ckcHawmfvSef a&;. tvm;tvmaumif;aom ypfrSwfwckjzpfcJhygonf?

vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_. acgif;trmqkH;aom wpkdufrwfrwfaqmif&Gufolrsm;rSm bkHabajrmufykdif; ajr=oZm aumif; aom vGifjyifrsm;wGif aexkdif=uaom ywD'g (Patidars) rsm; jzpf=uygonf? Tae&m&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;avmuf tdENd,EkdifiH. tjcm;rnfonfhae&murS uGef*&ufygwD/ *END.v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh nD!Gwfaomtiftm;wcktjzpfacsmarGŒpGm aygif;pnf;oGm;aomtajctae/ vltrsm;ESpfoufaxmufcHaom cHpm;r_ rðyvkyfEkdifcJh=uyg? *ENDESifhtwl a'ouGef*&uf acgif;aqmif AvA[dkif yaw;onf *l*sm&wfudk tðyoabmvkyfief;rsm;aygufzGm;&m ae&mwcktjzpf (1920) ckESpfrsm; twGif; ajymif;vJypfcJhygonf? olwkd‹onf jynfolvlxk. opPm&Sdr_udk t&,lEkdifcJhaom ti,fpm; o=u*[tmcHa&; vkyfief; tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd OD;aqmifEkdifcJh=uygonf?

ywD'grsm;onf rma=um=urf;wrf;r_/ ukd,hftm;ukd,fukd;r_ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_rsm;twGuf us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ ±kdao av;pm;cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfygonf? olwkd‹onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif tqkd;jzpfap/ taumif;jzpfap wpkHw&mudk atmifjrif +yD;qkH;atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifolrsm; jzpfygonf’ [k (1930) ckESpfu av;pm;cef‹nm;cJh&aom tcGefaumufolwOD;u rSwfwrf;


wifxm;cJhygonf? ‘olwkd‹. pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0r_ESifh &nf&G,fcsuftay: ckdifrm jywfom;r_wkd‹onf tvGef tHh=op&m aumif;vSygonf?’ Todk‹tm;jzifh olwkd‹onf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf obm0ESifh wom;wnf;&SdcJh =u+yD; 'ef'Durf;ajcokd‹ *ENDa&mufv#if a&mufjcif;yif *l*s&wfurf;±kd;wrf;a'owGif qm;csufvkyfief; pwifcJh=uygonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;onf qm;csufvkyf&ef a&mif;cs&eftwGuf zrf;qD;r_ESifh ±kdufESufr_rsm;udk &J&J&ifh&ifh &ifqkdifcJh=uygonf?

okd‹&mwGif ywD'gwkd‹twGufrl ajrcGefudpPonf toufjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹u ywD'grsm; (ESihf tjcm;tdENd, EkdifiH om;rsm;) xGef,ufpkdufysKd;cJh=uaom ajr,mrsm;tm;vkH;. ydkif&SiftppftrSefrsm;tjzpf olwkd‹udk,folwkd‹ oabmxm; cJhygonf? olwkd‹u ajr,mwefzkd;jzwfiSm;&rf;c ,lcJh=uygonf? tcGefaiG rxrf;aqmifjcif;onf vGefcJhonfhumvrsm;u *l*sm&wf&Sd ywD'grsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtvkyfjzpf+yD;/ r&Sdrjzpfonfh &if;jrpfwcktwGuf +Adwdo#wkd‹. w&m;0ifjzpfr_udk jiif;qkdonfh vGwfvyfa&;zGihf[csufwckvnf; jzpfcJhygonf? ‚if;onf tpdk;&. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm; trSef wu,fysufpD;atmif vkyfEkdifcJhaom t=urf;rzufta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_ wckvnf; jzpfcJhygonf?

ajrcGefOya'tm; csKd;azmuf&ef aoG;xkd;v_H‹aqmfr_onf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; w&m;0ifpwifrv_yf&Sm;rD vaygif; rsm;pGmuyif pwifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? tpyxrwGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qm;wckwnf;twGufom uef‹owfxm;vdkaom *ENDa=umifh pdwfysufcJh&aom yaw;onf ac'gc±kdif (Kheda District) rS v,form;rsm;ESihf awGŒqkHcJh+yD; olwkd‹tm; tcGefaiGay;aqmifjcif; &yfqkdif;&ef wkdufwGef;cJhygonf? c±kdiftcGefaumuf,la&;rSL;u &mhpf (Ras) &GmY yaw;tm; zrf;qD;cdkif;cJh+yD; zrf;qD;r_tm; pdefac:onfhtaejzifh &Gmom;rsm;u tem;ywf0ef;usif&Gmrsm;rS ywD'grsm;tm; pm&if;wif oGif;I tcGefaiGay;aqmifjcif;udk &yfqkdif;ypfcJh=uygonf? qm;v_yf&Sm;r_csDwufolrsm; rwfv (19) &ufae‹wGif &mhpf&Gm okd‹ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg *ENDu ywD'grsm;tm; aemufqkwfE_wfxGufapvkdcJhaomfvnf;/ aemufqkH;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; axmufcHtm;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k cHpm;rdojzifh tpdk;&taejzifh wkef@jyefr_ aysmhaysmif;vdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ owday;+yD; qufvufvkyfaqmifapcJhygonf?

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*l*sm&wf&Sd uGef*&ufpnf;±kH;a&;orm;rsm;u olwkd‹tm; vkdvm;=uolrsm; t=urf;zufr_rðyvkyf&ef taumif;qkH; óud;pm;cJh=uygonf? ac'gc±kdifwGif t=urf;zuf vufpm;acsvkdpdwf&Sd=uonfh bm±kdif& (Baraiya) rsKd;ZmwfEG,f0if ajrykdif&Sifrsm;tm; ajrcGefray;aqmifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifvmatmif qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;jcif;tm;jzifh/ xdkolwkd‹. vufpm;acsv_yf&Sm;rnfh&efrS a&Smif&Sm;cJh=uygonf? atmh'f (Od) aus;&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh ygwD'grsm;ESifh b±kdif&tkyfpkwcku vltrsm;pk rkef;wD;aecJhaom &Jt&m&Sdwa,muftm; wkdufckduf&efðy+yD;csdefrSpI tcGefray;aqmif a&;udk y,fcs&yfwef‹ypfcJh=uonftxd jzpfoGm;cJh=uygonf? óudwifowdxm;r_rsm;jzifh vufpm;racsa&;/ tcGefray; aqmifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; t=urf;zufr_ uif;rJhaeap&ef óud;pm;cJh=uaomfvnf;/ vnf; ywD'grsm;v$rf;rkd;aom aus;&Gm rsm;txd aygufa&mufr_tus,ftjyef@ r&SdEdkifcJh=uyg?

aqmif;&moD0ifvmcJhaomtcsdefwGif ywD'gwkd‹u oD;ESHrsm; &dyfodrf;a&mif;cs&ef vdktyfvm+yD; olwkd‹tm;wm;qD; [ef‹wm;jcif;ðyrvmrD &&Sdxm;aomaiGa=u;rsm;udkvnf; bm±kd'ge,fpyfokd‹ ,laqmifoGm;vkdcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomf vnf; tcGefaiGaumufcHolwkd‹u aumufESHrsm; v,fuGif;xJwGif &SdaeqJtcsdef ESpfcsKyftcGefaiGrsm;udk apmpD;pGm vkdufvHaumufcHcJh=uygonf? wckaomreufcif;wGif x&yfum;wpD;wkduf&Sdaom &Jrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJh=u+yD;/ &Gmom;rsm;udk 0kdif;xm;cJh=u+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; ±kdufESufI olwkd‹0wfqifxm;cJh=uaom a&$xnfrsm;udk c|wf,lcJh=uygonf? wcsKdŒrSm óud;jzifhwkyfaESmifI t±kdufcH=u&/ tcsKdŒrSm &Jrsm;u tdrfrsm;twGif; csKd;zsuf 0ifa&mufI tzkd;wefypPnf;rsm;tm; qGJcsae=uonfhtcsdefwGif &GmvnfacgifY ukd,fvkH;wD;u|wfjzifh rwfwyf&yfae&ef twif; tusyf apckdif;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf?


okd‹&mwGif ywD'grsm;wGif aemufxyfupm;&ef zJwcsyf usef&Sdaeygao;onf? Tenf; rSm vlaygif; ESpfaomif;ausmfausmf bm±kd'gEkdifiHxJodk‹ wòyHwr0ifa&mufI &GufzsifwJrsm;xkd;I aexdkifcJh=ujcif; jzpf ygonf? ‘&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmrSm vkH;0pGef‹ypfxm;cHcJh&ygonf’ ‘ydkifqkdifor# ypPnf;tm;vkH; z,f&Sif;ypfjcif; cHae&onf ukd jywif;aygufrsm;rS u|EkfyfjrifawGŒcJh&+yD; arsmufwaumifwavu tdrfacgifrkd;wckay:rS ckefqGckefqGjzifh vrf;uav;udk jzwfull;oGm;csdefrsKd;rSvGJI vrf;rSm +idrfoufwdwfqdwfaeygonf?’ [k +Adwdo#owif;pmq&mwOD;u Ta'otajc taeudk owif;ay;ykd‹cJhygonf?

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tdENd,EkdifiH. tjcm;tpdwftykdif;rsm;wGif tcGefqef‹usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. t"duypfrSwfrSm a'owGif; t0iftxGuf toGm;tvmrsm;tm; &Judk owif;ay;ydk‹&aom csLuD'g;&D;pf (Chaukidaris) [k od=uaom apmifh=unfholrsm; twGuf &Gmrsm;u ay;aqmif&aom tcGefaiGjzpfygonf? rpfemyl&fa'orS v,form;rsm;rSm aus;vufvlr_b0xJodk‹ xkdokd‹usL;ausmfxkd;azmufvmr_tay: a'gojzpfcJh=u+yD; xkdolrsm;twGufyg tcGefaiGxrf;aqmifay;cJh&jcif;u olwkd‹ tm; ydkIcg;onf; emusnf;apcJhygonf? rkwfokef&moD0ifa&mufvmr_a=umihf qm; tmcHqef‹usifr_ &yfqkdif;xm; vkduf&onfhtcsdefwGif csLuD'g&Dpfrsm;onf vlxkqef‹usiftmcHr_. OD;wnfwkdufckduf&mypfrSwfrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uygonf? csLuD'g&Dpfrsm; tygt0if aus;&Gmwm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm pdwftaESmifht,Suftay;cHcJh=u 0kdif;z,fusOfxm;cHcJh=u& ygonf?

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aus;vufvlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh vlxktrsm;vufcHESpfoufaom v_yf&Sm;r_.aemufwGif usefaecJha=umif; r=umc%awGŒ&SdcJh&+yD; tcsKdŒaom!¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk azmfaqmif&efESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfay: ap&ef apmifh=unfh ppfaq;&efom tm;pkdufcGefpkdufóud;pm;aqmif&GufcJh=u&ygonf? (t+rJwrf;ratmifjrifcJhyg) òrdŒ}uD; rsm;rS qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_rsm;rSmrl qef‹usifbuftm;jzifh uGef*&uf. OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh jzpfyGm;cJh&jcif;rsm;+yD;/ pHerlemtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh wqufpyfwnf; &SdaecJhygonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wDxGif }uHq r_t&mwGif bkHabxufykdI tjcm;rnfonfhae&mrS romvGefEkdifcJhyg? qm;qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_ avsmhus oGm;onhftcg uGef*&ufu uef‹uGufoydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; t0wftxnfESifh t&ufpwkd;qkdifrsm;a&S› vrf;rsm;ay:wGif uif;vSnfh &ef/ 0g'jzef‹pmrsm;jzef‹a0&ef/ nbufwGif EkdifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnfrsm;tm; rD;ykH±_dŒ&efESihf vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wuf a&mufaom pnf;a0;yGJ}uD;rsm;usif;y+yD; &J. rawmfrw&m;ðyr_rsm;/ zrf;qD;r_rsm;tm; qef‹usifuef‹uGufonfh tcsdef ydkif; taxGaxGoydwfrsm;a=unm&ef/ vrf;rsm;ay: c&D;&SnfcsDwufr_rsm;tm; OD;aqmifr_ay;&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhygonf?


tjrifhwufqkH; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm 'DZifbmv (12) &ufae‹Y bkHabwGif jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@rS xkwfjyefcsuft& EkdifiHjcm;jzpfukefypPnf;rsm; o,faqmifvmaom x&yfum;rsm;tm; wm;qD;&ef uef‹uGufoydwfarSmufolrsm; vrf; ay:wGif vSJcsvkdufonfhtcsdefwGif/ vli,fwOD;onf um;t}udwfcH&+yD;aoqkH;oGm; cJh&ygonf? owif;onf wòrdŒvkH; jyef@ESH‹pD;qif;oGm;cJh+yD; nykdif;wGif xkda=uuGJ0rf;enf;p&mtjzpf jzpfysufcJhaom ae&modk‹ vlrsm;vma&muf0wfðy qkawmif;cJh=uygonf? aemufwae‹wGif uGef*&uftzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u tjzpftysuf owif;vufurf;pmapmif rsm; ay;a0cJh=u+yD; aoqkH;ol.tavmif;tm; o,faqmifvmonfhvlwef;}uD;tm; acsmifywWD (Chowpatty) urf;ajc&Sd&modk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;cJh=uygonf? &Jrsm;u olwkd‹oGm;rnfhvrf;tm; vSHpGyfrsm;jzifh ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;cJh=u+yD; teD;tem; vrf;rsm;ay:rS apmifh=unfhaeolrsm;tm;vnf; zrf;qD;w&m;pGJqkdcJhygonf? wae‹wmvkH; ESpfzuftcsif;rsm; cJh=uygonf? +yD;onfESifh aoqkH;cJh&mae&monf yef;rsm;zkH;v$rf;aeaom bk&m;pifwckjzpfoGm;+yD; a&S@ucsESifhcJhaom yef;pnf;wcktm; &Ju z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;vkdufonfhae&modk‹ yef;pnf;topfrsm; csufcsif;a&muf&SdvmcJhygonf? ‘+Adwdo#tpdk;&udkqef‹usifwJh a'go"mwfudk od&SdcHpm;zdk‹qdk&if cifAsm;wkd‹ bkHabrSm &SdaecJh=uzdk@aumif;w,f’ [k tmvl; 'wfpfwm (Aloo Dastur) u jyefajymjycJhygonf?

r'&yfòrdŒawmf/ umvuwWm;òrdŒawmfESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;rS uGef*&ufpnf;±kH;a&;rSL;rsm;u tvm;wl enf;y&d,m,f rsm;ukd cH,lusifhokH;cJh=u+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; ajAmifqef‹usiftmcH=uygonf? odk‹r[kwf vlxkESifhqkdifaomae&m rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;cJh=uygonf? wcgw&H &Jrsm;u ‚if;wkd‹tm; onftwkdif;=unfhaecJh=u+yD; tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh òzdcGJcHcJh=u&ygonf? apmihf=unfh&ef a&muf&SdvmcJh=uaom &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh omref jynfolvlxk}uD;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pDpOfpOf;pm;cJh=uonfh ‚if;xdyfwkduf&ifqdkifr_rsm;onf +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&; twGuf jrifomxif&Sm; xdckdufysufpD;r_tenf;tusOf;r#om vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh=uygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; t=urf;rzuf onfh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk &Jrsm;u wkdufckdufESdrfeif;onfhjrifuGif;u vlxk. }uD;rm;aom pmemaxmufcHr_udk &&SdapcJhygonf?

wzufwGifvnf; twkduftckdufjzpfaprnfhbufokd‹ OD;wnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGif toGm;ESpfzuf&Sdygonf? ‚if;. tpGef; wzufu t=urf;zufr_vkdvm;olrsm;ukd qGJoGif;ovkdjzpfoGm;+yD; t=urf;zufr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdr_udk us,fjyef‹oGm;ap ygonf? =unfh±_olrsm;udk a=umuf&GHŒoGm;apygonf? xkd‹tjyif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; aES;auG;oGm;apEkdifaom ydkIjyif;xef =urf;wrf;onfh acsr_ef;r_ESifh &ifqkdif&p&m tEœ&m,fvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf?

vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;r_ykHo¿mef jzpfygonf? okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;vmol wOD; csif;taejzifh yk*~KdvfwOD;csif;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh eifheifheJeJ oufqkdifaeygonf? vm[kd; (Lahore) rS wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u wtdrfwufqif; EkdifiHjcm;t0wftpm;rsm;udk vkdufvHpkaqmif;=u+yD; }uD;rm;onfh rD;ykH}uD;ay: wifI ±_dŒypf=ujcif;jzifh olwkd‹.wm0efudk &,lcJh=uygonf? &SDAm'l0 (Shiva Dua) .rdom;pkrSm um'D (Khadi) jynfwGif;jzpftxnfukd ajymif;vJ0wfqif=u+yD; EkdifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnftrsm;pkukd pGef‹v$wfcJh=uygonf? usef&Sd aeaomt&mrSm 'l0 (Dua) aoqkH;oGm;olrdcifxHrS tarG&&SdcJhaom qm&Dwxnfygjzpfygonf? olrtaejzifh ‚if;ukd rD;ykHxJodk‹xnfhypfI r&EkdifcJhyg? okd‹aomf olr.tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;u atmufzufvrf;ray:&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;qDokd‹ t0wftxnfrsm; ypfcsaeonfudk jrifawGŒ&onfhtcg olrvnf; vkyf&awmhrnfukd od&SdoGm;cJhygonf? ‘tarh[m awmh tarygyJ’ ‘'gayr,fh trdEkdifiHu tarhxufykd+yD; jrihfrm;w,fqkdawmh qm&Dvnf; oGm;awmhayghav/ 'ga=umifh usr tJ'gukd ay;vdkufcJhwmyg’ [k olru ydkif;ykdif;jzwfjzwf ajymcJhygonf?

+Adwdo#acgif;aqmifrsm;a&m uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;yg v_yf&Sm;r_xJodk‹ trsKd;orD;rsm; Tr# xufoeftm;aumif;pGm yg0ifvm=uvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvihfrxm;cJhyg? trsKd;orD;rsm;u urf;ajcokd‹ a&waumif;}uD;rsm;tm; o,f aqmifoGm;cJh =u+yD; qm;csuf=uygonf? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif olwkd‹u odrf;qnf;ypPnf;rsm; avvHwifa&mif;csr_udk oydwfarSmufcJh=u +yD; 0,f,lolrsm;udkvnf; pdwftaESmifht,Sufay; t&Suf&apcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹onf &Jrsm;. ±kdufESufjcif;udk cHcJh& ovkd (1930) ckESpftwGif;wGif trsKd;orD; (20˜000) cef‹ axmifcscHcJh=u&ygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vlxktmcHqef‹ usifr_. jynfe,fESifh tdENd,EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m tm%m&Sifrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uygonf? ‘+Adwdo#tpdk;&tm; tdENd,trsKd;orD; rsm;u xdwfvef‹tHh=ooGm;apcJhygonf?‘ ‘usrwkd‹[m usrwkd‹tdrfawG&JŒ eH&Hav;zufxJrSmyJ auseyfa&mihf&JaewwfwJh &Suf&GHŒtm;i,fwwfwJh pmrwwf ayrwwf trsKd;orD;awGr[kwfbl;’ [k vm[kd ausmif;om;qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_rsm; udk pnf; ±kH;v_HŒaqmfcJholwOD;u a&;om;cJhygonf?


*ENDrSm tmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf pHðyv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpfvmapEkdifcJhonfh ydkI udk,fusihfoduQmoef‹pifr_ESifh temcHEkdifonfh pGrf;&nfrsm; trsKd;orD;wkd‹wGif ykdifqkdifxm;a=umif; odjrifcJhaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihfywfoufv#if tpOftvm "avhxkH;pH 0g'DwOD;om jzpfcJhygonf? olonf tpydkif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; Adkif;iifjcif;ESifh rdom;pktwGuf jynfwGif; jzpftxnf ,ufvkyfay;jcif;wkd‹wGifom uef‹owfxm;vkdpdwf &SdcJhygonf? aemufykdif;rSom olwkd‹tm; Oya'csKd;azmuf onfhtvkyfudk a,mufsm;rsm;omvkyfoifha=umif; ajymqkd+yD; t0wftpm;ESifh t&uf oydwfarSmufqef‹usifa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhay;cJhygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;u xkdcGJjcm;z,f&Sm;xm;r_ESifh ywfouf+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef rausreyf jzpfvmcJhaom tcsdefa&mufrSom olaemifw&&SdcJhygonf? olŒtaejzifh trsKd;orD;tawmfrsm;rsm;tm; vlxktmcHqef‹ usifr_wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef vkyfaqmifr_&SdcJhonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm olŒa=umihfr[kwfyJ olwkd‹. udk,fykdifodjrifem;vnfr_ESifh yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmolrsm;jzpfygonf?

‘xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/ tajccHajrudk qkH;±_H;apjcif;’

+Adwdo#wkd‹u t+yD;wkdif acsr_ef;&Sif;vif;ypf&ef tn‡mtwmrJhaqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfcJhaomfvnf; vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_ onf (1930) ckESpftawmtwGif; tdENd,EkdifiH. jynfe,fwkdif;okd‹ vufawGŒtajctaetm;jzifh aygufuGJ jzpfyGm;vmcJh ygonf? t}udrf}udrfyif tvm;wltajctaetwkdif; +Adwdo#tpdk;&taejzifh xdef;csKyfr_ jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef &Jrsm;tay: wGif rSDckdtm;ðycJh&ygonf? yuf&S0gwGif tcsdefwkdumvw}udrf/ *l*s&wfwGif vaygif;rsm;pGm eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh ±kdufESuf jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;rsm;jzifhyif xdef;csKyfIr&Ekdif jzpfcJhygonf? wm0ef&Sdtm%mydkifrsm;u olwkd‹taejzifh wcsKdŒae&mrsm; wGif tkyfcsKyfIyifr&awmha=umif; 0efcHcJh=uygonf? a&S›wef;usonfhae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ajrmufjrm;vSaom ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;a=umifh/ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. b¾ma&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m tajccHtaqmuftODydkif;wGif tjyif;txef epfemqkH;±_H;r_rsm; jzpfapcJhygonf?

t&ufoydwf/ ajrcGefawmfray;aqmifa&;ESifh csufuD'g&Dpfwdk@twGuf 0efaqmifcay;aqmif&r_/ opfawmpD;eif;r_ tm;vkH;u jynfe,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tcGefaiGrsm;pGm usqif;oGm;apcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh bD[mESifh tv,fydkif; a'o (pD/ yD) wkd‹onf t&uftcGefaiGay:wGif rsm;pGmtrSDðyae&ojzifh ‚if;ae&mrsm;rS t&ufoydwfarSmufqef‹usifjcif; onf csufcsif;vufiif; xdckdufepfemapcJhygonf? t0wftxnf oydwfarSmufqef‹usifr_u A[kdtpdk;&u wkd;jr‡ifhowf rSwfxm;cJhaom taumufcGefa=u;rsm;udk avsmhusoGm;apcJhygonf? (+AdwdefjynfwGifvnf; pufr_vkyfief;qkdif&m tusKd; pD;yGm;rsm;udk xdckdufepfematmif xkd;ESufcHcJh&ygonf) t0wftxnf wifoGif;ukefwefzkd;rSm wESpfv#if xuf0ufr# usqif;vmcJhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm wpdwftykdif;tm;jzifh ‚if;a=umifh jzpfcJh&jcif;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;u tdENd,pm;okH;olrsm;. 0,fvkdtm;udk jzwfawmufypfcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; t0wftxnf wifoGif;r_ usqif;r_u tjcm;vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;xuf rsm;pGm}uD;rm;cJh+yD; oydwf.rwljcm;em; xda&mufr_udk ay:vGif apcJhygonf?

t=urf;rzuf ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJh&aom b¾ma&;tcuftcJrSm &Jvkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwf }uD;rm;r_a=umifh ,dkpD;r_topfrsm;ESihf xyfrHusyfwnf;cufcJvmcJhygonf? ywD'grsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhaom qm;csDwufr_rS (1931 ckESpftxd v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufqJ) ajcmufaomif;cef‹om jynfolvlxkrsm;rSm vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_a=umifh wcsdefr[kwfwcsdef zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif; cHcJh&ygonf? bkHab/ b*Fvm;ESifh tv,fykdif;jynfe,f rsm;wGif tusOf;axmiftokH;p&dwfrsm; jr‡ifhwifay;cJh&ovkd tusOf;om;rsm;udk xm;&efae&mtwGuf ,m,D tajz&Smonfhoabm wJrsm;wnfaqmufay;cJh&onf? jy\em&Sdaomae&mrsm;wGif tykd&Jtiftm; csxm;ay;r_rsm; vkyfcJh&ygonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;rSm a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; r&yfrem; tvkH; t&if;ESifh EkwfxGufaer_a=umifh ydkI tcuftcJawGŒcJh&ygonf?

okd‹&mwGif +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;. t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;rSm vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; wkdufckduf&jcif;twGuf b¾m aiGa=u; xdckdufqkH;±_H;r_rsm;xuf txl;ojzifh jynfe,f&Jt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh olwkd‹iSm;&rf;xm; aom vufyg;aprsm;. pdwf"mwf}uH›ckdifr_tm; xdyg;±kdufcwfvmrnfudkom ydkIydkI pkd;&drfcJh=uygonf?

tmrpPwmòrd@tpkvkduf tòyHvkdufowfjzwfyGJ t+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;u tdENd, uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm;tm; òzdcJG&ef okd‹r[kwf xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef ppfwyftiftm; tokH;ðy&rnfukd wGef‹qkwfvmcJh=u+yD;/ &JwyfzGJŒtm; tm;udk; tm;xm;ðy&onfudk ydkIESpfoufvmcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹jywfom;&Sif;vif;pGm odem;vnfxm;cJh=uonfrSm tu,fI trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; u &JwyfzGJŒwGif;&Sd tdENd,om;wkd‹. opPm&Sdr_ESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfr_tm; tm;enf;oGm;atmif


ðyvkyfEkdifcJhv#if/ olwkd‹ taejzifh tdENd,EkdifiHwGif qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeaom +Adwdo#wkd‹. tkyfcsKyfa&; tajccHtkwfjrpftm; ukdifv_yfoGm;Ekdif vdrhfrnfqkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf?

vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_onf &Jom;rsm;tay: a=umufp&maumif;aom 0efxkyf0efykd;udk wifxm;ay;cJhygonf? Owmy&m'uf&Sf&Sd tajctaeESifhywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmwcku ‘olwkd‹onf ajAmifususyif rzG,fr&m ðycH&/ a0zefykwfcwfcHcJh&+yD; t}udrfrsm;pGm wkdufckdufcHcJh&ygonf? aps;onfrsm;uvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm a&mif;cs&ef jiif;qkdcJh=u+yD; atmufajcodrf;tvkyfrsm;ukdyif vkyfay;rnfholr&SdcJhyg? olwkd‹ZeD;onfrsm;ESifh rdom;pk rsm;yifv#if vlr_oydwfarSmufr_udk r=umc% emcHcJh=u&ygonf?’ [k 0efcHxm;cJhygonf? bkHab &J}uD;=uyfa&;rSL;csKyfu olŒtaejzifh olŒwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef pdwfcs&Ekdifrnf[k raocsma=umif; tpD&ifcHcJhygonf?

bkHabòrdŒawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom +Adwdo#&Jt&m&SdwOD;jzpfol *|ef ukwf um&D (John Court Curry) u ol.ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif ‘Tt=urf;rzufaom vltkyf}uD;rsm;tm; òzdcGJ&ef vkdtyfr_tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef rESpfouf cJhyg? Oya'csKd;azmufolrsm;tm; &&SdapcJhaom xdcdkuf'%f&mrsm;rSm t+rJwrf;eD;yg; tao;tzGJrsm;yifjzpfaomfvnf;/ Todk‹aomvlrsm;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckduf&ef tiftm;okH;&efpdwful;rSm tjcm;olrsm;tm; touftEœ&m,fay;Ekdif onfh t=urf;zufqlylaomif;usef;olrsm;tm; tiftm;okH;&ef ydkIvufcHEkdifaomvkdtyfr_ESifh rsm;pGmuGJjym; jcm;em; ygonf? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;wckvkH;ay:wGif u|Ekfyf. jyif;jyaom rESpfòrd@r_onf uGef*&ufu }uD;rm;aom qENjyyGJ}uD; wckukd pDpOfvmcJhonfhtcgwkdif;/ jyif;jyaom ±kyfykdif;qkdif&m atmhESvkH;emr_wck cHpm;vm&onfh twkdif;twmtxd }uD;xGm;jyif;jyvmcJhygonf? æ’ [k 0efcHa&;om;xm;cJhygonf?

+Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_. t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&mwGif v_yf&Sm;olwkd‹tm; ulnDyHhykd;r_ay; ovdk &SdcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh r'&yftpdk;&u tjcm;t&yfzuf0efxrf;rsm;tay: csrSwfcJhaom/ vpmjzwfawmufr_ rsm;rS &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; uif;vGwfcGihfðycJhygonf? uef‹uGufqef‹usifolrsm;ESihf tcsif;rsm;cJh=uaom &J0efxrf;rsm; tm; qka=u;aiGrsm; &uf&ufa&ma&m ay;cJh=uygonf? &Jom;rsm;tm; &ufpuf=urf;wrf;onf[k pGyfpGJcH&jcif;r&Sdap&ef &mxl;}uD;onfholrsm;udk toihfcsxm;ay;rnf[k tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;cJhygonf? E_dif;,SOf=unfhrnfqkdygu &J0efxrf; rsm;. opPm&Sdr_tm; zsufqD;ypf&ef uGef*&uf. óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_rSm worwfwnf; r&SdcJhyg? tpydkif;wGif uGef*&uf tzGJ@u olwkd‹. rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk tEl;t!Gwf awmif;qkdcJhygonf? r'&yfwGif v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u &J0efxrf; rsm;xH ydk‹puwfrsm;ay;ydk‹I olwkd‹. nD&if;tukdrsm; tay:wGif t=urf;zufjcif;rsm;rS a&SmifusOf=uyg&ef/ awmif;yefcJh =uygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; &Jom;rsm;. vGefvGefuJuJ vkyfaqmifr_rsm;u uGef*&uftm; olwkd‹ESihf qef‹usifoGm;ap cJh ygonf? &Jrsm;tay: rkef;wD;pufqkyfr_uvnf; vltrsm; ESpfoufaxmufcHr_ ykdI&ap&ef taxmuftyHh jzpfapcJhyg onf? uGef*&uf. OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. w&m;0ifjzpfr_tm; av#mhcsypfa&;onf ckcH umuG,folwdk‹tay: atmifEkdifa&; jzpfonfh +Adwdo#wkd‹. &nfrSef;csufESifh qef‹usifuGJjym;aecJhygonf?

(1930) ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif bk&ifcHu uGef*&uftzGJ@onf &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;. pdwf"mwf}uH›ckdifa&;tm; wkefv_yf atmif vkyfaqmifr_wGif taotcsm ±_H;edrfhoGm;cJh+yD;jzpf+yD; &JwyfzGJŒopfrsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tvG,fwulyif &Sdae cJhygonf[k vef'efukd tpD&ifcHEkdifcJhygonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh tdENd,wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmt& vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_tm;jzifh xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfIr&onfh tajctaeokd‹a&muf&ef rvkyfEkdifcJh=uyg? vrsm; =umvmonfESifhtr# tm0ifESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;rSm olwkd‹taejzifh uGef*&uf. wkdufckdufr_tm; awmifhcHxm;Ekdifonf/ v_yf&Sm; r_tm; a'oqkdif&m jy\emrsm;tjzpf cGJxkwfypfvkdufEkdifonf[k ydkIydkI ,kH=unfvmcJh=uygonf? (1930) ckESpf ESpf ukefykdif;vrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&onf tjrihfqkH;okd‹a&mufvmcJh+yD; tm;enf;qkwf,kwfoGm;cJhonf[k xifcJh&ygonf? tcsKdŒae&mtenf;tusOf;wGif tcGefqef‹usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tm;aumif;ae=uqJ jzpfaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm; taejzifh/ aEGv,fydkif;u Oya'=urf;a&;qGJxm;cJhaom ta&;ay:tm%mOya' (Emergency Power Ordinance) tm; rnfonfhtcgrS jyÏmef;p&mrvkdawmh[k ,kH=unfpdwfcsr_ ckdifrmvmcJh=uygonf?

uGef*&ufu trsKd;om;bmoma&;ppfyGJtjzpf tqifhxuf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckdufaepOfyif ‚if;u wkdif;jynfweHwvsm; nDnDr#r# ppfcif;EkdifcJhjcif;r&SdyJ/ *ENDa&S@umv&Snf=umpGmu &SdESifhcJhaom vlrsKd;pkqkdif&m rwluGJjym; r_rsm;a=umifh tm;enf;vmcJhygonf? (1929) ckESpftukefykdif;wGif rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh uGef*&ufESifh w&m;0ifyl;aygif;vmvdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; *ENDod&SdoGm;cJhygonf?


odk‹&mwGif trsKd;om;a&;awmif;qkdr_rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m rw&m;r_wkd‹tay: t=urf;zufta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm; twlyl;wGJvkdufygu uGef*&uftaejzifh omref[dENLrsm;ESifh rGwfqvifwkd‹t=um; jzpfay:aeaom t,kHt=unf uif;rJhr_tm; ausmfv$m;aumif; ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD;/ omreftcsdefrsm;wGif &&SdEkdif&efcufcJaom rdwfzufjzpfr_ udkvnf; wkdufyGJt&Sdeft[kef jyif;aeqJwGif tckdiftrmwnfaqmufEkdifvdrhfrnf[k olu ar#mfvifhxm;cJhygonf? uGef*&ufu rnfonhfzGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m tpDtpOfukdr# olwkd‹.oabmwlnDcsufr&yJ vufcH vdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; xyfrHuwday;jcif;jzifh rGwfqvifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; tmrcHcsufay;&ef óud;pm;cJhygonf?

okd‹aomf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_twGuf }uD;rm;aom rGwfqvifpdwf"mwf Ekd;=um;vmap&ef ðyvkyfcJhaom aumif;rGef aom}uH&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;rSm ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&ygonf? rGwfqvifacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm uGef*&ufukd qufI±_wfcsae=uqJjzpf+yD; omrefrGwfqvifrsm;rSmvnf; a'oqkdif&mpnf; ±kH;a&;orm;rsm; azmfaqmif ay;aom uef‹uGufqef‹usifr_rsm;wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;&ef pdwfvkdvuf& r&SdcJh=uyg? trsKd;om;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ twkdif; twmtaejzifh (1930) ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv vlxktmcHqef‹usifwkdufckdufr_rsm; twGuf axmifxJa&muf&Sdae=uaomol (29000) ausmfwGif (1152) a,mufom rGwfqvifrsm;jzpfcJhygonf? tm;aumif;aomrGwfqvifrsm; yg0ifvmjcif; r&SdyJESifh v_yf&Sm;r_.taetxm;rSm usKd;}uJom jzpfaeEkdifcJhygonf? tjcm;a'orsm;Y rGwfqvifrsm;. pdwf0ifpm; wufºuGr_r&Sdjcif;u v_yf&Sm;r_tm; tm;aysmhaeaponfhtcsdefwGif rGwfqvifvlrsm;pkaexkdif&m yef*syfjynfe,fESifh qpf*f jynfe,frsm;taejzifh (1930) ckESpftwGif;wGif +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; 'kuQtenf;tusOf;om ay;EkdifcJhygonf? wckwnf; aomc|if;csufrSm tA'l *wfzm cef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) u ol.yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; *END. tajccHrl0g' oabmrsm;udk oGwfoGif;ay;EkdifcJhonfh tvSrf;a0;onfh taemufajrmufa'oom jzpfygonf?

vlwef;pm;uGm[csufonfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_.tiftm;ukd wjznf;jznf; tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmapcJhygonf? uGef*&uf wGif ygwDtm;aiGa=u;axmufyHhulnD+yD; t0wftxnfoydwftm; axmufcHtm;ay;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh aus;vufa'orsm;. t"duau'grsm;jzpfaom ajr&Sifrsm;uJhokd‹aom tcGifhxl;cHtkyfpkrsm;ESihf b¾ma&;/ tzGJŒtpnf; qkdif&m qufpyfr_rsm; &SdaecJhygonf? *ENDtaejzifh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;. tqif;&JqkH;tqifhxd tm;vkH;aomtv$mrsm;ESihf vufvSrf;rDaecJhaomfvnf; ygwDrSmedrfhusaomvlwef;pm;rsm;. awmifhwvkdvm;r_rsm;tm; r=um;rod=uaom csrf;omºuG,f0+yD; =oZmwduUr&Sdonfh tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhom qufEG,fr_&SdaecJhygonf? *ENDu tdENd,pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukda&m +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udkyg xdckdufepfemapEkdifonfh taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifEJ$&ef awmif;qkdjcif;tm; a&Smif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf;/ pufr_vkyfief;{&d,mrsm;&Sd aoG;ºuGtvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm (1930) ckESpfwav#mufvkH; tokH;rðy&ao;aom pGrf;tm;&if;jrpfwcktjzpf usef&SdaeqJjzpfcJhygonf?

ydwfyif[ef‹wm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;onf v_yf&Sm;r_. twGif;ta=umif;w&m;rsm;rScsnf; jzpfay:vm=uonf r[kwfcJhyg? tpkd;&u vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;uvnf; xdef;csKyf[ef‹wm;r_rsm;udk jzpfapcJhygonf? A[kdxdef;csKyfr_av#mhcsa&; r[mAsL[mESihf cGJjzef‹ta&;,lydwfqkd‹r_rsm;u tapmykdif;umv zdESdyfacsr_ef;wkdufckdufr_rsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qufvuf&SifoefEkdifap&ef ulnDaxmufyHhEkdifcJhaomfvnf; eHygwfwkwfESifh±kdufESufjcif;/ tvkH;t&if;vkdufzrf;qD;jcif;/ &Jrsm;. ta&;,lpD;eif; wkdufckdufr_rsm;/ nrxGuf&trdef‹rsm;uJhokd‹aom ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m wkdufckdufr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;ykHo¿mefrsm; jzifh ta&;,ltjypfay;r_rsm;onf wkdif;jynf. tcsKdŒaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;&Sd vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf uef‹owfEkdifcJh+yD; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif òydysufoGm;apcJhygonf?

tpdk;&.t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_rsm;u v_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; r+cdrf;ajcmufEkdifcJhaomae&mrsm;wGif +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyf a&;ykdif;u tmcHqef‹usif=uaom tdENd,EkdifiHom;wkd‹tm; tjypfay;&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEkdifcJh=u ygonf? ykdifqkdifajr,mESifh tcGefaiGrSwfykHwifwGJzufaomenf;rSm tjyif;txef qkH;±_H;ysufpD;apaom enf;y&d,m,fjzpfygonf? tusOf;axmifwGif;okd‹0if&ef jyifqifxm;cJholrsm;ESifh ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m wkdufckdufxkd;ESufvmr_rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&ef jyifqif xm;=uolrsm;yif olwkd‹.rdom;pktm; qif;&JEGrf;yg; jzpfusefcJhapEkdifonfh olwkd‹.ajr,mrsm; qkH;±_H;r_udk &ifqkdif&ef rsm;pGm tcuftcJ &SdoGm;cJh=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh bD[me,frS v,form;rsm;rSm ajr,modrf;,lr_rsm;. zdtm; ay;r_a=umifh (1930) ckESpftukefydkif;wGif csufuD'g&dpfwdk@tm; tcGefay;aqmifr_udk jyefvnfpwifay;aqmifcJh=uyg onf?

pD;yGm;a&;tm;enf;r_onfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_tm; wef‹oGm;apcJhygonf? yxrydkif;wGif oydwfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf cJh=uaom t0wftxnfa&mif;0,folrsm;onfvnf; olwkd‹. qkH;±_H;r_txyfxyfa=umifh aoG;ysufvmcJh=uygonf? ZlvkdifvwGif


bkHabrSukefonfrsm;u +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf tay;t,lnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;&ef *ENDESifh ae±l;wkd‹tm; óud;pm;+yD; aoG;aqmifodrf;oGif;&eftwGuf oabmxm;aysmhaysmif;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fyl;aygif; vmcJh=uygonf? xkdESpfaemufykdif;wGif t0wftxnfa&mif;0,f=uolrsm;u EkdifiHjcm;jzpf t0wftxnfrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;a&mif;csvm=uojzifh/ trsm;pkaygif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rSm bkHabòrdŒ jyifyae&mwkdif; eD;yg;wGif usKd;ysufpðy vmcJhygonf?

(1930) ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufykdif;wGif uGef*&ufukd,fYuvnf; tm;enf;vmcJhygonf? zrf;qD;r_rsm;u acgif;aqmifykdif; tm; zdESdyfr_rsm;a=umifh tcuftcJóuHae=u&aom A[dkxdef;csKyfr_ESihf jynfe,fxdef;csKyfr_òydysuf+yD; t=urf;rzuf pnf; rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; wppysuf,Gif;vm=uonfh jynfe,faumfrwDrsm;tm; qkH;jzwfaqmif&GufcGifhrsm; ay;tyfap&ef/ wGef;tm;ay;cJh=uygonf? tmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;ESihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tawGŒtóuH&SdESifhcJh+yD; t=urf;rzufa&;tay: pll;pkduf aqmif&GufcJh=uonfh ywD'grsm;&SdcJhonfh *l*sm&wfuJhodk‹ae&mrsm; tdENd,EkdifiHwGif r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfoGm;cJh&ygonf? rpfemyl&f&Sd tcGefqef‹usifa&;orm;rsm;/ tv,fydkif;a'o (pD/ yD) rS opfawm0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJholrsm;ESifh bkHabESifh umvuwWm;òrdŒ}uD;rsm;rS vlpkvla0;rsm;u t=urf;zufr_tEœ&m,frsm;ukd em;vnfr_ r&Sdoavmuf jzpfcJh=u+yD; &Jrsm;/ awmapmifhrsm;ESihf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;tm; qef‹usifwkdufckdufr_rsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? *l*sm&wf wGifyif wm0efrSEkwfxGuf&ef jiif;qefcJhonfh a'oqkdif&mt&m&SdwOD; towfcHcJh&ygonf? r[mAsL[mOD;wnfcsufrsm; twGuf v_yf&Sm;jcif;xuf/ a'oqkdif&m cHjyif;a'gojzpfr_rsm;a=umifh vlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_ ay:aygufvmr_rsm;vmav/ t=urf;rzufr_pHrsm;rS aoGzDr_rsm; ykdrsm;jym;vmavav jzpfvmygonf?

‘typftcwf&yfpJjcif;’

uGef*&ufu ae&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif tm;enf;qkwf,kwfvmaeonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wckESifh ysufpD;òyduGJvmaeonfh tzGJŒ tpnf;wcktwGuf owdxm;aqmif&GufaepOfwGif +Adwdo#wkd‹u vef'efòrdŒ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwckY tjcm;tdENd, EkdifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;aecJh=uygonf? ‚if;aqG;aEG;yGJonf atmufwdkbmvtaESmif;ykdif;rS pwifI ZEM0g&Dvv,ftxd =umjrihfcJh+yD; +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;/ rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfxm;aom jynfe,frsm; (Princely States) rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ rGwfqvif/ [dENLESifh vpfb&,facgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; tdENd,EkdifiH jynfolrsm;twGuf pum;ajymqdk&ef wm0eft&SdqkH;jzpfaom tzGJŒtpnf;wckjzpfonfh uGef*&uftzGJ@rS tzGJŒ0ifwpkH wa,mufr# ryg0ifcJhyg?

aqG;aEG;yGJu uGef*&uftzGJŒ0ifr[kwfaom aqG;aEG;olrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wkd‹ ESpfOD;pvkH;yg0ifEkdifaom pD&ifaqmif&GufcGihf tm%mydkiftzGJŒu Oya'ðytzGJŒokd‹ wm0ef,lajz=um;&rnfh zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m tajymif;tvJ twGuf enf;ykHpHwckudk xGufay:vmapcJhygonf? xdkyHkpHopfwGif rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;u (Princely States) tdENd,jynfr}uD;ESifh zuf'a&;&Sif;wckozG,fwGJcsdwfxm;rnfh tpDtpOfvnf; yg0ifonf? tajymif; tvJumvtawmtwGif; bk&ifcHu umuG,fa&;ESihf b¾ma&;uJhokd‹aom udpP&yfrsm;ukd pDpOftkyfcsKyfcGihf txl; tm%mudk &,lxm;vdrhfrnfjzpfygonf? tdENd,vpfb&,frsm;twGuf oabmwlnDr_onf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGihf& tpkd;& (Self government) jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf wkd;wufr_wcktjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? rGwfqvifrsm;rSm [dENL. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ tumtuG,fay;a&; aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifaom zuf'&,fykHpHpepftajccHwckjzihf tmrcHay;r_&&SdcJh=uyg onf? +Adwdo#vpfb&,frsm;ESifh tm0if. (1929) ckESpf ðyjyifa&;wifoGif;r_tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef qef‹usifcJh=uonfh wkd&Drsm; (uGefqmaA;wpfygwD0ifrsm;) yifv#if xkdtpDtpOfrsm;t& aqmif&Gufrnfh 'kdrDeD,Htqifh (Dominion Status) udk axmufcHcJh=uygonf? Oya'ðytzGJŒtwGif;&Sd 'Drkdua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwfonfh rif;apmfbGm; rsm;tkyfcsKyfa&; jynfe,frsm;. =oZmtm%mESifh pD&iftkyfcsKyfcGifh txl;tm%monf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; tum tuG,fay;Ekdifacs &Sdygonf?

odk‹&mwGif Todk‹aom udk,fpm;ðycGifhr&Sdaom tdENd,udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒESifh vkyfaqmifcJhaom vef'efvkyfief;pOfrSm uGef*&ufuom a&Smifaeygu zGHŒòzd;tm;aumif;vm&ef tvm;tvm enf;yg;vSygonf? aemufw}udrf aqG;aEG;yGJ okd‹wufa&muf&ef uGef*&uftm; pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;Ekdifrnf[k tm0ifu r,kH=unfcJhaomfvnf; +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&; a=umif;usKd;wus taxmuftxm;jzpfapEkdifaom ajz&Sif;r_wcktay: tdENd,. oabmwlnDr_ a&&SnfcHr_tvm; tvmrSm r=umrwiftwGif; xyfrH&&Sdvmrnfr[kwfonfudk olodaecJhygonf? olu ol. tpkd;&tay: ydaeonfh zdpD;r_rsm;ESifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_. ±_yfaxG; pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfp&mrsm;rS olŒtpdk;& . aiGa=u;,kdpD;ukefusr_ rsm;udkvnf; avsmhenf;oufomoGm;apcsifygonf? xkd‹a=umifh uGef*&ufESihf +idrf;csrf;a&;&aprnfh ðyrlaqmif&Gufr_ wckðyvkyf&ef


tcsdefusa&mufae+yDjzpfonfhtwGuf ZEM0g&Dv (24) &ufae‹wGif olu tusOf;usae=uaom vkyfief; aumfrwD0iftm;vkH;tm; ¹cGif;csufr&Sd v$wfay;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhygonf?

vGwfajrmufvmonfESifh *ENDu uGef*&uftaejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; qkdif;iHhxm;vdrhfrnfr[kwfyJ tpkd;&u oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufqef‹usifcGihf/ qm;xkwfvkyfcGihfESihf tcGefqef‹usifolrsm;xHrS odrf;qnf;xm;aom OpPmypPnf; rsm;tm; jyefay;+yD;/ zdESdyfa&; txl;Oya'rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef jywfjywfom;om; awmif;qkdcJhygonf? okd‹&mwGif jrifuGif;rsm;.aemufuG,fY ‚if;tcsdefonf tpkd;&ESifh oabmwlnDr_,l&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf[k uGef*&uf twGif;tjyif ESpfckpvkH;rS ajymqkdae=uonfudk =um;aecJh&ygonf? uGef*&uftwGif;rS oabmxm; aysmhaysmif;olrsm;rSm vlxktmcH qef‹usifr_ESifh ywfoufvmv#if tpOfojzifh csDwkHcswkH jzpfavh&Sd=u+yD; ‚if;udk pGef‹v$wfvdk=uygonf? ydkIaysmhaysmif; aom vrf;a=umif;wckudk qef‹usifaumif;qef‹usifvdkcJh=uonfh aoG;ºuGolrsm;rSm azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufae‹wGif rkdwDvmae±l; (Motilal Nehru) aoqkH;oGm;cJhaoma=umifh OD;pD; acgif;aqmifwOD; qkH;±_H;oGm;cJh=uygonf?

*ENDonf pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0kdif;okd‹vnf; oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;ajymqkdcJh+yD; ‚if;wkd‹onfvnf; tay;t,l nd‡E_dif;&ef tm;oefaecJh=ua=umif; awGŒcJh&ygonf? ‘av;pm;*k%f,lp&m ajz&Sif;r_wckudk&zkd‹ jzpfEkdifp&m&SdwmawGudk &SmazG =unhfoifhwJhtcsdef a&mufvm+yDqkdwm r[wWr*ENDeJ‹ uGef*&ufukd t}uHay;wm[m rrSm;Ekdifygbl;’[k Culcutta Indian Chamber of Commerce uvuwWm; ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. OuUXjzpfol 'DyD cdkifwef (D.P Khaitan) u azazmf0g&Dv (11) &ufae‹wGif a=unmcJhygonf? ‘usKyfwkd‹tm;vkH; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkdcsifw,f’? aemufqkH;wGif tmcHqef‹usifr_ ðyvkyfcJh=uolrsm; cHpm;ae&onf'kuQonf olwkd‹tm; qef‹usifae=uolrsm;.pdwfudk ajymif;vJoGm;atmif vkyfEkdifcJhvdrhfrnf[laom *END. ,kH=unfr_u tpkd;&ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdif pum;ajymaqG;aEG;jcif; onf xkdtajctae ay:aygufvmEkdifp&m ta=umif;&Sdonf[k olŒtm; ar#mfvifhvmapcJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&ef awmif;qkdonfh pmwapmifudk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &ufae‹wGif tm0ifxHokd‹ oluay;ydk‹cJhygonf? bk&ifcHuvnf; rqkdif;rwGyif vufcHcJhygonf?

av;pm;xkdufaom vlaumif;wOD;tjzpf trsm;vufcHxm;cJh=uaom tm0ifu *ENDtm; olESifhyËdyuQudk ajz&Sif; ay;rnfh pHðyaqG;aEG;zufyk*~Kdvftjzpf txif}uD;av;pm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhygonf? *END. wav;wpm;ðyr_udk wkef@jyefcJhonfh tm0ifuvnf; xkdav;pm;r_udk ckdif=unfoGm;atmif *±kwpkduf&SdcJhygonf? olu 0uf*sf0k'f bif (Wedgewood Benn) xHokd‹ olŒtaejzifh ol.±kd;om;r_/ n‡mwmaxmufxm;r_ESifh *END. ar#mfvihfcsufrsm;tay: em;vnfr_/ oHo,jzpfr_/ pdwfysuf&r_rsm;udk *END odjrifoabmaygufoGm;&ef óud;pm;rnfhta=umif; pma&;om;ay;ydk‹ cJhygonf? olonf tdENd,vlrsKd; vpfb&,fwOD;. t}uH m%fudk&,l+yD; ol. tav;eufqkH; pdwf"mwftiftm;ESifh vnf; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdfrnf jzpfa=umif;vnf; azmfjycJhygonf?

azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹ ae‹v,fcif;wGif okd;arG;òcHxnfwifxm;aom *ENDonf ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u aqmufI +yD;pD;oGm;cJhaom e,ll;a'vD&Sd bk&ifcHtdrfawmf. avScg;xpfrsm;udk ajcvSrf;usJusJjzifh wufvmcJhyg onf? a&yef;rsm;/ qif±kyfyef;ykrsm;ESifh jrifhrm;aom trkd;ckH;}uD;tkyfrkd;xm;aom tdrfawmfrSm tifyg,m}uD;. pGrf;tm;owWdrsm; jzmxGuf vufyaecJhygonf? olŒtm; }uD;rm;aomavScg;xpfrsm;rS wufa&mufI rD;vif;zkda&S› wGif aEG;aEG;axG;axG;xkdifEkdifonfh tm0if. pmzwfcef;okd‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhygonf? ae‹pOf tm0ifESifh pum;ajymqkdaqG;aEG;+yD;v#if *ENDu ol.rdwfaqG wOD;.tdrfodk‹jyefI vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESifh em&Daygif;rsm;pGm jyefvnfokH;oyfpOf;pm;cJhygonf?

TaqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm;onf tóudaESmifóud;rJhjzpf+yD; 'kwd,t}udrf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&mwGif tajccH&rnfh ta=umif; t&m taetxm;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jzpfap&ef ðyvkyfcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf? yxr r=umrDu+yD;pD;cJhonfh pm;yGJ0kdif; aqG;aEG;yGJrS ay:xGufvmcJhaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'qkdif&mar;cGef;rsm; &SdcJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@taejzifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHwck wm0ef&SdA[kdtpdk;&wckESifh tr_aqmifrsm;twGuf ,m,Dvsmxm;ay;xm;aom trsKd;rsKd;aom tm%mrsm;. abmiftwGif;rS aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;rnfavm/ 'kwd,vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_ESifh ywfoufI rnfodk‹aqmif &Guf=urnfqkdonfh ar;cGef;jzpfygonf? tm0ifu tu,fI uGef*&ufu ‚if;wdk‹. v_yf&Sm;r_tm; qkdif;ihHxm;cJhv#if olŒtaejzifh vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;a=umifh zrf;qD;xm;aom tusOf;om;tm;vkH;tm;jyefv$wfay;rnf/ qufpyf aeaom txl;Oya'rsm; zsufodrf;ay;rnf/ ta&;,lzrf;qD;&ef apv$wfcsxm;ay;aom &JwyfzGJŒrsm;tm; jyefvnf ac:,lay;rnf paomtcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymqkdcJhygonf? okd‹aomf *ENDu E_wfxGufoGm;cJh=uaom a'o qkdif&mt&mxrf;rsm;. tvkyfae&mrsm;tm; jyefvnfcef‹xm;ay;&ef/ tcGefqef‹usifolrsm;xHrS odrf;qnf;xm;aom ajr,mrsm;tm; jyefay;tyf&ef/ qm;xkwfvkyfjcif;/


t&ufESifh t0wftxnfqdkifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmuf uef‹uGuf jcif;udkcGifhðy&efESifh &Jwkd‹. rw&m;ðyusifhr_rsm;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;ay;&efwkd‹udkyg tvkd&SdcJhygonf?

tjiif;yGm;p&mtjzpfqkH; jy\emrsm;rSm rnfokd‹yifjzpfap zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH Oya'qkdif&mudpPrsm; r[kwf=uyg? tpkd;&. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm vGwfvyfr_rsm;pGmenf;yg;aomfvnf; *ENDrSm aemufw}udrf pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tifyg,m}uD;rS tdENd,EkdifiH. cGJxGufcGifhukd uGef*&ufu wifoGif;Ekdifa&;twGuf tm0if. uwdpum;udk &&SdcJhygonf? ‚if;tjyif *END. yk*~Kdvfa&;em;vnfokH;oyfr_t& zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m jy\emrsm;jzpfonfh tdENd,EkdifiHonf 'kdrDeD,H tqifh&rnf (okd‹r[kwf) vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;&rnfESifh tul;tajymif; rnfokd‹a&S›qufaqmif&Gufrnf ponfwkd‹rSm *END. acgif;xJwGif r&Sdyg? ol. pdwftwGif;wGif olvdkvm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHtwGuf jzpfvmrnfh trsKd;om;tpdk;&trsKd;tpm; udk qkH;jzwfpOf;pm;xm;+yD;om; jzpfygonf?

okd‹&mwGif *ENDtwGuf tjcm;udpPrsm;tm; pGef‹v$wfvkduf&ef rvG,ffulvSyg? rnfokd‹yifjzpfap v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf ol. r[mAsL[mrSm qm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh t0wftxnfwifoGif;r_wkd‹uJhokd‹ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. tckdiftrm tusqkH; csrSwfxm;onfht&mrsm;tm; ckcHqef‹usifa&;jzpfygonf? tu,fI xkdudpPrsm;tm; ol tav#mhay;tnHhcH vkdufrnfqkdygu vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&; a&S›wef;usonfhae&mrsm;rS tdENd,om;rsm;u usqkH;r_tjzpfjrifoGm;=u rnfjzpfygonf? ywD'gv,form;rsm;twGuf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrSm olwkd‹. }uD;rm;vSaom ajr,mqkH;±_H;r_xufykdI ta&;rygEkdifcJhyg? ‚if;tjyif 'g&moemqm;usif;Y aoG;xGufoH,dk jzpfcJh=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzihf olwkd‹qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_. &nf&G,fcsufrysufr,Gif;&Sd+yD; &Jrsm;. t=urf;zufESdrfeif;r_vnf; uif;vGwfEkdifonfh tay;t,lrsKd;tm; óudqkdvufcH&ef rjzpfEkdifvSyg? TudpPrsm;tay:wGif tay;t,lvkyf&efrSm tm0iftwGufvnf; tcuftcJ&SdcJhygonf? ol. jynfe,ft&m&Sdrsm;u &Jrsm;tm; ta&;,ltjypfay;r_ okd‹r[kwf edpP"l0ta=umif;t&mrsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_tm; atmifjrifr_&apEkdifonfh ajz&Sif;r_wpHkw&monf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;u ol.tiftm;tjzpf trSDðytm;xm;&aomolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfusoGm;apEkdifa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifxm;cJh +yD;jzpfygonf? ‘u|Ekfyfwkd‹onf wifjyvmonfh vkyfaqmifr_vrf;a=umif; wkdif;tm; uGef*&uftay: jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfh oufa&mufr_rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrpOf;pm;yJ u|Ekfyfwkd‹tm; axmufcHolrsm;ESihf u|Ekfyfwkd‹.t&m&Sdrsm;/ vlrsm;tay: TudpPrsm;u oufa&mufjzpfay:vmEkdifacs&Sdaom oufa&mufr_rsm;tay: pOf;pm; qkH;jzwf=u&ygrnf’ [k a'vD aqG;aEG;yGJrusif;yrD &uftenf;i,ftvkdwGif tm0if. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifwOD;u owday;xm;cJhygonf?

*ENDESifh tm0ifonf a'vDY azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGif xyfrHI aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_udk pwifcJh=uygonf? olwkd‹onf zuf'a&;&Sif;wm0efcHtpdk;&ESifh txl;tm%mokH;csufay:wGif tajccHaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf enf;vrf;wckudk tvsiftjref oabmwlnDcJh=uygonf? okd‹aomf v_yf&Sm;r_rnfuJhokd‹tqkH;owfrnf qkdonfh jy\em wGifrl tm;vkH;òyduGJ&rvkd xifcJh&ygonf? aemufqkH;wGif tm0ifu tenf;i,fay;I *ENDursm;pGmay;+yD; olwkd‹ESpfOD; oabmwlnDr_wck &,lcJh=uygonf? vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; tqkH;owf&rnf/ tpdk;&u zdESdyfa&;txl;Oya'rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;rnf/ ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;tm; ±kyfodrf;ay;rnf/ tusOf;om;rsm;v$wfay;rnf/ ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;aom toif;tzGJŒrsm;tm; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifcGihfay;rnf/ tvkyfrSxGufcJh=uaom tdENd,0efxrf;rsm;tm; =um; umvtwGif; tvkyfrsm; t+rJwrf;rjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifao;cif tvkyfjyefay;xm;rnf?

tjcm;wzufwGifrl &Jrsm;. rw&m;ðyusifhr_rsm;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvdrhfrnfr[kwfyg? v,form;rsm; tae jzifh a&mif;cs+yD;jzpfaom odrf;qnf;v,f,majrrsm;tm; jyefvnfr&&SdEkdif=uawmhyg? t&ufESifh t0wftpm; qkdifrsm; tm; +idrf;csrf;aom oydwfarSmufqef‹usifr_ qufvufðyvkyfEkdifcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m ta&;,l ydwfqkd‹jcif; rjzpfap&yg? qm;Oya'rSm qufvuf&Sdaernfjzpfaomfvnf; jyefwGif;okH;pGJ&efjzpfaom tao;pm;qm; xkwfvkyfjcif;ukd tpkd;&u taESmihft,Sufay;vdrhfrnfr[kwfyg? *s0g[mvm ae±l;rSm tvGef trif;pdwfysufoGm;cJhyg onf? *ENDu vkyfief;aumfrwD. oabmwlnDr_udk vkHòcHpdwfcs&atmif pDpOfxdef;odrf;EkdifcJh+yD;/ rwfv (5) &ufae‹wGif typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDr_udk vlxktm; a=unmEkdifcJhygonf?

*ENDu uGef*&uf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; y,fzsufay;vdkufjcif;ESifh aemufrqkwfwrf; &ifqkdifzdtm;ay;jcif;xuf pm;yGJ0kdif;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifyl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzifh ykdI&,lEkdifrnf okd‹r[kwf qkH;±_H;r_enf;yg;vdrhfrnfjzpfa=umif; tckdif trm ajymqkdcJhygonf? ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olu rsufESmrysufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ tajccH udpPrsm;wGif


jywfjywfom;om; tEkdif&atmif rawmif;qkdEkdifcJhyg? aoG;ºuGolrsm;u *END. aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; vrf;a=umif;ESifhywfoufI ra=ureyf jzpfaecJh=uaomfvnf; acgif;aqmifrsm; tEœ&m,fuif;ae+yD; ,Eœ&m; ysufpD; aeaom uGef*&uftm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef tcsdef,laeqJ[k xifcJh&ygonf? olwkd‹tm; vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif qufvufwnf&SdaeapcJhonfht&mrSm tu,fI =o*kwfvwGif pwifusif;yrnfh pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJopfrS oabm wlnDr_wpkHw&m r&&SdcJhygu olwkd‹taejzifh tjyif;txef ckcHumuG,f+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_udktopfjyefvnf pwifEkdifvdrhfrnf [k ,kH=unfaejcif;yifjzpfygonf?

a'vDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; av;&uft=umwGif tm0ifu vef'efrS 0uf*sf0k'fbif (Wadgewood Benn) xHokd‹ u|Ekfyfwkd‹ ESpfOD;pvkH;tm; pdwfylapcJhaom &Jrsm;.tðytrlESifh zdESdyfa&;enff;pepfuJhokd‹aom udpPrsm;wGif tav#mhay; aemufqkwfp&m rvkdtyfcJhawmhojzihf olŒtaejzifh pdwfoufom&m&cJha=umif; pma&;om;cJhygonf? cgwkdif;uJhodk‹yif bk&ifcHrSm oabmwlnDr_u taESmihft,SufrðycJhaom ol. xdef;csKyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ay:wGifyif pl;pdkufcJhygonf? tu,fI tay;t,lvkyfr_u uGef*&uftzGJ@tm; jyefvnfpkpnf;jcif;udk rwm;qD;cJhv#if ‚if;tm; tjynfht0 tm%mpkpnf;r_ &SdaeapcJhrnfjzpfonf? ‘tvkH;pkHjyefvnfokH;oyf+yD; u|Ekfyftaejzifh *ENDtm; vrf;a=umif;twkdif; ,ckxdvkdufygvmatmif aoG;aqmif&&SdcJhjcif;ukd tHhtm;oifhp&mwck[k oabmxm;cJhygonf’ [k tm0ifu rSwfcsuf cscJhygonf?

&JwyfzGJŒESifh t&yfzufvkyfief;rsm;rS rsm;pGmaom tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;rSm oabmwlnDr_udk tm0ifavmufyif pdwftm; xufoefr_ r&SdcJh=uyJ/ +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;u &Jrsm;tm; aemuftopfwzef jyefvnfjzpfay:vmrnfh yËdyuQwckwGif ‚if;wkd‹.vufrsm;udk csnfaESmifxm;vdrhfrnfr[kwfa=umif; jyo&rnf[k qkH;jzwfcJh=uygonf? ‘&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; t"dy`m,fwckwnf;xGufonfh a=unmcsufESifh aemufqufwGJ tvm;wl&Sif;vif;onfh vufawGŒrsufjrifoufaojyr_ vkyfjyjcif;jzifh tpkd;&u tkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;atmifvkyfaom v_yf&Sm;r_tm; rjzpfrae ESdrfeif;ypf&ef ydkif;jzwfxm;+yD; jzpfa=umif; jyojcif;onf &JwyfzGJŒ.opPm&Sdr_udk rvGJraoG&&Sdaprnf’ [k b*Fvm; jynfe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJŒu owd ay;xm;cJhygonf? xkd‹a=umifhyif twdkuftckduf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuftay:rS rifajcmufv#ifajcmufjcif; wm0ef&Sd yk*~Kdvfrsm;u ta&;ay:tm%mOya'opfwckudk a&;qGJcJh=uygonf?

zufESpfzufpvkH;rS oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;u twkduftckduf&yfpJa&;udk csKd;zsufypf&ef tqifoifhjzpfae=uojzifh jzpf&yfrsm;rSm qkH;±_H;r_udk zdwfac:aeovkd jzpfaecJhygonf? ToabmwlnDr_. AdokumwOD;jzpfol avmh'ftm0if (Lord Irwin) rSm {+yDvwGif t*Fvefokd‹ t+yD;tydkifjyefoGm;cJh+yD; ol.ae&mtm; bk&ifcHtjzpf tpm;0ifa&mufvm ol avmh'f0Dvif'Gef (Lord Willingdon) taejzifh odjrifem;vnfxm;r_ vkH;0rwlnDyJ/ uGJjym;aeonf? ,cktcsdef wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;OD;wnfaqmif&Guf&if; a'oqkdif&m ta&;udpPrsm;wGif trsm;óudufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfaeonfh uGef*&uftzGJ@rSm jy\emjzpfvmcJhygawmhonf? *l*sm&wfESihf Owmy&m'uf&Sf tcsKdŒtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif v,form; rsm;u ajrcGefay;aqmifr_tm; qufvuf&yfqkdif;xm;cJh=uqJ jzpfygonf? ‚if;wkd‹rSm pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukefrsm; aps;usqif;ae+yD; pD;yGm;a&;edrfhyg;a=umifh uef‹uGufqef‹usifae=ujcif; jzpfygonf? taemuf ajrmufykdif;a&S›wef; a'orsm;wGif tA'l *wfzmcef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) . tiftm;pkrsm;u t0wftpm;qkdifrsm; oydwfarSmuf qef‹usif jcif;/ ajrcGefoydwfarSmuf&ef aqmf=ojcif;rsm;ðyvkyfI jyefvnfv_yf&Sm; wufºuGvmcJh=uygonf? *ENDurl wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk tay;t,lvkyf nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;&ef wkdufwGef;aeonfh tcsdeftwGif; xdef;odrf;csKyfwnf;r_rsm;udk jyo=u&ef a'oqkdif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; t}uH m%fðyaecJhygonf? yaw;ESifh ae±l;uJhodk‹aom tjcm;uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm twkduftckduf&yfpJr_wGif wG,fukwfxm;jcif;twGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;jzpfxGef;yg. avm? a'oqkdif&mvlxkrsm;. axmufcHr_rsm;qkH;±_H;r_u ydkIepfemaprnfavm[k pwifpOf;pm;vmcJh=uygonf?

*ENDu =o*kwfvwGif uGef*&uf. t"duukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;tjzpf aemufxyfpm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJwufa&muf&ef vef'ef okd‹ xGufcGmvmcJhygonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJwGif *ENDawG@&onfrSm +Adwdo#tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tdENd,ygwDukd,fpm; vS,frsm;udk qHkawG@&ygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹url tdENd,EkdifiHtwGuf aemufqkH;jzpfvmrnfhtajctaerSm rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;pktkyfpkrnfr#yifjzpfap/ yg0ifukd,fpm;ðywufa&mufr_&SdEdkifonfh/ oabmwlnDcsuf/ rif;apmfbGm;rsm;tkyfcsKyfonfh jynfe,frsm;yg0ifEdkifaom z,f'&,ftkyfcsKyfyHkyif jzpfoifhonf[k twdtvif;ajymqdkwif;cHae=uygonf? olwkd‹ar#mf vifhxm;&SdcJhonfhtwkdif;yif tdENd,udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm Ttcsufrsm;tay:wGif a&S›rwkd;aemufrqkwfEdkifonfh vdyfcJ wnf;vnf;tajctae jzpfcJh=u+yD;/ ar#mfvifhcsufukefvkeD;yg; jzpfcJh&ygonf? olwkd‹.uGJjym;r_udk aphpyfay;&ef *END. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;rSmvnf; ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&ygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf &rf;aq;rufa':e,f (PM Ramsay MacDonald) u


'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif aqG;aEG;yGJudked*Hk;csKyfcJhonf? odk@aomftdENd,EkdifiHrSm pwifajymqkdaqmif &GufcJhcsdefu&Sdxm;cJhaom 'dkrDeD,Htqifhtwef;xuf ydkIwdk;wufeD;pyf rvmcJhyg?

rnfonfh&vm'frS jyop&mr&SdyJ pm;yGJ0kdif;aqG;aEG;yGJ +yD;qkH;oGm;cJh&onfhtwGuf/ ±_H;edrfhjcif;tm; 0efcHjcif;xuf wjcm; vkyfp&mrSm vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; jyefvnf&Sifoefvmatmif ðyvkyfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? *END tdENd,EkdifiHokd‹ jyefvm cJhonfhtcsdefwGif tpkd;&u jyif;xefonfhqGay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh+yD;jzpfygonf? jynfe,fwm0ef&Sdt&m&Sd rsm;u ae±l; tygt0if uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;tm; tusOf;axmifwGif jyefvnfzrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD; b*Fvm;/ Owm y&m'uf&SfESifh taemufajrmufa&S›wef;a'orsm;wGif zdESdyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfaqmif&GufaecJh+yD jzpfygonf? *ENDu Ttajctaetm;vkH;tm; ajymqkdaqG;aEG;&ef bk&ifcHopf avmh'f0Dvif;'Geftm; yef=um;awmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf;/ y,fcsjiif;qkdcHcJh&+yD; (1932) ckESpf. yxrqkH;ae‹wGif uGef*&ufu vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_tm; jyefvnfpwifawmh rnf jzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf?

okd‹&mwGif onfw}udrfY tpdk;&u jzpfvmrnfht&mudk od&SdaecJh+yD; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; ydwfqkd‹wm;qD;&ef ydkI ,kH=unfr_&SdaecJh+yDjzpfygonf? vtawmf=um=umu pDpOfxm;cJh+yD;jzpfonfh vufOD;r_&,lacsr_ef;r_rSm tqufrjywf zrf;qD;r_rsm;ESifh Oya'opfrsm;tm;jzifh pwifykHay:vmcJhygonf? *ENDukd,fwkdifvnf; Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif jyefvnf tusOf;cscHcJh&ygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹. rl0g'topfrSm ppfOya'yifjzpfcJhygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifyif rsm;pGmaom uGef*&uf . trmcHaxmufcHolwkd‹rSmvnf; tapmykdif;v_yf&Sm;r_ qkdif;iHhcJh&r_rsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&m uef‹owf ydwfyifr_rsm;a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_ +idrfouf&yfwef@aecJh+yD; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ‚if;wkd‹onf qef‹usifbufvrf;a=umif;odk‹ ajymif;vkdpdwf r&Sd=uy/J olwkd‹. touftkd;tdrfrsm;tm; aemufxyfv_yf&Sm;r_wckay:okd‹ ykHtyfxm;&ef 0efav;vmcJh=uygonf? vlxk . tmcHqef‹usifr_ta=umhopf aemufxyfESpfESpfwm yHkrSef+yD;qkH;oGm;cJhjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; yxrajcmufv+yD;onf txd/ tpkd;&tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef pdefac:tHwkEkdifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg?

æ æ æ æ

(1930-1931) ckESpftwGif; tdENd,EkdifiH +Adwdo#qef‹usifa&; vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&;. tusKd;&v'frsm;rSm a'G;a&m ,SufwifjzpfcJhonfrSm aocsmygonf? uGef*&uf. taotcsmcsrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh *s0g[mvm ae±l;uJhokd‹aom ckdifrmjywfom;onfh trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. ar#mfvihfcsufrsm;taejzifh v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ta&;±_H;edrfhcJh onf[k jrifygonf? (1934) ckESpftwGif; 'kwd,tqifh aemufqkH;aygufuGJcJhonfhtcsdefwGif tdENd,EkdifiHonf tifyg,mtwGif; 'kdrDeD,Htqifh okd‹r[kwf vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;twGufyg rqkdpavmufwkd;wufr_om ðyvkyfEkdifcJh ygonf? olwkd‹onf *ENDu ta&;}uD;onf[k pOf;pm;xm;cJhaom pD;yGm;a&; t"dutcGihfta&;rsm;ESifh ul;ajymif;a&; ta&;udpPrsm;wGif atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJh=uyg?

okd‹&mwGif v_yf&Sm;r_u zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqkdif&m tajymif;tvJ okd‹r[kwf ±kyf0wˆKqkdif&m tusKd;tjrwf ray;EkdifcJh aomfvnf;/ omreftdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;/ Tjzpf&yfrsm;udk appm;armif;Ekdifonfh tpGrf;owWd&Sda=umif; jyo ay;cJhygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH. ae&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u tifyg,mtkyfpkd;r_tm; 0ef;&Hxm;aom zGJŒpnf;wnfaqmufr_tm; tm;enf;atmifvkyf&mwGif atmifjrifcJh=uygonf? tcGefqef‹usifa&;/ xkwfukefypPnf; oydwfarSmufuef‹uGufr_ESifh E_wfxGufr_rsm;onf tpkd;&. ºuGufom;rsm;jzpfonfh aiGa=u;ESifh 0efxrf;tiftm; ESpfck tm; qef‹xGufavsmhusoGm;apEkdifcJhygonf? {+yDvtukefydkif; yuf&S0grS tenf;tusOf;aom ta&;ygonfh tjzpf tysufrsm;/ (1930) ckESpftwGif; *l*s&wfrS tcsKdŒtjzpftysufrsm;t& vlxk tmcHqef‹usifr_u +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; tu,fIom olwkd‹taejzifh ukdvkdeDtpkd;&ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;twGuf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJh=uaom tdENd, vlrsKd;rsm;. pdwfcs,kH=unf&r_tm; rodusKd;u|Hðyvdkufawmhrnfqkdygu rnfokd‹jzpfvmvdrhfrnfqkdonfukd jyocJhygonf? +Adwdo#wkd‹rSm ‚if;ae&mrsm;wGif pwifcJhaom vlpkvla0; v_yf&Sm;r_uav;rsm;/ rD;yGg;rsm;onf tjcm;tdENd,EkdifiH tpdwf tydkif;rsm;okd‹ ckefysHul;pufroGm;Ekdif-oGm;Ekdif qkdonfudkvnf; raocsmcJhyg? v_yf&Sm;r_udk rjyef‹yGm;atmif wm;qD; umuG,fr_onf ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;tm;


auseyfr_ray;Ekdifaom tokH;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh yËdyuQtm; ed*kH;csKyf&ef aphpyfnd‡E_dif;cJh&aom tm0iftm; a&$Œajymif;oGm;&onftxd wefzkd;}uD;rm;cJhygonf?

okd‹&mwGif rsufESmjyifatmufwGifrl tpdk;&taejzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m taxGaxGtusyftwnf;ESifh rnfonfhtcgrS &ifrqkdifcJh&yg? trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u &JwyfzGJŒ.opPm&Sdr_udk qGJaqmifrodrf;oGif;EdkifcJh=uovdk/ zdESdyfr_tm; tm;aysmh oGm;atmifvnf; rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJh=uyg? r=umc% udk;,kd;um;,m;jzpfapcJhjcif;rsm;/ t+rJvkdvkdwefzdk;}uD;}uD;rm;rm; ay;I aqmif&Guf&r_rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl xdxda&mufa&muftaESmihft,Suf ray;EkdifcJh=uyg? v_yf&Sm;r_rSm rnfonfhòzdcGJa&;xkd;ESufcsufudkrqkd vrf;v$JoGm;ap&ef pDrHxm;cJhaomfvnf; tdENd,. tm;vkH;aomacgif; aqmifrsm; zrf;qD;cH&+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif/ a'oqkdif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;taejzifh pnf;csuftwdkif; qufvuf ruEdkif=uawmhyg? yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;vGef;jcif;/ e,fajrrsm;pGm wGif ysHŒESH‹r_rsm;vGef;jcif;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf qef‹usiftkHºuGr_tm;vkH;tm; acsr_ef;&ef rjzpfapEkdifcJhyg? okd‹aomfvnf; ±kdufESufjcif;/ zrf;qD;tusOf;csjcif;/ ajr,mESifh csKyfudkifxdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh tjcm;ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;u/ ae&maygif;rsm;pGmrS ckcHqef‹usifr_rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm; apcJhygonf? uGef*&uftaejzifh zdESdyfr_ajyavsmhoGm;ap&ef vkyfaqmifEkdifajc&SdcJhaom r[mAsL[m ðyjyifxdef;nd‡r_rsm; udk v_yf&Sm;r_wGifusifhoHk;EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ xif&Sm;aomtcsufrSm tdENd,e,fajrtESH@tjym;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhjcif; r&SdcJh yJ aecJhjcif;jzpfonf? tdENd,EdkifiH. vlaexlxyf}uD;rm;aoma'orsm; rsm;pGmu|if;usefI v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh uif;uGm &SdaecJh onfqkdonfhtcsufukd ajymif;vJoGm;atmif raqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uyg? rGwfqvifrsm;. tiftm;jznfhwif;yg0ifr_ESifh pufr_vkyfief;tvkyform;rsm;. axmufcHyg0ifr_udkvnf; r&cJh=uyg? *END.aemufvkdufaemufygrsm; vkyfaqmifcJh=u aom vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_rsm;udkom vkyfaqmif atmifjrifr_&&SdEdkifcJh=uygonf?

uGef*&uftaejzifh tdENd,-+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;tm; rzsufqD;EkdifcJhapumrl +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_. w&m;0ifjzpfr_tm; usKd;ausysufapcJhygonf? &mpkESpfwckausmfcef‹ tpkd;&taejzifh ‚if;ukd,fYu odrfarG@aumif;rGefaomtpdk;&tjzpf jyo cJhygonf? aumif;rGefaompD;yGm;a&;aqmif,lay;aom/ wjznf;jznf;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfay;aom/ a&&SnfwGif udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;EkdifpGrf;aom tpdk;&tjzpf udk,fpm;ðyaqmif&GufcJhygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHom;rsm;u olwkd‹. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; udkifwG,faqmif&Gufae+yD; tpkd;&. Oya'ESifh tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeoI +Adwdo#wkd‹u ‚if;tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;EkdifcJhrnfjzpfygonf? okd‹aomf vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_u TtcsufESifh w&m;0ifjzpfapr_udk òyduGJysufpD;oGm;apcJhygonf?

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‚if;oabmwlnDr_udk +Adwdo#wkd‹ qkH;±_H;cJh&+yD; vlxktmcHqef‹usifr_u ydkI pnf;urf;pepf usevmapcJhygonf? uGef*&uftzGJ@uvnf; ‚if;. tusyfudkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;rwqifhS +Adwdo#-tdENd,tkyfcsKyfa&;udk uGJjym;oGm;apcJh ygonf? xkd‹xufydkI tdENd,EdkifiHtm; ydkrdknD!GwfapcJhygonf? +Adwdo#rsm;taejzifh olwkd‹tifyg,m}uD;. tvif;vuf tawmufyqkH;ausmufrsufudk ar#mfvihfxm;onfhtcsdefxuf apmpD;pGmyif qkH;±_H;oGm;cJh&+yDjzpfygonf?

‘rkefwkdif;tpJ’

(1930) ckESpftv,fykdif; vlxktmcHqef‹usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_qkdif;iHhaeqJ/ +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vnf; qufvufwnf&Sdae qJtcsdefwGif tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vrf;a=umif;topfwckudk csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? *ENDrSm vrf; a=umif;. pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_oauFwtjzpf qufvufwnf&SdaecJh+yD; tcsdeftcgu awmif;qdkvmcJhonfhtcsdefwGif olu EkdifiHa&;pifjrihfay:okd‹ tvsiftjrefvSrf;wufcJhygonf? odk‹&mwGif *ENDrSm tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf tðyoabm aumif;usKd;aqmifaom vkyfief;rsm;ukdom pl;epfaqmif&GufcJhygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh Zmwfedrfhrsm;udk vGwfajrmuf apjcif;/ aus;&Gmpufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk wkd;jrifhapjcif;/ ynma&;ESihf oef‹&Sif;a&;pepfrsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; wkd‹udkom olu OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhygonf? pHerlemjyoonfhtaejzifh olu ol.tajccH pcef;t&S&rfudk tdENd, tv,fykdif;&Sd &SD0*&rf (Sevagram) &GmrS "rR&dyfomtopfokd‹ ajymif;a&$ŒaexkdifcJhygonf?

uGef*&ufygwDu tdENd,EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;.qkvmbfudk rsufjcnfrjywf=unfhaecJhaomfvnf; rJqENe,fcsJŒxGifjcif;/ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&aom jynfe,fOya'ðytzGJŒrsm;tm; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;vmapjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? (1935) ckESpf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;t+yD;wGif uGef*&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;u pepftwGif;vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufa&;zufodk‹ OD;vSnfh cJh=uygonf? ‚if;wdk@tay:vlóudufrsm;axmufcHr_udk qENrJrsm;tjzpfajymif;,lEdkifcJh=uygonf? (1937) ckESpf a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;wGif ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;Y trwfae&m tEkdif&&SdcJhygonf? aemuf jynfe,f/ c&dkiftpkd;&rsm; zGJŒpnf; EdkifcJh=uyg onf?

'kwd,urBmppfu Todk@yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufvkyfukdifr_udk tqkH;owfypfvkdufygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDrefu qHk;jzwfcJh onfhtwdkif; tdENd,udkvkdeDtpkd;&uvnf; tdENd,v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. t,ltqudk awmif;cHar;jref;jcif; r&SdyJ/ *smreDudk ppfa=unmcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;wdk@opPm&Sd&Sdqufvufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf qkvmbftjzpf trsKd;om;0g'Dwkd‹. awmif;qkdr_rsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; jiif;y,fcJhygonf? (1939) ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif uGef*&ufu ‚if;. jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;tm; E_wfxGufv$mwifoGif;ckdif;vkduf+yD; xGufcGmcJhonfhtjyif/ twkduftcH ðyvkyfcJh=u ygonf? (1942) ckESpf tdENd,u E_wfxGufjcif; (Quit India) qkH;jzwfcsuftm; wnDwnmwnf;csrSwfcJh+yD;onfh aemufwGif/ vlxktrsm;. t=urf;zufykefuefxºuGr_rsm;vnf; tvdktavsmufpwifvmcJh=uygonf? Tykefuef t=urf;zufr_rsm;wGif vl (1˜000) ausmf aoqkH;cJh+yD;/ vl (100˜000) ausmf tzrf;cHcJh=u&ygonf? xdktcsdefwGif wkdif; jynfjyifya&mufaeonfh qlbwfpfcsef'&mbkd‹pf (Subbhas Chandra Bose) u tdENd, trsKd;om;wyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifvkduf+yD; *syefwkd‹ESifh,SOfwGJI +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; pwifwkdufckdufcJhygonf?

tdENd,udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf Tjy\emESpfckpvkH;tm; ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aocsmaomtcsuf rSm +Adwdo#wkd‹ppf+yD;onfESifh uGef*&ufygwD0ifwdk@. 'kwd,t}udrftmcHqef‹usifa&;udk rvGJraoG &ifqkdif=u&rnfjzpf ygonf? TtajctaeóuHygu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk acsr_ef;&Sif;vif;rnfavm/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwkd‹. awmif;qkdcsufudk vufcHvdkufavsmrnfavm[lonfh a&G;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fvm&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? olwkd‹onf t=urf;zufrsm;/ t=urf;rzuf ESpfckpvkH;yg0ifonfh/ jyif;xefonfh ckcHqef‹usifr_ESifh t&ifuyif t}udrfrsm;pGm &ifqkdifcJh&zl;ygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; pnf;urf;ao0yf opPm&Sd=uaom &JwyfzGJ@rsm;tajctaeu ppfyGJumvtwGif;qkd;qkd;0g;0g; ysufpD;,dk ,Gif;aeygonf? tdENd,ppfom;rsm;. ,kH=unftm;xm;&r_rSmvnf; pdwfcsp&m r&SdcJhyg? tdENd,trsKd;om;wyfrawmfrS +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; wkdufckdufcJholrsm;rSm ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf óudqkd*k%fðyjcif;cHcJh=u&+yD; olwkd‹.erlemrsm;u tpdk;&ppf om;rsm;tm; olwkd‹.opPm&Sdr_twGufar;cGef;jzpfvmygonf? tpfdk;&ppfom;rsm;taejzifh udkvdkeDtpdk;&udkqufIopPm cHrnfavm/ tdENd,EkdifiHtwGufopPmcHrnfavmqkdonfudk ar;cGef;jzpfvmygonf?


xkdr#ru tdENd,EkdifiHwGif aemufxyfzdESdyfr_topfudkaqmif&Guf&ygu +AdwdefEkdifiH. ppf+yD;umv ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;udk ydkI0efxkyf0efykd;}uD;apygvdrfhrnf? csmcsDu tdENd,tm; +Adwdeftifyg,m. tzdk;wefausmufrsufwvkH; tjzpf oGwfoGif;xm;vdkqJjzpfaomfvnf;/ +Adwdo#jynfolvlxktaejzifhvnf; Ttcsufudk us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹vufcH aeqJjzpfaomfvnf;/ +AdwdefEkdifiH. tiftm;}uD;r[mrdwfjzpfonfh tar&dueftaejzifhpdwf0ifpm;zG,fudpPw&yf r[kwf yg? (1945) ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif avbmygwDu wcJeuf tEkdif&&SdcJh+yD; +AdwdefEkdifiH udk,fxlukd,fxjyefvnfwnfaqmuf a&;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&ef uwday;+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif/ tdENd,EdkifiHtwGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;u tcsdeftcgtajc tae&ifhrSnfhvmcJh+yDjzpfygonf?

‚if;aemufykdif; rnfonfhEkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif; oabmwlnDr_rsKd;rqkd uGef*&uf.oabmwlnDr_udkomru/ rGwfqviftzGJŒ csKyf (Muslim League) . oabmwlnDr_udkyg &&Sd&efvdktyfvmcJhygonf? xdkrlqviftzGJ@csKyfrSm rlqvifbmom 0ifrsm;. pdwful;vdkvm;csufrsm;tay: xif[yfay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ay:aygufvmaomjy\ emrSm vGwfvyfaomtdENd,EkdifiHtwGif; rSDwif;ItwlwuGaexdkif=urnfh vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; qufqHa&; obm0 r[kwfawmhyJ/ EdkifiH (2) ckcGJI wnfaxmif&ef jzpfEkdifacs jzpfvmcJhygonf? rGwfqvifvlrsm;pk{&d,mrsm; aygif;pnf;xm; aoma'orsm;udk ygupfpwefoD;jcm;EdkifiHtjzpf zefwD;wnfaxmifvdk=uygonf? xkdudpPa=umifh EdkifiHESpfck=um;wGif =um;n‡yfaeovkd jzpfaeonfh qpfcfvlrsKd;trsm;pkaexdkifonfh yef*syfa'otzdk@ pdk;&drfzG,f&mtajctaejzpfvm yg onf? rGwfqvifrsm;u [dENLtrsm;pk=oZmv$rf;rkd;aomtdENd,rS cGJxGufa&; t&SdefjrihfwufvmonfESifhtr# [dENL/ rGwfqvifESifh qpfcftm;vkH; yg0ifqifE$JcJh=uaom vlr_a&;t=urf;zufr_rsm; (1946) ckESpfESifh (1947) ckESpfrsm;twGif; wif;rmr_aygufuGJjzpfyGm;vmcJhygawmhonf?

‚if;vlr_yÉdyuQwkd‹ESifhyif tdENd,EkdifiH òyduGJawmhrnfhykH rD;avmifudef;qdkufvmaomtcsdefwGif +Adwdo#wdk‹u tdENd,rS xGufcGmoGm;&ef pdwfxufoefvmcJh=uygonf? (1947) ckESpf arvwGif tpDtpOfa&muf&SdvmcJhygawmhonf? uGef*&uf/ rGwfqviftzGJŒcsKyfESifh qpfcfacgif;aqmifrsm;u tdENd,ESifh ygupfpweftm; 'dkrDeD,HtqifhEdkifiH owfrSwf ay;&ef tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif aqG;aEG;oabmwlcJh=uygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDrefESifh {u&mZfrS tdENd,vGwfvyfa&;tuf Oya'udk ZlvkdifvwGif twnfðyay;cJh=u+yD; ESpfEkdifiHrSm =o*kwfv (14) &ufae‹ noef;acgiftcsdefwGif vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJh=uygonf?

*ENDu a'vDwGifusif;ycJhaom xdkvGwfvyfa&;txdrf;trSwfyGJrsm;rS wrifwumyif rwufa&mufyJ ysufuGufjyocJhyg onf? tdENd,EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhyg+yD? okd‹aomfvnf; ESpfEkdifiHuGJxGufoGm;cJh+yD; ol.nD!Gwfa&;tdyfrufrSm vGifhpif aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&ygonf? tdENd,EkdifiHopfonfvnf; vlwef;pm;uGm[r_/ rsKd;&dk;ZmwfcGJjcm;r_/ vdifcGJjcm;zdESdyfr_ ponfh *ENDu tdENd, ,Ofaus;r_. pGef;xif;uGuf}uD;rsm;tjzpf ±_jrifcJhaomt&mrsm;vnf; qufvufwnf&SdusefaeqJyifjzpf ygonf? ynm&Sd}uD;taejzifh tdENd,udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;. tqkH;ed*kH;tm;=unfh±_awG@jrifcJh&aomfvnf;/ (1948) ckESpf wGif [dENLt,ltpGef;a&muf0g'DwOD;. vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh qkH;yg;cJh&ygonf? olu aemufqkH;jrifawG@vdkaom vHk;0vGwfvyfaom trsKd;om;tpdk;&yHkpH (qGm&mhcsf) tcsKyftjcmEkdifiHwckjzpf&efc&D;rSm tvSrf;a0;aeqJyifjzpfygonf?

*ENDtaejzifh tdENd,. EkdifiHvuQ%mowfrSwfcsufa=umifh pdwfysufaumif;ysufEkdifcJhaomfvnf; ol OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJh aom t=urf;rzufvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhwHcg;udk yxrqkH; zGifhvSpfay;EkdifcJha=umif; taotcsm odjrifcJh+yD;jzpfygonf? Todk@wHcg;odk@ vlxk}uD;udk olv_H@aqmfOD;aqmifac:,lEdkifcJhygonf? vlxkukd,fpm;rðyaom/ cHwyfcH ydwfqdk@tkyfcsKyfaeaom zdESdyfonfhtpdk;&w&yfudk pepfuseaomt=urf;rzufvlxkqef‹usifuef‹uGufr_u &J&J&ifh&ifh tkHºuGqef‹usifcJhr_rsKd; twdkif;twmt&/ atmifjrifr_t& ,cifur&SdcJhzl;yg? xkdqef‹usifuef‹uGuf twkduf tcHðyr_ tpkta0;ESifh wnfaqmufr_wdk‹u/ &SifoefzGHŒòzd;vmrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepfwcktm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufonfh EkdifiHa&;u|rf;usifr_udk tdENd,acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; oif=um;ay;cJhygonf? wdkif;jynf.orkdif;tm; ajymif;vJapcJhonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf t"Gef‹&Snf wnfwHhckdif+rJonfh vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;wcktwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfvkyfief;udkvnf; csrSwfay;cJhygonf? *ENDaemuf rsKd;qufokH;quf=umonftxd tdENd,EkdifiHwGif ,kH=unfudk;uG,fr_/ vlwef;pm;ESifh rsKd;Zmwfrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em; ae=uqJ jzpfygonf? rnfokd‹qkdap tdENd,onf vGwfvyfI 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfwHhaeqJEdkifiHwckvnf; qufvuf&yfwnfaeqJjzpfygonf?


ydkvefEdkifiH? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_. tiftm; paeae@/ =o*kwfv 16&ufae@/ 1986 abmvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;ay:udk avajycyfoGJ@oGJ@wkdufcdkufaewJhnwn/ {&mrvDeifoabFmusif;}uD;rS v_yf&Sm;r_r&dSawmhonfh u&def;}uD;awG&J@atmuf/ aq;vdyfrD;cdk;aiGawGESifh jynfhzHk;xm;aom tcef;xJwGif tvkyform;ESpf'gZifcef@ xdkifaecJh=uonf? olwdk@wawG rdk;vif;tm&k%fOD;tcsdeftxd aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcJh=u+yD;aemuf tvkyform; (50000) udk ukd,fpm;ðyrnfh awmif; qdkcsuf pm&if;wckudk &&dScJh=uonf? xdk awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif vpmwdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;rSonf om;zGm;cGifhumv ykdrdkwdk;jr‡ifh&&Sd a&;txd yg0ifcJh=uonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rS ta&;t}uD;qHk;tcsufwckrSm vmrnfh&ufowWywf (68) ygwftwGif; ydkvefEdkifiHtwGif; vHk;0ajymif;vJoGm;rnfh tvkyform;rsm;udk,fwdkiftkyfcsLyfcGifh&&Sdaom vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~~~ rsm; wnfaxmifEdkifcGifh&&Sda&;/ tvkyform;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;yifjzpfonf? (1980) ckESpf =o*kwfv ydkvefEdkifiHta&;onf (1930) {+yDv tdENd,EdkifiHtajctaersKd; odkr[kwf/ (1905) atmufwdkbm v &k&SEdkifiH&Sd tajctaersm;uJhodk@ ra&r&mjzpfaecJhonf? tEW&m,f}uD;vGef;vSonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,ufv_yf&Sm;r_/ odk@r[kwf tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh rwlnDyJ *'ef@pfcfrS tvkyform;rsm;onf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJvkyf ay;&ef awmif;qdkaejcif;r[kwfcJhay? (1956) [efa*&DEdkifiHESifh (1968) csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; EdkifiHjzpf&yfESpf}udrfóuHcJhovdk tajctaersKd;udk ,cifuwnf;uod&dScJh+yD;jzpfonf? xdkjzpf&yfrsm;wGif ta&S@Oa&myom;rsm;. ydkrdkvGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&; pepfrsm; zefwD;wnfaxmifa&; óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk qkdAD,uf,leD,Hu oHcsyfumum;rsm;jzifh csKd;ajczsufqD;cJh=uonf? xkd tvkyform;rsm;onf ydkvefEdkifiHtwGuf xdkuJhodk uH=urRmrsKd; zefvmav&ef rpGef@pm;vdkcJh=uay? tvkyform;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkonfxuf pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifawmifhwcJh=uonf? aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif xdktpnfta0;cef;rxJrS trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tm%mydkiftpdk;&rS ‚if;if;wdk@. t"du awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHjcif;r&dSyJ oydwfwdkufyGJudk/ tiftm;csnfheJ@vmap&ef óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk pdwfysufa'gojzpfcJh& a=umif; az:jyonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk woDcsnf; csrSwfaumif;csrSwfae=uayvdrfhrnf? ‚if;if;wdk@. r[mAsL[monf wuf ºuGaeaompdwft[kefa=umifh &kwfcsnf;jzpfvm&aom qHk;jzwfvkyfudkifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsKd; r[kwfay? ydkveftvkyform;rsm; udk,fYu ‚if;if;wdk@udk,fydkiftvkyform;or*~~~~rsm; wnfaxmifEdkif&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfonf? Toydwf onf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfaqmif&Gufonfh oydwfwckr[kwfcJhay? xdk@tjyif Ttcef;xJrS vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf xdk &nfrSef;csuftwGuf v_H@aqmfwdkufyGJ0if&mwGif ‚if;if;wdk@. b0rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyf&if;ESD;cJh+yD; jzpfonf? olwdk@awG tvkyfawG ðywfcJh+yD;+yD/ umv=um=um &dkufESuf/ ppfaq;jcif;udkvnf; cHpm;cJh+yD;+yD/ axmifrsm;xJwGifvnf; tcsdef=um=um aecJh+yD;=u+yD? odk@aomf olwkdk@wawG rnfodk@aomtpDtpOfawGudk yg;yg;eyfeyfcsrSwf&rnf/ yÉdyuQrsm;óuHvmaomtcg rnfodk@&J&J&ifh&ifh *&kwpdkuf &ifqdkifaqmif&Guf&rnfqdkonfudk avhvmxm;=u+yD; jzpfonfESifhtnD ,ckqkdv#if xdktod ynmrsm;udk vufawG@tvkyfxJY toHk;ðy&ef tqifoifh jzpfaeaomumvvnf; jzpfonf? ESpfq,f&mpk.aemufqHk;usefcJhrnfh q,fpkESpftwGif; ydkvefEdkifwGif }uD;rm;aom vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;wck jzpfay:vkqJqJjzpfae csdefESifh t=urf;rzufaom v_yf&Sm;r_udktoHk;ðyI wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmudk ajymif;vJypfawmhrnfh tcsdefvnf;jzpfaecJhonf? udk,fxludk,fx toif;tzGJ@rsm; uwdu0wfrsm;/ uwdu0wfrsm; [,f&D x&l;rif;/ 0ifpwef csmcsDESifh *sKd;qufzf pwmvifwdk@oHk;OD; 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; ydk@pf'rf[k trnf&aom *smrefòrd@ wGifawG@qHkcJh=u+yD;/ ta&S@Oa&myajryHkudk topfwzef jynfvnfa&;qGJcJh=uonf? ‚if;if;wkd@oHk;OD;u ydkvefEdkifiH. e,fedrdwfudk taemufzufodk@ ajymif;vJowfrSwfap+yD;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. xdef;csKyfr_vufatmufodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef oabmwlcJh=u onf? avsmfa=u;tm;jzifh *smrefydkife,fajrtm;jyefvnf &&dSrnfjzpfonf? abmvfwpfyifv,fqdyfurf;òrd@jzpfaom *smref tac: 'ef;Zpfydk;vfpfa'oESifh ydk;vfpf *'ef@pfcfa'orsm;udk jyefvnf&&SdcJhonf? *'ef@pfcf. tv,facwfyHkòrd@a[mif;ESifh ‚if;if;. acwfrDSpufr_qdyfurf;onf (1945) ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufrsm;u *smrefwyfrsm; udk armif;xkwfcJhonfhtcsdefwGif jymyHktqifhodk@ avsmhcsqif;cJh&onf? puf&Hkrsm;/ vlaetaqmuftODrsm;/ wHwm;rsm;/ v#yfppf "gwftm;ay;puf&Hkrsm;ESifh avmifpmqDqdkifrsm;onfvnf; òydusysufqD;cHcJh=u&onf? xdka'orsm;wGif rsKd;&dk;pOfquf tvdkuf


aexdkifvmcJh=uaom *smrefrsm;udk rl&if;ae&modk@ jyefvnfarmif;xkwfcJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;wdk@. ae&mrsm;wGif ppfyGJa=umifh tdk;tdrfrJh vm=uolrsm; ESifh qdkAD,ufwdk@. ta&S@t&yfodk@ usL;ausmfe,fcsJ@vmr_a=umifh pdwfyifyef;EGrf;e,faeaom ydkvef om; axmifaomif;ESifhcsDI a&mufvmcJh=uonf? xdkysufokOf;aeaom wpjyifodk@ rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;+yD;/ 0ifa&mufvm=u olrsm;xJwGif tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf[kac:aom q,fausmfouft&G,f rdef;ri,fav;wOD;vnf;ygvmcJhonf? ppfyGJ}uD;u a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk rdbrJhuav;i,fjzpfatmif vkyfypfcJhonf? olr. rdbESpfyg;pvHk; ppfxJwGif towfcHcJh&+yD;/ olr.tudkuawmh qdkAD,uftvkyfpcef;xJwGif b0qHk;cJh&onf? (1945) *'ef@pfcfe,fajrudk a&mufpwGif/ olru pdkufysKd;/ arG;jrLa&;jcHwckwGif tcdkif;taptdrfazmftjzpf yxrOD;qHk;pwif tvkyfvkyfonf? tjcm; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tvkyfrsm; vnf; vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1950) ckESpfwGif *smrefrsm;xHrS uGefjrLepftpdk;& tarGqufcHvkdufonfh *'ef@pfcfoabFmusif; (aemif wGif vDeifoabFmusif;[kac:onf) wGif *a[qufol wa,mufjzpfvmcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vlxkaxmufcHr_vnf; tenf;i,fom&aom tkyfpkcyfao;ao;wck jzpfonf? xdkuGefjrLepfrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif uvdrfuuspf enf;rsm; oHk;jcif;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;jzifh tm%mwnf+rJatmif aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif qdkAD,ufwdk@u wdkif;jynfwGif tm%m&Sifpepft"rRoGwfoGif;vmvdrfhrnf[laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_vSdrfhvHk;udkvnf; oHk;I tm%m+rJa&; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? olwdk@u tm%mudk twif;t"rRenf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vSnfhzsm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; &,lxm;pOftwGif;rSmyif/ jynfolvlxkrsm;udk twdwfumvu odxm;aom b0tajctaersm;xuf ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom wpHkw&mtajctaezefwD;ay;rnf[kvnf; uwdu0wfrsm;ðycJh=uonf? ‚if;if;wdk@taejzifh tkwfyHkb0ydkvef EdkifiHrS opfvGifwdk;wufaom ydkvefEdkifiHopftm; wnfaqmufjyrnf/ xdkEdkifiHopfwGif aumif;rGefaom ynma&;/ zGH@òzd;wdk; wufaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtwl vlom;tcsif;csif;wef; ydkIwef;wl&nfwl&dSaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckudk wnfaqmufay;Edkif vdrfhrnf[k uwdu0wfay;cJh=uonf? xdkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;topfudk wnfaxmifolESifh xdktoD;tyGifhydkcHpm;&olrsm;onf vnf; tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfuJhodk@aom tvkyform;rsm;yifjzpfvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf *'ef@pfcfodk@a&muf&Sd+yD;aemufydkif;wGif/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. ygwD (ykdvefbmomtm;jzifh twdkaumuf PZPR vdk@vlodrsm;onf//) onf trSefwu,fyif ydkvefEdkifiHopfudk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? tjyifyef; oufaoom"uawGu [dwf[ef}uD;vSonf? Zm&ef Zeran armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfa&;puf&Hk. pufr_a'orsm;/ 0gaqm teD;tem;wGif&dSaom tmqyfpf Ursus x&ufwmvkyfief;rsm;ESifh u&mauma'otjyifbuf&dS Edk0g[lwm oHpuf&Hkrsm; pojzifhwdk;wufvmcJhonf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;udk pGef@cGGGGgI xdkpuf&Hkrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ qDvDqD,m&dS ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vdk@'ft&yf&Sd txnfpuf&Hkrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ abmfvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;&dSoabFmusif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tvkyfvkyfudkifcJh=uonf? (1960) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif *'ef@pfcf&dS vDeifoabFmusif;wGif tvkyform; (15000) cef@/ tdrfeD;csif; yifv,fqdyfurf;òrd@jzpfaom 'dkifeD,m&dS yJ&pfuGefjrL; oabFm usif;wGif tvkyform; (8000) cef@ ESifh &SDZif&dS 0gpuDoabFmusif;wGif tvkyform; (10000) cef@&dScJhonf? odk@aomf ydkvef&Sdvlr_b0rsm;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;. uwdu0wfrsm;u rjznfhqD;EdkifcJhay? t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf oHpuf&Hkrsm;/ "gwkaA'qdkif&m puf&Hkrsm;/ v#yfppfpuf&Hkrsm; ESifh owWKrkdif;rsm;ponfh pufr_qdkif&m tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;qDodk@om a&muf&dSoGm;cJh=uonf? pdkufysKd;/ arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;. jyifyydk@ukefrS&aom aiGa=u;rsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGifom jyefvnf xnfhoGif;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJh=uonf? pm;aomufukef/ tdk;tdrfESifh vlom;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf xdkpufr_ vkyfief;rsm;rS tºuGif;tusefr#udkom &&dScJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ydkveftvkyform;rsm;taejzifh 0,f,lae=u&aom vloHk; ukefypPnf;rsm; &Sm;ygjcif; odk@r[kwf t&nftaoG;rrDSjcif;rsm; óuHcJh=u&onf? npmxrif;pm;yGJwGif tom;qdkonfrSm &Sm; yg;awG@cJvSonf? udk,fydkiftdrfcef;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf apmifhqdkif;&aompm&if;wGifwifxm;+yD;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmihf=u& onf? xdkumvrsm;wGifawmh puf&Hktaqmifrsm;. ¹yGwfodyf=uyfn‡yfaeaom tcef;rsm;wGif rdom;pkrsm; wdk;a0S@aecJh=u onf? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tcef;wGif a&r&dS/ w,fvDzkef;r&dS aexdkifcJh=u&onf? xdktcsdefwGif ygwDrS ydkvefEdkifiHtm; “tvkyform;jynfolrsm;. wkdif;jynf”[k atmifyGJcH[pfaºuG;aeonf? xdktcsdefwGif tvkyform;xku ‚if;if;wdk@onf Oa&my. t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd b0wlvkyfom;rsm;xuf ydkrdkedrfhusqif;&Jae&Hkr#omru vGwfvyfr_twdkif;twmt&vnf; qHk;&_H;ae&rSef; oabmaygufaecJh=uonf? olwdk@wGifrJay;cGifh&dSonf/ odk@aomf uGefjrLepf ygwDrS EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk ydwfyifxm;aoma=umifh/ ‚if;if;wdk@ay;aom rJrsm;onf rnfonfht"dy``g,fr# r&dScJhay? xdk@tjyif ta&;}uD;aom wu,fhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS qHk;jzwfcGifhr&dSyJ wHcg;aemufuG,frS ygwD PZPR aumfrwDrsm;rSom qHk;jzwfcsufcs=ujcif; jzpfonf? ygwDodk@0ifa&mufI AsL&dkua&pDrSwqifh &mxl;wdk;¹rSifhcH&olrsm; omv#if ajyma&;qdkcGifh &&dScJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@tm; tvkyfcef@tyfxm;aom EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm;twGif pnf;&Hk;EdkifcGifhESifh ‚if;if;wdk@udk,f ‚if;if;wdk@ udk,fpm;ðyEdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;r&dScJh=uay? (1945 - 1946) umvrsm;wGif tvkyforsm;rsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;


zGJ@pnf;&efESifh oufomqdkifaumifpDrsm; (Shop-floor Councils) zGJ@pnf;&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uaomfvnf; tm%m ydkifrsm;. zsufodrf;jcif;cHcJh=u&onf? Todk@ vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;tpm; tzGJ@0ifrsm;. toHudk em;axmif p&mrvdkyJ/ ‚if;if;wdk@. toHudk=um;apEdkifaom vufa&G;pifcef@tyfxm;olrsm;. !$ef=um;r_atmufwGif&dSaom w&m;0if tpdk;&ydkifor*~rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf? rltm;jzifh xdkor*~rsm;onf tvkyforsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;tay:wGif aqmif &Guf=u&rnfjzpfonf? vufawG@wGifrl ‚if;if;wdk@onf vkyfcwdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tvkyfcsdef avsmhcsay;a&;/ odk@r[kwf ydkrdkaumif;rGef aom vkyfief;cGifjzpfa&; ponfwdk@udk tvkyforsm;udk,fpm; nd‡Ed_if;tay;t,l vkyfay;EdkifcJhjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? “t&if;&Sif pepfatmufwGif or*~rsm;onf tvkyforsm;tm; t&if;&Sifrsm;&efrS tumtuG,fay;=u&efjzpfonf?” [kqdk&m [mo ysufvHk;wcku Todk@qdkao;onf? “qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwGifrl/ or*~rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm; &efrS tumtuG,fay;ae=uonf?” odk@aomfjim;vnf; ykdveftvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. epfemcsufrsm;udk zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if&eftwGuf enf; vrf;rsm; &SmcJh=uonf? wcgw&H v#yfwysufqENjyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ tcsKd@qdkv#if vpmydkay;a&;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tajctaersm; jzpfay:a&;wdk@twGuf puf&HkygwDaumfrwDtpnfta0;rsm;wGif jiif;cHkajymqkdwifjycJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfonfvnf; TuJhodk@aomtvkyform;rsm;teufrS wa,mufjzpfonf? olronf EdkifiHwumvli,f uGef*&ufodk@wufa&muf&+yD;/ qktrsm;udk qGwfcl;EdkifcJhom pHjytvkyform;wa,muf jzpfcJhonf? xkd@tjyif uGefjrLepfrsm;rS ydkrkdaumif;rGefaom vltzGJ@tpnf;wck wnfaqmufay;rnfqdkaom uGefjrLepfwdk@. uwdpum;rsm;udkvnf; ,Hk=unfcJh onf? odk@aomfvnf; olronf vlom;csif;wef;wl&nfwl&dS&rnf[laom tawG;tac:ay:wGif ,Hk=unfouf0ifaom a=umifh qdkif=urf;jyifay:wGif&dSaeaom tvkyform;rsm;. bmr#rpGrf;Edkifaom tm%mrJhtajctaewGif tkyfcsKyfoltqifh topfwGif&dSaeaom ygwD. tr_xrf;wOD;taejzifh olru udk,fwifjyp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk xkwfaz:wifjyajymqdk&ef/ E_wf qdkif;aejcif; r&SdcJhay? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfu olwdk@tay:Todk@ Todk@pdwftaESmufjzpfapr_rsm;a=umifh aemufydkif;wGif tvkyf ðzwfcHcJh&onf? tvkyform;'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmu olrzufrS&yfwnfIaxmufcHvwfrSwfxdk; wifjyay;=uaomtcgrSom olrtm; tvkyfjyefcef@cJhonf? (1956) wGif vkyfcwdk;jr‡ifhay;&ef jiif;qefaoma=umifh ydk@Zfeef/ *'ef@pfcfESifh 0gaqm vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ tvkyform;rsm; xGufcJh =u+yD;/ qENjy=uonf? ygwDtaqmuftOD;wckudk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJh=uonf? tHhtm;oifhoGm;cJhaom tpdk;&onf qENjyol rsm;tm; aoewfESifhypfIESdrfeif;um wkef@jyefcJhonf? xdktjzpftysufa=umifh wdkif;oljynfom;trsm; a'gotrsufxGufcJh=u &onf? ygwDacgif;aqmifopfwOD; xyfwifcJh&onf? ‚if;if;ESihftwl ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;topfrsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmcJh& onf? vwfqwfaom avEkopfudk cHpm;&if;ESifhtwl tvkyform;rsm;onf oufomqdkifaumifpDrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sifoef ap&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf aumifpDrsm;. vGwfvyfr_udk zdESdyfaESmifh,Sufr_rsm;ESifh ppf"gwfxufoefoltrmcHrsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfcdkifemcHvmapjcif;rsm;jzifh csdeJ@apcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&S;uvdkyif jyefIvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf/ tvkyf orm;rsm;onf pepftwGif;wGif +idrfaeaom,EW,m;rsm;tjzpf aexdkif&ef jiif;y,fcJh=u+yD;/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrm xyfrHawmif;qdkcJh=uonf? olwdk@awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &_H;edrfhcJh=u&onfvnf;&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf xdkolrsm;. vGwf vyfvdkaom pdwf"gwfrsm;u arS;rSdefroGm;cJh? jyefvnfvufpm;acsvdkr_rsm;jzifh wausmhjyefvm=up+rJ jzpfonf? w}udrf r[kwf ESpf}udrfr[kwfææt}udrf}udrf jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhonf? ykkefuefr_udk +zdKcGif;ypf&r,f (1960) aemufydkif;wGif ydkvefpD;yGg;a&;onf pwifI &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? (1956) rSpI PZPR . yxrqHk; twGif;a&; r_;jzpfcJhol 0gvuf'Dqavm *dkvfrlvfumrS ydkvefEdkifiHonf tdrfeD;em;jcif;EdkifiHrsm;. aemufodk@usa&mufoGm;Edkifonf[k owday;cJhonf? *dkvfrlumu (pwmvif.avoHudk twkcdk;I) rS “b0rSm b,faerSmrqdk/ tm;enf;aewJhol[m tjrJwrf; xdk;ESufcH&rSmyJ”[k owday;cJhonf? rxda&mufaom trdef@ay;pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk jyefvnfðyjyif&rnfhtpm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm; onf ydkveftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay:wGifom ydkrdkzdtm;ay;&efqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? (1960) ESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&onf usef;rma&;ESifh tdk;tdrfpDrHudef; toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;jzwfawmuf&ef a=ujimcJh+yD;/ ESpfESpfpm vkyfcvpmwdk;ray;yJxm;jcif; ESifh ykwfjywfvkyfief;E_ef;rsm; avsmhcsjcif;wdk@ ðyvkyfcJhonf? qdkvdkonfrSm yHkrSefvkyfc ESifh tvkyfrsm;rsm; ydkvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf? puf&Hktpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:I tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfydkóud;pm;vkyf=u&ef twif;t=uyf ajymqdkcJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH. pD;yGg;a&;ratmifrjrifjzpf&jcif;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ pDrHudef;qGJolrsm;udk tjypfzdk@&rnfhtpm;/ tvkyform;[k tjypfyHkcs owif;rsm;v$ifhcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfoabFmusif;rStvkyform;rsm;twGufrl owif;rsm;u txl;wvnf qdk;0g;vSonf? oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf a&&SnfwGif wqifhpD z,f&Sm;ypfoGm; rnfjzpf+yD;/ ,ckumvwGifrl &if;ESif;jr‡KyfESHr_ tenf;tusif; &&dSrnfjzpfonf[laom owif;rsKd;ay:xGufvmcJhonf? urf;&dk; wef;wav#mufa'orsm;wGif vltrsm;. pdwfawGu tHk@!d_;aecJh=uonf? r=umrDyif xdkpdwfcHpm;r_rsm;u a'gorsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJhawmhonf?


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jiif;qefcJh=uonf? t&SufuGJEdkifzG,f&mjzpfaom tpnf;ta0;&vm'fudk zHk;uG,fEdkif&eftwGuf/ tm%mydkifrsm; onf/ pdwf"gwfwufºuGaeaom vltkyf}uD;toGifaqmifxm;aom &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;wdkwckudk zefwnf; &dkuf,lcJh=u onf? 0gpuDtvkyform;rsm;u ygwDacgif;aqmif *J&ufESifhudk,fwdkifudk,fusawG@+yD;rSom jyefrnf[kwif;cH qENjycJh=uonf? Zefe0g&Dv (25) &ufae@wGif ygwDacgif;aqmifrS vDeifoabFmusif;wGif tpnf;ta0;wckðyvkyfay;cJhonf? olonfvnf; wcsdefu tvkyform;rsm;enf;wl tvkyform;wa,ufjzpfcJhzl;a=umif; &Sif;jy+yD;/ wdkif;jynfudk u,fw,fzdk@ rsKd;cspfwkdufyGJ }uD;wGif yg0if=uzdk@awmif;yefcJhonf? “cifAsm;wdk@ usaemfudkulnDrvm;´” [koluar;cJhonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfESifh vufcsf bm0ifqm tygt0if tjcm;aomtvkyform;trsm;u “ulnDygrnf” [k atmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdktcsdefwdkif atmif olwdk@taejzifh tm%mydkifrsm;.uwdrsm;udk ,Hk=unfvdkae=uqJjzpfonf? (1970 - 1971) ckESpfrsm;wGif aemufxyfpdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&m tjzpftysufwckjzpfcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif jzpf&yf. A[dkonf ydkvefEdkifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd avmh'fZfòrd@wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? qef@usifoloydwform;rsm;onf vkyfctenf;i,fom&aom t0wfxnfpuf&Hktvkyform;jzpfI trsm;pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;if;wdk@azaz:0g&DvwGif qENjyaomtcg 0ef}uD; csKyftygt0if ay:vpfAsL&dkt&m&dS}uD;rsm;onf av,mOfysHjzifhysHoef;oGm;cJh+yD;/ ,cif ygwDacgif;aqmif*J&uf vkyfovdkrsKd; vlxkpdwfygoa,mif vkyf&efóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf trsKd;orD;oHk;axmifcef@onf olwdk@tm; pum;ajymcGifh ray;cJhay? “&Sifh&J@rdef;ru” trsKd;orD;wOD;u 0ef}uD;csKyfudk atmf[pfajymqdkvdkufonf? “ol@&J@ pif;'Gpfcsfaygifrkef@xJrSm 0ufaygifajcmuf awGxnfhpm;aecsdefrSm usrcav;awGuawmh aygifrkef@ajcmufyJ pm;ae&w,f/ od&J@vm;”[k qENjyol xdktrsKd;orD;u ajym qdkcJhonf? ygwDtm; ulnDyg&efajymaomtcg olwkd@tm;vHk;rS woHwnf; “rulnDEdkifzl;” [kjyefajymcJh=uonf? aemuf wae@wGif tpdk;&onfaemufjyefqkwfI ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;tm; ,ciftwdkif; jyefvnfowfrSwfay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ a=ujimcJh onf? xdkESpfaqmif;&moDonf ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd uGefjrLepf0g'tay: 0efxkwf0efydk;}uD; wckjzpfapcJhonf? *'ef@pfcf/ 'dkifeD;,m;ESifh &SJZifrS tvkyform;rsm;onf ppfom;ESifh &Jrsm;u olwdk@.&Jabmfrsm;udk ypfowfcJhaom jrifuGif;ukd b,fawmhrS arhEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? aemufvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif xdkvlowfyGJESpfywfvnfae@rsm;onf w&m;r0if 0rf;enf;atmufarhbG,fae@rsm;jzpf vmcJhonf? wifhum;rsm;ESifh pufaoewfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJhonfhtjyif/ xdkolrsm;udk wefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ vl&rf;um;rsm;[k orkwfcJhaom tpdk;&onf olwdk@onf tvkyform;.zufwGif&dSygonf[k xdkodk@aom tvkyform;rsm;udkyif jyefvnfem;cswdkufwGef;&efrSm vGefpGmrSyif cufcJygvdrfhrnf? tvkyform;rsm;wGifrl pkaygif;pGrf;aqmifr_rS tiftm;topfwckudk &&SdcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfESifh 'dkifeD,mwdk@wGif PZPR onf oydwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;ESdrfeif;Edkif&ef tiftm;toHk;ðycJhonf? odk@aomf ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_topfonf xdyfwdkufcdkuf&efjzpf& r_udk a&Smifz,fI t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;onfhenf;udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? &SJZifwGif tm%mydkifwdk@onf oydwf arSmufolrsm;. aphpyfaqG;aEG;olrsm;udk tEdkifusihf Adkvfusaomfvnf;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; qufvufaqmif&GufaeqJ jzpfonf? xdktajctaersKd;onf uGefjrLepfydkvefEdkifiHwGif wcgrS rjzpfcJhbl;ay? ESpfvr#=umaomtcg avmhf'fZfrS bl;cHjiif;aom trsKd; orD;xkaxmifESifhcsDI tmcH=uaomtcgrSom olwdk@tm;udk vdkufavsmay;vkduf&awmhonf? xdktcsufwGif ykdveftvkyf orm;rsm; pdwftm;xufoefpGm od&dSoGm;onfrSm tu,fI tvkyform;rsm; twlwuG qENjy=uv#if/ pepfwusv_yf&Sm; r_rsm; vkyfaqmif=urnfqdkv#if/ tpdk;&taejzifh jynfwif;rif;rcHEdkif[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf? xifxifay:ay:r&Sdjcif;onfvnf; tjcm;aomoifcef;pm,l&rnfh tcsufwckjzpfonf? abmfvfwpfurf;&dk;wef;rS tvkyf orm;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh yÉdyuQjzpf&if; oifcef;pmrsm;&&SdI v_yf&Sm;r_oabmobm0udk oabmaygufem;vnfvmcJh& onf? ygwDtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk rD;wif±d_@jcif;onf ppfaoG;ºuGolrsm;udk a=ueyfapcJhaomfvnf; r[mAsL[mt& rnfodk@r# atmifjrifr_ rjzpfaponfhtjyif/ tpdk;&zufu ypfcwfacsr_ef;&ef ta=umif;jycsufay;ovdk jzpfoGm;apcJhonf? tvkyform; rsm;onf xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifwdkufckduf&ef ydkdrdkaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;wckudk awG@&dSoGm;cJhonf? olwkd@oabFmusif;rsm;/ puf&Hkrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf"g;pm;cHðyI/ olwdk@twGif; pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&GufvkyfudkifEdkifjcif; jzpfonf? xdkpnf;&Hk;r_onf puf&Hkrsm;wGifom r[kwfyJ òrd@wGif;txdyg jyef@ESH@EdkifcJhonf? &SJZifrS oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf ygwD. q,fpkESpf (2) ck=um jiif;y,fcHxm;&r_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;EdkifcJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;[email protected]\emrsm;/ udpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;EdkifcJhonf? tm;vHk; òcH=unfhrnfqdkygu tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@ óud;yrf;&óud;eyfavmufaom &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifwckudk &SmawG@oGm;cJh onf? vcwkd;ay;rnfqdkaom +idrfaq;xufydkaom/ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; +cdrf;ajmcufr_tjzpfrxifrSwfap&avmufatmif tEW&m,fr}uD;aom/ olwdk@udk,fpm; udk,fpm;ðyajymEdkifjcif;vnf;&Sdaom or*~rsm;rSwqifhaqmif&Guf&rnfudk jrifvm=u onf? Tor*~rsm;ESifh atmifyGJrsm;onf/ ‚if;if;wdk@twGuf wu,fhatmifyGJrsm;jzpfonf?


[email protected]_udk usKyfwdk@udk,fwdkifpwifrnf? vGwfvyfaomor*~rsm;wnfaxmif&eftwGuf awmif;qdkjcif;onf tcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udkcsKyfudkifxm;vdkaomygwD twGuf t"dupdefac:r_jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfrsm; ydkvefEkdifiHudk odrf;,laomtcg ‚if;if;wdk@tm; ulnDaxmufcHcJhol qdkAD,uf ,leD,HEdkifiHyHkpHtwdkif;twk,llum puf&Hkrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkifodrf;,ljcif;/ A[dkcsKyfudkifpDrHr_rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;/ v,form; rsm;. v,fajrrsm;udkpkaygif;pdkufcif;rsm;twGif;odk@ aygif;pnf;jcif; ponfwdk@udk aqmif&GufcJhonf? owif;vkyfief;ESifh tEk ynmvkyfief;rsm;udkyg xdef;csKyfcJhonf? jyif;xefaom a&S;&dk;pGJt,ltqrsm;udk pmaya&;om;r_rsm;/ ajymqdkr_rsm;ESifh yef;csD rsm;wGif twif;tusyf oGwfoGif;apcJhonf? uufovpfausmif;rsm;udk usL;ausmfI ypPnf;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;/ bmoma&; ausmif;rsm;ESifh vpOfxkwfpmapmifrsm;tm; ydwfypfjcif;/ "rRq&mrsm;cef@tyfjcif; tcGifhtm%mudk vk,ljcif;/ c&pf,mef *dk%f;csKyfESifh bkefawmf}uD;pwDzif 0dkifZifpuDudk tdrftus,fcsKyfxdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;yg ðyvkyfcJhonf? ta&S@Oa&my we,fvHk;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;. &nf&G,fr_ESifh wu,fhvufawG@b0uGm[csufwdk@ &dScJhaomfvnf; ydkvefonf uGm[csuft}uD;qHk;ae&mwck jzpfcJhonf? pwmvifaoqHk;+yD;aemuf oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;ESifh qENjyr_rsm;utpdk;&udk tvkyf orm;rsm;ESifh tay;t,lvkyf&ef zdtm;jzpfvmcJhonf? pwmvifao+yD;aemufwGif jzpfay:vmaom vGwfvyfyGifhvif;vm rnfh raocsmao;aomtajctaeonf (1956) ckESpffwGif t}uD;tus,f aemufvefusoGm;cJhonf? xdkodk@tvkyform;rsm; ESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm;twGuf/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;r_. aemufuG,frS t"duv_yf&Sm;olrSm; 0gvufqavm *dkvfrlum jzpfonf? qifqmjzwfawmuf ydwfqdk@r_udk tavsmhay;cJhonf? bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;udk olaemufvdkufrsm;tay: =oZm jyefvnf&dSvmatmifESifh owif;pmrsm; xkwfcGifhrsm; jyefvnfcGifhðycJhonf? vGwfvyfaom aqG;aEG;a&;toif;rsm;udk cGifhðy ay;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;rS a&G;cs,fwifa¹rSmufaom puf&HkaumifpDrsKd;udk todtrSwfðyay;jcif; ponfjzifh ðyvkyfay;cJh onf? vlr_a&;qdkif&m w&m;r#wr_/ udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfjyXmef;ydkifcGifhESifh 'Drdkua&pDqdkaom pum;vHk;rsm;yifv#if w&m;0if tpdk;&a0g[m& t0ef;t0dkif;wGif azmfjyoHk;pGJvmcJh=uonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,uftkyfpkonf [efa*&DEdkifiH&Sd vlxkrsm;.tHkºuGr_tay: t}uD;tus,fxdwfvef@oGm;cJh+yD;aemuf/ tpdk;&onf aemufxyfvGwfvyfcGifhay;onfh udpPrsm;udk wkef@qdkif;oGm;cJh&onf? puf&HkaumifpDrsm;. udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifhudkjyefvnf ydwfyifjcif;/ tpddk;&rl0g'ESifh qef@usifaom pma&;q&m/ ynm&Sifrsm;tm; +idrfoufapjcif; ponfhudpPrsm; aqmif&GufvmcJh onf? “tpdk;&u vlawGudk pOf;pm;cGifhawmhay;w,f/ 'gayr,fh pum;ajymcGifhray;bl;/ vlawGrSm oDcsif;nnf;cGifh&dSw,f? 'gayr,fh qkdcGifhawmhr&dSbl;” [k uAsmq&m t'rf Zm*g*sL;puD; u Todk@aumufcsufcsufcJhonf? ta&S@Oa&my. tjcm; ae&mrsm;xuf ydkI v_yfomvGef@omawmh &dScJhonf/ odk@aomfvnf; rnfolu t"duxdef;csKyfxm;onfqdkonfudkrl wOD; wa,mufur# oHo,r&dScJhay? ydkvefynmwwfrsm;t=um; ygwDwGif; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfvdkolrsm; xdyfydkif;ae&mrsm; wGif tm%mjyefvnf&&dSrnf[laomar#mfvifhcsufrsm; &SdcJh=uaomfvnf;/ (1960) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif Tpdwful;,Ofr_rsm; udk pGef@v$wfvdkuf=u&onf? (1967) ckESpfwGif *dkvfrlumu ay:vpfAsL&dkwGif; usef&dSaeao;aom ðyjyifa&;0g'Drsm;udk t+yD; wdkif z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcJhavonf? (1968) ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf q,fudk;&mpkrS vlcspfcifav;pm;aom jyZmwfa&;orm;/ uAsmq&m t'rf Zm*g*sL;puD; Adam Zagajewski . jyZwfwyk'fudk ydwfyifcJhonf? ‚if;if;jyZmwfonf &k&Sqef@usifa&;udkv_H@aqmfI jzpfonf[k ta=umif;jyonf? t'rf Zm*g*sL;puD;jyZmwfudk ydwfyifvdkufjcif;tay: ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwftkyfpkrsm; qef@usifqENjyvmcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ awmif;qdkv$mrsm;ðyI vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifhtwGuf awmif;qdkvmcJh =uonf? 0gaqmwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;rsm; rwfv (8) &ufae@wGif qENjy=uaomtcg &Jrsm;u ausmif;0if;xJodk@ 0if a&mufpD;eif;I qENjyolrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;axmifESifhcsDI ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&onf? ygarmuQrsm;vnf; tvkyfðzwfcHcJh&+yD;/ vlaygif;&mausmf axmifcscHcJh&onf? *sL;qef@usifa&;pum;vHk;rsm; owif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif xGufay:vm aoma=umifh ygwD0ifrsm;tygt0if *sL;vlrsKd; axmifESifhcsDI wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;=u&jyefonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u ‚if;if;wdk@udk ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd tazmufjyefqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;[k orkwfowfrSwfcJh=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk aemufqHk;xdk;ESufcsufwcku òydusapcJhonf? =o*kwf (20) &ufae@wGif ydkvefwyfzGJ@ rsm;onf/ 0gaqmpmcsKyf (qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkkESifh ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;t=um; csKyfqdkxm;aom ppfa&;r[mrdwfpmcsKyf) tzGJ@0if wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwl csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;tm; 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf&efcJhonf? armfpudkrS !$ef=um;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS uGefjrLepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJr_ pwifvkyfaqmifaejcif;udk acsr_ef;ypf&ef 0ifa&mufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf?,ckqkdv#if ydkvefacgif;aqmifrsm;rS vGwfvyfr_twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk cGifhðy vdkOD;awmifrS/ armfpudku ydwfqdk@wm;qDrnfhtajctaeudk txif;om;jrifae&onf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;u ydkrdkyGifhvif;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck &nf&G,f=uaomfvnf;/ tvm;tvmu enf;vSonf? pdwfysufp&m jzpfaecJhonf? (1960) twGif;


twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJh=uaom vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u (1970) ckESpf tapmydkif;wGif/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_topf rsm;twGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;csrSwfcJh=uonf? (1968) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tajctaersm;ESifh ydkrdkIvdkufavsmnDaxG ajymif; cJh=uonf? xdk r[mAsL[mxkqpfolrsm;=um;wGif vufpfZuf udkvmaumhpuD; Leszek Kolakowski/ ,Jquf ul&Gef Jacek Kuron ESifht'rf rDcsepf Adam Michnik wdk@jzpfcJh=uonf? olwdk@ wOD;csif;pDonf qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk ,Hk=unfouf0if olrsm;rSaeI ygwDwGif;tjzpftysufrsm;udk trSeftwdkif;odjrifvm=uaomtcg/ twdkuftcHtjynfht0jzpfvm=uolrsm; jzpfonf? 0gaqmwuUodkvfrS EdkifiHa&;ygarmuQjzpf+yD;/ touft&G,ft&vnf; t}uD;qHk;jzpfaom udkvmaumhpuD;onf (1950) ESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;wGif w&m;aorufpf0g'udk pGef@v$wfa=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? ygwDtzGJ@0iftjzpfqufvufwnf&dS aecJh+yD; ygwD. ql;an‡mifhwckozG,f jzpfvmcJhonf? ygwDu A[k0g' wnfaxmifay;rnf[laom uwdu0wfudk csdK;azgufcJh r_ESifhygwfoufI olut}uD;tus,faygufuGJonf? (1966) ckESpfwGif ygwDrS ol@tm; xkwfy,fcJh+yD;/ (1968) ckESpfwGif wuUodkvfrSyg xkwfy,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? xdk@aemuf wkdif;jynfrS pGef@cGmcJhaomffvnf;/ wkdif;jynfta&;udkawmh rpGef@cGmcJhay? (1956) ckESpfwGif ,Jquful&Gefonf 0gaqmwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wa,mufjzpfcJhonf? olonfvnf; rufpf0g'udk ,Hk=unfI a0zefydkif;jcm;pGm pOf;pm;wwfjcif;onf ygwDwGif; vltrsm; tvkyfjzpfEdkifonf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfcJh onf? aemufrsKd;qufopfrsm;xJwGif uGefjrLepfwefzdk;rsm; pdrf@0ifwefzdk;xm;aeap&ef taysmfxrf;uif;axmufwyfzGJ@rsm;ukd olpkpnf;cJhao;onf? odk@aomf (1960) ckESpfrsm;twGif; olonf ra=ueyfr_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJh+yD;/ ol. vkyfaz:udkifzuf udk&dk;vf rdkZ,fvsL;puD; Karol Modzelewski ESihf wGJzufI tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;udk acsr_ef;jcif;jzifhðyjyif ajymif;vJjcif;vkyfr&Edkif[kkkqdkaom“ygwDodk@ tdwfzGifhay;pm”wck t=urf;ðypkcJhonf? (1964) ckESpfwGif ul&Gef ygwDrSz,f&Sm; cH&+yD; aemufESpfwGif tzrf;cH&I axmifcscHcJh&onf? ul&GefaxmifrSjyefvGwfcsdefonf (1968) rwfv vlxkqENjyr_twGuf pnf;&Hk;aecsdef csdefudkufjzpf+yD;/ ESpf&uftwGif;rSmyif oludk,fol axmifjyefusaerSef; odvdkuf&cJhonf? uGefjrLepf ynmwwfwa,muf.om;jzpfol rDcsepfonf ol@toufq,fhwpfESpfwGif ul&Gef. taysmfxrf;uif;axmuf wyfzGJ@0ifwOD; jzpfcJhonf? “uGeffjrLepfqddkwm vlr_qdkif&mw&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ nDr#r_ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'twGuf wdkufyGJ 0ifaeolwOD; jzpfw,f” [k oloif=um;cJh&onfudk aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “ol,Hk=unfr_twGuf ol axmifxJrSm t=um}uD;aecJh&w,f/ jyefvGwfvmwmeJ@ ol&J@awmfvSefa&;tvkyfawGudk jyefvkyfwmyJ?”ol. vrf;!$efjyol q&mrsm;twdkif; ygwDxJwGif tawG;tac:orm;rsm;twGuf ae&mr&dSzl;qdkwm rDcsepfodvdkuf&onf? txufwef;ausmif; om;b0wGif olonf ul&GefESifh rdkZ,fvsL;puD;wdk@. “tdwfzGifhay;pm”rsm;udk jzef@a0r_jzifh tzrf;cHcJh&onf? (1968) ckESpf wGif 0gaqmwuUodkvfwGif; qENjyr_wGif yg0ifcJhjyefonf? aemufESpfwGif olukd,fwdkifaxmifwGif;odk@ a&mufcJhonf? (1970) tv,fydkif;ESifh tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif xkwfa0aom jynfya&mufpmapmifrsm;ESifh ajratmuf*sme,frsm;wGif yg0ifaom aqmif;ygrsm;wGif xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. trSm;rsm;udk qef;ppfcJh=uonf? tm%mpepfrsm;onf vlom; qefEdkifonf/ 'Drdkua&pDqefEdkifonf[k olwdk@u rSef;qcJh=ua=umif; rDcsepfu a&;om;cJhonf? uGefjrLepfxdyfoD;acgif;aqmif rsm;twGif;wGif “ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;”&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf (1968) ckESpfwGif ygwDESifh olwdk@ wkwfaESmifxm;aom csufóud;jzwfcJh&onf? udkvmaumhpuD;url uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfr_. onf;cHpdwfr&dSr_ESifh &ufpuf =urf;óuyfr_rsm;onf acgif;aqmifqdk;rsm;. rSm;,Gif;r_ &dk;&dk;omr[kwf? Ttcsufrsm;onf tpdk;&awG. r&dSrjzpfvdktyf aom t&nftcsif;yJ[k ,ckqdkv#if &Sif;oGm;cJh+yD; [k rSwfcsufcscJhonf? odk@aomf ygwDonf vHk;0ar#mfvifhcsufrJhp&m jzpfaecJhv#ifaomfrS Tt&mtm;vHk;onf ar#mfvifhcsufrJh aeonf[k rqdkvdk ay? rnfonfht&mrqdk rajymif;vJyJ aeIr&[k ,Hk=unfonf? “o&Jabma=umifaom/ tavsmhay;vdkufemaom/ raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;aom vkyf&yftm;vHk;” onf bmukdr# ajymif;vJrypfEdkifa=umif; ,Hk=unfonf[k udkvm aumhpuD;u a&;om;cJhonf? ar;cGef;uawmh Tt&mrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkqef@usif=urnfenf;qdkaomtcsufyif jzpf onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk ðzwfcs&ef óud;pm;jcif;onf pdfwful;,Ofqefr_/ rjzpfEdkifaomvkyf&yfwck r[kwf[k rdcsepfu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpku [efa*&DESifh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ ta&;wGif=um;0ifpGufzuf EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif awmfvSefaom ajratmufvkyfief;rsm;onf &JwyfzGJ@rsm;twGufom tusKd;ðycJhonf? vlxktm; ydkI pdwfajcmufjcm;ap+yD;/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;tm; &efpovdk ydkjzpfapcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@. axmufcHolrsm;twGif; wdwfwqdwf oyfv#Kdvmaom twdkuftcHrsm;udk acsr_ef;ypfvdrfhrnf? tu,fI atmifjrifyguvnf; tiftm;t=urf; ywrf;oHk;I atmifjrif&jcif;a=umifh/ w&m;aotpdk;&wckudk aemufxyf w&m;aotpdk;&wckjzifh tpm;xdk;onfhES,fom &Sdvdrfhrnf? “vuf&dS&dSaewJh bmpwD;vftusOf;axmifawGudk tiftm;oHk;+yD; òzdcGif;rnfqdkygu rdrdwdk@taejzifh tr_rJ@ trSwf rJh aemufxyfbmpwD;vftopfrsm;udk wnfaqmufrdvsufom; jzpfvdrfhrnf?”


wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJrnfh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'onf tusKd;rJhvkyf&yfwckjzpfoGm;cJhovdk/ xdyfwdkufwdkufcdkufjcif;onfvnf; vrf;qHk;ydwfaeaom vkyf&yfwckvdk jzpfaecJhonf? odk@aomf udkvmaumhpuD;/ ul&GefESifh rdcsepfwdk@u wckckawmh&dS&rnf[k ,Hk=unfaecJhonf? tpdk;&udk ajymif;vJrnfhtpm; tpdk;&.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;onf ydkvefEdkifiH.vlr_b0udk ajymif;vJ apEdkifvdrfhrnf? ygwDuxdef;csKyfxm;aom zufpHkaxmifpHk&Sd b0rsm;. emcHaomtavhtxudk ckcHwGef;vSefjcif;jzifh ydkvef vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk ajymif;vJypfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k jrifonf? ygwD csKyfudkifr_. tjyifzufrS EdkifiHom;rsm;rS vGwfvyfpGm OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðyr_rsm;/ jynfolrsm;rS udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf; erlemrsm;onf “EdkifiHawmf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rsm;ESifh tm%mt*wdvkyfpdkufr_rsm;udk pdefac:aejcif;omjzpfonf” [k ul&Gefua=ujimcJhonf? twkduftcHynmwwfrsm;. vufiif;wm0efonf “vGwfvyfolrsm;. ppfrSefaomae@pOfb0 vl@0ef;usif” wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf[k rdcsepfu a&; om;cJhonf? qef@usif0da&m"djzpfpGmyif/ ydkvefom;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m ajymif;vJr_vrf;udk av#mufvSrf;zdk@&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;rS uif;uGmp&rnfuJhodk@ jzpfaecJhonf? “usKyfwdk@&J@ vGwfajrmufr_udk usKyfwdk@udk,fwdkifyJ pwif&rnf” [k rdcsepfu aºuG;a=umf cJhonf? xdkodk@vkyf&ef vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;ajcmufq,fu *ENDtawG;tac:. 0dnmOfrsm;udk twk,lcJhonf? jAdwdo#xHrS EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; r&,lrDumvrSmyif/ tdENd,jynfoljynfom;[email protected] “udk,fhudkudk,ftkyfcsKyfa&;” qdkonfudk &,lEdkifcJh=u onf? ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;. em,ursm;onf *END.r[mAsL[m OD;ao#mifrS &wem ESpfvHk;udk iSm;,lcJhonf? xdkt&m ESpfckrSm t=urf;zufenf;udk y,fcsjcif;ESifh udk,fudkudk,fwm0ef,lwwfolrsm;tjzpf tavhtusifhrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef/ yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifapjcif;yifjzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fxtoif;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftm; jyefvnfðyjyifjcif;qdkaom &nfrSef;csufudk pGef@v$wfvdkufjcif; r[kwfay? uGJvJoGm;onf[k rqdkvdkay? xdkt&monf tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; ajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef qGay;ovdk jzpfEdkifcJhonf[k ul&GefESifh rdcsepfu awG;qcJhonf? “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; pkpnf;jcif;onf tm%mpGrf;tm;wck jzpfonf” ESifh “rnfonfhtm%mydkifrqdk rnfonfhtm%mjzpfap todtrSwfðyudk ðy&rnfjzpfonf?”[k ul&Gefu a&;cJh onf? “atmufajcrSvmaom zdtm;xuf rnfonfht&mur# tm%mydkifrsm;udk trdef@ray;Edkifay”[k rdcsepfu axmufjycJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlxkvGwfvyfr_rsm;onf tEWdrqkv'frsm;jzpfI ydkvefjynfolrsm;tm;vHk; pnf;&Hk;jcif;ESifh v_H@aqmfjcif;onf rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&efvdkaom yxrtqifhrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? Todk@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ynmwwfrsm;onf r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm; vdktyfcJhonf? yxrqHk; odrf;oGif;&rnfholonf ydkvefynmwwfvlwef;pm;ESifh odyftxmrawG@vSaom/ uufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;if;wdk@onf ydkvefEdkifiH wGif wckwnf;aom vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkEdkifonfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf=uonf? udkvmaumhpuD;u (1950) ckESpfrsm; wGif xdkbmoma&;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;tm; “bmoma&;qdkif&m t,lonf;0g'”[lI ‚if;if;wdk@ESifh oufqdkifaomordkif; a=umif;udk ±H_@cscJhbl;ovdk/ bkef;awmf}uD; 0dkifZif;puD;uvnf; ynmwwfrsm;ESifhywfoufI “&kyfydkif;eSifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m orkwdopPmvufawG@0g'Drsm;”[k nnf;wGm;cJhbl;onf? odk@aomf ,cktajctaeonf jyefvnfaygif;pnf;&eftwGuf &ifhrSnfhcsdefa&mufae+yDjzpfonf? bmoma&;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;twGufom r[kwfyJ ynmwwfrsm;/ ydkvefjynfolrsm;twGufyg vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufI xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJh=u+yD;/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh ywfouf+yD; raumif;rSef;odvm&HkwifruyJ/ &kyfqefvGef;aom0g'ESifh tvGeftrif;usKd;a=umif;qifjcifr_udk toHk;csaom0g' udkyg raumif;rSef;odjrifvmcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh udk,fusifhw&m;&dSaom tm%mydkiftopfrsm;udk pwif &SmazGvmcJhonf? ul&GefESifh rdcsepfwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;todkif;t0dkif;wGifvnf; vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; &&dSap&efvnf; ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? (1956) ckESpfESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif ESpf}udrfwkdifwdkif tvkyform;rsm;. qlylykefuefr_ESifh tpdk;xHrS oabmwlnDr_rsm; tm; zdtm;ay;n‡pfxkwf&,lEdkifcJhonfudk olwdk@ todtrSwfðycJh=uonf? ygwDonf tvkyform;xktm; tjcm;tkyfpkrsm; xuf ydka=umufonf? xdk@a=umifh ydkvefEdkifiHtm; 'Drdkua&pDqDodk@ wGef;ydk@aom rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifrqdk xdktvkyf orm;xkonf yg0if&rnfjzpfonf[k rdcsepfu a&;om;cJhonf? (1970) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfESifh Zdkrdkac: axmufvSrf;a&;&Jrsm; wdk@u urf;&dk;wrf;a'orsm;wav#muf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;udkESdyfpufaomtcg ynmwwfrsm; pdk;pOf;r# rv_yfcJhonfhtwGuf a=umifh ul&Gef twGuf t&Suf&p&m jzpfapcJhonf? aemufwcsdefqdkv#ifawmh olwdk@taeESifh wpHkw&m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ jyo&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? vltzGJ@tpnf;onf ‚if;if;udk,f ‚if;if;pkpnf;&ef wm0ef&dSonf (1976) ckESpfwGif aemufw}udrf jyefjzpfcJhonf? Tw}udrfwGifvnf; pmaomufukefaps;E_ef;rsm;onf rD;yGm;rsm; wzefjzpfcJh jyefonf? ZGefv (24) &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfu (6) ESpftwGif; yxrqHk;aom aps;E_ef;wufr_udk a=ujimcJhonf? o=um;/ 0uftlacsmif;paom ukefypPnf;tcsKd@rSm aps;ESpfqwufcJh+yD;/ tjcm;t&mrsm;onf (50) &mcdkifE_ef; aps;wufvmvdrfhrnf[k a=ujimcJhonf? aemufwae@wGif ydkvef wEdkifiHvHk; oyddwfarSmufcJh=uonf? avmh'fZfrS txnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ urf;&dk;wef;rS oabFmusif;rsm;/ ydk@ZeefrS


oHxnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ qDvDqD,mrS owWKrdkif;rsm;ESifh Edk0g[lwmrS oHpuf&Hkrsm;wGif oydwfrsm;jzpfyGm; cJhonf? 0gaqm.qifajczHk;rsm;wGif tmqyfpfx&ufwm puf&HkrS tvkyform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;udk zsufqD;cJh ojzifh 0gaqm - yJ&pf rD&xm; &yfwef@cJh&onf? òrd@awmfESifh rdkifav;q,fcef@a0;aom a&'Grf wGiftvkyform;rsm; ygwD taqmuftODrsm;udk rD;wif±d_@=uojzifh vGefcJhaom (6) ESpfrS jrifuGif;ESifh tvm;o¿mefwlcJhonf? &kef;&if;qefcwfr_rsm; t&dSefavsmhruscifrSmyif 0ef}uD;csKyfrS aps;E_ef;wufr_rsm;tm; &kyfodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; avvd_if;ay:rSaeI a=ujimcJhonf? (1970) uJhodk@yif tpdk;&rS jyefqkwfcJhonf? odk@aomf aemufxyf qENjyr_rsm;udkawmh rvdkvm;onfh [efyefrsm;jyocJhonf? a&'GrfrS qENjyolrsm;tm; “rl&l;aeaom vloGrf;rsm; ESifh &l;a=umifa=umif rdef;rrsm;”[lI ±H_@cscJhonf? tmCmw}uD;rm;pGm jzifh ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk typfay;&ef pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? qENjyoltcsKd@onf eHygwfwkwfudkif &Jrsm;t=um; n‡yfyl;n‡yfodyf tydwfcHcJh&onf? ESpfaxmifausmf tzrf;cHcJh&onf? oHk;&mausmf axmifwGif;toGif;cHcJh&+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm q,fESpfausmftxd axmif'%ftjypfay; cHcJh&onf? tvkyform; axmifESihfcsDI tvkyfðzwfcHcJh&+yD;/ vcom r[kwf/ tvkyfvufrJhrsm;. cHpm;cGifhjzpfaom wdkifjynfwGif;&dS aq;ukoapmifha&Smufr_rsm;vnf; qHk;±H_l;cJh=u&onf? Ttcsdefonf (1970) ckESpfuESifh rwlyJ ynmwwfrsm;onfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;zufrS pka0;&yfwnfcJhonf? &ufydkif; twGif;rSmyif ul&GefESifh rdcsepfonf bkefawmf}uD;ESpfygtygt0if tjcm;aomolrsm;ESihf wGJzufI oydwfarSmufolrsm;ESifh twl “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;” udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? ZlvdkifvwGif tmqyfpfrS tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom cHk&Hk;wifppfaq;r_pwifaomtcg w&m;cGifwGif w&m;cHrdom;pkrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;/ t&yf0wf vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm;ESifh ,Jquful&Gef tygt0if 0gaqmrS twdkuftcH w'gZifr#ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf? olwdk@tm;vHk;onf tvkyf orm;rsm;. rdom;pkrsm;udk ulnD=u&ef a&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf rvG,fulvSay? vHkòcHa&;&J/ at;*sifhrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@aemufodk@ ae&mwumvdkufaejcif;/ "gwfyHk&dkuf,ljcif;ponfrsm; ðy=uonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;onfvnf; vlpdrf;rsm;udk pdk;&drf=uonf? w&m;cH. trsKd;wa,mufjzpfaom idkaºuG;aeaom trsKd;orD;udk tjcm;twdkuftcHzufrS trsKd;orD;ESpfOD; u pmemudk,fcsif;pmr_ay;jcif;onf acwWem;aecsdef. +idrfoufr_udk òzdcGif;cJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;u w&m;&Hk;rS cef@tyfaom a&S@aersm;udk ra=ueyfa=umif; taxmuftxm;ESihf ajymqdkcJh=uonf? twkduf tcHrsm;rSvnf; a&S@aetwGuf axmufcHcJh=u+yD;/ a&S@aepm;&dwfay;cJh=uonf? tvkyform;wOD;. uav;twGuf uav; xdef; pDpOfay;aoma=umifh ol.ZeD; w&m;cGifodk@ vmEdkifcJhonf? 0gaqmrS ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvm; wl tultnDrsKd;udk a&'GrfwGifw&m;&ifqdkifaeaom tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; ulnDcJh=uonf? apmifh=unfhr_rsm;onf ydkrdk wif;=uyfvmcJhonf? aqmif&Gufolrsm;uvnf; csKyfaESmifjcif;/ &dkufESufjcif;rsm;udk &J0HhpGm&ifqdkifcJh=uonf? tpdk;&rS ul&Gef tm; ppfwyft&Hwyfom;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef ac:jcif;jzifh/ ol@tm; xdkjrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk tultnDay;aeonfhudpPrsm;udk a&&SnftultnDay;Edkif&ef tcsKd@vli,fydkif; aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf ay:ay:xifxif v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk;vdk=uonf? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;+yD;aomolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;vdk=uonf? xdkolrsm; ygvmygu acsr_ef;jcif;tm;jzifh emrnfqdk;&Edkifaoma=umifh tpdk;&zufrSvnf; xdef;odrf;udkifwG,fvdrfhrnf[k olwdk@,lq aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tcdsK@ touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaom ynmwwfrsm;onf w&m;0ifyHkpHtkyfpkzGJ@r_onf vG,fvG,fululESifh acsr_ef;Edkifonf[k pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? ydkvef b&if*sDbkefawmf}uD;*dk%f;. pufwufbm (9) &ufae@pGJyg/ tvkyform;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; umuG,fjcif;ESifhywfoufaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf i,f&G,faom aqmif&Gufolrsm;. ESvHk; om;udk odrf;ydkufqGJiifEdkifcJhonf? xkdvli,fxkrS ydkvefbmomtm;jzifh twdkaumuf autdktm KOR [kac:aom tvkyf orm;tcGifhta&;tumtuG,fay;a&;aumfrwDw&yfudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? xdkaumfrwDonf ul&Gef/ rdcsepfESifh tjcm;aom olrsm;. r[mAsL[m pdwful;tay:wGif aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? xdkaumfrwDrS tzrf;cH&aom tvkyf orm;rsm;tm; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&efESifh tvkyfðzwfcH&olrsm;udk tvkyfjyefoGif;ay;&efwdk@udk awmif;qkdcJhonf? “vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;wGif Oya'rJhr_udk ckcHumuG,f&ef pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfjcif;ESihf tjyeftvSefulnDjcif;rSvGJI tjcm;enf;emr&dS” [k KOR rS a=ujimcJhonf? “rnfonfhae&mwGif zdESdyfr_&dSap xdkt&mawGudk ckcHumuG,f&ef vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ pkpnf;&rnf/ Ttcsufonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wm0efwckjzpfonf?” xdkOyrmonf “twkyftaESmifuif;aom v_yf&Sm;r_Xmetopfrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef aphaqmfay;vdrfhrnf” [k olwdk@ar#mfvihfcJha=umif; pwnfaxmifolwOD;ua&; om;cJhonf? autdktm KOR onf tzGJ@0if q,fhav;OD;jzifh pwifcJh+yD;/ rnfonfhtcsdefur#tzGJ@0if oHk;q,fxuf rydkcJhay? t"duyg0if =uolrsm;rSm ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;/ vlr_a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ '\eduynm&Sifrsm;ESifh c&pf,mefbkef; awmf}uD;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf? emrnf}uD;yk*~dKvftcsKd@udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhonf? emrnf}uD; 0wWKa&;q&m *smqD tef'a&*sL;puD;/ vltrsm;=unfndkaom abm*aA'ordkif;ynm&Sif tuf'0yf vDyif;puD;/ tu,f'rDqk&Sif &kyf&Sifrif;orD; [,fvDem rDudkvmhcsfpum;ESifh atmufpfpzdk@'f rS ygarmuQ vJZuf udkvmaumhpuD;wdk@yg0ifcJhonf? tjcm;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ajratmuf *smrefawmfvSefa&;wGif ygcJhbl;olrsm; odk@r[kwf xdkrsKd;qufrS aygufzGm;vmolrsm;/ (1956) ESifh


(1968) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&tm; qef@usifcJholrsm; jzpf=uonf? tawG;tac:tm;jzifh xdktkyfpkonf uGJjym;r_ &dScJhonf? uufovpf ynmwwfrsm;/ qdk&S,f 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh vpfb&,f0g'Drsm; ponfwdk@ yg0ifcJhaomfvnf; tm%m&Sif tpdk;&udk qef@usifjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tay:wGifxm;&dSaom wefzdk;xm;/ uwdu0wf&dSr_rsm;tay:wGif twlwuG vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh=uonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf;topfonf pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;/ &dkufESufcH&olrsm;ESifh tvkyfðzwfcH&ol tvkyform;rsm;tm; tpdk;&rS jiif;y,f aom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jznfhqD;ay;jcif;udk t"du vkyfaqmifcJhonf? autdktm KOR onf tvkyform;rsm; zufrS ckcHumuG,fEdkif&ef a&S@aersm;&Smay;jcif;ESifh w&m;cGifwGif oufaojyEdkif&ef tvkyform;rsm; cHpm;cJh&aom '%f&m '%fcsufrsm;twGuf oufaocH taxmuftxm;rsm;&,l&ef q&m0efrsm;&SmazGay;jcif;wkd@udk vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? w&m; r0if tultnDay;a&; &HyHkaiG wckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;/ jynfwGif;vlxkxHrS &HyHkaiG tajrmuftjrm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rSyg &HyHkaiGrsm;udk aumufcHcJhonf? aqmvf bJvdk;/ [def;e&pf bdk;ESifh *Gefwm *&yfpfuJhodk@aom EdkifiHjcm;emrnf}uD;pma&;q&mrsm;rS ydkvefwGifa&mif;aom ‚if;if;wdk@pmtkyfrlydkifcGifhrsm;udk vSL'gef;cJh=uonf? taemufOa&my tvkyform;or*~rsm;rSvnf; vSL'gef;cJh=uonf? KOR onf pkpkaygif; &or# aiGa=u;ZavmhwD zloty (3² 2) oef;udk (vl ajcmufq,fhig;a,muf. ESpfywfvnf 0ifaiGESifh wlnDonf?) 1976 pufwifbmrS ESifh 1977 pufwifbmtxd vlaxmif aygif;rsm;pGmudk ulnDay;EdkifcJhonf? KOR onf vlod&Sif=um; wdkufyGJrsm;az:Ivnf; ppftpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;cJhonf? ygwDt}uD;tuJ *J&ufonf vlxktjrif tay:wGif wdrf;!$wfEdkifyga=umif; az:jycJhonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktkyfpkonf qENjyyGJrsm;. jyefvnfajymqdkcsufrsm;/ tusdK; quf zdESdyfr_rsm; ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. w&m;cGifrsm;ta=umif;udk pmrsm;xkwfI jzef@a0cJhonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;if;wdk@onf EdkifiHawmf w&m;a&S@ae&Hk;tm; &Jrsm;. rrSefruef qufqHr_rsm;udk ta&;,l&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? (1976) aemufydkif;wGif tmqyfpfESifh a&'GrfrS tvkyform; wpfaxmifausmfwdk@onf *J&uf xHodk@ qef@usifaom pmrsm;udk vufrSwfxdk;I ay;ydk@cJh =uonf? xdkwcsdefwnf;rSmyif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ynm&Sifrsm;/ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh tEkynm&Sifrsm; onfvnf; Sejm (ydkvefygvDref) xHodk@ &Jrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcsufrsm; yg0ifaom pmrsm;udk vufrSwfxdk; ay;ydk@cJh=uonf? ygwDonf EdkifiHjcm;rSvmaom xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udkd ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;ajympum;uJhodk@yif ta&;xm;rnf[k KOR u odaecJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ydkvefonf “vpfb&,fqefaom” vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom uGefjrLepf tpdk;&wckjzpf onf[laom taemuf.,Hk=unfcsuf&rSom aiGa=u;qdkif&m aºuG;+rD&Edkifrnf[k odxm;aoma=umifh/ *J&ufonf EdkifiHjcm; wGif =uifem[efyHk&dyfudkjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? KOR onf xdktm;enf;csufudk tqufrjywf wdkufcdkufcJhonf? ul&GefESifh vpfyf puD;wdk@onf 0gaqmwGif *smrefowif;axmufrsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;cJhonf? (1976) ckESpftwGif; taemufOa&mywGifvnf; rpfcsepfonf jyifopfESifh tDwvD owif;axmufrsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;cJhonf? ol/ udkvmaumpuD;ESifh 0avmhZifrm&pf b&kpf ESifh atmufpfpzdk@'f&dS tjcm; jynfya&mufolwOD;wdk@onf vef'efwGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckðyvkyfI aiGa=u;tultnD rsm; awmif;cJh=uonf? ‚if;if;wdk@ta&;ESifh qufEG,faom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDrsm; vef'ef/ yJ&pfESifh e,l;a,mufwdk@ wGif zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? xdkenf;AsL[mrsm;onf tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? (1977) rwfvESifh ZlvdkifvtwGif; vGefcJhaom ZGefvuwnf;u zrf;qD;xm; aom tvkyform;tm;vHk;udk jyefv$wfay;cJh+yD;/ tvkyfðzwfcHxm;&aom vltrsm;pkvnf; tvkyfjyef&cJhonf? tpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonfh KOR . t"du awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh jynfwGif; jynfy&dS zdtm;ay;r_rsm; avsmhus Edkif+yD;/ xdktzGJ@onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k ppftpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf tmqyfpf ESifh a&'Grf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyfief; +yD;ajrmufoGm;aomtcg/ aqmif&Gufolrsm;onf tjcm;aom OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;rsm;buf vSnfhoGm;=ucJhavonf? “usKyfwdk@&J@ vkyfief;awGudk qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/” “usKyfwdk@ wyftyfodxm;ovdkyJ tm%mydkifawGu csrSwfxm;wJh twm;tqD;awGukd wdkufcdkufzdk@&ef txda&mufqHk;vufeuf[m EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;&J@ wufºuGaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_yif jzpfygw,f?”[k ‚if;if;wdk@u a=ujimcJhonf? pmapmif/ pmtkyf xkwfa0a&;onf wckwnf;aom ta&;t}uD;qHk; vufeufwckjzpfcJhonf? tpdk;&. vlxk owif;ESifh rD'D,m wGif vuf0g;}uD; tkyfxm;r_udkòzdcGif;jcif;vnf;jzpfI/ tpdk;&. ydkvefvlxkb0tm; csKyfudkifxm;jcif;udk z,f&Sm;ypfa&; twGuf vGefpGmta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? vlxk=um;wGif qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; r&dSygu rnfonfh vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; csdwfqufEdkifrnf r[kwfacs? twdwfumvrsm;wGif ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;rS pdppfa&;rsm; avsmhayghay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh+yD;/ ppftpdk;&rSvnf; &Hzef &Hcg tenf;i,f zGifhay;cJhonf? odk@aomf tuef@towf rsm;onf qufvuf&dSaeqJ jzpfonf? tu,fI a0zefajymqdkygu rnfonfht&mr# xkwfvkyfcGifh r&awmhrnfudk a=umuf ±G@HcJhaom olrsm;t=um; xdk pdppfa&;rsm;u tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? (1976) ckESpf aemufydkif; ,ckqdkv#if twdkuftcHrsm;onf w&m;0ifrD'D,mrsm;udk OayuQmðyI udk,fydkif*sme,frsm;/ pmtkyfrsm; pwif xkwfa0cJh=uonf?


(1976) ckESpf pufwifbmwGif KOR onf udkjrLeDuyf Komunikat (qufoG,fa&;) [k trnf&aom ol@. yxrOD;qHk; aom pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJh+yD;/ ‚if;if;pmapmifonf tenf;trsm;qdkovdk vpOfxGufcJhonf? xdkpmapmifwGif KOR . oabmxm; a=ujimcsufrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;. w&m;cGifowif;rsm;ygovdk/ xdkta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;tay: wefjyef uvJhpm;acs wdkufcdkufr_rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh=uonf? ta&;tom;rsm;onf uspfvpfI tcsuftvufrSefuef=u+yD;/ ydkvefrS w&m;0if pmapmifrsm;ESifh rwlnDyJ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom owif;xGufay:&m ae&mwcktjzpf wckom &nf&G,fxkwfa0jcif; jzpfcJhonf? yxrwGif tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf pmapmifrsm;udk vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuf&onf/ xdk@aemuf tjcm;olrsm;xHvufqifh urf;um xdkpmapmifrsm;ay;I xdkolrsm;rS topfxyfrH&dkufI olwdk@t=um; jyefvnf jzef@a0cJh=u&onf? aemufydkif;wGif rdwWLpufrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rS cdk;oGif;I yHkESdyfjzef@a0cJh=uonf? KOR onf tjcm;aom owif;ESifh oabmxm;a&;&m *sme,f rsm; ay:xGufvma&;twGufvnf; ulnDay;cJhonf? xdktxJwGif tvkyform;rsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vkyfief;cGif vHkòcHr_ &dSjcif;/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh vkyftm;crsm;ESihfywfoufaom t=uHnm%frsm; az:jyyg0ifonfh &dkabmhepfuf Robotnik uJhodk@aom pufr_vkyfom;rsm;twGuf *sme,fwckvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? (1978) ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif w}udrf xkwfv#if apmifa&ESpfaomif;udk xkwfa0jzef@csDEdkifcJh=uonf? KOR .aiGa=u;/ KOR . rdwWLul;pufjzifh KOR .tzGJ@0ifvnf;jzpf/ "gwkaA'ynm&SifwOD;vnf; jzpfaom rD&dkqavm csKd*sDuD u Edk0g [k ac:aom ajratmuf pmayxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wck wnfaxmifchJonf? (1977) ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk; pmtkyfxGufay:vmcJh+yD;/ 0wˆKrsm;/ rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdkkif&m pum;ajyrsm; tygt0if pmtkyfw&mausmfESifh vuf urf;pmapmiftajrmuftrsm; qufwdkufxkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&. qifqmtzGJ@rsm;wGif b,faomtcgur# uif;vGwfcJh jcif;r&dSonfh qufpavm rDavmhfZf Czeslaw Milosz (tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfajy;tjzpfaexdkifaom vpfol tm;eD;,ef;ESihf ydkvefpyfuAsmq&m/ aemifwGif pmayqdkif&m Edkvfb,fvfqk &&dScJholjzpfonf?) . uAsmrsm;ESifh a*smhcsf tdk0,fvfESifh uAsmq&mrsm;jzpf=uaom tdkqpfyf ref'JvfpwefESifh *sKdqufzd ba&mh'fpuDwdk@. vuf&mrsm; xGufay:vmcJh =uonf? Edk0gwGif ‚if;if;udk,fydkif yHkESdyfqddkifrsm;/ odkavSmif&Hkrsm;/ jzef@csDa&; uGef,ufrsm; ESifh a&mif;&aom aiGa=u;ESifh ulnDr_ rsm;uwqifh pwifvnfywfcJhonf? ydkvef twdkuftcHrsm;onf qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;udk ‚if;if;wdk@aemufausmrS jyefwdkufouJhodk@ twdkuftcHrsm;onf ygwD . tqifhjrifhynma&;tay: xdef;csKyfr_udk olwdk@ udk,fykdifoifcef;pmrsm;jzihf jyefvnf wefjyefwdkufcJh=uonf? (1977) ckESpf aqmif;tul;wGif KOR tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tjcm;aom ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ylaygif;I tjrifhysH wuUodkvf (Flying University) udk zefwnf;cJh=uonf? wuUodkvfòrd@rsm;&dS w&m;r0if ausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm;rS oifcef;pm wckjcif;pDtwGuf ae&meSifh ae@udk a=ujimay;cJh=uonf? (yHkrSeftm;jzifh yk*~vdutcef;rsm;wGif jzpfcJhonf?) ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm; 'gZifESifhcsDI tcef;xJwGif jynfh=uyfaecJh+yD;/ y&dabm*ypPnf;rsm;udk &Sif;xkwf/ =urf;jyifay:wGif xkdifI t'rf rpfcsepf ydk@cs aom “ydkvefEdkifiHom;wdk@. ordkif;a=umif;” ESifh “,ae@acwfay: EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;”pojzifh olwdk@wcgrS yHkrSef pmoif cef;rsm;wGif =um;&zl;jcif;r&Sdaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk em;axmifcJh=u&onf? u&maumwGif c&pf,mef omoemðybkef; awmf}uD;/ um&dk;vf 0csfwDvmwdk@rS vltrsm;ydkrdkkvma&muf avhvmEdkkif&efESifh &Jrsm;. aESmuf,Sufr_uif;a0;ap&eftwGuf bk&m;&dkcdk;ausmif;ydkif cef;rrsm;udk axmufyHhay;cJh=uonf? yxrESpf tqHk;wGif tjrifhysH wuUodkvfwGif oifcef;pmaygif; (120) ðyvkyfEdkifcJhonf? 1976 KOR ay:aygufvmcsdefwGif ‚if;if;onf wckwnf;aom vnfywfEdkifaom twdkuftcHtkyfpkwckjzpfcJhonf? wESpf/ ESpf ESpf twGif;rSmyif xdktzGJ@onf udk,fxludk,fxtzGJ@tpnf;twGuf a,bk,syHkpHwck jzpfvmcJhonf? ausmif;om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDonf ygwDxdef;csKyfaom ausmif;om;tkyfpkrsm;. tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mtiftm;pktjzpf wuUodkvf (6) ckwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? *'ef@pfcf/ &SpfZif ESifh umwdk0pfZfwdk@wGif KOR ESifh qufEG,faom tvkyform;rsm;onf puf&HkwGif;&Sd tiftm;rsm;udk OD;aqmifEdkif&ef vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcJhovdk/ KOR tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf v,f orm;rsm; ta&;twGufudk,fhudkudk,f ckcHumuG,fEdkifaom aumfrwD tcsKd@udk pwif&mwGif ulnDcJh=uonf? wjcm; rwlnD aom twdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;udk KOR . t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ul&GefESifh rpfcsepfwdk@. qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufzuf ,drf;aomt,ltqtay: oabmrusolrsm;rS pwif zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;ESifh [email protected];pkrsm;udk ulnDaeaom ynmwwfrsm;/ ygarmuQrsm; ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf ajratmufpmoifcef;rsm;ESifh ajratmuf *sme,frsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh=uonf? Todk@aomvkyf&yfrsm;rSm vlxkb0tay: ygwDuxdef;csKyfxm;r_udk 0ifa&mufrpGufapvdkaom tm%mydkiftpdk;&rsm;twGuf qef@usif tHwkr_jzpfcJhonf? &Jrsm;u wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk &dkufESuf/ zrf;qD;/ axmifcs/ axmufvSrf;apmifh=unfh+yD;ESifh tdrfwdkif,ma&muf 0if&SmcJhjcif;rsm; vkyfcJh=uonf? (1977) ckESpf arvwGif or*~ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufol ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfaom pepfepfqavm yD*smhpfonf u&maumawmif=um;wGif aoqHk;cJh+yD;/ trsm;pku vHkòcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vufcsuf[k ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? KOR .tzGJ@0if &kyf&Sifrif;orD; [mfvDem rDudkvmhcsfpumonf tqufrjywf aESmuf,Sufwm;qD;cH&olwOD; jzpfcJhonf? olrtaejzifh apmfum;&dkif;jyaom zkef;ac:qdkr_rsm;/ pmrsm;vufcH&&dScJhovdk olrum;udkvnf; zsufqD;cHcJh&onf? wreufcif; wGif olrtcef;udk


a,mufusm; w'gZifcef@ cdk;0ifvmcJh+yD;/ olrukd jcdrf;ajcmuf atmf[pfcJh=uonf? tcsKd@aomwufºuGv_yf &Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;onfvnf; omrefjypfr_rsm;jzifh pGwfpGJcH&jcif;/ tvkyfðzwfcH&jcif;rsm; &dScJhonf? ausmif;om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;udk ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&onf? &Jrsm;onf pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;I ypPnf;rsm;ESihf pmtkyfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;cJh=uonf? (1979) cktapmydkif;wGif tjrifhysH wuUodkvfrsm;onf yHkrSef wdkufckdufr_udk cHcJh&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;u “aqG;aEG;ol rsm;”rsm;udk twef;twGif;xnfhoGif;I oifcef;pmrsm;udk aESmifh,Sufay;cJh=uonf? tjyifrSvlrsm;udkvnf; aESmifh,SufcJh onf? w}udrf rpfcsepfESifh tjcm; ausmif;om;ESpfOD;udk “opPmazmuf rif;udk pDtdkifatu b,favmufay;xm;vdk@vJ” [katmf[pfI wdkufcdkufolrsm;u &dkufESufcJh=uonf? ul&Gefudk avScg;ay:u wGef;cscJhzl;onf? wcg ol. tcef;wGif oifcef; pmvkyf&ef owfrSwfcJh+yD; tcsdefa±$@+yD;rS vl&rf;um;wtkyf ol.tcef;odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ol@ZeD;ESifh olzciftwGuf aq; tultnD awmif;cHaeaom ol@om;udk wkdufckdufcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &Jrsm;onf olaexdkif&m taqmuftOD;udk 0dkif;xm;aomfvnf; wpHkw&m =um;0ifjzefajzay;jcif;/ pGufzufjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? Todk@ EdSyfpufr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf;/ KOR ESifh tkyfpkrsm;onf ‚if;if;wdk@vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif [email protected][ef/ trSwftom;udk zGifhcscJhonf? Oyrm *sme,fwGif emrnfrsm;/ zkef;eHygwfrsm;ESifh t,f'Dwmrsm;. vdyfpmrsm;udk tpOfvdkuf az:jycJhonf? v#dK@0SufpGm vkyfaejcif;xuf olwdk@. ae@tvif; a&mifxJodk@ ajymif0ifcJhonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhom tjcm;olrsm;u olwdk@. pHerlemtwdkif; vkdufvm=u&ef wGef; tm;jzpfapvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaoma=umifhyif? xdkt&mu olwdk@udk ypfrSwftjzpf zefwnf;vdkufomtcg twkduftcHwGif rnfolu t"du acgif;aqmifqdkwmESifh ywfoufI ±_yfaxG;p&mr&dSawmhyJ/ aocsmaom umuG,fr_&apcJhonf? tpkd;& onf tu,fI ajymifajymifwif;wif;vkyf&rnfqdkygu vuf&G@Honf? twdkuftcHrsm; ydk+yD; jrifomxifom&dSav olwdk@udk wdkufxkwfypfa&;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHa&;t& ydkIwefzdk;}uD;avyif jzpfonf? vlxktmcHr_qdkif&m r[mAsL[monf tEW&m,frsm;aomfvnf;/ tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&u rnfonfhtcgr# twdkuftcHudk t+yD;tydkif z,f&Sm;ypf&ef róud;pm;cJhay? tpkd;&onf vltcsKd@udk jypf'%f}uD;}uD; csrSwfI vltrsm;udk tv,ftvwf jypf'%fay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;/ oifcef;pm rsm; wufa&mufjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfaom pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0jcif;onf cufcJI wcgw&H tEW&m,frsm;yif óuHawG@cJh=u& onf? odk@aomf vltrsm;udk wcgwnf; tpktðyHvdkuf zrf;qD;/ axmifcsjcif; r&SdcJhay? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&onf (1970) ckESpfrsm;rSpI &&dSxm;aom EdkifiHjcm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; qufqHr_ESifh jynfwGif; wnf+idrfr_udk rysufqD;vdkaoma=umifhvnf; jzpf onf? tpktðyHvdkuf +zdKcGif;r_a=umifh jzpfay:apEdkifaom jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy. a'goxGufr_udk pdk;&drfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpf onf? tu,fI KOR ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;wGif tuef@towfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh/ udk,fydkiftcsKyftcsmtm%m&dSaer_udk onf;cH Edkifjcif;onf tajctaew&yftxdomjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu wefzdk;ay;&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf? twkduftcHrsm;onf 0ef;&Hapmifh=unfhcHae&aom taetxm;jzpfqJ jzpfonf? xdkt&monf trmcHwufºuGolrsm;udk vkyfief;rsm;rS wm;qD;&ef rvHkavmufay? odk@aomf pmemr_&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;udk twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;&ef azsmif;zs&eftwGuf vHkavmufaompnf;&Hk;a&;tiftm; jzpfcJhonf? “vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tm%mydkifrsm;udk rkef;wD;onf/ odk@aomf pdk;&drfylyefae=uao;onf?”[k pma&;q&m umZDrm&pfZf b&ef'pfu ol. (1979) rwfvtwGif; a&;om;cJhaom ol. 0gaqmae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? “'gu olwdk@&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGjzpfwJh vcwdk@/ aep&m tdrfcef;wdk@/ om;orD;awG wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGufwdk@/ c&D;oGm;zdk@wdk@/ ae@w"l0b0wdk@ pojzifh tJ'gawG qHk;±Hl;oGm;Edkifwma=umifh jzpfw,f? 'guvnf; vlawGudk a=umuf&GH@atmif vkyfaewmyJ?” olu azmfjycJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf ykdvefEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom vlr_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_b0 topfjyefvnf rGrf;rHjcif;udk jzpfapcJhonf? wdkufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_rsm; wnfaqmufcJh onf? odk@aomf udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfwnfjcif;onf tpdk;&.tm%mtm; ruef@owfEdkifygu xdktzGJ@tpnf; rsm;onf tiftm;csdeJ@aom/ omrmeftqifhYom wnf&dSaevdrfhrnf? tpdk;&tm; tuef@towfrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef zdtm;ay;EdkifrSomv#if wdk;wufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf Ttajctaeonf KOR .pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_. tjyifzufwGifom &dScJhonf? xdkt&mudk pGrf;aqmifEdkif&ef }uD;rm;I tiftm;}uD;aom/ EdkifiH. t"du tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk oydwffarSmufEdkif aom/ tv$mpHkydkrdkyg0ifaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_w&yf vdktyfonf? odk@rSom ydkvefEdkdifiH tem*gwftwGuf ppfrSefaom òydifyGJwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh wkzuf,SOfòydifEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?


usKyfwdk@ ykd&J&ifh vmcJh+yD ara';ae@onf uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif t"du tm;vyf&yf ae@wae@jzpfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;twGuf q,fhudk; &mpktwGif; qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tpOftquftwGuf atmifyGJcHr_tjzpf usif;y&ef tcGifhta&; jzpfovdk/ om,maom &moD Owk.atmuf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif omrefjynfolrsm;vnf; pDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh tcGifhta&;wckvnf; jzpfonf? (1978) ck wGif xdkae@a&mufvmaomtcg “ydkveftvkyform;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD t"Gef@&Snfygap/” “tvkyform; vlwef;pm; udk umuG,f=u/” ESifh “EdkifiHtm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; nD!Gwf=u” pojzifha&;xm;aom acgif;pD;rsm;ESifhtvHrsm;/ T pmwrf;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;aom vlaetaqmuftOD;rsm;udk ydkZfeefòrd@wòrd@vkH;wGif awG@cJh=uonf? xdktpdk;& taqmif ta,mifrsm;atmufwGifrl/ jywif;wHcg;wdkif;xufwGif tjcm;wpHkw&mvnf; &dSaecJhonf? ‚if;if;rSm tv,fydkif;acwfvuf&m jzpfaom/ ydkvefuufovpfbmom. tcspfjrwfEdkf;qHk; &kyfxkjzpfaom/ csufpfwdkcsKd0g r,fawmfrufa'gem;. teufa&mif &kyfxkyifjzpfonf? ydkZfeefòrd@rS rufa'gem;&kyfxkrsm;onf ydkvefEdkifiH. 0da&m"d b0udk azmfxkwfjyoaeonf? EdkifiH. w&m;0ifbmomrSm bmomrJh jzpfonf? odk@aomf we*FaEGae@wdkif;wGif ygwDtzGJ@0if trsm;tjym;tygt0if ydkvefEdkifiHom; oef;ESifhcsDI vlxk 0wfðyyGJrsm; wufa&mufcJh=uonf? xdkae&mwGif olwdk@awGtm;vHk;onf uGefjrLepf0g'. tqHk;trrsm;.a0;&m/ pdwfydkif;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tjyifurBmxJodk@ 0ifa&mufoGm;cJh=uonf? “uGefjrL0g'atmufrSm aepOfrSmyJ/ 'Dwdkif;jynfrSm bmoma&; t,ltquvnf; jyefvnftm;aumif;vmaew,f?” &m'uf qDaumpuD;u ajymcJhonf? bD*dk&Spfòrd@wGif vltrsm; bk&m; ausmif;odk@oGm;aeonfh jrifuGif;udk atmufharhzG,f jyefvnfa&;om;cJhonf? bk&m;&dk;cdk;ausmif;yHk&dfyfawGonf ESpfpOfwdk;yGm; vmcJhonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf t}uD;tus,f tHh=ocJh&onf? ygwD. w&m;aot,ltqtay: pdefac:r_vnf; jzpfonf? bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;rsm;. owif;pum;rsm;uyif ‚if;if;wdk@. t,ltqudk xkwfaz:jyoaeonf? oif;tkyfq&mrsm;. pmrsm; ESifh a'\emusrf;pmrsm;onf/ ygwD. EdkifiHa&;rdef@cGef;/ &J&Jawmuf pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh rwlyJ&Sdae=uonf? TESpfckpvHk;u urBmavmu}uD;wGif tqdk;ESifh taumif;wdk@ vGefqGJaeonfhtay:wGif tajcðyajymqdkae=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkolrsm; tm;vHk;uvnf; tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sif.vrf;!$efr_udk vdkufem&ef,Hk=unfudk;uG,folrsm;udk awmif;qdkae=uonf? bk&m; ausmif;rsm;onfvnf; ygwDuJhodk@yif txufatmuftkyfcsKyfr_pepfrsKd; &dSaeonf? a&S@aqmifOD;jyr_tm;vHk;onf tay:u om qif;oufvmonf? &kwfw&uf=unfhrnfqdkygu vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:Edkifr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk aumif;csD;ozG,f owfrSwf xm;aom ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf ,kwWdwefaom r[mrdwfjzpfwef&m ta=umif;r&SdcJhay? odk@aomfvnf; xkdtcef;u¾udkyif vlxkrsm;u vufcHvdkuf=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u vlxkESvHk;udk odrf;usKH;,liif&ef jzpfvmcJhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ae&mwdkif;wGif &dScJh+yD;/ ydkvefom;rsm;. b0rsm;axmifhaphwGif twif;tusyf ae&m,l xm;ae=ucsdefwGif/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u rdrdqENtavsmufvufcHr_ESifh qENtavsmuf yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udkom trDDSo[JðycJh onf? bmoma&; ,Hk=unfr_onf c&pf,mefbmomudkif;±d_if;olwa,muftwGuf vltrsm;ESifhqdkifaom tusdK;aus;Zl; wkef@jyeftusKfd;ay;r_twGuf tenf;i,fom cHpm;&zG,f&Sdaomfvnf;/ ydkveftpdk;&taejzifhrl Tolrsm;udkazmufjyefa&; t,ltq&Sdaomolrsm;tjzpf vufcH=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH uGefjrLepfpepfatmuf qufvuf&Sifoef&efESifh wdk;yGm;vmap&ef twGuf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf vlxkrsm;. wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;cJhonf? *k%foduQm&dSaom &dk;&mtpOf tvmrsm;ESifh qufEG,fjcif;/ av;av;eufeuf wefzdk;xm;jcif;rsm; ðycJhonf? xdktwGufa=umifh xufatmufqufqHa&; pepf&Sdaom uufovpf tkyfcsKyfr_pepfonf bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_w&m;xuf ausmfvGefIoGm;onf? aemufqHk; wEdkifiH vHk;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udkyg xkwfaz:ajymqdkEdkifaomtaetxm; a&mufcJhonf? *dk%f;csKyf}uD; pwDzif 0dkifZif;puD;ESifh u&maume,fajrwGif tkyfcsKyfaom bkefawmf}uD; um&dk;vf 0kcsfwDvmwdk@onf (1970) ckESpfrsm;wGif bk&m;ausmif;tm; owdxm;I trSm;t,Gif;r&dSapyJ aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomf (1970) ckESpf aemufydkif;wGifrl twdkuftcHrsm;zufodk@ csnf;uyfvmcJhonf? 0dkifZif;puD;. a[m=um;csufrsm;wGif puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;. &kyfydkif;qkdif&m awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk pmema=umif;az:jyI/ “ wpHkwOD;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf pnf;&Hk;Edkifa&;/ nD!Gwf a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_wdk@twGuf owWdajymifajrmufaom ckcH/ wGef;vSefr_/” wdk@udk tm;ay;csD;usL; axmyemðycJhonf? xdkpum;vHk;rsm;onf autdktmuJhodk@aom tkyfpkrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vHk;0eD;yg axmufcH ovdkjzpfcJhonf? bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif;. opfyif}uD;onf c&pf,mefr[kwfol vltawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifaom tarmwaum ajy;vmol twdkuftcHrsm;tm; at;jraom t&dyftm0goudk ay;EdkifcJhonf? tu,fI ydkvefom;wdk@. b0wGif bk&m; ausmif;onf òydifbufr&dS &yfwnfEdkifaom jy,k*fjzpfcJhv#if (1978) omoem*dkif;csKyf}uD; 0kcsfwDvmtm; a&mr.omoem ydkifcsKyfbkef;awmf}uD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJhjcif;onf ‚if;if;. tm%m&dSr_udk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJhonf? “vlawG[m 0gaqmòrd@&J@ vrf;awGay:rSm aysmf&$if+yD; cHkaygufajy;v$m;aecJh=uw,f” [k umZDrm&pfu a&G;aumufyGJa=ujimaom atmufwdkbm ae@ udk jyefajymif;owd&cJhazmfjycJhonf? bk&m;ausmif;odk@tjrJoGm;aom trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;ESifh acwfynmwwfrsm;uvnf; “tHhcsD;zG,f&myJ” [k xkwfaz:ajymqdk cJh=uonf? csufcsif;qdkovdkyif bmwDuefESifh


ydkveftm%mydkifrsm;t=um; ,cktcg ykwff&[ef;rif;}uD;trSwf (2) jzpfawmhrnfh 0kcsfwDvmtm; ol. urBmht0Srf; &dkrefuufovpfbmom. acgif;aqmif wa,muftaejzifh ydkvefEdkifiHodk@ rnfhonfhtcsdefrqdk jyefvmEdkifrnfhta&;udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? (1979) ZGefv ESpf&ufae@wGif *|efaygvf-2 0gaqmòrd@odk acsjcaomtcg atmifyGJ&ifjyif (Apfx&D&ifjyif) wGif {&mrvlxk}uD; u óudaecJhonf? xdkvlxk}uD;a&S@wGif olurdef@cGef;ajymcJhonf? xdk@aemuf &[ef;rif;}uD;onf txdrf;trSwft& ta&;ygI jrifhjrwfaomae&mrsm;jzpfonfh “ykdvef uufovpfbmom. rlvblwae&m”[kac:Edkifaom EpfZfEdk Gniezno ESifh teufa&mif csufpwdkcsKd0g r,fawmfrm&D&kyfxk odrf;qnf;&m *sufpem*dk&mbkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif &yfwef@I ol. arG;&yfZmwd u&maumwGif ol@. atmifyGJcHc&D;pOfudk &yfem;cJhonf? ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;. pum;vHk;rsm;onf &Sif;vif;jywf om;I &dk;om;pGm =uufoa& &dSvSonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. &dk;tDaeaom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh rwlnDay? olu tpdk;&udk tqifhESpfckwGif pdefac:cJhonf? bmomrJh0g'udk qef@usifI c&pf,efbmom ,Hk=unfr_udk xyfavmif;ajymonf? ydkveftm; qdkAD,ufwdk@. csKyfudkifr_ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk oG,f0dkufI ±H_cscJhonf? ydkvef. tem*wfonf “vlb,fESpf a,mufonf &ifhusufvmI orm;&dk;ustpOftvmawGudk ckcHwGef;vSefolawG jzpfvmrvJ qdkonhftay:rSm rlwnfonf” [k olu a[mudef;xkwfcJhonf? (1979) tcsdefwdkif bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS xl;jcm;aoma=ujimcsufrsm; rawG@&ay? &[ef;rif;}uD;topf. xl;jcm; ajymifajrmufvSaom pum;vHk;rsm;u avvd_if;xJysH@vGifhcJhonf? ol. toHudk vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI =um;EdkifcJhonf? tpdk;& . w&m;0if tcrf;tem;rsm;ðyvkyfavh&Sd&m atmifyGJ&ifjyifudk olutv$mpHk ydkvefom;rsm;. vlxkpifjrifhtjzpfajymif;vJcJh onf? “usaemfwdk@ bk&m;ocif vdkcsifw,f” qdkonfudk vlxkrsm;u =udrfzefrsm;pGm vma&mufatmf[pfcJh=uonf? olu urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd uufovpfbmomudk udk,fpm;ðyIajymonf? ol.tm%m}uD;rm;vSonfrSm ola&S@wGif uGefjrLepfygwD onfyifv#if a&iHk E_wfydwfae=u&onf? ykwf&[efrif;}uD;. tvnftywfc&D;pOfonf ykdvefom;rsm;tm; KOR tdrffrufrufcJhaom vGwfvyfaomvlxkpka0;r_ xufydkI rsm;pGmpnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm; vkyfEdkifcJhonf? tpdk;&onf ab;odk@xGuf&yf+yD;/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;. tpDtrHrsm; twdkif; cGifhðycJh&onf? u&maumhwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom ,ef ulbpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;onf ae@a&m nyg teDESifh tjzL ydkveftvHrsm;ESifh t0ga&mif ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;. tvHrsm;vkyfaepOf olwdk@udk oDv&Sifrsm;u olwdk@udk au|;arG;xm;cJh=uonf? ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; ra&mufcifwGif eef;awmfwckay:wGif jirf;qifI tvSHrsm;csdwfqGJaepOf vrf;xJ&dS vrf;rD;wdkifrsm; xl;xl;qef;qef; rD;ysufoGm;cJhonf? csufcsif;qdkovdk vlrsm;onf olwdk@um;rsm;qDodk@jyefI tay:rD;rsm; xdk;I olwdk@tvkyfudk +yD;ajrmufatmifvkyfcJh=uonf? “bufx&DukefoGm;rSmudk b,folrS rjiLplcJh=ubl;” [k ulbpfu trSwfw& jyefajymjycJhonf? “usKyfwdk@vkyfEdkifor# tukefvHk; udk,fhbmomyJ vkyfcJhwmyJ” [k uufovpf ynmwwf wa,mufu tar&duef owif;axmufudk jyefI&Sif;jycJhonf? “usKyfwdk@twGuf tm%mydkifqdkwmawG rvdkygbl;”[k oluqdkonf? ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;rvmcifae@rsm;wGif bmrsm;jzpfEdkifonfESifh ywfoufI ausmcsrf;zG,f aumv[mvrsm; xGufcJhonf? v,form;awG oef;ESifhcsD+yD;òrd@awmfudk odrf;=uvdrfhr,f/ ae&mwdkif;rSm tdyfcsifovdktdyf+yD;/ a&m*gawG/ rpifawG/ vlao aumifawG xm;cJhvdrfhr,fvdk@ aumv[mvawG xGufcJhygw,f? vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;wdkufrd+yD; ao=uvdrfhr,f[k qdkonf? odk@aomf pma&;olwpfa,muf vrf;rrsm;odk@ xGuf=unfhaomtcg “pnf;csufeJ@twl vrf;av#mufae=uaom” æ “a&vd_if;yrm wtdtdwufaeaom vltkyf}uD;”æ “vlawGu wOD;ESifh wOD; rxdcdkufap=uyJ/ tcsif;csif; vrf;z,f ay;ae=uyHkrsm;” æ udkom awG@cJ&onf? vlxkrsm;onf pnf;urf;&dScJh=uonf? &Jwa,mufrS jrifuGif;wGif rawG@cJh&? “axmifaomif;csDaom vltkyf}uD;onf ‚if;if;wdk@bmom pdfwfqHk;jzwfI ‚if;if;wdk@a&muf&dSrnf[laom cHpm;csufjzifh ‚if;if;wdk@udk ‚if;if;wdk@ tm;tifjzpfapcJhonf? tjcm;,Hk=unfolwOD;uawmh &[ef;rif;}uD;&J@ tvnftywfc&D;pOfudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ “vlawGwa,mufESifh wa,muf ydkk+yD;eD;uyfoGm;cJh=uw,f” “usKyfwdk@ ykd&J&ifh vmcJhw,f” [kac:onf? ol. u&maumòrd@Y aemufqHk;tcsdfefwGif ydkvefEdkifiHordkif;wGif wcgr# Todk@ r}uD;rm;zl;aom vloHk;oef;twGuf qkawmif; yGJwGif pum;ajymcJhonf? wdkif;jynfonf csufcsif;qdkovdk wr[kwfjcif; urBmvHk;. tm&Hkpdkufr_udk &oGm;cJhonf? Tonf udkvnf; ydkvefEdkifiHom;wdkif;vnf; odcJhonf? Ttcsdefonf ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&twGuf vHk;0ta&;rygaom tcdkuftwef@ jzpfcJhonf? “ESpfv=um&SnfpGm tzdESdyfcHaewJholawG[m olwdk@ b0uH=urRmudk olwdk@zmomqHk;jzwfzdk@ csufcsif;qdkovdk olwdk@&J@ pGrf;tifawGudk jyef&vdkufovdkyJ” [k t'rf rpfcsepfu aumufcsufcscJhonf?


*'ef@pfcfrS &ifqddkifwdkufyGJ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_. yxrqHk; t&om (1978) 'DZifbmv ol. ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif umZDrm&pf b&ef'pfu 0gaqmòrd@&dS ig;*dka'gif tjyifbuf npfypfaeaom AGufxJwGif [J&if;ig;oavmufwrsKd; a&mufvmrnf[klaom aumv[mvudk =um;+yD;/ vlwef;&Snf}uD; wef;pDapmifhaeyHkudk az:jyrSwfwrf;ðycJhonf? xdkpwdk;qdkifonf eHeuf (11) em&Dxd zGifhvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ odk@aomf yxrOD;a&mufaeaom vlpk onf eHeuf ESpfem&Duwnf;u a&mufcJh+yD; jzpfonf? xdknaewGif tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;. wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; atmifjrifr_udk csD;usL;axmyemðyaeyHkudk w,fvDaA&Sif;wGif awG@cJh&onf? omref ydkvefom;rsm;twGufuawmh xdkvlwef;rsm;onf t+rJ jzpfaeaom pddwfysufzG,f&mtjzpftysufwckom jzpfonf? tpdk;&twGufuawmh taES;ESifhtjrefqdkovdk 1970 ESifh 1976 ckESpfrsm;wGif rwnf+idrfr_rsm;óuHcJh&ovdk/ xyfrHrvkyfoihfawmhaom tvkyfwckjzpfonfh ukefaps;E_ef; jr‡ifhjcif;udk vkyf&vdrfh rnf[k qdkjyefonf? (1971) wGifol@. t&ifvlrsm;vkyfcJhonf ukefaps;E_ef;wdk;jr‡ifhr_udk y,fzsuf&ef *J&uf. qHk;jzwfcsufonf ydkvefpD;yGm;a&;udk wrsKd;wzHk ajymif;vJapcJhonf? rla[mif;jzpfaom pufr_vkyfief;udk iwfrGwfr_jzifh armif;ESifygu EdkifiHa&;t& aygufuGJr_rsm; jzpfcJhojzifh xdkvkyfyHkudkifyHkrsm;udk ol y,fzsufcJhonf? pm;oHk;olrsm;udk &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt& tcuftcJr&dSap&yJ pufr_vkyfief; tm; aiGtiftm;jznfhqnf;ay;&efrSm aºuG;+rDrsm;xkwfay;jcif;udkom rsufvSnfhaq;awmifa0S;wacsmif;uJhodk@ rSwfxifcJh/ toHk;ðycJh=uonf? tpdk;&onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSaeI aiGyrm%tvHk;t&if;ESifh acs;,lcJhonf? xdkaiGrmrsm;udk pufr_ vkyfief;twGuf/ enf;ynmrsm;twGufESifh aps;0,folrsm;twGuf pmaomufukefrsm; 0,f,l&mwGif toHk;ðycJh=uonf? pufr_vkyfief;rS xkwfukefwdk;wufvmonfESifhtr# taemufEdkifiHrsm;odk@ ydk@ukefrsm; ydkrdkwifydk@Edkif+yD;/ xdkaiGrsm;rS aºuG;+rDrsm; udk jyefqyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifjrifcJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ESifh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef; wdk;wufvmEdkif aom pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m toD;tyGifhudk tm%mydkiftpdk;&taejzifh cHpm;Edkifvdrfhrnf? Tonfuawmh oDtkd&Dt& awG; xifxm;csuf jzpfonf? ESpfumvtenf;i,fwdkif *J&ufonf zef;qif&SifvdkrsKd; jzpfaecJhonf? acs;aiGrsm;.aus;Zl;a=umifh &if;ESifhðrwfESHr_onf (1970) ckESpfwGif axmifwufoGm;cJhonf? pufr_xkwfukef wdk;wufr_onf urBmw0ef;wGif tjrifhqHk;xJ EdkifiHpm&if;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? pwdk;qdkifwef;rsm;wGif tjyma&mif *sif;abmif;bDrsm;/ v#yfppfypPnf;rsm;/ tpm;taomufrsm;ESif tjcm; oGif;ukefrsm;ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf? wOD;csif; tom;0,f,l pm;aomufr_onf (1970) ESifh (75) ckESpfwGif (50) &mcdkifE_ef; txd wdk;wufcJhonf? tdrf,mrsm;ESifh usef;rma&; apmufa&Smufr_onfvnf; ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhvmcJhonf? odk@aomf*J&uf. pm;zG,faomufzG,fae@rsm;onf tuef@towfom jzpfcJhonf? tpdk;&onf A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pDrHudef;qdkif&m rsm;wGifwif;rmaom pepfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& =oZmtm%m&dSaomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;xkwfukeftwGuf tvm;tvmenf; aom oHvkyfief;/ oabFmaqmufvkyfa&;uJhodk@ t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief; ponhf vkyfief;rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_ trSefwu,frvkyfcJhay? tpdk;&onf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;xJrS aumif;ayhqdkaom tydkif;rsm;udk xkwf,loHk; pGJcJh=uonf? tusifhysuft&m&dSrsm;rS aiGrsm;udk uJh,lI ZdrfcH &GufavSrsm;ESifh ZdrfcHtyef;ajztdrfrsm; 0,f,lcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;. 0ifaiG tvsiftjrefwdk;wufcJhonf/ odk@aomf arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;xkwfukefrsm; usqif;cJhaoma=umifh tpm;tpmrsm;ydkI wifoGif;cJh&jyefonf? aºuG;+rDrsm;pkyHkaecsdefwGif wifoGif;ukefrsm;rS tcGefb¾mrsm;onfvnf; wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh EdkifiHjcm; taºuG;'%fvnf; ydkrdk qdk;0g;vmcJhonf? taºuG;a[mif;rsm;udk qyf&if;jzihf taºuG;opfwGif ðryfaecJhonf? tpm;taomuf oGif;ukefESifh tjcm;oGif;ukefrsm;udk &yfqdkif;cJh&onf? tqHk;rSmawmh tpm;taomufrStp bvdyf'g;tqHk; tm;vHk;wGif tvdkjyaecJhawmhonf? (1980) wGif PZPR onf ‚if;. trSm;rsm;a=umifh ‚if;udk,fwdkif t=uyf&dkufcJhonf? tpm;tpm wifoGif;r_ av#mhcsjcif; onf tuef@towfjzihf &duQmaxmufyHh&aomtajctae jzpfvmonf? ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfvmcJhonf? tm%mydkifrsm;u Zlvdkifv tpydkif;wGif aps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡ifhwif&ef a=ujimcJhjyefonf? tvkyform;rsm; rnfodk@ wHk@jyefrnfESifh ywfoufI tm%mydkfifrsm;taejzifh rnfodk@r# txifrSm;jcif;r&dScJhacs? odk@aomf tenf;qHk; rwnf+idrfr_udk umuG,fEdkifvdrfh rnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? a'otm%mydkifrsm;tm; rnfonfh rD;udkrqdk vkyfcrsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;jcif;jzifh+idrf;ouf&efESifh/ &duQm tom;rsm;udk jy\emay:ayguf&m ae&mrsm;odk@ ydk@ay;jcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;=u&ef !Gef=um;cJhonf? a'oqdkif&m oabmwlnDr_ rsm;jzifh xdka'gorsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tpdk;&rS ar#mfvifhcJhonf? oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;onf 0gaqm twGif; tjyif tm;vHk;wGif csufcsif;qkdovdk ay:aygufcJhonf? tjcm;òrd@rsm;odk@ oydfwfyGJ rsm; jyef@ESH@oGm;pOf t&m&dSrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk twif;rsdKcscJh&onf? odk@aomf Tw}udrfwGif ydkvefom;rsm; bmjzpfaeonfqdkwmudk tarSmifxJwGif xdef;odrf;xm;&ef jy\em &dScJhonf? ,Jquful&Gefonf ol@. 0gaqm tcef;rS aeI wEdkifiHvHk;&dS tvkyform;ta&;aqmif&Gufoltm;vHk;udk oydfwfowif;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh jzef@a0jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef aqmf=ocJhonf? olonf bDbDpD/ vGwfvyfaomOa&mya&'D,dkponfh ydkvefEdkifiHt0Srf;odk@ owif;jyefvnfxkwfv$ifhaom owif;Xmersm;rS EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkfifcJhonf? òrd@wòrd@rS tvkyform;rsm;onf tjcm;òrd@rS tvkyform;rsm; qENjyI


awmif;qdkr_rsm; &&dScJhonf[k =um;od&+yD; ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkifvnf; vrf;ay:xGufI awmif;qdkvm cJh=uawmhonf? a&'Grf tygt0if tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif tm%mydkfifrsm;onf r+idrfoufr_rsm;udk óudwif[ef@wm;Edkif&ef vufOD;r_I vpmrsm;wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? oydwfarSmufyGJ vHk;0rjzpfcJhaom òrd@onf *'ef@pfcf jzpfcJhonf? *sLvdkifv tukefydkif;wGif vpmrsm;wdk;jrifhjcif;onf vSnfhuGufwckom jzpfaecJh+yD;/ tHkºuGr_vnf; +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf? tm%mykdifrsm; oufjyif;csrnf =uH&Hk&dSao;csdefwGif =o*kwfv tpydkif;wGif vDeif oabFmusif;rS t&m&dSrsm;onf olwdk@r=umcif aemifw&vdrfhrnfh wpHkwck udk xyfrHðyvkyfcJh=uonf? =o*kwfv (7) &ufae@wGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf oabFmusif;wGif ESpfaygif; oHk;q,fr# tvkyfvkyf cJhol/ aemufvtenf;i,ftwGif; yifpif,lawmhrnfh tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk tvkyfðzwfcJhonf? tifem a0:vifwD Edk0pfZfonf tvkyfpvkyfcsdefwGif *a[qufoll tvkyfor wOD;taeESifh vkyfudkifcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif; u&def;um; armif;aom tvkyfudk vkyfudkfifcJhonf? xdkvkyfief;uyif olrtm; vkyfief;taqmuftOD;rsm;t=um; vlodrsm;cJhonf? yGifh&dkuf 0wfpHk 0wfqifwwfaom tzGm;t&G,f ollronf &dkom;aom*k%fyk'fESifh b0wl tvkyform;rsm;twGuf rarmryef; awmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifol tjzpf vlodrsm;cJhonf? olronf vlodrsm;olwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? olronf *'ef@pfcf oabFmusif;tjyif zuf&Sd EdkifiHa&; twdkuftcHrsm;ESihf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tquftoG,frsm; ðyvkyfay;cJh onf? (1978) ckESpf aEGvwGif a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf onf *'ef@pfcf &Sdaqmif&Gufolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk,fykdif tvkyf orm;or*~tzJG@rsm; zJG@pnf;csifonfqdkaom owif;udk bDbDpD toHv$ifhXmerS odcJh&onf? onfhaemufwGif olronf ‚if;tzGJ@odk@ oabFmwnfaqmufa&; tif*sifeD,mrsm; jzpf=uaom tif'a&0D,mpf'gESihf *sKdem 'l;'g 0D,mhpf'gwdk@ZeD;armifESH wdk@ESifhtwl yl;aygif;cJhonf? abmh'ef bdk&k0pfZfonf *'ef@pfcf &Sd KOR tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD; 1968 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wGif yg0ifcJhaom ordkif;ynm&SifwOD; jzpfonf? KOR . uGefjrLeDuwfpmapmifwGifygaombdk&l;0pfZf. rdef@cGef;udk zwf+yD; aemuf vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd aq;cef;wGif olemðy wpfOD;jzpfol tvDem yD,efaumhpumonfvnf; xdktzGJ@odk@0ifa&muf vmcJhonf? 1970 ckESpf qENjyyGJrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfcJhol vufcsf bm0ifqmonfvnf; a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk ESpfoufonfh tm;avsmfpGm wcsdefwnf;wGif 0ifa&mufcJh+yD; olwdk@onf vDeifoabFmusif;rS *smqD abm&dkZufESifh tif'a& udkvdkZD;/ tygt0ifteD;tem; t,fvfarm oabFmusif;axmufyHha&;vkyfief;rS abmh'efvpfZf paom vli,ftvkyform; rsm;udkvnf; pkaqmif;EdkifcJhonf? or*~ta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf bdk&k0pfZfrSwqifh òrd@xJwGif v_yf&Sm;aeaom twkduftcHtkyfpkrsm;ESihf csdwfqufrdcJhonf? olwdk@onf a'ow0dkuf&Sd puf&Hkrsm;odk@ tvkyform;*sme,f &dkabmhepfcfudk jzef@a0cJh=u+yD; (1978) =o*kwfvwGif urf;&dk; wef;vkyfom;rsm; (&dkabmhepfcf 0dkifb&D;Zm) [k trnf&aom owif;v$mudk pwifxkwfa0cJhonf? tkyfpkawmfawmfrsm;rsm; onf (1970) ckESpfwGif usqHk;cJhaom oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;udk *k%fðyaomtm;jzihf ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; 'DZifbmvwGif trSwfw& tcrf;tem; ðyvkyfusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? ESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem;rðyvkyfcif &ufowWywf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSpI a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfESifh olr. oli,fcsif;rsm;onf puf&Hktjyifzuf*dwfrsm;ESifh "gwf &xm;rsm;ay:wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0jcif;ESifh òrd@xJwGif ydkpwmrsm; vdkufvHuyfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? ESpfywfvnfae@wGif oabFmusif; *dwftrSwf 2 . tjyifbufwGif vlrsm; pka0;um yef;rsm;=uJjcif;/ wpfrdepfr# +idrfouf jcif;/ trsKd;om;oDcsif;rsm;oDqdkjcif;ESifh rdef@cGef;rsm; em;axmifjcif;wdk@ ðyvkyf=uonf? trSwfw&atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufvm=uaomolrsm;udk tiftm;oHk;I vlpkcJGjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfavhr&SdcJh aomfvnf; xdktcrf;tem;jzpfajrmuf&ef pDpOfol wpfOD;csif;pDtaejzifh ay;qyf&r_rsm; &SdcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ravsmfuef aomjypfr_rsm;jzihf tzrf;cH&jcif;/ acwWc% xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;/ wdwfwqdwf wdkufcdkufcH&jcif;/ ‚if;wdk@ tvkyfrS xkwfy,fcH& jcif;rsm; óuH=u=u&onf? (1979) ckESpf atmufarhzG,f tcrf;tem;jzpfajrmuf&ef ulnDcJhol tDvufx&dkrGefwpfyfpuf&HkrS vli,ftvkyform; wm'D&kpf &SpfZDyefpuDonf &ufowWywf tenf;i,f=umaemufydkif;wGif aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufoGm; cJhonf? aqmif;tukefwGifol. ysufpD;aeaom &kyftavmif;udk jrpfxJwGif aygavmarsmaeonfudk awG@cJh&onf? TuJhodk@aom &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom udpP&yfrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&ef y&d,m,fºuG,faomqHk;jzwfcsufwck vdktyfcJh onf? xdktxJwGif vufbm0ifqmxuf b,folrS rydkEdkifcJhay? (1967) ckESpfwGif olonf *'ef@pfcf odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf topfa&muf&dSvmol 'gEkwm[k trnf&aom tvkyforwOD;udk vufxyfcJh+yD;/ v#yfppftvkyform;tjzpf oabFmusif;wGif tvkyf&cJhonf? (1970) oydwfarSmufcsdefwGif bm0ifqmonf acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfaecJh+yD jzpfonf? olonf xufjrufolwOD;jzpf+yD;/ olpdwfxJ&dSonfudk yGifhyGifvif;vif; ajymwwfolvnf;jzpfonf? &,farmp&mrsm; ajym wwfol wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ol.*k%foduQmrSm vkyfief;u|rf;usifr_&dSjcif;ESifh tvkyfóud;pm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh oabFmusif;t&m&dSrsm;onf oltm; vkyfief;cGifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyfydkifcGifh ay;&onf? (1970) aemufydkif; ESpfrsm;wGif olonf atmifharhzG,ftcrf;tem;rsm; ðyvkyf&mwGif }udrfzefrsm;pGm ulnDay;cJhjcif;/ or*~tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS t&m&dSrsm;udk armif;xkwfjcif;rsm;udk =udrfzefrsm;pGm óud;pm;vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1976) ckESpf pum;cyf&Snf&Snfwcg rsm;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; wGif/ ol@tm; tvkyfrS xkwfypfcJhonf/


aemufxyfESpfaygif;awmffawmf=um=umtwGif; bm0ifqmonf tvkyfwckrS wck ajymif;vdkuf txkwfcH&vdkuf jzpfaecJh onf? olESifh ol.wdk;yGm;vmaom rdom;pktwGuf tvkyfr&cif pyf=um; umvrsm;wGif bk&m;ausmif;/ KOR ESifh tjcm; aomtzGJ@rsm;. tvSLaiGjzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;rsm;rS pkaqmif;aumufcHay;aom axmufyHhaiGjzifhaomf vnf;aumif; &yfwnfcJh&onf? tm%mydkifrsm;rS ol.b0&yfwnfr_tm; cufcJatmif ðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/ ol@tm; pkduf vdkufrwfwwf vkyfaqmifaompnf;&Hk;a&;orm;jzpfapa&;odk@ v_H@aqmfay;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? òrd@awmf. t}uD;qHk;vkyfief;wGif vlodrsm;aom olwa,mufjzpfaeaoma=umifh/ ol tvkyfwckrS wckodk@ ajymif;a&$@&pOf vGwfvyfaom or*~. owif; pum;rsm;udk a&muf&mpuf&Hkrsm;odk@ jzef@a0cJhonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif olonf EdkifiHta&;aqmif&Gufol tcsdefjynfh vkyfom; wa,muf jzpfcJhonf? wcgw&Hol@udk (1791) ydkvef 'Drdku&ufwpftajccHOya' pm&Gufrsm;jzifh uyfxm;aom ol@. um; ao;ao;av;jzifh òrd@wGif;wGif vSnfhywfarmif;aeonfudk awG@&wwfonf? *'ef@pfcf &dS EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; tpnf;ta0;odk@ vnf; ola&mufvmcJh+yD;/ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;t=um; r[mrdwfrsm; &SmazGaewwfonf? vltm;vHk;udk olod +yD;/ ae&mwdkif;vnf; ola&mufcJhonf? w&m;0if or*~rsm;onf tvdrftnm wckomjzpfI tvkyform;rsm;onf tu,fI olwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jr‡ifhwifcsif onf qdkygu ‚if;wdk@udk,fwkdif pnf;&Hk;I udk,fhtcGifhta&;twGuf udk,fudk,fwdkif ajym&rSm jzpfonfudk bm0ifqm ESifh a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf wdk@onf awmfawmf=um=um uwnf;u od&dScJh+yD; jzpfonf? (1970) oydwfu olwdk@udk aemufw}udrf oydwfarSmufygu b,ft&monf usqHk;EdkifI b,ft&monf tvkyfjzpfEdkifonfudk jyocJhonf? ,ckqdkfv#if 0D,mhpf'g/ bm&k0pfZfESifh tjcm;olrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f aus;Zl;a=umifh olwdk@onf oabFmusif;ESifh *'ef@pfcf wdk@udk ausmfvGefaom a'orsm;wGif tpdwftydkfif;wcktjzpf yg0ifae+yD jzpfa=umif; owdxm;vmrd=uonf? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf onf KOR . avhvma&;pmapmifrsm;udk tm;xm;cJhonf? twdkuftcHpmapmifrsm;udk zwfcJhonf? tjrifhysHwuUodkffvfwGifvnf; oifcef; pmrsm; wufa&mufcJhonf? bm0ifqmonf tjcm;wdkif;jynfta&; aqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh twlwuG vkyfaqmif&aom ol. tawG@tóuHudk “ppfrSefaom vlom;qdkif&m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_. yxrqHk; t&om”[k cHpm;rdcJhonf? (1980) aEG&moDwdkifxd vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf ul&GefESifh rpfcsepfwdk@ t=uHðycJhaom KOR rS usihfoHk; aeonfh twdkuftcHyHkpHudk qufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf toem;cH qENjyrnfhtpm;/ tpdk;&. vltzGJ@ tpnf;twGif; [efaqmifxdfef;csKyfr_udk zGifhcspdefac:cJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifhESifh toif;tzJG@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk rawmif;qdkyJ xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@xHwGif &dS+yD; jzpfovdk ðyrlI ‚if;wdk@ydkif owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0/ jzef@csDjcif;/ ‚if; wdk@ukd,fydkif tcrf;tem;rsm;usif;jyjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? xkdodk@ðyvkyf&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;udk owif;rjywfydk@ay; cJhonf? (1970) ckESpf. pdwf"gwfudk &Sifoefaeatmif ysKd;axmifcJhonf? tdfrfwdkif,ma,muf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform; or*~rsm;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajymqdkjcif;ESifh *'ef@pfcf rS ynmwwf twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh ppfaoG;ºuGaom tvkyform; rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;rsm;ysKd;axmifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;csuftjzpf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;twGuf ydkveftvkyform; tm;vHk;udk pnf;&Hk;&rnf[laom ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom &nf&G,fcsufxm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf pepftwGif;Yyif tajccHajymif;vJ r_rsm;ðyvkyfa&; zdtm;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf? xdkrSom tvkyform;rsm;onf pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifhESifh udk,fukdudk,f ckcHydkifcGifhrsm; &dSvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ajymif;vJcsdefcgwefygu 0gaqmrS ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmif&SmazGaom enf;emrsm;jzifh rvHkavmuf Edkifay/ axmifESifhcsDaom vltrsm;tay:wGif tajccHI axmifESifhcsDaom pk&Hk;jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ tpdk;&ESifh vnf; tjyif;txef twdkuftcHjzpfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? (1980) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif bm0ifqm ESifh ol@rdwfaqGrsm;onf olwdk@udk olwdk@ xdkuJhodk@aom v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifaeonfudk trSwfrxif odvdkufcJh&onf? a0:vifwDEdk0pfZftm; tvkyf ðzwfcHvkduf&jcif;onf xdkpeufóud;udk rD;wdk@ay;vdkufaom rD;yGg;wp jzpfcJhonf? usKyfwdk@ oabFmusif;udk odrf;ydkufawmhr,f a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf tvkyfðzwfjcif;cH&onfh xdknwGif q&m0efwpfOD;/ ydkvefvli,frS tzJG@0ifrsm; ESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'D twdkuf tcHtkyfpkwdk@yg0ifaom *'ef@pfcf rSv_yf&Sm;ol 'gZif0ufcef@onf yDa,mh 'dkuf. aetdrfwGif awG@qHkcJh=uonf? bm0ifqmonf vnf; bm&dk0pfZf/ yD,efaumhpum/ tif'a& 0D,mhpf'gESifh vli,ftvkyform;ESpfOD; jzpf=uaom vDeifoabFmusif;Y tvkyf vkyfaeol abmh'ef zJvfpuDwdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifwufa&mufcJhonf? yJ&pf uGefjrL;oabFmusif;Y tvkyfvkyfcJh+yD; qENjyyJGjzpf ajrmufatmif v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;r_a=umifh tvkyfðywfcJh&aom tif'a& udkavmh'dZD;wdk@vnf; xdktpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfaom tdrfwGif &SdaecJhonf? olwdk@onf 'dkuf. tcef;twGif; tm%mydkifrsm;rS cdk;I em;axmifaomu&d,mrsm;wyfxm;rnfudk pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? xdktwGufa=umifh tyghref@tjyifbufodk@ xGufcJh=u+yD; qENjyyGJta=umif; ajymcJh=uonf? aemufxyf&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgbm&k0pfZfESifh vli,foabFmusif;tvkyform;oHk;OD; jzpf=uaom zJvfpuD/ *smpD bdk&dkZufESifh vl;0pf y&mZif;puD;wdk@onf tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfcJh=uonf? ZlvdkifvwGif qENjyyGJðyvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJhaomtcg


oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm; rnfodk@r#rwHk@jyefcJhay? onfwcsdefwGif olwdk@wGif ypfrSwf (a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf) ESifh ygwfoufI aqmif&Guf&efykd+yD;eD;pyfaomta=umif;t&mwpfck&SdcJhonf? bma=umifh olr tvkyfðzwfcH&onf &Sif;jyjcif;/ olrudk tvkyf jyefcef@&ef awmif;qdkxm;jcif;/ vkyftm;crsm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;&efawmif;qdkjcif;ESifh (1970) 'DZifbmvwGif toufpaw;cJh&aom tvkyform;rsm;udk *k%fðyaomtm;jzifh ausmufwdkifwpfck ðyvkyfay;&ef ponfwdk@yg0ifaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk olwdk@ jzef@a0cJh=uonf? oabFmusif;twGif;wGif bm&k0pfZfonf tvkyform;tcsKd@udk xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;onf olwdk@udk puf&HkjyifyxGufI oydwfarSmufEdkifavmufonfhtajctae&Sdygovm;[k wdwfwqdwf ar;=unfhaomtcg &Sdygonf[k ajzcJhonf? pDpOf aqmif&Gufol av;OD;onf olwdk@. tpDtpOfudk v#Kd@0Sufxm;cJh+yD; vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;or*~wGif yg0ifaom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;onfyifv#if qENjyyGJjzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfqdkonfr#omodonf? odk@aomf olwdk@zufwGif ydkI tawG@ tóuH&Sdaomol vkdtyfonfudk olwdk@odI =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@/ t*Fgae@wGif bm0ifqmqDodk@ oGm;a&mufum aemuf wae@eHeuf oydwfwdkufyGJwGif ‚if;tm; OD;aqmifI ulnDay;yg&ef ajymcJhonf? bm0ifqmonf ‚if;.ZeD; 'gEkwmvnf; olwdk@. ajcmufa,mufajrmufuav;arG;+yD;csdefjzpfojzifh ‚if;tem;rSm &Sdae&efvdktyfaoma=umifhoydwfwkdufyGJOD;aqmif &ef oabmwl+yD;umrS jyef&kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf =umoyaw;ae@wGif oltm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh oydwf wdkufyGJtm; aemufw&ufodk@ a&$@cJhonf? =umoyaw;ae@reuf 4 em&DcGJwGif bm&k0pfZfonf *'ef@pfcf ajrmufydkif;qifajczHkk; rS oabFmusif;odk@oGm;aom vrf;ay:wGif &yfxm;aom "gwf&xm;ay:wGif a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfta=umif;yg0ifaom vufurf;pmapmif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk a0iSaecJh onf? vrf;rD;awGpxGef;onfESifhwòydifeuf ol@. pm&Gufa0urf;a&;udpPtwGuf tjcm;taz:wa,mmufvnf; a&mufvm cJhonf? olwdk@txJrS vlESpfa,muf reufydkif; tvkyfqdkif;twGuf yxrOD;qHk; tvkyform; wtkyfudkwifI awmifbufodk@ oGm;rnfh "gwf&xm;ay:odk@ wufcJh=uonf? olwdk@ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk jzef@a0cJh+yD;/ aemufw*dwfwGif qif;cJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf aemuf "gwf&xm;wpD;ay: xyfwuf+yD;/ jzef@a0vdkufaepOf tjcm;wzGJ@onfvnf; awmifydkif;odk@oGm;aom tjcm; vdkif;rsm;wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0cJh=uonf? ol@. vufxJwGifpmapmif wapmifrS rusefawmhrS ajcukefvufyrf;usaeaom bm&k0pfwdk@tzGJ@ tdrfodk@jyefvmcJh=uonf? olwdk@ oabFmusif;odk@ a&mufaomtcg axmifESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm;onf a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf. toufarG;0rf; a=umif;vkyfief;ESifh olrtvkyfðzwfcH&jcif;udpPudk tao;pdwfudk odaecJh=u+yD jzpfonf? olwdk@awGu olr. aumif;jrwf aom *k%fowif;oHk;yg;/ tvkyform;xkudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; olr. wdkufyGJ0ifr_ ESifh vGwfvyfaom or*~tkyfpkrsm;ESifh vufwGJ vkyfaqmifaer_awG tm;vHk;udk odaecJh+yD; jzpfaecJhonf? aemufqHk; olrudk tvkyfrS armif;xkwfcsdef =o*kwfv (7) &ufae@ txd/ tkyfcsKyfa&;u olrtay: rnfodk@ tEdkifusifh cJhyHkudk olwdk@wawG tm;vHk; odcJh=uonf? “tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf. ta&;onf vufrcHEdkifp&m udpPwckjzpfvmcJh+yD” “tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf olronf tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;. ta&;udk tumtuG,fay;cJh+yD;/ vkyfaz:udkifzuf tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJhonf?” [k xdkvufurf;pmapmifxJwGif xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf? “tu,fI u|Ekfyfwdk@rS Trw&m;r_udk rwGef;vSefEkdifygu/ tvkyfudkfwm wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ vkyfief;vkHòcHr_ pnf;urf;tm;csdK;azmufjcif; ESifh tvkyfcsdef ydkrdkvkyfcdkif;jcif; ponfwdk@ukd &J&J0ifh0ifh ajymqdk&Jol wOD;rS &dSawmhrnf r[kwf” [k a&;xm;onf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfonf olwdk@tm; tumtuG,fay;cJh+yD;/ ,cktcsdefonf ‚if;wdk@rS olrStm; jyefvnfI tumtuG,fay;&ef tcsdefyifjzpfonf? vlESpf&m ywf0ef;usifcef@ ajcmufem&Drxdk;cifwGif au 5 oabFmi,f.udk,fxnf tpdwftydkif;rsm;wyfqifonfh *dka'gifi,frsm;rS olwdk@. t0wfAD'dkrsm;qDodk pdrfajyeajyjzifh av#mufvmpOf/ oydwfarSmuf&ef v_H@aqmfydkpwmrsm;udk awG@cJh&onf? wnvHk; tdyfraysmfcJhaom bm&k0pfZf apmapmpD;pD; v_H@aqmfa&; ydkpwmrsm;udk csdwfcJhonf? olwdk@ tjym a&mif tvkyform;0wfpHkudk vJaecsdefwGif bm&k0pfZfu olwdk@vufxJoddk@ vufurf;pmapmifwckpD xnhfay;vkdufonf? xdkuJhodk@aomtcsif;t&mrsKd;onf wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif y&mZif;puD;tvkyfvkyfaeaom ydk}uD;onfh au 3 *dka'gifESifh zJvfpuD;tvkyfvkyfaeaom 'AvsL 5 *dka'gifwGif jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm;uvnf; vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0cJhonf? t0wfvJcef; ESifh tvkyf&Hkrsm;wGif zJvfpuD/ y&mZif;puD;ESifh bm&k0pfZfwdk@onf oydwfta=umif;udk &Sif;jyI uGif;jyifxJodk@ xGufvm&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? tvkyform;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; txl;ojzifh touft&G,f}uD;aom tvkyform;rsm;rS wGef@qkwfqkwfjzpfcJhaomfvnf; tcsKd@u oabmwlcJhonf? “cifAsm;wdk@ pufawGudk xm;cJhyg/ usKyfwdkeJ@ vufwGJwdkufcdkuf prf;yg”[k olwdk@ oabFmukd,fxnfydkif;ESifh tvkyf&Hkrsm;udk jzwfausmfoGm;csdfef atmf[pfcJhonf? bm&k0pfZfESifh zJvfpuDwdk@. tkyfpkrsm;onf y&mZif;puD;. au-5 tkyfpkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufrd+yD;/ uGif;jyif.tqHk;wGif qHkawG@cJh=uonf? vl ESpfaxmif cef@ pkrdcJhonf/ xdk@aemuf olwdk@ puf&Hk.tjcm;zufqDodk@ jyefcsDwufcJh=uonf? olwdk@. udfef;*%ef;onf wpp wdk;yGm;vm aecJhonf? reuf udk;em&D enf;enf;ausmfcJhonfh tcsdefwGif (1970) wGif oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk aoewfESifh ypfoufcJhonfh eHrnfqdk; ESifh ausmf=um;cJhonfh *dwf eHygwf 2 udk OD;wnfcJhonf? vltcsKd@u oabFmusif;rSm raeyJ ygwDaumfrwD taqmuftOD; zufqDodk@


csDwuf=u&ef atmf[pfcJhonf? acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xdktwGuf jyifqifcJh+yD;jzpfonf/ 1970 qHk±H_;r_}uD;udk jyef vnf toufoGif;&ef qENr&dSawmh/ tmZmenfpm&if;topfudkvnf; xyfrðypkcsif=uawmhay? bm&k0pfZfESifh tjcm;olrsm; u (1970) wGif usqHk;oGm;aomolrsm;tm; atmufharhtrSwf&jcif; taejzifh acwWr# +idrfouf&ef awmif;qdkcJh=u+yD;/ EdkfifiH awmfoDcsif;udk tkyfpkvdkufoDqdk&ef olwdk@OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? tenf;i,ftenfxdkif+idrfoufoGm;rS/ OD;aqmifolwdk@onf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk oabFmusif;xJwGif xnfhxm;vkdufcJhonf? tenf;i,f=umaomtcg tkyfcsKyfa&; taqmuftOD;tjyif zuf uGif;jyifwGif oydwfarSmuform; tm;vHk; pkpnf;cJh=uonf? toufESpfq,fhESpfESpf t&G,fom&dSao;aom abm&dkZuf u axmifxm;aom ajrwl;pufa*:jym;ay:odk@ wuf+yD;/ puf}uD;udk yvufazgif;ay:odk@ vSnfhvkdufonf? olu toHcsJ@puf udk,lI aumfrwDwck a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&ef oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk aqmfatmcJhonf? “tvkyf&HkawGeJ@ tvkyform; tkyfpkrsm; twGif; =oZm tm%m&dS+yD;/ usKyfwdk@ ,Hk=unf&wJholawG &dSzdk@ vdktyfw,f?” *dka'giftoD;oD;/ XmetoD;oD;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;ta,mufESpfq,f a&G;cJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf oabFmusif; 'g&dkufwm uvDrif epfcsfay:xGufvmcJh+yD;/ ajrwl;a*:jym;ay:odk@ wufvmcJhonf? epfcsfudk tvkyf orm;rsm;rS av;pm;I oabmus=uonf? oabFmudk,fxnf tpdwftydkif; vkyfom;wa,muf tjzpf ESpfaygif; ESpfq,f =um vkyfudkifcJh+yD; jzpfonf? tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;uJhodk@yif (1970) 'DZifbm oydwfwGif olvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? ol@udk wdk;wufaom tjrif&dSol wa,muftjzpf owfrSwfcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umihf oydwfarSmufolawG tvkyfudk jyefwmeJ@ oydwf aumfrwDeJ@ pum;xkdif+yD;ajymrnf[k oluajymaomtcg awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ol@tay: ,Hk=unf&ef toifhjzpfaecJhonf? Ttajctae oydwfonf em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif; oydwf òyduGJEdkifonfh yHkay:aecJhonf? &kwfcsnf;qdkovdk epfcsfonf bm0ifqm udk ol.eHab; ajrwl;a*:jym;ay: &yfaeonfudk &kwfw&ufawG@cJhonf? bm0ifqm u “cifAsm;usGefawmfhudk rSwfrdygovm;” [k 'g&kdufwmudk ar;cJhonf? oloabFmusif;. jcH0ef;udk rausmfcif ol@aemufu t+rJwap vkdufaewJh vHkòcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;udk rsufajcjywfap&ef wreufvHk; ol óud;pm;&if;jzifh tcsdefukefcJhonf? ,ck ol axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;ta&S@wGif epfcsfudk zdI ppfaq;cJhonf? “oabFmusif;uae usKyfbma=umifh tvkyfðywfcJh&w,fqdkwmudk olwdk@udk ajymjyyg”[k olawmif;qdkcJhonf? “usKyf wpHkw&mrsm; cdk;cJhzl;ovm;/ usKyfu olcdk; wa,mufvm;/ usKyf oabFmusif;rSm q,fESpfausmf tvkyfvkyfcJh+yD; usKyfudk,fh udk,fudk wu,fh oabFmusif;tvkyf orm;tjzpf cH,laeao;w,f? 'g[m usKyf yHkrSeftvkyfwck&wJh tcsdefup&if av;ESpfausmfchJ+yD jzpfw,f?” bm&k0pfZfu bm0ifqmudk ESpfq,fhwpfa,mufajrmuf tzGJ@0iftjzpf owfrSwf+yD; oydwfaumfrwDwGif aygif;xJhvdkufaoma=umifh bm0ifqmu “usKyfwdk@ oabFmusif;udk odrf;ydkufawmhr,f” [k [pfaºuG;cJhonf? oydwfwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;. vufckyf =obmoHrsm; xGufvm+yD; ‚if;u “'Dpuf&Hku pGef@cGmzdk@ aemufqHk; usefcJhr,fhol[m usKyfyJ” [k uwday;cJhonf? bm0ifqm a&mufvmjcif;onf pum;0dkif;rpEdkifcif oydwfwdkufyGJudk tqHk;owfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifxm;cJhaom epfcsf. ar#mfvifhcsufudk ysufpD;oGm;apchJonf? epfcsf.t=uHu =oZm&dSaom tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk vSnfhpm;Edkifrnf [laom t=uHjzpfonf? ajrwl;puf a*:jym;ay:rSm cufcufcJcJ vlom;ESpfOD; &yfaecsdefwGif oydffwfarSmufolwdk@u olwkd@ udk,fydkif vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk atmf[pfcJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk oydffwfaumfrwDtwGif; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef/ olrudk epfcsf.um;ESifh puf&HkwGif;odk@ ac:aqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? oydffwfarSmufolwdkonfh olwdk@tay:pD;rS &ae onfudk olwdk@odcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh txufvl}uD; wOD;OD;tm; odyfrjyif;xefaom uvJhpm;acscGifhtcGifhta&;wckudk t&omcHaecJh=uonf? bm0ifqmu 'kwd, tajctaewckudk xyfwdk;vdkufonf? xdkt&mrSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pum;0dkfif; rsm;udk toHcsJ@pufjzifh oabFmusif;wckvHk;=um;Edkifatmif xkwfv$ifhay;&rnf [lI jzpfonf? Todk@enf;jzifh oydwfwGif tqifhqifhwGif yg0ifol tm;vHk; vdkufygodEdkif+yD;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ‚if;wdk@tm; a&mif;pm;aeolrsm;r[kwfqdkonfudk odEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf oydwfaumfrwDay:xGufvmcJhI bm0ifqm . tvkyf&Hka[mif;jzpfaom uefwif;wGif ,m,Dpcef;cscJhonf? vbuf&nfpmyGJ0dkif;wGif 0dkif;Ixdkif+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf vGefcJhaom em&Dykdif;twGif;u oydwfpnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfolrsm; vdkufvH a[majymcJhonfh ta=umif;t&m;rsm;udk csHK@I awmif;qdkr_rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwnf;cJh=uonf? tifem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf ESifh bm0ifqm ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk tvkyfjyefcef@&rnf? tvkyform;rsm; aexdkifp&dwfESifhtwl vcrsm; wdk;jr‡ifhay;&rnf/ tom;aps;E_ef;rsm; jrifhwufvmr_udk jyefcsay;&rnf? &JESifh ppfwyft&m&dSrsm;odk@ ay;xm;aom txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf &kyfodrf;&rnf? (1970) tmZmenfrsm;twGuf ausmufwdkifwck xlay;&rnf? oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tpkd;&rS uvJhpm;jyefracsyg[laom 0efcHcsuf vdktyfonf? bm0ifqm ESifh ol@. vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm; vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;uwnf;u awmufav#mufawmif;qdkcJhonfh tvkyform;rsm;onfonf vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm; wnfaxmifcGihf tcGifh ta&; vdktyfonf?


xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhtwl aumfrwDonf tkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkodk@ oGm;a&mufum epfcsfESifh awG@qHkcJhonf? odk@aomf 'g&kdufwmonf TvdktyfcsufwpHkw&mudkr# jznfhqD;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifr_r&SdcJhacs? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif vlxktm; rdef@cGef;ajym&ef pepfwyfqifxm;r_rsm; r&SdonfhtwGufa=umifh pum;0dkif;udk toHv$ifh&ef rjzpfEdkif[k ol ajymcJhonf? “a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfudk pdwfnpfnL;&avatmif vkyfzdk@ b,fvdkrS ta=umif;r&dSygbl;/” “olrtaeeJ@ odyfaeraumif;av awmh/ 'Dvdkpdwfv_yf&Sm;p&mawGudk awG@+yD; 0rf;enf;oGm;Edkifw,f” [k oluqifajcay; ajymcJhonf? odk@aomf aumfrwD onf vG,fvG,fESifhawmh olwdk@. OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk ra&SmhcJhay? bm0ifqmonf Tvdktyfcsufrsm;r&rcsif; olwdk@ awG@qHk aqG;aEG;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k a=ujimcJh+yD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;ta0;cef;rS xGufvmcJh=uonf? ae@vnfavmufwGif a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf ygvmaom rD;ckd;a&mifum;av; *dwf trSwf 2 rS 0if;twGif; odk@ 0ifvmaomtcg olwdk@ yxrqHk;wdkufyGJudk atmifjrifvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; 0if;twGif;&yfaeaom oydwfwkdufyGJ0ifolrsm; odcJhonf? oydwf wkdufyGJ0ifolrsm; um;teD;wGif 0ef;&Haeaoma=umifh a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf um;xJrS xGufvmI ajrwl;a*:jym;ay:odk@ wufcJh onf? epfcsf&Hk;tjyifbuf&Sd ðcHykwfrS xdkreufurS cl;vmaom ESif;qDyef;rsm;jzifh olrudk urf;=uonf? ESif;qDyef;&eH@ESifhtwl olrpum;rajymEdkifbJ rsuf&nfrsm; pD;usvmcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif epfcsfonf t&_H;ay;vdkuf+yD; pum;0dkif;ta=umif;udk avmpyDumESifh toHv$ifh&ef cGifhðycJh onf? aemufwae@ aom=umae@wGif pum;0dkif;udk pwifvdfrfhrnfjzpfonf? =umoyaw;ae@ae@vnfwGif oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;onf oabFmusif;twGif;ae&ef ta&;ay:jyifqifcJh =uonf? 0if; tjyifzuf&Sd aq;cef;wGif tvkyfvkyfaom yD,efaumhpumonf *'ef@pfcf e,fajrodk@ tpm;tpmrsm;vSL&ef aqmf=ocJh+yD;/ wtdrfwufqif; vdkufvHpkaqmif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@wzGJ@udk wm0efay;cJhonf? tjcm;ollrsm;onf uGif;jyif0if aygufrsm;udk apmifh=uyf=u+yD;/ t&ufraomuf&efvnf; wm;jrpfOya'xkwfI ydwfcJhonf? tcsKd@u aumif;uifóud;rsm; axmif+yD;/ vGwfvyfaomOa&my a&'D,dkvdkif;udk em;axmifEdkif&ef zrf;cJh=uonf/ uGif;jyifxJ&dS rD;avmifvG,faom ypPnf; rsm;udk z,fxkwfcJh=uonf? tcsKd@uawmh aomufa&oef@rsm;&&eftwGuf 0dkif;ulcJh=uonf/ xdkteD;wGif aeaomolrsm;u tdrfoddk@jyefI zsmrsm; apmifrsm;jyef,lcJh=uonf? aea&mif wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufonfESifhtr# ywWLprsm;ESifh zefwD; xm;aom &GufzsifwJòrd@uav; xGufay:vmcJhonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; twGif;wGif tvkyf±_yfaepOf/ yD,efaumhpumu oydwfESifh ywfoufI tcsuftvuf tao;pdwf &onfESifh csufcsif; ul&GefxHodk@ zHk;qac:cJhonf? ul&GefxHrSwqifh EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;xHa&mufoGm;+yD;/ vGwfvyf aom Oa&mya&'D,dk rSwqifh ydkvefodk@ owif;jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? abmh'ef abm&k0pfZfonf qdyfcHabmwHwm;bufudk oGm;I qdyfcHtvkyform;rsm;udk bmawGjzpfaeonfudk ajymjyI ‚if;wdk@teD;tem; puf&Hkrsm;odk@vnf; qufvufajymjy&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkae&mESihfrqdkifaom tjyifvlwa,muftaeESifhrl oydwfarSmuf pGef@pm;&ef tjcm;olrsm;udk em;csEdkif vdrfhrnfr[kwfay? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~ tkyfpkrsm;onf *'ef@pfcf-'dkifeD,ma'otwGif; t"du puf&Hkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dS aoG;ºuGaomtvkyform;rsm;ESifh teD;uyfqufqHa&; &dScJhaoma=umifhvnf; ,ckvdk qufqHa&; tqifajzcJhjcif; jzpfonf// aom=umae@ eHeufwGif xdkvlrsm;onf ‚if;[email protected]_yf&Sm;r_ pwifcJhonf? aom=umae@onf tif'a& udkavmh'fZD;vkyfaeaom yJ&pfuGefjrL;oabFmusif;wGif tvkyf0ifonfh 'kwd,ajrmufae@ jzpfonf? xdkreuf bwfpfum;ay:wGif toufESpfq,ft&G,f trnfrod vli,fwOD;u ol.vkyfaz:udkifzuf wOD;xHodk@ csnf;uyfoGm;cJh+yD;/ vDeifoabFmusif;wGif oydwfarSmufaea=umif;udk olwdk@udk ajymjycJhonf? olwdk@udkvnf; tvkyfrS xGufzdk@ awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkowif;ta=umif;udk oabFmudk,fxnf tpdwftydkif;xm;&m *dka'giftxd ,loGm;cJh+yD;/ vkyfief; wae@wmtp vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm; vma&mufpkpnf;&m &ifjyiftxd xyfo,faqmifoGm;cJh=uonf? tvkyforsm;acgif;ESifh ygwDt&m&dSrsm;rS *dka'gifESifh oabFmudk,fxnfydkif;twGif;odk@ tkyfpktvsiftjrefcGJvdkufaomtcg olESifh tjcm;vli,f vH_@aqmfolrsm;. t}uHysufoGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf tenf;i,f=umaomtcg tvkyform; 'gZiftenf;i,f ‚if;wdk@tvkyfudk pGef@cGmI &ifjyifqDodk@ jyefvmcJhonf?

ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif axmifESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm; vma&mufylaygif;cJhIo ydwf}uD; pwifcJh=uonf?

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vrf;a=umif;Edkifaom/ nD!GwfEdkifaom tzGJ@tpnf; wck ay:aygufap&ef pwif óud;yrf;cJhonf?

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aom=umae@ aqG;aEG;yGJpum;yGJrsm;wGif epfcsfonf oydfwfarSmufolrsm; awmif;qdkaomtcsuf trsm;pkudk ay;cJhonf? bm0ifqm ESifh a0:vifwDEdk0pfZf wdk@ tvkyfjyef0ifEdkifonf? a'oqdkif&m ygwD twGif;a&;rSL;rS oydfwfarSmufolrsm;tm; rnfodk@r#vufpm;acs&ef r&dSa=umif;udk tmrcHay;onf? 1970 usqHk;olrsm;twGuf txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkifwck aqmufay;rnf? 'g&dkufwmrS


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[email protected]_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:&dkufcwfaeaomtajctae/ olwdk@oGm;&rnfhE_ef;ESifh óuHawG@&rnfhtwm;tqD; rsm;udk cef@rSef;Edkif=u+yD? tpydkif;wGif/ trfautufpf MKS acgif;aqmifrsm;u [email protected] taxGaxGvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. yifra&pD;tjzpf }uD;xGm;apvdk=uonf? tu,fI vlxkrsm;u tus,ftjyef@ryg0if/ ryl;aygif;vmygu [email protected];v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrif r_r&Edkifonfudkvnf; oabmayguf=uonf? xdktwGufa=umifh olwdk@uoydwfudkjy,k*ftjzpfomxm;+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh vltrsm; vufcHEdkifrnfh wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;/ ydkus,fjyef@aomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf vltrsm;yg0ifvmap&efv_H@aqmfvdk=uonf? we*F aEGae@eHeufwGif bkef;awmf}uD;zmom [if;'&uf *sefaumpuD;u *dwftrSwf (2) odk@ vlxk}uD;udk tm;ay;csD;jr‡ifh&ef a&mufvmcJh onf? xdktcgwGif òrd@xJrSvlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmuvnf; pk&Hk;vm=uonf? xdkolrsm;u vufrsm;wGifyef;rsm;udk udkifaqmifvm=u +yD;/ acgif;ay:wGif ydkvefEdkifiHawmftvHrsm;u wvlvlvGifhI o,faqmifvm=uonf? vlwOD;u ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efayg (2) ."gwfyHkudk puf&HkwHcg;0wGif uyfxm;onf? puf&Hk0if;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh puf&Hk*dwfjyifywGif&Sdaeaom òrd@vlxkrsm;u oDcsif;oHòydifqdk=uonf? bmoma&;acgif;aqmif bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u (1970) ckESpfu tvkyform;rsm;owfjzwfcHcJh&aom ae&mwGif vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk csI*k%fðyvdkufonf? aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;om;a&;oauFwjzpfaom teDESifhtjzLa&mifygzJóud; rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ teufa&mif r,fawmfrufa'gem;yHkawmfjzifh vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk csnfaESmifvdkufonf? vuf0g;uyfwdkif. xdyfwGif pm&Gufwckuyfxm;+yD;/ ‚if;ay:wGif yxrurBmppfumvtwGif;u &k&Sm;EdkifiHrS ydkvefEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0ifcJhol ol&Jaumif; *sKd;qufzf yDvfqGwfpuD;. rdef@cGef;aqmifyk'fudk uyfxm;onf? “vdkcsifwmudk/ &atmifpGrf; Edkif&r,f” [lI jzpfonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ydkvefjynfolrsm;ESifh ESvHk;om;wdk@csdwfqufaygif;ul;rd=u+yD? &ufowWywftm;vyf&uf ukefqHk;oGm;csdefwGif/ trfautufpf MKS taejzifh [email protected] puf&Hk (22) ckESifhoabFmusif; xufausmfvGefI tjcm;tus,ftjyef@yg0ifvmatmif csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhonf? *'ef@pfcfa'ou tvkyform;axmifaygif;/ aomif; aygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifvm=uonf? xdk@tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;&Sd&m qDvDqD,ma'oodk@yg csJ@xGifvmEdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tajcðy&m/ u&maum/ 0gaqma'orsm;odk@yg jyef@ESH@vmcJhonf? abmvfwpfa'oqdyfurf;òrd@jzpfaom &SDZif odk@yg jyef@ESH@vmonf? ,cktcgwGifawmh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;rD'D,mrsm;u oydwftay:jyif;jyif;xefxefwdkufcdkuf a0zefvmcJh+yD jzpfonf? *'ef@pfcfa'owGif xkwfa0aomowif;pmu Toydwfa=umifh pD;yGg;a&;udkydkIxdcdkufzG,fjzpfapvdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;a&;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfu w,fvDaA;&Sif;a&S@xGufI/ ydkvef. rdwfaqGrsm; (v#Kd@0SuftoHk;tjzpfac:aom qdkAD,uf ,leD,H. trnf) u Ttajctaeudk ESpfouf=uvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;ESifh tu,fIoydwfwdkufyGJrsm; tcsdefwdktwGif;r&yf qdkif;oGm;ygu jy\em&Sda=umif;” ajymcJhonf? oabFmusif;twGif;&Sdae=uaom oydwfwdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;udk ,cktcsdefwdkif zsufqD;vdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ra=ueyfqlylae=uaom vlwpk/ vltrsm;pkvkyfief;cGif0if&eftwGuf taESmuft,Sufðyae=u aomvlwpktjzpfom yHkazmfajym qdkaeao;onf? we*FaEGae@nwGif ajratmufyHkESdyfpufwckrS yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf trfautufpf MKS .ta=umif;azmfjyxm;aom vufurf; v$mrsm;ESifh ‚if;.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? aemufwae@wGif owif;ydk@aqmifolrsm;uGef,ufrsm;rSwqifh vkyfief;paewif jzef@a0aecJh+yD jzpfonf? xdkvufurf;v$mrsm;u urf;ajcwav#muf&Sd puf&Hkrsm;odk@yvlysH jyef@ESH@ae+yD? vDeif oabFmusif;odk@ ukefwifukefcsvkyfay;aom x&yfum;armif;ol '&dkifAmrsm;u olwdk@jzef@jzL;&rnfhpuf&Hkrsm;odk@ owif;rsm;udkyg o,faqmifoGm;=uonf? *'ef@pfcf oabFmusif;odk@oGm;&mvrf;wav#mufwGif twm;tqD;jzpfap&ef ydwfqdk@xm;aom vrf;ydwf qdk@r_rsm;a=umifhom tcufóuH=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;v_yf&Sm;r_tay:pmemaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0ef rsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;u xdktwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfv$mta&mufvm=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwav#mufvHk;wGifvnf; vGwfvyf aom Oa&mytoHa&'D,dkrSwqifh trfautufpf MKS ta=umif;ESifh ‚if;[email protected];qdkcsufrsm;udk tenf;i,fodvm=u onf? xdkowif;rsm;udk 0gaqm&Sdul&Gefuwqifh jzef@jzL;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? wevFmae@wGif tvkyform;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm jyefpk&Hk; rdvm=uonf? paeae@utdrfjyefoGm;cJh=uaomtvkyform;rsm;u jyefvmum/ usefaecJh=uaom oabFmusif;&Sdtvkyform; rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;=uonf? xdk@tjyif aemufxyftopf oydwftwGif;yl;aygif;vmaom puf&Hk (30) ausmfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; vnf; a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? wae@ywfvHk; uif;apmifhaeolrsm;xHrS aemufxyfudk,fpm;vS,ftopfrsm;xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmae a=umif; a=ujimaeoHudk=um;=u&onf? naeapmif;aomtcg trfautufpf MKS taejzifh xdka'o&Sdpuf&Hkaygif; (150) ausmfudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;aom tiftm;pkjzpfvmcJh+yD? 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wevFmae@eHeuf (7; 30) em&Da&mufaomtcg/ vltrsm;u tvkyfydwf&ufrsm;twGif; oydwf}uD;qifE$J&eftwGuf tpm; taomufrsm;jyifqif+yD;=u+yD/ tdyf,mrsm; jyifqif+yD;=u+yD? ydkvefvlrsKd;rsm;u &kyfjrifoH=um;udkzGifhvdkuf=uonf? olwdk@jrif& onfu tif'a& 0D,mZf'gu a=ujimcsufwckudk zwfaeonf? xdka=ujimcsufrSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh tpdk;&wdk@ oabmwlnDcsufwckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonfh ta=umif;yif? tm%mydkifrsm;u bD*dk&SpfwGifjzpfcJhaom &Jrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;rSm rSm;,Gif;a=umif;0efcH+yD;/ ,cifoabmwlnDcsufrsm;. tajccHjzpfaom jy\emrsm;udk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;a&;udkvnf; csKd;azmuf&ma&mufa=umif; 0efcHonf? xdkodk@&dkufESufr_rsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=umif;udkvnf;azmfjyonf? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udkvnf; ta&;,lrnf[k qdkonf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udpPwGif xyfrH pGufzufvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif; ajymonf? odk@aomfrSwfyHkwifa&;udpPudkrl qdkif;iHhxm;ao;onf? xdktcg aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~zufu oydwfudkrvkyfawmhyJ avsmhay;vdkufonf? “usaemhtjrift&awmh tEW&m,fu odyf}uD;w,f?” bm0ifqmu olu aemufxyfoabmwlnDr_wckudk vkyfcJhonfhta=umif; jyef&Sif;jy&if;/ aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymonf? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m aumfr&Sifu t*Fgae@ESifh Ak'<[l;ae@rsm;wGif *'ef@pfcfY awG@qHk=uonf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u [email protected]'gorsm;udk bm0ifqmtay: yHkcs=uonf? qdkAD,ufwifhum;rsm;a=umifh a=umufvef@oGm;+yDavm[k trsufxGuf=uonf? rsm;rsm;pm;pm; tusKd;tjrwfjyefvnf&&Sdjcif;r&SdyJ/ tpdk;&udk ig;rsm;csdwfrSvGwfay;vdkufonf[k olwdk@uqdk=uonf? xdk@tjyif 'Drdkua&pDrqef aomol. vkyf&yftay:vnf; tjypfzdk@=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJudk &yfqdkif;vdkufzdk@ bm0ifqmwdkufwGef;r_a=umifh a=ujim&ol 0D,mhZf'gudkvnf; ol.aysmhnHhr_a=umifhtjypfwif=u+yD;/ obmywdtzGJ@0iftjzpfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? tefem a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh a&S@udkqufvufcsDwufoifha=umif;ESifh b,fvdkjzpfjzpf oydwfudkqifE$J oifha=umif; ajymonf? olrudk vDeifoabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrSz,f&Sm;cH&onf? or*~udkpwif wnfaxmifchJaom tjrLawonf,ckawmh wppDòyduGJ&+yD? bD*dk&SpfudpPwGif oabmxm;uGJvGJ=u&aomfvnf;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. (1981) aEGOD;umvwav#mufvHk; &&SdpGrf; aqmifEdkifcJhaom&vm'frsm;onf/ vHk;0aygufuGJa&;r[kwfyJ xdef;nd‡oGm;aom r[mAsL[mutvkyfjzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf? or*~. txda&mufqHk;aomzdtm;vufeufrSm taxGaxGvkyfief;cGifoydwfjzpf+yD;/ (1980) =o*kwfvwGif urf;&dk;wef;a'o tvkyform;rsm;upwifum/ aemufydkif;wGif ydkvefwEdkifiHvHk;tESH@tjym; twk,lusifhoHk;vm=uaomenf; jzpfonf? wEdkifiHvHk; tESH@tjym; or*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif tiftm; (10) oef;cef@&SdI/ oydwfpwifvdkufygu tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif wEdkifiHvHk;.pD;yGg; a&;udk v_yfcgoGm;apEdkifonf? Twif;ykwfvufeufudk trSefwu,ftoHk;rðyyJ/ csdef&G,f&if;jzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf aoG;xGufoH,dkr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHudkvnf; rxifrSwfxm;aomtaetxm;txd ajymif;vJvmapcJhonf? t"du tajccHtajymif;tvJrSm ,cktcgtus,ftjyef@aomydkvefvkyfom;xk}uD;rSm/ ygwDxdef;csKyfr_ jyifywGifzGJ@pnf;rdvmjcif; jzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;wGif puf&Hkvkyfom;rsm;r#omruyJ/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ olemðyrsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh pufr_ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; yg0if=uonf? aemufqHk; &Jt&m&Sdrsm;yg yg0if=uonf? woef;ausmfaomv,f orm;rsm;rSm aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~atmufwGif pk&Hk;rd=u+yD? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; olwdk@zmom or*~zGJ@pnf;=uonf? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawmfwcktwGif;Y rdrdzmomzGJ@pnf;xm;=uaomtiftm;pkrsm;&yfwnfaeEdkifaom tae txm;onf wu,fhudk&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; jzpfonf? Ttjzpftysufu vtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif trSefwu,fjzpfvmcJhonf? tvm;wl pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f&maumif;aomudpPrSm vlxkrsm;.b0twGif; jzpfay:vmcJhaomtajymif;tvJ jzpfonf? aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ PZPR ygwD0ifrsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom vlwodef;ausmfrSm 'DZifbm (16) &ufae@wGif vDeifoabFmusif;a&S@Y pk&Hk;rd=uonf? [email protected]&S@wGif (1970) vltpktòyHvdkufowfjzwfcH&r_wGif usqHk;oGm; &olrsm;twGuf *k%fðyxm;aom ay (140) ausmfjrifhonfh txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkif &Sdonf? Ttcrf;tem;wav#mufvHk; vltrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rS wm;jrpfxm;aom t&ufydwfyifr_udk vkdufemaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? olwdk@u vltrsm; 0ef;enf;a=uuGJ&r_udk jycJh=uonf? aocsmonfrSm Tolrsm;udktpdk;&taejzifh qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;&efrjzpfEdkifawmhjcif;yif jzpf onf? udkvufaumpuD;/ ul&GefESifh rDcsDepfcfwdk@pnf;&Hk;ajymqdkcJh=uaom yk*~vduqdkif&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rsuf0g;xifxifay: aygufvmcJh=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? owif;jyef=um;a&;Xmersm;tay: tpdk;&csKyfudkifxdef;csKyfr_onfvnf; (1980) ckESpfaqmifydkif; tpydkif;umvrsm;wGif twefi,f aysmhajymif;vmcJhonf? ,cifu tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxmaomowif;pmrsm;udk &&Sda&;twGuf vltrsm;u ukefpkHqdkifrsm;wGif wef;&Snf}uD;pDI apmifhqdkif;cJh=u&onf? ,cktcg Towif;pmrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t&tjiif;yGg;zG,fjzpfaom owif;azmfjycsufrsm;/ obm0ygwf0ef;usifysufpD;apaom ta=umif;rsm;udkazmfjycsufrsm; ygvm=u+yD? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. a'oqdkif&mXmecGJ wdkif;uvnf; owif;pmrsm;xkwfa0ae=u+yD? odk@aomf &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif xdef;csKyfr_rsm;u wif;wif;=uyf=uyf&SdaeqJyif? odk@aomfvnf; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~twGuf xkwfv$ifhcsdefudk &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dktwGuf oD;oef@cGJay;onf? we*FaEG


vlpka0;yGJrsm;udk a&'D,dkrSwqifh wEdkifiHvHk;odk@xkwfv$ifhay;onf? ydkvefvlxkrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfr_t&omqdkonfrSm rnfonfqdkonfudk tenf;qHk;+rD;prf; cHpm;Edkif=u+yD? jyif;xefaompum;vHk;rsm;? tm;ausmhaomtdyfrufrsm; aoG;pnf;nG!Gwfa&;or*~. nD!Gwfr_rSaeI tm%mwckay:xGef;mvcJhonf? Ttmtmjzifh oydwfrsm;jzihfr+idrfroufjzpfae aom wdkif;jynf}uD;udkxdef;xm;&onfh tpdk;&tm; +cdrf;ajcmuf/ t=uyfudkifEdkifcJhonf? Todk@tvkyform;rsm; tm%m&Sdvm aomtajctaea=umifh ydkvefEdkifiH.usefaomvltzGJ@tpnf;rS tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@zmompk&Hk;vm=uonf? bD*dk&Spf t=uyftwnf;onf Oyrmwckjzpfonf? v,form;rsm;tay: wdkufcdkufr_pwif&mrS aemufqHk;aus;vufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~ay;vdkuf&aom tajctaejzpfoGm;chJonf? odk@aomf (1981) ckESpftwGif; vtenf;i,fjzwfoef;&if;/ Ttm%mudk&vm aqmif&Gufay;cJhaom r[mAsL[ma=umifh Ttm%mudktoHk;ðy&efydkIcufcJa=umif; awG@vm=u&onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~zufrS csOf;uyfyHkonf/ rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkzufrSpdwfaumif;apwem&Sdr_tay: vHk;0ar#mfvifh xm;yHk&onf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;uwnf;uyif rpfcsepfua&;cJhzl;onf? PZPR ygwDonf vufawG@0g'Drsm;ESihfa&m/ tcGifhta&; orm;rsm;ESifhygpkzGJ@xm;onf? rmufpf-vDeif0g'udk trSefwu,f,Hk=unfolrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwf? “ygwD. vufawG@ 0g'Drsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk vufcH=uvdrfhrnf r[kwf? A[k0g'ESihf trSefwu,fudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom tpdk;&tajctaeudk ajymif;ay;=uvdrfhrnf r[kwf? ” rpfcsepfu a&;cJhonf? “odk@aomfxdkolrsm;taejzifh óuHvm&aom A[k 0g'ajymif;vJvdkonfhzdtm; ESifh awG@qHknd‡Ed_if;ajz&Sif;jcif;uom taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkifonfudk odEdkifaomt&nftcsif;&Sdonf?” xdkolrsm;twGuf zdESdyfjcif;onfjy\emrsm;udkajyvnfapvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;ESifh aemufxyfjy\emwckxyfrHjzpfyGg;apa&; twGuf aygufuGJap&efta=umif;zefay;jcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ odEdkifonf? Todk@awG@&aom &vm'fudk a&SmifvGJ@Ir&Edkif? ”[k qdk onf? tu,fI rpfcsepfomrSefcJhv#if/ yHkrSef xdef;csKyfxm;aom/ pepfwusay;aom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. zdtm;onf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif trSefwu,fatmifyGJ&ap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf? vlwOD;csif;u vlr_tajcðyvlxktzGJ@pnf;rsm; xGef;um;a&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkif=uayvdrfhrnf? =o*kwfvv_yf&Sm;r_aemufydkif;wGif xdyfwef;tm%m&,lxm;aom uGefjrLepf (2) OD;onf/ rpfcsepfu orkwfazmfjyxm;cJhaom vufawG@0g'Drsm;yHkpHtwdkif; jzpfvmcJhonf? pwefepfpavm uefeD,monf uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;teufrS yxrtwGif;a&; rSL;jzpf+yD;/ tuf0yf *J&uftwdkif; wyHkpHwnf;/ waoGrwdrf;jzpfvmcJhonf? ol@,cifuqufcHonfholtwdkif; olonfvnf;qif;&J aomrdom;pku aygufzGm;vmI/ ygwDxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifae&m a&mufvmonftxdv_yf&Sm;&kef;uefcJh&onf? xdkumvrsm; twGif;EdkifiHa&;upm;yGJrsm;udk u|rf;u|rf;usifusifjzwfoef;vmcJh&onf? olu xdyfwdkufyÉdyuQrsKd;rawG@&avatmif/ &Snf&Snf a0;a0;oGm;vdkvSonf? aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;aomtcsufrSm =o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsufrsm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifa&;twGuf ygwDzufwGif ol.pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;ygonfqdkaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? t=urf;zufvrf; ra&G;cJhonfudkyif aus;Zl;wif&rnf? aemufydkif;wGif or*~topfESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y olygvmcJhonf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyf0dkpDtufcsf ,m&lZJpuD;onf (1981) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf? xdkoluvnf; tjcm;xl;jcm;aom toGifwrsKd;aqmifjyefonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;txd ygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ynmt&nftcsif; tenf;i,fom&Sd=uaom/ tEkpdwfudpPrsm;udk tenf;i,fompDrHcef@cGJEdkif=uaom olrsm;jzpfonf? Ttcsufuyif twdkuftcH rsm;zufu ynmwwfrsm;. &,foGrf;aoG;p&mtcsufjzpfcJhonf? xdkolrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if ,m&lZJpuD;onf/ ajr&Sif rdom;pkrSaygufzGm;vm+yD;/ ol@toGifwGifvnf; azmfjyaeonf? ol@wGif rdrdzmompnf;urf;aumif;r_ESifh &dk;om;r_twGufemrnf aumif;&oljzpfonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;jzpfyGg;aecJhaomjcpm;r_rsm;=um;Y uif;uGmatmifae EdkifcJholjzpfonf? vltrsm;pku rSm;,Gif;pGm,Hk=unfaeaomtcsufrSm (1970) qENjyyGJrsm;jzpfygG;pOfu aoG;ajrusr_rsm;rjzpfyGg;& avatmif TAdkvfcsKyfuvdkvm;cJhonf[k ,lqae=uonf? TAdkvfcsKyftaejzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcg/ bm0ifqmu ol@ udk “ydkvefEdkifiHom;aumif;wOD;”tjzpf E_wfqufcJhonf? bD*dk&Spft=uyftwnf;umvuqdkv#if xdkAdkvfcsKyfudk usaemfwdk@ ,Hk=unfEdkifaom wOD;wnf;aom,leDazmif;0wf[lI ajymcJhao;onf? uefeD,mESifh ,m&lZJpuD;wdk@onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpOf;pm;wwfaom/ qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdaomolrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdkolrsm; u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifhoabmwlnDxm;aomtcsufrsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; vdkufemapmifhxdef;Edkifolrsm; jzpf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@uvdkvdkvm;vm;apmifhxdef;vdkaoma=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tjcm;aemufwvrf;rSm ydkIqdk;&Gm;aom a&G;cs,fp&m jzpfaoma=umifhyif? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&xJwGifTodk@tjrifudk vufrcHvdkaomtiftm;pkrsm;vnf; tajrmuf trsm;&Sd=uonf? or*~opfay:xGufvmonfudk r&_pdrfhEdkifaomor*~a[mif;rS t}uD;tuJrsm;/ =o*kwfvoabmwlnDcsufrsm; twdkif;aqmif&Gufygu tcGifhxl;avsmhyg;oGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom ygwDAsL&dku&ufrsm;/ vkyfief;cGifwGif 'Drdkua&pD&Sdvmjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@.=oZmavsmhyg;oGm;Edkifaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS refae*smrsm;u rvdkvm;=uay? Todk@,cifu róuHcJh&zl;aomawG@qHk


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xdktcsdefwGif aygufuGJzG,f&mtjcm;t&if;tjrpfwckvnf; &Sdaeao;onf? =o*kwfoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;u ygwDatmufajcxk twGif;wGif vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;jzpfapcJhonf? tiftm; 3-oef;&Sdonfhteuf tiftm; (2) odef;cef@uygwDrSE_wfxGufoGm;=uonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;woef;cef@rSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aeEdkifao;onf? trsm;pkaomtiftm;pkrsm;rSm tv,ftvwfwef;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwf=uyJ/ atmufajc&Jabmfxkrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdkolrsm;u ygwDudk'Drdkua&pDðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;&yfqdkif;&ef/ ygwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGmjiif;ckef cGifhay;&ef/ txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&mY a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkw&m;r#wpGmvkyf&efwdk@ awmif;qdkvmcJhonf? Ttcsufrsm;u ygwDwGif;&Sdacgif;rmtiftm;pkrsm;twGufa&m/ aysmhajymif;aomtiftm;pkrsm;twGufyg +cdrf;ajcmufr_[k jrif=u onf?

umvwdkwcktcsdeftxd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u tompD;&aeoa,mifxifae&onf? (1981) ckESpftapmydkif;a&muf aomtcg/ a'oqdkif&mygwDXmecGJrsm;u vGwfvyfpGmòydifqdkifcGifh&Sdaoma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrsm; usif;y=u+yD;/ ZlvdkifvwGifusif; yrnfhuGef*&ufwufa&muf&ef udk,fpm;vS,fudka&G;cs,f=uonf? Ta&G;aumufyGJrsm;u vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufae=u+yD;/ &kef; &if;qefcwfvnf; EdkifvSonf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;udka0zefwdkufcdkuf=u+yD;/ ygwDwGif;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; udk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf=uonf? odk@aomftrsm;pkudk qdkAD,ufay:vpfAsL&dku +cdrf;ajcmuf}udrf;armif;onfudkcH=u&+yD;/ aemuf ydkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk “ygwDudkzsufodrf;&ef óud;yrf;r_tjzpf” wHqdyfwyfcH&onf? tu,fI trsm;}uD;wGef;xdk;aqmif&Gufygu tEW&m,fóuHvmEdkifonf[k axmufjy=uonf? odk@aomfudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pku ,cif A[dk aumfrwD0iftrsm;pkESifh ay:vpfAsL&dktzGJ@0ifrsm;udk jyefvnfa&G;cs,f&efjiif;qef=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vlenf;pkrsm;u acgif;aqmifr_ &vmcJh=uonf? xdyfydkif;wGifrl tvkyform;rsm;ESifhnd‡Ed_if;ajyvnfr_,lvdkolrsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@[efwm;vdkolrsm; t=um;tm;òydifr_u qufIwnf&SdaecJhonf?

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xdktajctaewGif ppfa&;t&pGufzuf&efrSm a&Smifv$JrjzpfEdkifawmh/ odk@aomfaemufa=umif;jyefI=unfhaomtcg Todk@pGufzufcJh r_rsKd;udk &SmIyifrawG@Edkif? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'usifhoHk;a&;twGuf jyifqifaer_rsm;onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~vufvSrf;rrD Edkifaom ae&mwGifjyifqifaecJhonf? xdktwGufa=umifh or*~taejzifhtqdk;qHk;tajctaetwGuf olwdk@jyifqifxm;=u&awmh rnfudk rodEdkifcJh=u? vufbm0ifqmu ol.vkyfazmfudkifzuf&Jazmfrsm;udk tpdk;&udktxifao;av#mhrwGufrdap&ef owday; ajym=um;cJhaomfvnf;/ olvnf;aoaocsmcsm rod&SdcJh? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u olwdk@&Jabmfrsm;udka&S@wGiftEW&m,frsm;óuH& EdkifzG,f&Sda=umif; owday;ajym=um;aeaomfvnf;/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tpdk;r&aomtajctaea=umifh vrf;a=umif;udkaemufwck a&$@ajymif;csrSwf&efyif cufcJvSonf? (1981) ckESpf vltrsm;óudufv_H@aqmfr_udk pepfwusaoe*FAsL[mt&pOf;pm;wGufcsufr_r&Sd ygyJ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;u v_H@aqmfcJhjyefonf?

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(1981) ckESpfae@&ufrsm;ukefvmonfESifhtr# aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh (1980) ck =o*kwfvoydwfumvu olwdk@ udk,folwdk@wm;jrpfcsKyfaESmifxm;aomtajctaerS jyefIz,fcGgvmcJhonf? yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf trfautufpftpnf;ta0;udk vDeifoabFmusif;wGifðyvkyf=uaomtcg/ EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ab;z,fxm;=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; udk,fYuqifqmwnf;jzwf xdef;csKyfxm;cJh=uonf? trsm;pkrSm qdkAD,ufv$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_udkemusnf; cg;oD;=uaomfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDtxl;vdkcsifvSaomfvnf; rajymcJh=u? Todk@vdktyfaomtajctaeudkvnf; tm;vHk;uonf;cH EdkifcJh=uonf? tu,fI Todk@raqmif&GufcJhygu [email protected]òydiftiftm;pkrsm;uacsr_ef;vdkuf=uvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; or*~ udkarG;zGm;+yD;I wESpfom;a&mufaomtcg/ Todk@wm;jrpfcsufrsm;u arS;rSdefvm=u+yD? vlxktrsm;pkaxmufcHr_aemufwGif ,pfrl;vm=uonf? EdkifiH&Sdvlxktrsm;pk cHpm;ae=u&aomtwdkif; xif[yfwkef@jyefvdk=uonf? twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;. ppf aoG;ºuGtiftm;pkrsm;. toHuydkIus,favmifvmcJhonf?

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,cktcgwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk tjrpfE_wfEdkifcJh+yD? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif rdrdxdef;csKyfr_pGef@v$wf&rnfudkpdk;&drfae =uaom ydkvefEdkifiHtm%mydkifrsm;u jyefvnfxdef;csKyfEdkifcJhonf? tu,fI &ufaygif; (500) ausmftjrpfwG,faecJhaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~rsm;. tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mtajctjrpf/ vGwfvyfaomvlxktajccH vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk z,f&Sm; r&Sif;vif;Edkifygu qdkAD,uf,leD,H.zdtm;ay;vmr_udkvnf; pdk;&drfae&ao;onf? wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifhacgif;aqmifrsm; axmifESifh aomif;ESifhcsDI z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;Edkifvdkufonf? [email protected]@0iftiftm; (10) oef;qdkonfrSmvnf; ,ckawmhjynfol vlxka&S@arSmufpifjrifhay:rS =uufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufukef=u+yD?

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udpPrsm;atmifjrifr_twGuf wzufuvnf; r&nf&G,fygyJESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~zufuvnf; tm;ay; ovdkjzpfaecJhonf? umvtajctae tajymif;tvJESifhtnD EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk raqmif&GufEdkifcJh? (1980) =o*kwf vESifh (1981) ckESpfrwfvt=um;wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh t=urf;rzufaomEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk u|rf;usif pGm tpGrf;jyEdkifcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zufwdkufwGef;r_rygyJ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;aqmif&Gufxm;EdkifcJhonf? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;qifE$Jrnf[k +cdrf; ajcmufjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pnf;&Hk;qifE$Jjcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; uGefjrLepfrsm;udk tpOftjzifh a&G;cs,fp&mvrf; (3) oG,fudk wdkufwGef;aecJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk tiftm;wdk;apI/ tm%mydkifrsm;udk yifyef;csdeJ@ap&ef &nf&G,fcJhonf? tiftm;ESifh wdkufcdkufzdtm;ay;+yD;/ aemufqHk;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_jzifh tajzxkwfEdkifaomtajctaeudk &,lEdkifcJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&; usqif;xdkif;rd_if;aer_u yxra&G;vrf;udktm;aysmhapcJhonf? (1970) ckESpftajctaeudk jyefa&mufoGm;rnfpdk;&drfaompdwf a=umifh 'kwd,a&G;vrf;udk apmpD;pGmuyif ydwfxm;cJhovdk jzpfaecJhonf? tm%mydkifrsm;uoabmwlnDr_rsm;&,l+yD;aom tcsdef wdkif;wGif/ Todk@wpdwfwydkif;atmifyGJrsm;rSaeI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~.e,fedrdwfudkcsJ@xGifEdkifcJh=uonf? ydkvefjynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaomvlr_b0e,fyg,fudk csJ@xGif,lEdkifcJh=uonf?

odk@aomfvnf; (1981) ckESpftapmydkif;umvwGif/ vdkufavsmqufqHr_odyfr&Sdaom taetxm;zufodk@wajz;ajz;csOf;uyfvmcJh onf? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif v#Kd@0Sufr_udkusifhoHk;jcif;ESifh acgif;aqmifr_twdkif;qufvufxm;&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh tajctae udk[efrysuf zkef;uG,fxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? xdkESpfukefydkif;wGif qdkAD,uf.Adkvfuszdtm;ay;r_a=umifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk zdtm;rsm;pwifay;vmcJhonf? aemufqHk; ,m&lZJpuD;udk,fwdkif ola&Smifv$JvdkvSaom/ rvkyfcsifaomtvkyfudk vufavsmh aqmif&Guf&awmhonf? Todk@ xdk;ESufcsuf0ifvmaomtcgwGifvnf;/ or*~rsm;taejzifh olwdk@,cifuaqmif&Guf=uovdk aqmif&Guf&ef óud;yrf;=uao;onf? taxGaxGoydwf}uD;twGuf v_H@aqmf&efaqmif&Guf=uao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; tm%m ydkifrsm;u ,cifqufqHxm;aomtaetxm;rSaeI oifcef;pmrsm; rsm;pGm&&Sdae=u+yD jzpfonf? 'DZifbm (12) &ufae@nydkif; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;zrf;qD;r_onf/ upm;yGJrpwifrDuyif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef; odrf;EdkifcJh=uonf? vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@+yD;/ owif;qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk =um;jzwfcJh=uaoma=umifh oydwfrsm;udkòrd@rsm;twGif;Y yif uef@owfxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh wifhum;rsm;uvSnfhvnf 0ef;&Hxm;aoma=umifh òrd@wcktwGif;rSm yif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&&eftwGuf cufcJvSonf? xdk@tjyif ,ckw}udrfonfoydwfrsm;qifE$J&eftwGuf óudwifjyifqifcsdef vnf;r&yJ/ vufylwdkufvkyf&aomudpP jzpfonf? wyfzGJ@rsm;u oydwfarSmufaompuf&Hkrsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf;ydkuf=uonf? xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;yif &Sdonf? Ttajctaeonf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh ,cifuóuHawG@cJh&aomtajctaersm; ESifhpmv#if ydkIaumufuspfaomvkyfyHkvkyfenf;rsKd; jzpfonf?


ppfat;acwfwdkufyGJrsm;u ae&mcsxm;cJhaom ta&S@-taemufpOf;pm;yHkrsm; vlxkrsm;wGif&SdaeonfrSm &,fp&mvnf;jzpfonf? 0g&SifwefwGif&Sdaeaom tar&dueftpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u ,m&lZJpuD;. acsr_ef;rnfh tpDtpOfudk óudwifIod=uonf? odk@aomf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wcGef;r#óudwifowday;cJhjcif; r&SdcJh? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh uGefjrLepftkyfpk EdkifiHrsm;twGif; vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tiftm;taumif;qHk;pwiftaumiftxnfazmf=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf onfhwdkifatmif rodovdkaecJhonf? xdktcsdefrwdkifrD wESpftvdku orw*sifrDumwmu ‚if;.t=uHay; bpfe,l; b&mZif; puD; (rl&if;ydkveftrsKd;om;) xHrSwqifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;xHodk@ (1980) 'DZifbmvu qdkAD,uf wyfzGJ@rsm;0ifa&mufusL;ausmfEdkifaom tEW&m,f&Sdaea=umif; owday;cJhao;onf? odk@aomfvufawGwGifrl jzpfrvmcJh? olTodk@ aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif;rSmvnf; ydkvefwyfrawmf ppfqifa&;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;. 'kwd,t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;}uD;&dkif;Zwf uGwfvif;puD;u pDtdkifattwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aeaoma=umifhyif? (1981) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtxd uGufvif;puD;xdkae&mwGif &Sdaeao;aomf vnf;/ a&*iftkyfcsKyfa&;&Sd t&m&Sdrsm; (EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ pDtdkifat 'g&dkufwmwdk@rS r[kwfyg)/ odk@r[kwf 'k-orw a*smhbk&Sf OD;pD;aom tdrfjzLawmf&Sd ydkvefEdkifiHudpPudkifwG,folrsm;/ wdk@u ,m&lZJpuD;.t=uHudk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~odk@today;&ef toifhawmfqHk;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? olwdk@tm;vHk;u qdkAD,uf,leD,Hrnfodk@wkef@jyefvmrnfudkom awG;Ipdk;&drfae=uonf? ydkveftpdk;&zufu aqmif&GufvmEdkifaomtajctaeudk pOf;pm;azmfjyjcif; rðycJh=uay?

tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;om óudwifod&SdcGifh&Sdygu/ Txdk;ESufcsufudk tm;ysufoGm;ap&eftwGuf rnfodk@ aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=urnfenf;? taumif;qHk;jyifqifxm;Edkifaom taetxm;rSmvHkòcHa&;t& ykef;tdrfrsm;cGJzjzef@csxm;jcif;yif jzpf onf? owif;ydk@rnfholrsm;/ ajratmufo,f,lydk@aqmifa&; uGef,ufrsm;udkvnf; pDpOfxm;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf? acsr_ef;rnf[k tvm;tvmjrifonfESifh wòydifeuf acgif;aqmifrsm;/ wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; csufcsif;cGJjcrf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;Edkif=uvdrfhrnf? tjcm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhwenf;rSm ta&;ay:&HyHkaiGaxmufyHhr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh taetxm;jzpfonf? (or*~. b%fpm&if;udk tpdk;&uydwfypf odrf;qnf;Edkifonf?) xdk@tjyif oydwfarSmufvkyfom;rsm;twGuf pm;a&&duQmrsm;/ tjcm;vdktyfonfrsm; puf&Hkrsm;teD;w0dkufwGif jyifqifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf? tu,fI wyfzGJ@rsm;u0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;r&Sdygu umv=um&Snfodrf;ydkufxm; Edkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

tu,fI or*~uom ‚if;[email protected];aqmifrsm;/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk umuG,fxm;ay;EdkifcJhygu/ pepfuseaomajratmufv_yf &Sm;r_}uD;wcktoGifudk ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onfpwifzGJ@pnf;csdefuyif 'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaoma=umifh/ yGifhvif;aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaoma=umifh rlvobm0t&udkyif v#Kd@0SufpDpOf&rnfhtaetxm; ESifh udkufnDaomoabmawmh r&Sday? (1981) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif aiGa=u;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;&efESifh yHkESdyfpufrsm;udk0Suf&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uaom wufºuGv_yf&Sm;oltcsKd@rSmvnf; ppfaoG;ºuGtzGJ@0ifrsm;. ajymifavSmif&,farmr_cHcJh=u&onf?

(1905) ckESpfu &k&Sm;twdkuftcHrsm;uJhodk@yif/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; oyfv#KdòzdcGJpnf;&Hk;&ef rnfodk@r#óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_ r&SdcJhay? tu,fI Todk@aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifygu zdESdyf&eftwGuf tpdk;&utrdef@ay;vmpOfrSmyif/ wyfzGJ@rsm;u trdef@udkjyefI jiif;qefEdkif=uonf? ,m&lZJpuD;udk,fYuyif Todk@jzpfvmavEdk; pdk;&drfcJh&ao;onf? (1980) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif qdkAD ,ufEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; tef'a& *&dkrDudku ay:vpfAsL&dkodk@ajym=um;&mY ,m&lZJpuD;u “ppfwyfrsm;u ydkveftvkyform; rsm;udk racsr_ef;yJaevdrfhrnfudk pdk;&drfa=umif;” ajymcJhonf? trSefwGif acsr_ef;r_rsm;pwifvmcJhaomtcg/ *'ef@pfcfodk@oGm;aom vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif pufysufIvJaeaomwifhum;rsm;u pufr_jy\ema=umifhr[kwfyJ/ tvkyform;rsm;udk rwdkufcdkufvdkaom a=umifh ydkIjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sda=umif; abmh*f'ef ba&mufpf0pfZfu ajymcJhonf? olu vDeifoabFmusif;odk@vmaeaom Twifhum; ppfom;rsm;xHwGif rsuf&nfusaeonfudk awG@cJh&a=umif; jyefajymjycJhonf?

odk@aomfvnf; ,m&lZJpuD;u [email protected]@&Sd ppfom;rsm;twGif; ra=ueyfr_t}uD;tus,frjzpfapa&;twGuf aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;or*~qefusifa&; 0g'jzef@oifwef;rsm;ay;pOfu tmrcHuwdðyajym=um;cJh+yD;/ or*~rsm;zufu TuJhodk@tmrcHajym =um;r_rsm; r&SdcJhay? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD;aemufwGif bpfe,l; bl*sufu TtcsufudktrSm;wck jzpfcJhonf[k jyefajymonf? ppfom;rsm;tzdk@,Hk=unfae=uonfrSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ‚if;[email protected];pk0if rsm;udk owfjzwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfaecJh=uonf[k qdkonf? odk@aomf‚if;[email protected];pk0if rsm;udk owfjzwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfaecJh=uonf[k qdkonf? odk@aomf yHkrSefwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udkrl aemufausmrSomt&Htjzpf xm;IoHk;cJh=uonf? xkd;ppf. a&S@qHk;wGif Zdkrdkac: wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomvufa&G;pifwyfrsm;udkom oHk;cJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ppfwyftwGif;aoG;uGJr_ enf;&avatmif pDrHEdkifcJhonf?

aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifhrl Todk@tiftm;òydifyGJudk tu,fItEdkif&yguvnf;/ &_H;&onfESifhtvm;wl &Sdvdrfhrnf? tu,fIydkveftpdk;&udk,fYu EdkifEdkifeif;eif;ruGyfn‡yfEdkifcJhaomf/ jzpfvmrnfh&vm'frSm aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh aemuf xyfpmcsKyf oabmwlnDcsufwckvkyfEdkifaom taetxm;&SdcsifrS&Sdvrfhrnf? ydkvefppfacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf t&SufwuGJjzpf &aomt&_H;rsKd;onf/ 0gaqmpmcsKyft& usL;ausmfr_udk zdwfac:ovdk jzpfvmEdkifonf? (1981) ckESpfumvuqdkv#if armfpudk tpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfhtajctaewGifr# ‚if;.tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfhe,fajrwck[k owfrSwfxm;aomtaemufzufe,fedrdwf


pnf;&dk;udk pGef@v$wfvdkvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_u oHk;oyfxm;cJhovdk uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf t}uD;qHk;+cdrf; ajcmufr_wck[k ,lq=uayvdrfhrnf? tysuftpD;yHkay:rS aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;qDodk@ wajz;ajz;òyduGJjcif;

(1981) ckESpf 'DZifbm (31) aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif tenf;pkaomaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;om axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; udka&Smif&Sm;&if; vGwfajrmufaeEdkif=uawmhonf? rdwfaqGrsm;. wdkufcef;rsm;/ axmufcHpmemolrsm;. tdrfcef;rsm;wGifykef; atmif;ae=u&onf? wajz;ajz;ESifh tcsif;csif;=um; jyefvnfqufoG,fvmrd+yD;/ wpwpESifh ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef,uf udk jyefwnfaqmufEdkif=uonf? *'ef@pfcfwGif&Sdaeaom uvyfpnf;tjrKawY abmh'ef bm&k0pfZf/ abmh'ef vpfZf/ tvufZef'g a[mwdk@yg0if=uonf? a[monf trsKd;om;a&;0g'DtkyfpkrSxkwfaom *sme,fwck. t,f'Dwmwckjzpfonf? bl*sufu &xm; vrf;vkyfom;tjzpf[efaqmifum 0gaqmodk@jyefoGm;onf? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; awG@qHktpnf; ta0;ac:Edkif=uonf? tvm;wkl qJvfrsm;udk 0g&dkuavmESifh u&mauma'orsm;wGifvnf; zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? &ufowWygwf tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif tzGJ@0if (10) oef;&SdaomtajctaerS ykef;atmif; ae=u&aom trSefwu,fouf0if,Hk=unfol &m*%ef;r#aomtajctaea&mufoGm;cJhonf?

(1982) ckESpftapmydkif;wGif òrd@jya'orsm;Y tajcpdkufaomtkyfpkrsm;onf/ owif;ay;ydk@olrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ wEdkifiHvHk; twkdfif;twmaqmifaom ajratmufuGef,ufrsm;qufoG,fEdkifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? {+yDvwGif vpfZf/ bl*suf (0gaqm)/ v'fqavm z&ufqDEkuf (0g&dkuavm)/ v'fqavm [m'uf (u&maum) wdk@awG@qHk=u+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ =um;jzwfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif tjzpfxkwfjyefa=ujimcJh=uonf? (ydkvefbmompum;twkdaumufjzifh wDauau TKK [k ac:onf? vpfESifh bl*sufwdk@u A[dkcsKyfudkifr_xm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHrsKd; rvdkvm;=uay? tu,fIacgif;aqmifr_ wGifyg0ifolrsm; xyfrHtzrf;cH&ygu acgif;jzwfypfouJhodk@ repfemap&&ef jzpfonf? TKK taejzifh a,bl,svrf;a=umif;udk omcsay;onf? trSefwu,fpkzGJ@pnf;r_udk atmufajcrSom vkyf&efvdkvm;=uonf?

*'ef@pfcfESifh 0g&dkuavmwGif&Sdaom aumfrwDwdk@u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'a=ujimxm;csufudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufaomv_yf&Sm;r_wck vkyf&ef/ puf&Hkrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&efqHk;jzwf=uonf? ajray:wGif&Sdae=uao;aom ppfaoG;ºuGvkyfom;rsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufpuf&HktwGif; zGJ@xm;aom aumfrwDrsm;u v_H@aqmf=uonf? tu,fI tvHktavmufaomtiftm;udk v_H@aqmfEdkifygu/ taxGaxGoydwf }uD;ac:Edkifrnf? Toydwfudk jyefvnfydwfqdk@&eftwGuf ppfwyftiftm;udkxyfrHtoHk;ðy&ef ac:qdk&OD;rnf? TtajctaewGif ppfwyftwGif; ykefuefr_ygjzpfay:apEdkifonf[k olwdk@uwGuf=uonf? xdktajctaewGif awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_&Sdaeao;a=umif; jyo&eftwGuf vpOf (15) rdepf=um tvkyfydwfqdk@r_udk yHkrSefvkyfae=uao;onf? (1980) ckESpftwGif;oabmwlnDcJhaom *'ef@pfcf oabmwlnDcsufESpfygwfvnfjynfhrnfhae@wGif/ vrf;ray:qENjyyGJrsm; vkyf&efpDpOfxm;=uonf?

odk@aomf 0g&dkuavm. ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tpkrsm;udk zrf;qD;r_rsm;pwifvmcJhonf? tvkyf&yfqdkif;oklrsm;udk tvkyfrSxkwf ypfjcif;/ zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? *'ef@pfcf vlxkpka0;yGJvkyfaomtcg xGufvmaomtiftm;u enf;vSonf? vDeif oabFmusif;u atmufwdkbmvwGifoydwfarSmuf=uaomtcg/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk w&m;r0iftjzpfa=ujimcHcJh& onf? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;u ydkIus,fjyef@aomv_yf&Sm;r_vkyf&ef pdkif;jyif;=uonf? odk@aomfoydwfu tcsdefwdk twGif; òyduGJ=uonf? xdktpm; TKK u Edk0ifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif 4-em&Dausmf=um owday;aomoydwfvkyf&ef pDpOf=u onf? tvkyform;rsm;zufrS wkef@jyefr_utm;aysmhvSonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=ujimxm;csuft& Todk@v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfrnfqdkygu EdkifiHawmfykefuefvkyf=uHr_rsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfvdrfhrnf? (1982) ckESpfwGif&Sdaeaom twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk tvkyform;xk u w&m;0iftjzpfrjrif=uay? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~v_yf&Sm;pOfu w&m;0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=u+yD;/ (1980-81) ckESpfrsm;umvwGif 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf [email protected];vrf;udk pOf;pm;&ef jzpfvm&awmhonf?

,Jquf ul&Gefu (1982) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif axmiftwGif;rSaeI aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;I cdk;xkwfvmcJhonf? olu aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk wif;usyfpGmzGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmaqmifaom taxGaxGoydwfjzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf pk&Hk;v_yf&Sm;oGm;=uapvdkonf? “owif;ESifh tm%m.tcsuftjcmusaomae&m rsm;udk zufaygif;pHkrS wcsdefwnf;wòydifwnf; wdkufcdkuf&efvdkonf”[k azmfjycJhonf? wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif ul&GefuwdkufwGef; onfrSm twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&ef toifh&Sdaea=umif;udkvnf; oabmxm; jyxm;oifhonf[k t=uHay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif “qdkAD,uf,leD,Hodk@vnf; oabmxm;aumif;a=umif;/ tjrifaumif;a=umif;” jyxm;&efvdkonf? Tenf;tm;jzifhom usL;ausmfvmr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifrnf[k qdkonf?


bl*sufESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzpfaom 0pfawm ulvmpuD;wdk@u oabmrwl=uay? ajratmufpmapmifazmfjycsufrsm;wGif xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG@qHkjcif;onf ydkIzdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfvmaprnfomru/ qdkAD,ufusL;ausmfr_udkyg zdwfac:ovdkjzpfEdkifonf[k a&;cJhonf? A[dkwae&mwnf;rS csKyfudkifxm;aomOD;aqmifr_onf xdk;azmufoyfv#Kdfjcif;cH&Edkifonf? tcsdefwdktwGif;acsr_ef;ypf Edkifonf? xdkvkyfief;rsm;tpm; tcsdefwdktwGif;ESifh xda&mufaomxdk;ESufr_ðyygu twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;u “tðyoabm aqmifaomppfyGJ”udkvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf umv=um&Snf/ jyif;xefpGmvkyf=u&vdrfhrnf[k jrifonf? twdkuftcHtiftm; pktm;vHk;u “tpdk;&. b0.zufpHkaxmifpHkY vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;aom xdef;csKyfr_vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ckcHwdkufcdkuf aomvkyfief;pOfrsm;”aqmif&Guf=u&vdrfhrnf [k azmfjycJhonf? puf&Hkrsm;twGif;&Sd pnf;&Hka&;rSL;rsm;taejzifh tvkyform;rsm; .tcGifhta&;rsm;umuG,fay;a&;/ vdktyfygu oydwfrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;aqmif&GufI umuG,fay;=u&vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhonf? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;uvnf; aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;I qif;&Jolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tvkyfxkwfcH&aomolrsm;udkulnDapmifha&Smuf ay;oifhonf[k qdkonf? twdkcsKyftaejzifhqdk&aomf olwdk@taejzifh (1980) rwdkifrD v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emrsm;twdkif; jyefvnf taumiftxnfazmf=u&ef jzpfonf?

ulvmpuD;u Ttcsufrsm;udkr[mAsL[mt& ajymif;IazmfjycJhonf? olwdk@taejzifh rkefwdkif;qifE$JIr&ygu/ pepfwajz;ajz; òyduGJr_udk ar#mfvifh&vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhonf? A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_ rxm;aom/ jzef@cGJxm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_onf qdkifwckcsif;udk awmh xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf? aps;uGufudkawmh rxdef;csKyfEdkif[k qdkonf? tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;aom vlxk0g'jzef@csda&;,EW,m;rsm;udk xdef;Edkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf owif;pD;qif;r_wckvHk;udkawmh rxdef;csKyfEdkif/ pmwdkufESifh w,fvDzkef;rsm;udkawmh xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfh rnf/ odk@aomfqufoG,fa&;wckvHk;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkif/ ausmif;wckudkawmh xdef;csKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf/ odk@aomf ynma&;wckvHk;udk awmhrxdef;csKyfEdkif [k qdkcJhonf? tu,fI tpdk;&taejzifh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;tay:csKyfudkifxm;r_ avsmhoGm;ygu/ olwdk@tae jzifh wajz;ajz;ajymif;aom vGwfvyfyGifhvif;vmapa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; rjzpfraevkyfvm=u&awmhrnf[k qdkonf? bl*sufu qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; Tr[mAsL[mrSm twdkuftcHrsm;.acgif;aqmifr_ ycHk;ay:rS&Sdaeaomwm0efudk/ vlr_ todkif;t0dkif;wGif; jyefvnfcsay;jcif;jzpfonf?

TKK taejzifh taxGaxGoydwfazmfaqifa&;[laom enf;y&d,m,fudkawmh ypfy,f&_H@csjcif; r&Sdao;ay? odk@aomf bl*sufESifh ulvm;puD;[email protected];ac:r_ay:wGifom trsm;qHk;rSdcdkvkyfudkif=uawmhonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sdvlxkrsm;uvnf; Tvrf;a=umif; twdkif;om vdkufemvkyfudkif=uonf? zdESdyfcH&aomolrsm;xHodk@ KOR rSaxmufyHhulnDay;aom (1970) ckESpfrsm;u vkyfxHk;rsm; udk jyefvnfvkyfjcif;/ puf&HkaumfrwDrsm;uvnf; oifhavsmfaomtca=u;aiGrsm;aumufcHjcif;/ oif;tkyfq&mrsm;uvnf; tvkyfðzwfcH&aom tvkyform;rsm;twGufxnfh0ifaiG/ tvSLaiGrsm;ay;=u&ef tvSLcHjcif;rsm;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1981) 'DZifbmvwGif tzrf;cH&aomolrsm;ESifh aemufydkif;wGifzrf;cH&olrsm;twGuf axmufyHhaiGrsm;utv#Hyg,f&vmcJhonf? “usaemhrdom;pku tultnDawGtrsm;}uD; &cJhw,f?” aemufydkif;wGif tusOf;om;wOD;ujyefajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@awG u usaemfwdk@EdkifiH&J@vSywJh t&nftcsif;awGteufu tESpfawGjzpfvmcJhw,f?” Tenf;tm;jzifh ydkvefvlrsKd;rsm;. pdwf"gwfxJwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u jyefvnf&SifoefvmcJhonf? trsKd;orD;wOD;qdkv#if ol.a,mufsm;tzrf;cH&a=umif;=um;od&aom tcg vwfwavmawmif;awmhrnfh tdrfaxmifuGJ&efpmcsKyfudkyif jyefIqdkif;iHhcJhonf? “'gu usruwwfEdkifwJh *k%fðywJhenf; wrsKd;ygyJ?” olru jyefajymcJhonf?

vGwfvyfaom yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;u tcsdefwdktwGif;jyefI xGufvmcJhonf? pma&;q&mrsm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;/ yHkESdyfolrsm;/ jzef@a0 olrsm;u olwdk@.,cifenf;emrsm;twdkif; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm;vm=uonf? ajratmufaumfrwDu olwdk@.*sme,fESifh pmapmif rsm;udk yHkrSeftwdkif;jyefvnf jzef@a0onf? 0gaqmaumfrwDwckwnf;uyif owif;pmapmifa& wygwfv#if (15000) ESifh (40000) =um; jzef@a0Edkifonf? (1984) ckESpfwGif bl*suf.cef@rSef;csuft& w&m;r0ifxkwfa0aeaom owif;pmzwf&_aeol aygif;rSm woef;cef@&Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;onf? Edk0g NOWA [ktrnf&aom ajratmufyHkESdyfwdkufvnf; yHkrSeftwdkif;jyefvnf vnfywfaeonf? vkyfom; (200) ausmf&Sdonf? ysHoef;aeaomwuUodkvfrsm;vnf; jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhonf?

,ckw}udrfwGifvnf; ydkveftkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh zdESdyfr_udkolzmom pnf;&Hk;IjyefIckcHaeaom twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk óuHae&jyefonf? olwdk@zmom owif;jzef@a0r_rsm;/ vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufae&if;&Sdaeaoma=umifh/ twdkuftcHrsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh a&&SnfvspfvsL&_xm;I r&awmhay? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@vkyfaqmifae=uonfrSm rlvenf;y&d,m,f a[mif;twdkif;yif jzpfonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvrSmyif ydkvefEdkifiHom;rsm;u topfaomta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm; vkyfcJh=uao; onf? oydwfarSmufyGJrsm; &SdcJh=uao;onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ydwfyifxm;pOftwGif;/ topfzGJ@pnf;cJhaom or*~ onf [email protected]? TKK u “jiif;y,fa&;tiftm;pkwyfOD;”udkzGJ@pnf;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? (Tpum;vHk;rSm tpdk;& owif;Xmersm;rS pwifoHk;pGJcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ tpPa&;EdkifiHudk todtrSwfðy&ef 0dkif;y,fxm;=uaom tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh or*~topfudk r0ifoifh/ Todk@yg0ifoludkvnf; z,fusOfxm;&efjzpfonf? “olwdk@taeeJ@ olwdk@udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh vufvGwf+yDqdkwmeJ@” vpfZfuajymonf? “udk,fhzmom0efcHajzmifhcsufay;wJh opPmazmufawGom 'Dor*~eJ@ aygif;=uvdrfhr,f?”


tpdk;&owif;Xmersm;onf olwdk@. 'kwd,ajrmufoydwfarSmuf&ef ypfrSwfrsm;jzpf=uonf? EdkifiH.taumif;qHk;o&kyfaqmifu &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif o&kyfaqmif&ef jiif;yg,fonf? pum;0dkifrsm; awmhcf&_d;rsm;rSxGufcGgonf? jrifuGif;ydwfum;rsm;wGif jy+yD;om; jyefjyom rsm;vmawmhonf? a&'D,dk qkyfatmfy&mxkwfv$ifhaom xkwfvkyfolrsm;uvnf; wzufvSnfhESifh rnfonfhtwGuf a=umifh emrnf}uD;o&kyfaqmifrsm; aysmufae=ua=umif; azmfxkwf=uonf? or*~rsm;ESifh ygwfoufIrl/ qef@usif&efysufuGuf olrsm;udk jyefIqef@usif=uonf? wcgw&HwGif owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk oydwfarSmufr_rsm;u vdkonfxufydkcJhonf? qGpf'fepfcfòrd@ &Sdolrsm;u naecif;owif;vmcsdefwGif vrf;av#mufxGuf=uonf?

(1980) ckESpfv,frsm;a&mufaomtcg tpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHrsm;t=um;jzpfay:aeaom yÉdyuQonf a&S@rwdk;om/ aemuf rqkwfomtajctaeodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? ygwDzufu=unfhv#if zdESdyfr_rsm;onf xda&mufr_&Sdonf? vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm udk axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;EdkifI/ vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk qdkif;iHhxm;Edkifonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk jyef@usJvluGJoGm;apI/ taxGaxGoydwftjzpf jyefvnfxdk;vSefrnfh&efudkvnf; wm;qD;xm;EdkifcJhonf? ygwDtaejzifh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm vdkufavsm oabmwl&onftxd zdtm;ay;EdkifcJhaom ajymifajymifwif;wif;twdkuftcHðyolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf vnf; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u [email protected][mAsL[mrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf+yD;/ ulvmpuD; ar#mfjrifazmfjycJhaom “ajratmuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;” udk ouf0ifatmifvkyfEdkfifcJh=uonf? tpdk;&taejzifh ajymifqef@usiftmcHaeaom/ v_yf&Sm;pnf;&Hk;aeaom twdkfuftcHrsm; r&Sdawmh? odk@aomf ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif tmcHr_ti,fpm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tpdk;&. w&m;0ifr_onf axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom xd&S&mrsm;rS aoG;pdrf;&Sif&SifxGufaeawmhonf?

ydkvefEdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;.xdef;csKyfr_onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;uyif vlxk.pdwfcHpm;r_Y t&mxifxifr&Sdawmhay? (1981) 'DZifbmv òzdcGJacsr_ef;r_+yD;uwnf;u tm;enf;aysmhcsufcsufwcktjzpfom jrif=uawmhonf? (1981) ckESpfwGif òyduGJaeaom twdkuftcH.tpdwftydkif;rsm; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;vm=uaomfvnf;/ aemufqHk; t+yD;wdkifòyduGJr_udk rpGrf;omcJhay? xdkolwdk@u ydkvefEdkifiH. aemufxyfopfvGifaomtem*gwfckudk udk,fpm;ðyxm;olrsm; jzpfae=uonf? vlxktrsm;. ESvHk;om; xJY&Sdaeaom/ twl &Sifoefaeaom tiftm;pkjzpfaeonf? aemufqHk;wGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&tzdk@ a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;ukef oGm;awmhonf? olwdk@taejzifh Tpnf;0dkif;twGif;odk@0ifyl;aygif;I ydkvefEdkifiH. aemufxyftem*gwftopfwckudk wnfaqmuf =u&Hkom &Sdawmhonf?

obm0. oa&mfr_jzpfaomtcsufwckrSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;. tompD;&aer_tajctaeudk ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;apcJh jcif;jzpfonf? ,m&lZJpuD;taejzifh ,cifae@a[mif;rsm;udk jyefvnftpm;xdk;&ef pdwfrul;awmh? xdktpm;/ ol@taejzifh vHkòcH a&;tpDtrHrsm;udk =uyf=uyfrwfrwfxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ twdkuftcH acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wOD;+yD;wOD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csaecJh onf? 0g&dkuavm&Sd z&mqDEkuf (1982) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif axmiftwGif;ygoGm;onf? vpfZfu (1984) ZGefwGif zrf;cH& jyefonf? bm&k0pfZfESifh bl*sufwdk@u (1986) ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&onf? ,m&lZJpuD;u vltrsm;tm&HkóudufEdkifaomudpPrsm;udk vnf; zefwD;&ef óud;yrf;cJhao;onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~uawmif;qdkaom tcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vkyfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf taysmhpm;ajymif;vJr_rsKd;om jzpfonf? (1980) ckESpfuwnf;u a=ujimxm;cJhaom ppfa&;umv tajctaerS (1980) rwdkifrD tajctaersm;twdkif; jyef&atmifvkyf,ljcif; jzpfonf? vkyfom;rsm;udk tvkyform;or*~topf rsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;rnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh oydwfarSmufcGifhudkyg jyef&aprnfjzpfa=umif; ajymonf? tpdk;&.owif;Xmersm;rSvnf; tus,ftjyef@aom toHaygif;pHkudk xkwfv$ifhay;cJhonf? &nf&G,fcsufu ynm&Siftrsm;tjym; ,m&lZJpuD;.ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; aemufwGif 0ef;&Hvmapa&;jzpfonf? (1950) ckESpfrsm;u ynmwwfrsm;u *dkrl;vfum;aemufwGif 0ef;&Hay;cJh=uzl;onf? bk&m; ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; qGJaqmifpnf;&Hk;onf? (1983) ckESpfwGif ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;udk aemufw}udrftvnftywfvma&mufcGifh ay;I vnf;aumif;/ bk&m;ausmif;topfrsm;aqmufvkyfay;Ivnf;aumif;/ tDpwm0wfðyyGJrsm;udk toHv$ifhay;jcif;rsm;jzifh vnf; qGJaqmifcJhonf?

,m&lZJpuD;. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;u ol@udktwdkuftcHðy qef@usifae=uaomolrsm;xHudkyif a&mufcJhonf? vufcsf bm0ifqmudk (1982) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif jyefv$wfay;onf? aemufESpfESpf=umaomtcg ajratmufacgif;aqmifrsm;udk olwdk@ zmomvma&muftyfESHygu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;rnf[k a=ujimay;onf? odk@aomf vltenf;pkuomvufcHcJh=uonf? aemufqHk; (1986) ckESpfaqmif;&moDa&mufaomtcg ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'atmufwGif tzrf;qD;cH=u&oltm;vHk; taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfTaqmif&Gufcsuftrsm;pkonf txl;ojzifh jyifyEdkifiHrsm;rSrsufESmaumif;&&Sdap&ef jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh taemufEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh (1981) ck 'DZifbmvrSpI pD;yGg;a&;jypf'%fcwfxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk&nf&G,f onf?

(1986) ckESpftukefwGif ,m&lZJpuD;. r[mAsL[mrSm tajctaewdkufwGef;vdktyfcsufa=umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf? wajz;ajz;qdk;&Gm;vmaeaom pD;yGGg;a&;jy\emrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t&ajzaq;/ arhaq;ay;&ef vdktyfaeonf? &Sm;yg;jywfvyfr_ rsm;u jyefvnfay:aygufvm+yD;/ ypPnf;rsm;0,f,lEdkif&ef wef;pD&aomvdkif;uvnf; &Snfvsm;vmcJhonf? wif;=uyfaomcsKfd;jcHr_ rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&efvnf; ta&;ay:vdktyfaeaom tajctaejzpfonf? odk@aomfTw}udrfwGif ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;wuf&jcif;rSm pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifh ydkIoufqdkifaeonf? txl;ojzifh wzufwGifyk*~vduydkifvkyfief;rsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmaom


a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? xdktajctaewGif tpdk;&uyGifhyGifhvif;vif;a0zefajymqdkwwfaom twdkuftcHrsm;.toHudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;vm&onf? aemufxyfoabmwlnDr_wckvkyf&ef tajctaeujyefIyHkay:vmcJhonf? tpdk;&taejzifh vlxkrsm;.b0udk ydkrdkvGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef pOf;pm;vmcJh+yD; twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;vmcJhonf? ,ckw}udrfwGifawmh xdkolrsm; url0g'topfrsm;udk yl;aygif;=uHqEdkif=uawmhrnf jzpfonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;. ajymqdkcsuft&/ ,cktcgtwdkuftcHrsm;udk “EdkifiH EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHktwGuf aemufqHk;vdktyfaeaom t&m”tjzpftodtrSwfðyvm=uawmhonf?

atmifyGJxdkifcHkrsm;

(1986) ckESpfwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ta&;ygaomjynfwGif;pD;yGg;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJ r_rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vm=uvdrfhrnf[k rnfolur#óudwifar#mfvifh rxm;Edkif=uay? xdktcsdefwGif “yJ&Dpx&dkufum”ESifh “*vyfpaemh”ac: rl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vm+yD;/ Trl0g'rsm;a=umifh ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGifvnf; tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:vm &awmhonf? (1980) ckESpfoydwfumvwkef;u yg0ifqifE$J&eftvGefi,f&G,fcJhaom ydkvefEdkifiH.aemufxyftopfaomrsKd;quf jzpfonfh tvkyform;rsm;/ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xdawG@qufpyfr_ tenf;i,fom&SdcJhaom tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&.wajz;ajz;vkyfaeaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ajcvSrf;rsm;udk jrefjrefqefqefjzpfap&ef xyfwGef;&rnfhtajctaeu ydkI xif&Sm;vmcJhonf?

(1980-81) umvrsm;u t"duOD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;u pifjrifhrsm;ay:wGif qufvufOD;aqmifae=uqJjzpfonf? odk@aomf xdkolrsm;u olwdk@twGufaemufxyftcef;u¾topfudk owfrSwfjyXmef;+yD;=uay+yD? ,m&lZJpuD;u ol@taejzifhydkvefEdkifiH. a8:bmacsmhzfozG,fjzpfaea=umif; awG@&Sdvdkuf&onf? Todk@wlnDonf[k Ed_if;,SOfajym&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&Sdonf? olu uGefjrLepfygwD.=oZmavsmhcsa&;/ xdef;csKyfr_avsmhcsa&; csnfpudk pqGJvdkufoljzpfaomfvnf;/ odyfr=umrDrSmyif ol.tajymif; tvJrsm;. t&Sdeft[kefavvd_if;'%fudk oludk,fwdkifrcHEdkif jzpfvmcJhonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifhrl (1980) ckESpf rsm;uJhodk@ vlxkoef;csDudkOD;aqmifEdkifaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ac:qdk&efrjzpfEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfvmcJh&onf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~qdkonfrSm ,cifor*~a[mif;I OD;aqmifolrsm;ESifht=uHay;olrsm; jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ tiftm; i,faomfvnf; vlav;pm;aomEdkifiHa&;wyfOD;wcktjzpf ajymif;vJcJh=uonf? Todk@OD;aqmifr_odyfrvkyfaom tajctaewGif yif EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t"duyifrtcef;u¾u yg0ifcJh=uonf? aemufrsm;r=umrDyif ydkvefEdkifiHwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfay:vmcJh&onf?

(1988) ckESpf {+yDvwGif aemufw}udrfukefaps;E_ef; }uD;jrifhr_rsm;xyfrHjzpfay:vmcJhonf? aemufxdyfw}udrfoydwfrsm;vnf; xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? odk@aomfTw}udrfwGifrl aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~u ac:,lawmif;qdkjcif;r[kwfawmh? “usaemf wdk@oydwfac:,lwmr[kwfzl;/ 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@u 'DoydwfawGudk rqef@usifzl;?” vufcsf bm0ifqmuajymcJhonf? xdk@tjyif oludk,fwdkifu *'ef@pfcfwGif 9-&uf=um tvkyfydwfoydwftwGuf ulnDay;cJhao;onf? rD;awmufavmifaeaom wufºuG v_yf &Sm;aomvli,frsm;u ,cktcgqDaewm bm0ifqmuJhodk@aomvlrsm;udk pdwfysuftm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfvm=uonf? ,cktcg xdkolrsm;u tpdk;&zufu ydkIwm0ef&Sdoa,mifxifae=uonf? aemufxyf (4) v=umaomtcg aemufxyfoydwfrsm;xyfI jzpfay:vmjyefonf? ,m&lZJpuD;u qHk;jzwfvdkufonfrSm olwdk@rxdef;csKyfEdkifawmhaomtajctaewGif tpdk;&utultnD vdktyfaeonfrsm;udk awmif;cH&efjzpfonf?

=o*kwfv (26) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;u ay:vpfAsL&dkodk@ twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;usif;y&efvdktyfa=umif; wifjyvdkufonf? Tw}udrfwGifawmh rnfonfhowfrSwfcsufrSrxm;vdkawmh? Ttcg acgif;rmaomygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u tjyif;txefqef@usif=uonf? odk@aomf (5) &uf=umaomtcg umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u bm0ifqmxHodk@yk*~dKvfa&;t&qufoG,f um aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk tu,fIoydwfrsm;+yD;qHk;atmifulnDay;Edkifygu/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;vmcJhonf? bm0ifqmu tajctaeyGifhvif;vmawmhrnf[k jrifonf? oluurf;vSrf;vmaomvufudk vufcHcJh onf? xdk@aemuf&owWygwfrsm;tenf;i,f=umaomtcg oluuGefjrLepfygwDtvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifESifh &kyfjrifoH=um; wGif pum;ppfxdk;ajymqdkcGifh&onf? ol.,Ofaus;wnf=unfaom taetxm;t&/ olu ol.qef@usifzufacgif;aqmifudk vufeufðzwf&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? ,m&lZJpuD;twGufrSmrl TtajctaeonftoHk;wnfhvSaom &_H;edrfhr_jzpfonf? ol. ygwDtwGif;&Sd acgif;rmwif;cHae=uaomolrsm;u ,ckacgif;aqmifudk rnfodk@jyif;jyif;xefxefwif;wif;rmrmqufjiif;aeEdkif=u rnfenf;[k oljrifvmcJhonf?

Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwD nDvmcHtóudtpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;yaomtcg olu aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ydkrdk&_H@csjypfwif=uaom toHrsm;udk =um;&onf? tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk jiif;qefygu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;taejzifh ygwDrS E_wfxGuf&ef+cdrf;ajcmufonf? olu Todk@ajymItpnf;ta0;rS xGufcGgoGm;onf? TwGiftajctaeu vrf;yGifhvmcJh onf? (1989) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (6) &ufae@wGif 8-rDwmausmf&Snfvsm;aom ydkvefEdkifiH0ufopfcsom;jzifhðyvkyfxm;onfh pm;yGJ0dkif;}uD;Y ygwDrSudk,fpm;vS,f (29) OD;u/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f/ avhvmol (26) OD;jzifh


ydkvefEdkifiHa&S@a&;twGuf pwifaqG;aEG;Edkif=uawmhonf? ygwDudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u aemufydkif;wGifor*~acgif;aqmif rsm;udk jyefajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@u t&dkif;qHk;vdk@xifxm;wJholawGu usKd;a=umif;qDavsmftpOf;pm;EdkifqHk; jzpfae=uwm awG@&w,f?” [k jyefajymjyonf? (,m&lZJpuD; udk,fYu aemufydkif;wGif t'rfrpfcsepf.pmtkyfrsm;udkjyefzwf+yD;/ ol@udk,fol ESifh ol@rlrsm;tay:wnf=unfpGm &yfwnfol[k ajym=um;cJhonf?)

bm0ifqm/ rpfcsepf/ bl*suf/ vpfZf/ ul&GefESifh twdkuftcHtiftm;pk pwifpnf;&Hk;olrsm;twGufrSmrl TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y EdkifiH.a&S@a&;twGuf t"duolwdk@udk OD;wnfxm;aqG;aEG;cJh=ua=umif; awG@vmcJh&onf? {+yDv (6) &ufae@wGif [email protected] ESvHk;rStpOfwpdkufOD;wnfcJhaom &nfrSef;csuftwdkif; olwdk@jynfhajrmufEdkifcJhonf? vGwfvyfaomor*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyf aomowif;xkwfa0cGifhESifh pkpnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfESifh vGwfvyfaomygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ya&; twGuf oabmwlnDr_&,lEdkifcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpf ZGefv (4) &ufae@a&mufaomtcg olwkd@tay:vlxkuvdkvdkvm;vm; axmufcHr_udk qENrJjym;rsm;tjzpfajymif;,lEdkifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfygwDudkausmfI tjywftowfatmifyGJcHEdkifcJh=uonf? =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@wGif qm*srfv$wfawmfrS wm'D,kpf rmZdk0D;puD;udk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~OD;aqmifaomtpdk;&. 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf/ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHtwGuf tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf?

(1999) ckESpfwGif pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ (10) ESpfajrmufESpfywfvnftjzpf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ydkvefvlxkrsm; at;cJ aomaqmif;&moDwGifvrf;rsm;ay: xGufvmcJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHeef;awmfodk@vrf;av#mufcsDwuf=u+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJcrf;rxJodk@ 0if=unfh=uonf? ,cif&xm;vrf;vkyfom;wOD;u “'Dae&m[m vGwfajrmufa&;pwifcJhwJhae&myJ” [kajymonf? olajymonf rSm rSm;onf? ol.vGwfajrmufr_rSm ydkvefEdkifiH. tjcm;aomae&mtrsm;tjym;rSpwifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? oydwfarSmufwdkufyGJ 0ifolrsm;u (1970) ckESpfwGif olwdk@udk,fwdkifor*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;=uwdkif;/ (1976) ckESpfwGif tusOf;usrdom;pkrsm;twGuf aiGrsm;/ axmufyHhr_rsm;ulnDay;urf;=uwdkif;/ (1980) umvrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;u olwkd@. vufeufu&d,mrsm;udkcsI tvkyfvkyfudkif&efjiif;qdk=uwdkif;/ (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif vlwOD;OD;uajratmufowif;pmzwfae=u wdkif; vGwfajrmufr_pwifaecJhonf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;u tajymif;tvJudkxkwfvkyfay;&Hkomjzpf+yD;/ aemufqHk;tm%mcsdefcGif v#majymif;vJ oGm;&jcif;omjzpfonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif ,m&lZJpuD;u ydkvefEdkifiH.tdrfawmfaomhudktyfESHcJhaomfvnf;/ ol@xHrS acgif;aqmifr_udk tjcm;olrsm;u vk,lxm;cJhonfrSm =umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf?

Ú Ú Ú

uGefjrLepftm%m&Sifpepf ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJh&jcif;onf ydkvefEdkifiH.t=urf;rzufaom v_yf&Sm;r_ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJhjcif; r[kwfay? uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;onf (1989) ckESpfY ta&S@Oa&mywv$m;Y òyduGJoGm;=uonf? ckcHr_tvdktavsmufpwifcJhaom/ aocsmpepf wuspkpnf;r_r&Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;Yyif uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm; òyduscJh&onf? tu,fI autdktm r&Sdv#ifaomfrS ydkvefEdkifiHuGefjrLepf ygwDtaejzifh oufqdk;r&SnfEdkifay? tu,fI =o*kwfvoydwfwdkufyGJrsm;r&SdaomfrS/ ul&Gefvdk/ a0:vifwDEdk0pfZfvdk vlrsKd;r&Sdaomf rS/ bm0ifqmvdk/ bl*sufvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;r&Sdv#ifaomfrS a&&SnfcH&efta=umif; r&Sday? odk@aomfTtrnfrsm; xif&Sm;&aom ta=umif;rSm tm%m&Sifpepf.ed*Hk;umv tajymif;tvJudkjzpfapcJholrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkolwdk@u ydkvefEdkifiH. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;rusqHk;rDuyif pwifcJh=uolrsm; jzpfaoma=umifhyif?

Tvrf;. yxrOD;qHk;aomrdkifrsm;udk (1970) ckESpfrsm;uyif pwifcif;cJh=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd ynmwwfrsm;u wdkuf&dkufv_yf&Sm; r_rsm;vkyfcJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk ulnDjcif;/ *sme,f r*~Zif;rsm;xkwfa0jcif;/ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJh=u onf? odk@aomf autdktmESifh tjcm;aomwufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; rpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uaomudpPrSm tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;udk olwdk@ .zGJ@pnf;yHkt& tm%musifhoHk;r_udkuef@owfusifhoHk;&eftwGuf vufcH&efrwwfEdkif=ujcif; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfaomvl@abmif twGuf Oya'a=umif;t&ae&mrsm;/ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zefwD;ay;&ef rpGrf;EdkifcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? olwdk@u (1980) ckESpf=o*kwf vwGif tus,ftjyef@aomt=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1970) ckESpfu trSm;rsm;udkoifcef;pm xkwf,lI/ autdktm. tawG@tóuHrsm;udkaygif;pyfI abmvfwpfyifv,furf;ajca'o&Sdvkyfom;rsm;onf &ufowWygwfaygif; rsm;pGm tus,ftjyef@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyfcJh=uonf? vlxkrsm;udk xºuGapcJh=uonf? puf&Hkrsm;twGif;&Sd ygwDXmersm;udk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vm&avatmif tiftm;oHk;zdtm;ay;EdkifcJh=uonf?

aemufydkif;wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~onf vltrsm;tm;vHk;vdkufygEdkifrnfh ,mOfwckozG,fjzpfvmcJhonf? or*~topfu oydwfarSmufrnf[laom+cdrf;ajcmufr_udkoHk;I tm%mydkiftpdk;&udkxdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? [email protected]&Sdaer_udk tod trSwfðy&Hkomru/ tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vGwfvyfaomajyma&;qdkcGifh&&ef tajctaersm;zefwD;ay;EdkifcJhonf? tu,fI autdktmtaejzifh vGwfvyfaomvlxkae&m/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf t=urf;rzufaomjymufusm;ppfyGJudkomqifE$JcJh&if;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~taejzifh yifv,furf;ajca'owav#mufvHk;wGif vGwfajrmufr_&&eftwGuf vlxkaxmufcHr_rsm;udk pkpnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? Todk@wdkawmif;aom awmufajymifvif;vufonfhumvtwGif; uGefjrLepfpepfjzifhtkyfcsKyfaeaomydkvef


EdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom/ vlxktajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zefwD;xm;EdkifcJhonf? acsr_ef;a&;+yD;aemuf or*~òzdcGJcHcJh&+yD;aemuf wGifvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;taejzifh ydkvefEdkifiHvlxkrsm;. b0rsm;jyefvnf&&Sdap&eftwGuf wdkufyGJqifcJh=u&ao;onf? ppftkyf csKyfa&;umvatmufwGifyif/ rdrdzmomzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; qufvufIjzpfay:aecJhonf? Todk@jzifh q,fpkESpfwckukefqHk;aom tcg ,m&lZJpuD;taejzifh epfðryfaeaompD;yGg;a&;tajctaeudk u,fwifEdkif&ef/ aemufw}udrfvd_if;wefydk;xefvmrnfhtajc taeudk ukpm;Edkif&ef tjcm;aomtm%mtiftm;pkrsm;xHrS tultnDudkawmif;cHcJh&awmhonf? Todk@jzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf a&;or*~ydkI awmufajymifvm&onf? odyfr=umrdyif ,m&lZJpuD;tzdk@ed*Hk;udk awG@vdkuf&awmhonf?

ydkvefEdkifiH.ordkif;udk ajymif;vJapcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifhwufvmcJh&jcif;onf jynfolvlxkrsm;.tm%m rnfr#}uD;rm;onf udkjycJhjcif; jzpfonf? TonfrSm r[wWr *ENDtaejzifh +Adwdo#rsm;.tdENd,tkyfcsKyfa&;tajccHudk udkifv_yfcJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGifjzpf cJhaom }uD;rm;onfhOyrmwck jzpfcJhonf? &mpkESpfwckESifh w0ufeD;yg;wGif +Adwfdo#rsm;u tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ udk&,lI tdENd,udktkyfpdk;xm;EdkifcJh=uonf? tvm;wlyif ydkvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; vlxkrsm;.ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&if;uGefjrL epftpdk;&taejzifh ESpfaygif; (30) ausmftkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? olwdk@u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;udk odrf;oGif;&if;/ tjcm;twdkuf tcHtoHrsm;udk z,fusOfxm;&if; tkyfcsKyfxm;Edkif=uonf? zdESdyfr_udkqef@usiftHwkEdkifaom tjcm;aomenf;emrsm;róuH&rDrcsif;/ cHcJh=u&onf? aemufydkif; tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh qufqHr_jzwfawmuf&if;/ jynfolrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;xlaxmif&if;enf;emopf rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uawmhonf?

bpfe,l; bl*sufu Amqvuf[mA,f. tufaq;wyk'fjzpfonfh “tm%mrJholrsm;. =oZmcGeftm;”[laomtufaq;wGif azmfjyxm;csufjzpfaom vrf;!$efrsm;u ol.vkyfief;rsm;twGuf&Sif;jy&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljzpfapcJhonf[k qdkonf? [mA,fuawG@&SdcsufrSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;tay:rSDcdkae&aom/ vlxkrsm;u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeaomtajctaerSm tm; enf;csufwckjzpfonf[kqdkonf? ta=umif;rSmxdkolrsm;udk rkom;jzifhqufvuf&Sifoefap&ef axmufcHxm;ay;aoma=umifhjzpf onf? trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkifr_twGuf tcGifhae&mudkawG@&Sdvmolrsm;u wckwnf;aom/ aygufuGJvG,faom/ rwdkif;qEdkifaom EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk vrf;yGifhap&efzefwD;ay;Edkif=uawmhonf[k qdkonf? rkom;ESifhaexdkifjcif;Y qufvufusefaeolrsm;ESifhrl trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkifolrsm;u tcsdefra&G;xdyfwdkufawG@Edkif=uonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh olwdk@udkajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# trSefw&m;udkvltrsm;uydkI odjrifvmEdkif=uonf[k qdkonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&kwfcsnf;aygufuGJvmaomumvwGif/ ,cif u wpkwpnf;wnf;oHr%dyrm&Sdaom tm%mzGJ@pnf;yHktwGif;Y yÉdyuQrsm;xif&Sm;pGm ay:aygufvm&awmhonf[k qdkonf?

awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif vGefcJhaomESpf (80) cef@u/ *ENDu TtrSefw&m;ESifh ywfoufIazmfxkwfcJhonf? olu “p=u*[” [kac:onf? Toludk ckcHqef@usifolrsm;uudkifpGJcJh=u+yD;/ zdESdyfolrsm;xHrSaeI tm%mudk qGJ,lodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh=uonf? tvm; wlyif ydkvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? vufcsf bm0ifqmu oabFmusif;wGifvGwfvyfaomae&mrsm;zefwD;ay; EdkifcJh+yD;/ aemufqHk;tpdk;&u vdkufavsmawG@qHkaqG;aEG;vm&onf? bl*sufu ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfqif;oGm;+yD;/ (8) ESpf =umaomumvwGif ,m&lZJpuD;u jyefvnfzdwf=um;&aomtajctaeudk qdkufa&mufvmcJh&onf? bm0ifqmESifh tjcm; aomacgif;aqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf zdwfac:vm&awmhonf? (1989) ckESpfwGif pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG; aEG;yGJY yg0ifcJh=uaomtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;/ Tae&modk@a&muf&SdvmcJh=ujcif;rSm rlvyxru tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ rkom;jzifhvdrfnmaexdkif&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? olwdk@. b0rsm;twGif;/ [email protected];cGifrsm;twGif; trSefw&m;ESifhaexdkif&eftwGuf olwdk@. udk,fydkifae&mudkzefwD;cJh=u onf? Tonfuyif v_yf&Sm;r_.tajccHjzpfonf?

Todk@jiif;y,fcJhonfhtvm;wl t=urf;zufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&efvnf; olwdk@ujiif;qefcJh=uonf? [mA,fuajymonfrSm ppfrSefaomtwdkuftcHwOD;qdkonfrSm “t=urf;zufajymif;vJa&;enf;vrf;rsm; a&G;cs,f&efudk tajccH ususjiif;y,folrsm; jzpf&rnf” [kqdkcJhonf? bl*sufuvnf; “t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;” udkjiif;qefcJh=uonf? aemufqHk; t=urf;zufr_udk &ifqdkifae=u&aomtcsdefwdkif jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? (1981) ckESpf *'ef@pfcftjzpftysufjzpfyGg;+yD;aemufydkif;/ tvkyf orm;wOD;u ol.ae@pOfrSwfwrf;wGif a&;om;cJhonf? “usaemfwdk@taejzifh ycHk;ay:wGifxrf;xm;aom vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk vSrf;,l&ef toifhjzpfae=u+yD? Tvuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm wifhum;rsm;. csdef;oGm;rsm;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif&Sdaom vuf0g;uyfwdkif jzpfonf? Todk@qdkygu rdrdwdk@udk xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufvmOD;awmhrnf? ”

ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; vufeufudkifvGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;Y aoewfudkifaomajymufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ol&J aumif;rsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh acsa*GAm;&m;qdkv#if wurBmvHk;twGuf ol&Jaumif;ozG,fjzpfcJhonf? Tolrsm;udk jy,k*frsm;ozG,f xm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u atmifyGJrsm;udkxkwfvkyfay;Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? aoG; pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. vrf;av#mufcsDwufyGJrsm;ESifh tcrf;tem;rsm;aqmif&GufaecJh=uaom tcsdefrsm;wav#mufvHk;wGif/ t"duudkifaqmif=uaom jy,k*f"gwfyHkrSm ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efayg."gwfyHkyif jzpfonf? olu ydkvefEdkifiHrsm;om;udk bmom w&m;rJholrsm;tjzpf oGwfoGif;vmcJhr_udk rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~. t"dutcrf;tem; jyifqifr_yHkpHrSmvnf;/ puf&HkwHcg;0rsm;ESifh txdfrf;trSwfausmufwdkifrsm;wGif jzpfcJhonf? acgif;aqmifrsm;upkqHk=u+yD; usqHk;ol rsm;odk@


yef;pnf;rsm;/ yef;jcif;rsm;ay;cJh=uonf? wl wHpOfrsm;/ vufoD;qkyfxm;aomyHkrsm;/ aygufqdefyHkrsm; pojzifh awmfvSef a&;rsm;.oauFwrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;uvufeuftjzpftoHk;ðyEdkifaom ypPnf;rsm;oauFwrsm; jzpfae=uonf? TuJhodk@ r[kwf/ olwdk@uyef;rsm;udk oHk;cJh=uonf?

tm%m&Sifrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;rSmvG,fvSonf? odk@aomftm%m&Sifrsm;. pdwfóudufvufeufwckjzpfaom t=urf;zufr_udk ypfy,f&efrSm rvG,fulvSay? txl;ojzifh oifh.&yfwnfr_udk+cdrf;ajcmufvmaomtajctaewGif ydkIrvG,fulvSay? odk@aomf Todk@t=urf;zufr_udk jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&&Sdvmrnfh&vm'frSm cGeftm;tm%mjzpfonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd vkyfom;rsm; taejzifh (1970) ckESpfESifh (1976) ckESpfu tm%mydkifrsm;.taqmuftOD;rsm;udk rD;&_d@zsufqD;jcif;jzifh wdk;wufr_tenf;i,fom &&SdcJh=uonf? tu,fI aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~ydkifqdkifaom vufeufodkavSmif&Hkrsm;udkom awG@cJhygu/ rvG,fay? b&ufZnufAfu uefeD,mxHodk@ Todk@zefwD;&avatmif wdkufwGef;cJhao;onf? tu,fI bl*sufu ol.tpkrsm;udkacgif; aqmifrsm;udk vkyf=uH&efapcdkif;cJhygu/ ygwDwGif;&Sd oabmxm;jyif;xefolrsm;u bl*sufudk&_H@cs=uaomtcsdefwGif/ (1989) ckESpf wGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;&mZ0wfaumifrsm;[k pGyfpGJ=uaomtcsdefY vufydkuf=unfhaevdkuf rnf jzpfonf? oifpdkufor#om oif&dyfodrf;&ayvdrhfrnf? TuJhodk@ *ENDu tENd,vlxkrsm;udk ajymcJhonf?

Todk@t=urf;zufr_udk óudwifjiif;y,fjcif;twGuf jzpfay:vmrnfh&vm'fudk (1980) ckESpf=o*kwfvu óudwifIodjrifEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfay? odk@aomfvufiif;óuH&rnfh tEW&m,fursm;vGef;vSonf? vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd oydwfarSmufqENjyolrsm; oabm aygufxm;=uonfrSm tpdk;&/ EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHwumtpdk;&toD;oD;u olwdk@rnfodk@qufvufaqmif&Guf=urnfudk apmifh =unfhae=ujcif;yif? tu,fI oabFmusif;tkyfcsKyfoludkom jiif;y,fcJhygu/ ol@udkom tvkyform;rsm;u &dkufESufI vrf;ay: armif;xkwfcJhygu/ tpdk;&zufrS awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf urf;vSrf;vmrnf[k xifygovm;? tu,fIaemufydkif;wGif or*~rS olrsm;u bpf*dk0pf&Sdtvkyform;rsm;vlxkrsm;udk aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfcJhygu/ &Jrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf=u&ef v_H@aqmfcJhygu/ ydkIjrefjref ppf tkyfcsKyfa&;a&mufvmvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? Todk@ rif;rJhz&dkz&JtajctaetwGuf wkef@jyef&ef tpdk;&zufrSta=umif;jycsuf&oGm; cJhvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? rnfolrqdk t=urf;zufr_udkpwifcJhygu xdktwGufjzpfvm&aom emrnftqdk;&r_udk oluompwifcHpm; &rnf jzpfonf? tu,fI t=urf;rzufpnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_tpm;/ aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfrnfh ckcHawmfvSefr_ompwifcJhygu tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk TuJhodk@tav;w,lkðyqufqHvmrnfavm[kvnf; pOf;pm;p&m&Sdonf? ESpfumv=um&Snf “ppfyGJumvtajctaeqdkonfrsKd;”ESifh ydkrdk=um&SnfpGm óuH&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? vufcsf bm0ifqmu (1983) ckESpfwGif Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHwumu ydkvefjynfolrsm;. ta&;udkpmemaxmufcHvmcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk aemufjyefqGJaeolrsm;twGuf aemufxyft&Suf&p&m tcsufjzpfapcJhonf?

pm;yGJ0dkif; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJukvm;xdkifrsm;wGif xdkifae=uaomolrsm;tzdk@/ ydkvefEdkifiHtem*gwfonf [email protected];ay:wGif&Sdae a=umif; cHpm;rd=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif [email protected];aqmifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? tpdk;&wck. t&m&Sdrsm;rjzpf vm=uay? olwdk@. aemufausmrsm;wGif ordkif;.avvd_if;wGef;tm;&Sdaeonf? vGefcJhaom ESpf (20) twGif;wGif olwdk@. t&Sdeft[kefudk pkaqmif;EdkifcJh=uonf? qkwf,kwfoGm;onfvnf; &Sdonf? wzefjyefI jrifhwufvmcJh&onf? uGefjrLepf0g' udk vGifhxGufoGm;atmifwdkufcdkufrnfh avjyif;xefwdkufcdkufr_twGuf tiftm;onf t=urf;zufr_&moDOwk r[kwf? Tavvd_if; u vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. &moDOwkrSay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;. rsufapha&S@atmufY qEN rygyJ }uD;xGm;vmcJhaom &moDOwkjzpfonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;. wHpuf+rdwfrsm;/ jyLwif;aygufrsm;aemufrS twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm; awG@qHk&if;ay:aygufvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm; odrf;ydkufaompuf&Hk0if;rsm;rS ay:ayguf vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ajratmuftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk vufcHaomtdrfrsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;. tcef;rsm;rSay:aygufvm=ujcif; jzpfonf?

vGwfajrmufr_EG,fyifrsm;udk uGefjrLepfydkvefajrom;wGif pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf/ (1970) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif jzpfcJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tm%m&Siftpdk;&udkpdefac:EdkifcJhonf? Ttpdk;&onf acwfrDtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;teuf a=umufp&m taumif;qHk;rdom;pk0ifrsm;teufrS wckjzpfonf? pwmvifed*Hk;csKyfcsdefrSpI ul;vyftxd/ uarBm'D;,m;&Sd ydkayghrsKd;ðzwfyGJrsm; txd/ vltrsm;pkonf uGefjrLepf0g'[laomtrnfatmufwGif [email protected];udk pGef@v$wfcJh=u&onf? odk@aomfTpepf. pH wefzdk;xm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;u Todk@r[kwfay? ydkvefEdkifiH&Sd uGefjrLepftrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; Todk@qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;rdp>mrsKd;awmh r[kwfay? odk@aomfvnf; twdkuftcHðyolrsm;udk óudqdkaecJhaomtusOf;axmifcef;rsm;uawmh twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf vdkvm; csuf rufvHk;wckawmh r[kwfcJhay? ,ckwdkif Todk@&JwdkufudkckcHwGef;vSefae&aom v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh olwdk@.&Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJh=uonf? vlxktrsm;pk.axmufcHr_udk&atmif pnf;&Hk;EdkifcJh=uonf? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yf jcm;axmufyHhr_rsm;udk pkaqmif;EdkifcJh=uonf? tv#iftjrefacsr_ef;cH&aprnfh zdESdyfrsm;rjzpfapatmif a&Smifv$JEdkifcJh=uonf? oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ESifh rdrdzmompnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tajccHIt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_.ordkif;wGif tjrifhrm;qHk;aom zGH@òzd;r_udk &atmif wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifcJhonf? ppfwyfrSacsr_ef;&eftwGuf rjzpfEdkifapaom tajctaejzpfcJhonf?

ydkvefEdkifiHwGif rnfuJhodk@tajctaerSefrsm;jzpfaeonfudk od&ef vspfvsL&_xm;cJhaom vD,dkepf b&ufZnufzftaejzifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~udk ol.tifyg,m.tonf;ESvHk;udk axmufxm;aom'g;ajrmifwvuftjzpf jrifaeonfrSm/ rSefcJh onf?


xdkolrsm;u ygwD.OD;aqmifvrf;!$efr_udk jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. trdef@tm%mrsm;udkzDqeftmcHcJh=u onf? xdkolrsm;u ydkvefvlxkrsm;.qENudk awmif;cHcJh=uonf? tpdk;&. oem;n‡mwmr_udk rawmif;qdkcJhay? b0ESifh vkyftm; .tajctaersm; wdk;wufap&efawmif;qdkcJh=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;uarmufur jzpf&rnfhtajctae/ EdkifiHa&;a&S@rwdk;om aemuf rqkwfomtajctae/ EdkifiHwumrsufESmysuf&r_rsm;rjzpfatmif +cdrf;ajcmufr_vufeufudkudkifI [email protected];qdkcsufrsm; jynfh 0ap&ef aqmif&GufcJh&onf? Tonfrsm;tm;vHk;udk aqmif&Guf=u&if;/ ydkvefEdkifiHuGefjrLepfygwD. OD;acgif;wckudkomru/ uGefjrL epf0g'. ordkif;a=umif;udkvSnfhajymif;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk@OD;wnf&mtwdkif;/ [email protected]; tm;udk;jzifh tm%m&,la&;udk rvkyfcJh=uay?


tcef; (4) &m;urfh (1923)

usL;ausmfolrsm;udkwGef;vSefjcif;

“*smrefawGudk tiftm;omjyvdkuf”

yxrurBmppft+yD; ig;ESpft=um/ wckaomaqmif;&moD naecif;wGif jyifopfESifhb,fvf*sD,H ppfwyfrsm;onf

*smr%DEkdifiH. òrd@}uD;wòrd@jzpfaom tufqef (Essen) òrd@}uD;twGif;odk@ ajymifajrmufaom wdusaooyfr_jzifh csDwuf0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? usLl;ausmfa&;wyfrsm;twGuf trdef@ay;pcef;rsm;tjzpf toHk; ðy&ef ausmif;rsm;ESifh[dkw,frsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? jrif;wyfESihf armfawmfqdkifu,fwyfzGJ@rsm;u w,fvDzHk;ESifh a=u;eef;&Hk;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJhonf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpf&yfrSm ausmufrD;aoG;qif'DudwfESifh rD;&xm;Ïme !$ef=um;a&;rSL;&Hk;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? wòrd@vHk;udkodrf;ydkuf&onfrSm vG,fulvGef;vSonf? “*smrefawGudktiftm;omjyvdkuf/ wcgxJwef;OD;usKd;oGm;wmyJ” [kaemiftcgwGif jyifopf ppfom;wOD;u ajym=um;cJhygonf?

xdk (1923) Zefe0g&Dv =umoyaw;ae@rwdkifcif tawmfapmpGmuwnf;uyif *smr%DEdkifiH. t"du pufr_a'o

}uD;jzpfaom &m; (Ruhr) jynfe,f. tufqefòrd@uav;onf aemifwdkufcwfvmawmhrnfh rkefwdkif;. A[dkcsufrjzpfaecJhavonf? ppf&H_;EdkifiHtay:csKyfqdkxm;cJhaom pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; xdkEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufI o,HZmwrsm;udk xkwf,l&ef jyifopfESihf b,fvf*sD,Hwdk@u qHk;jzwfxm;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? *smref vlrsKd;wdk@rSm Ttvm;tvmudk apmpD;pGmuyif jrifcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? bmvif&Sdolwdk@tpdk;&u Tt=uyftwnf; udk rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhjcif;twGufvnf; tvGefa'goxGufaecJh=uonf? xdkae@reufcif;u tufqef òrd@olòrdom;wdk@ onf ò[email protected]"duaw;*Dw&Hk}uD;a&S@wGif pk&Hk;vm=u+yD; usL;ausmfr_udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf wdkufwGef; ajym=um;ae=uavonf? vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xGufI “*smr%D *smr%D wdk@&Gmwdk@jynf” “Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles!” [laom oDcsif;rsm;udk oHòydifoDqdkaecJh=uonf? odk@aomftcsdef=umvmonfESifh tr# usL;ausmfa&; tEW&m,f}uD; eD;uyfvmaomtcg rsKd;cspfoDcsif;oHrsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg; vmav awmhonf?

ppfom;rsm; òrd@wGif;odk@w[kefxdk;0ifa&mufvm+yD; ae&m,lvdkufaomtcg pm;aomufqdkifESifh bD,mqdkif

ydkif&Sifrsm;u qdkifwHcg;rsm;udkydwfvkduf=uawmhonf? A[dkblwm&Hkywfvnf&Sd &ifjyifESifhvrf;rsm;ay:wGif vltrsm; pk&Hk;a&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; olwdk@rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;+idrfoufaecJh=uavonf? qENjyyGJrsm;ay:aygufvmrnfh t&dyf ta,mifvnf; r&Sd? rGef;vGJydkif;tukefavmufwGif ppfom; (4000) ausmfESifh oHcsyfumum; w'gZifausmf 0ifa&mufvmonfudk òrd@olòrd@om;rsm; pdwfroufrom=unfhae=u&awmhonf? xdkwyfzGJ@rsm;rSm &m;a'o&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;rS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xkwf,lrnfh b,fvf*sD,H/ jyifopf/ tDwvD tif*sifeD,mrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&ef oufoufr[kwfqdkonfudk olwdk@pwif oabmayguf pdk;&drfvm=uawmhonf?

(1870) ckESpfu jyifopfudktEdkifwdkuf+yD;/ *smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk xlaxmifpOfu yg0ifcJhaom y&yf&Sif;

ppfom;tdk}uD;rSm òrd@awmf &efol@vufatmufusa&mufoGm;&onfudk=unfh&if; vufudkifyk0gtkyfI wtdtd idkaeavonf? tbdk;bmvdk@idkaeovJ[k ar;aomtcg olu “wae@rSmolwdk@igwdk@udk 'Dvdkvkyfvdrfhr,fvdk@ wcgrS rawG;cJhrdbl;” [kajz=um;cJhonf?


“*smr%D. tonf;eSvHk;”

r[mppfyGJ}uD;[kolwdk@ac:=uaom ppfyGJ}uD;wGif a=umufrufzG,f tustqHk;rsm; &SdcJhvifhupm; xdkppfyGJ }uD;rSm jyifopf.xkwfvkyfa&;a'o}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f zsufqD;ypfcJhavonf? ajrmufbuf tpGeftzsm;ae&mrsm;qdkv#if jym;jym;0yfoGm;cJh&avonf? olwdk@taejzifh usdef;aoaygufEdkifajc&Sdonf[k xifae csdefwGif *smrefAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u jyifopfjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rsm;ESifh b,fvf*sD,H. owWKrdkif;rsm;udk t+yD;wkdifodrf;ydkuf&ef}uH&G,fcJh=uonf? olwdk@&H_;awmhrnfqdkwm aocsmoGm;v#ifawmh *smrefAdkvfcsKyf tD&pf vl'efa'ghzf (General Eric Ludendroff) u owWKwGif;rsm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;vdkuf&efESifh vkd%facgif;rsm;xJodk@ a&oGif;+yD; zsufqD;ypfvdkuf&eftrdef@ay;cJhonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSmwckyJ&Sdonf? &efbufEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk vHk;0O\HkzsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf?

ppf&yfqdkif;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkt+yD; ajcmufvt=um/ t}uD;tus,f zsufqD;cHxm;&aom a'o}uD;udk =unfh+yD;

jyifopfqD;edwftrwf aygvf'dkrm (Paul Doumer) u “vloluif;rJh+yD; vkyf}uHr_/ aoqHk;r_eJ@ ysufokOf;r_ awGeJ@om jynfhESufaewJha'o}uD;” [kajym=um;cJhavonf? ppfrjzpfcifurl/ xdka'o}uD;rSm wEdkifiHvHk;wGif qefa&pyg; taygrsm;qHk;/ pufr_vkyfief; txGufrsm;qHk;a'o}uD;jzpfcJhavonf? xkdajrmufydkif;a'o}uD; jyefvnf &Sifoef+yD; toufjyef0ifrvmbl;qdkv#ifawmh jyifopfEdkifiHvnf; jyefvnfemvefxlvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sd qdkonfrSm ,cktcgaocsmvmawmhonf?

ajrmufydkif;a'o}uD;. emusifbG,fjzpf&yfrsm;udk yk*~dKvfa&;t& xdxdcdkufcdkufcHpm;ae&olwOD;rSm a&rGef ydGKifuJ

(Raymond Poincaré) jzpfonf? olonfjyifopfESifh *smr%D ESpfEdkifiHpyf=um;&Sd avm&def; (Lorraine) e,frSvmoljzpfonf? xdk avm&def; e,fonfvnf; aygºuG,f0vSaom o,HZmwrsm;a=umifh usL;ausmfol wOD;+yD;wOD;ajymif;um &mpkESpfwckpmr# vk,ufodrf;ydkufjcif;ukdcHcJh&avonf? ydGKifuJ (Poincaré) onf ppftwGif;u jyifopf0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf? (1870) ckESpfu y&yf&Sm;wyfrsm; jyifopfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufpOf ydGKifuJrSm (10) ESpfom;t&G,fom &Sdao;onf? *smrefwyfrsm; ol@Zmwdajr. vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@csif;eif;0if a&mufvmonfudk jrifcJhbl;onf? jyifopfu ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; ay;+yD;onftxd xdk jynfodrf;wyfrsm;wyfpGJ xm;cJh=uonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf ydGKifuJu xdktcsufudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; ol.*smr%DESifh ywfoufonfh &yfwnfcsufudk umuG,fajym=um;cJhonf? “*smrefawG[m (1873) ckESpftxd jyifopfEdkifiHxJrSm wyfpGJxm;cJh=uw,f/ jyifopfe,fajray:u xGufroGm;cif ppfavsmfa=u;aiGtjynfhay;cJh&w,f” [kajymqdkcJhonf?

ydGKifuJ. oufwrf;rSm jyifopfwdk@ Amqdkif;pmcsKyf (Treaty of Versailles) udk twnfðy+yD;aemuf r=umrDyif

ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf tjcm;aom ppftwGif;umv acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;uJhokd@ uG,faysmufoGm;cJhjcif;awmhr&Sday? olonf vlxku toJpGJ=unf!kdaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfavonf? ppfajr jyifwGifusif;yaom ppftcrf;tem;rsm;odk@ oGm;wdkif; olonf pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vdkufema&;ESifh pyfvsOf;+yD; *smrefwdk@. &nf&G,fcsufudk t+rJwrf;ar;cGef;xkwfavh&Sdonf? csDwufvmaom *smrefwyf}uD;tm; (1916) ckESpfwGif [ef@wm;xm;EdkifcJhonfh Am'Gef; (Verdun) wGif usif;yaom ppftcrf; tem;wckY pdwfv_yf&Sm; wufºuGbG,f rdef@cGef;wckudkajym=um;cJh&mwGif olu “*smrefawG olwdk@udk,fwdkif vufrSwfxdk; xm;wJhpmcsKyfudk rvdkufemrSmudk b,folu cGifhðyrSmwJhvJ” [kar;cGef;xkwfcJhzl;avonf?

pmcsKyfygpnf;urf;csufrsm;t& *smrefppfwyfrsm;onf olwdk@odrf;ydkufxm;aom a'orsm;tm;vHk;rS

qkwfcGgay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@jyifol@wyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk &dkif; (Rhine) jrpf.taemufbufodk@qkwfcGgay;+yD; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u ta&S@bufurf;wGifae&m,l&rnfjzpfonf? *smrefppfwyfudk ppfonfOD;a& (100˜000) txdav#mhcs+yD; a&wyfudkppfonf (15˜000) om xm;&SdcGifhðycJhonf? tvm;wlyif ta0;ypftajrmuf}uD;rsm;/ wifhum;rsm;/ ppfav,mOfrsm; toHk;ðycGifhudk ydwfyifxm;rnfjzpfonf? &m;a'owGif ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk ajymif;wkd aoewfrsm;om udkifcGifhðyonf? t,fvfpufESifh avm&def;e,frsm; udkjyifopfodk@ay;vdkuf&onf? ajrmufydkif;wGif &S,fpf0pfe,f (Schleswig) . wpdwfwydkif;udk 'def;rwfodk@ay;vdkuf&onf? ta&S@bufwGifrl e,ftrsm;pkrSm ydkvefbufodk@ ygoGm;onf? Todk@e,fajrtrsm;tjym; ay;tyfvdkuf&jcif;twGuf EdkifiHom; (6³ 5) oef;udk qHk;&H_;vdkuf&+yD; o,HZmw


tajrmuftjrm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;trsm;tjym;vnf; odrf;ydkufcHcJh&avonf? TpmcsKyfonf ppfEdkifolwdk@u wzufowf csKyfqdkxm;aompmcsKyf/ r#wr_vnf;r&Sd[k *smrefwdk@u,lqonfrSm tHh=obG,fr&Sd? bmvifòrd@wGif ujyaom e,fvSnfhZmwftzGJ@rsm;Y Zmwfaqmifrsm;u xdkpmcsKyfrdwWLrsm;udk Zmwfpifay:wGif qkwf+zJypf=uonf?

jyifopfwdk@u ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefay;&efawmif;qdkonfhtcg *smrefwdk@ua&Smifv$J&ef óud;pm;wdkif;

olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; Tr#pdwf&Snfjcif;twGuf jyifopfjynfolwdk@u nnf;jiL=uonf? topfwuf vmaom 0ef}uD;csKyf t&pfpwdkuf b&dkif,ef (Aristide Briand) rSm 0g&ifhoHwrefwOD;jzpfonf? olonf *smrefwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;vdkonf? odk@aomf+AdwdefEdkifiHu oufoufn‡mn‡mvkyfvdk+yD; jyifopfjynfolwdk@url cyf=urf;=urf; udkifwG,fta&;,lapvdkonf? xdkESpfck=um;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfrSm =um;n‡yfae+yD; (1922 ck Zefe0g&D) wGif E_wfxGufvdkuf&awmhonf? ol@ae&mwGif ydGKifuJa&mufvmonf? ydGKifuJ onf jyifopfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifY 0ef}uD;csKyf ESpfcgjyefjzpfol jzpfonf?

ol&mxl;jyef&+yD;onfhtcg ol@udk *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. 0g'jzef@csda&;vk_yf&Sm;r_wckta=umif;

today;=uonf? olwdk@vk_yf&Sm;r_rSm olwdk@EdkifiHppfðycJhjcif;udk tjypfrSv$wfa&;jzpfonf? ,if;udk xif&Sm;I =oZm&Sdaom pufr_vkyfief;&Sif [l*dkpwif; (Hugo Stinnens) u acgif;aqmifonf? olu pmcsKyfyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;onf tmCmw}uD;vGef;+yD; jyifopfwdk@. tawmrowfaomawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk b,fawmhrS auseyfatmif vkyfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf[lI vlxkudk vH_@aqmfavonf? tu,fIom rlvtcsdefZ,m; twdkif; pnf;urf;csuftwdkif; ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udkay;aecJhrnfqdkv#if *smr%Donf (1970) pkESpfrsm; odk@r[kwf (1980) pkESpfrsm;txd qufay;ae&vdrfhrnf[k aemiftcgwGif ynm&SifwOD;u cef@rSef;wGufcsufjycJhonf? *smr%Dtay:wGif usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;rSm jyifopfEdkifiH. ppf0g'ESifh e,fcsJ@pdwf"gwfa=umifh ay:aygufvmcJh&jcif; jzpfonf[k pwif;. owif;pmu apm'uwufcJhavonf? *smr%DtwGuf ppfavsmfa=u; b¾ma&;0efxkyf0efydk;tjyif e,fajrtrsm;tjym;ESifh vlOD;a&trsm;tjym;udkvnf; tqHk;t&H_;cHcJh&onf? *smrefe,fajr trsm;tjym;udk ueOD;wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;ydkufxm;cJh=uonf? olwdk@udk,fydkif pmydk@wdkufpepfESifh a&'D,dktoHk;ðycGifhudkyif ydwfyifwm;qD;cHcJh&onf? *k%foduQm tnd‡K;EGrf;qHk;udpPrSm &duQmydwfqdk@ cH&jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm (1919) ckESpftxd=umjrifhcJhonf? wcgwGifrl wywfpm &m&SifrSm aygifrHk@av;aygifcGJ/ tom;ig;atmifp/ axmywf ESpfatmifp ESifh aumfzDESpfatmifpcGJtxd usqif;oGm;cJhavonf? *smreftdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm TtcuftcJt=uyftwnf;udk +idrf+idrfoufoufyif cg;pnf;cHcJh=uonf? rdom;pk trsm;tjym;rSm &onfh&m&Sifjzifhyif òcd;+cHac|wmIaecJh=uonf? EdkifiHom;aumif;wdk@. 0wW&m;twdkif; arSmifcdktm;ray;yJ aecJh=uonf?

(1922) ckESpfa&mufaomtcg jynfodrf;wyftrsm;pkrSm ‚if;[email protected]&if;odk@jyefoGm;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf?

wyf&if;ten;fi,fudkom &dkif;jrpfwav#mufcsxm;cJh=u+yD; jyifopfwyfzGJ@rsm;udkrl e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd *smrefòrd@}uD; rsm;wGif csxm;cJhonf? Tr[mppfyGJ}uD;udk pwifqifEGJcJhjcif;twGuf *smr%Dudk cGifhrv$wfEdkifbl; qdkv#ifyif ppf.tjcm;aom &efvdkr_rsm;vdkyif temusuf&ef tcsdefvdkonfqdkonfudk ,cktcgodvm=u+yD jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif (1922) ckESpf *sLvdkifvv,fY r[mrdwfppfavsmfa=u;aumfr&Sifu aemufxyf ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; twGuf uwd0efwmrygyJ (2) ESpfqdkif;iHhay;xm;&ef pOf;pm;cJh=uonf? ,if;rSm EGm;odk; ydGKifuJudk ydwfpteDjyI &efpvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? =o*kwfvwGif vef'efòrd@Yusif;yaom r[mrdwfuGefz&ifhwckY olu jyifopftaejzihf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm; ðyvkyfrnfjzpfa=umif; +cdrf;ajcmufajym=um;cJhonf? “*smrefawG tay: r,Hk=unf&r_[m wae@wjcm;qdk;vmae+yD” [kowday;ajym=um;cJhonf?

jyifopfudkay;&ef&Sdaom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ay;tyfa&;twGuf &m;a'o&Sd tpdk;&ydkif ausmufrD;aoG; wGif;rsm;udk

taygif ypPnf;tjzpfxm;&ef [email protected]&yfcHcsufudk =o*kwfv (16) &ufae@wGif *smr%Du y,fcscJhonf? jyifopfEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfvnfywfEdkifa&;twGuf tylwjyif; vdktyfvsuf&Sdaom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD;xkwf,l a&;yif jzpfonf[k ydGKifuJ u,lqcJhonf? ppfrjzpfcifuqdkv#if xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;. (40μ) r# xkwfvkyfonfyif xdkausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;rS wESpfudk ausmufrD;aoG; wefcsdef oef;axmifaygif; (90) xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhonf? xdkxGufE_ef;rSm yifq,fvfaA;eD;,m; jynfe,fausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;+yD;v#if 'kwd,txGuftrsm;qHk;yif jzpf onf? “bmvifudkcsDwuf&r,f[kwfvm;/ 'g tvum;tcsdefðzef;wmbJ/ *smr%D&J@tonf;ESvHk;u &m;a'o/ jyifopfeJ@vJ ydkeD;w,f” [k tjcm;ppfol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfol rm&S,f zm'Deefazmh (Marshal Ferdinnand Foch) u wcguajymcJhbl;avonf?


ppfa&;tumtuG,frsm;r&Sdaom xdka'orSm jyifopftwGuf rufavmufp&myifjzpfonf? r=umcif

‚if;wdk@ðyvkyfawmhrnfh aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf jyifopfwdk@wGif tjcm;ta&;}uD; aphaqmfr_rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygao; onf? Edk0ifbmvwGifusif;ycJhaom tiftm;toHk;ðy aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;. tusKd;tjypfudk aqG;aEG;onfh ta&;}uD;aom uufbdeuftpnf;ta0;wckwGif ydGKifuJu *smr%Donf twdkufcH&v#if òyduGJIwppDjzpfoGm; vdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;ajym=um;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh jyifopfu usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufr_. tptetydkif;tp av;rsm;tjzpf &dkif;vif; (Rhineland) a'oudk&&Sdvdrfhrnf/ ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@ pdk;&drfylyefaeaom udpPwck jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. pdwfqENESifh aphaqmfr_rnfodk@&Sdonfjzpfap/ jyifopf v$wfawmfu (452) rJ (72) rJjzifh ppfwdkufa&;twGuftwnfðyay;cJhonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f=umaomtcg w,fvDzHk;wdkifrsm;ESifh opfrsm;udk*smr%Du jyifopfodk@ay;oGif;&ef ysufuGufcJhonf[k ppfavsmfa=u;aumfr&Sifu a=ujimcJhonf? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &uf/ (1923) wGif ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ay;oGif;&ef ysufuGufcJhonf[k a=unmcJhjyefonf? Todk@jzifh ESpf&uft=umwGif jyifopfESifh b,fvf*sD,Hppfwyfrsm; *smr%DEdkifiHwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJh=uawmh onf?

“xdef;csKyfa&;rpf&Sif”

jyifopfu *smrefawGtaejzifh avsmfa=u;ay;&ef/ jiif;qefaeonf[k jrifaomfvJ *smrefwdk@url Tjy\emudk b¾a&;t=uyfr&dkufapa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufcsuf[kjrifonf? ppft+yD;wGif*smrefwdk@u xdkppf avsmfa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrSef trSefwu,fay;qyf&ef&nf&G,fcJhonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&u vdktyfaomtcGef taumufrsm;udk raumufcHEdkifcJhI ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefray;qyfEdkifcJhay? EdkifiHjcm;rS acs;iSm;jcif;udkrl rvkyfcJh? ,if;rSm aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_udkydkrdkqdk;0g;apvdrfhrnf jzpfaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf?

ppfavsmfa=u;ESifh aiGa=u;azgif;yGr_jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhjcif;a=umifh/ (1922) ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm v (22)

&ufae@wGif t"dywdrSm &mxl;rS E_wfxGufcJh&onf? orw z&uf'&pf tD;Awf (Fredrich Ebert's) u t"dywdopftjzpf 0DvsH ulEdk (Wilhelm Cuno) udka&G;cs,fcJhjcif;twGuf vltrsm; tHhtm;oifhp&mjzpfcJh& onf? ‚if;rSm [rf;bm*f - tar&duef oabmFvdkif; (Hamburg-America Shipping Line) . t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHK enf;olvnf;jzpfonf? odk@aomf cef@jim;aom ulEdkrSm *smref pufr_vkyfief;. OD;pD;yJhudkifjzpf avonf? *smrefpD;yGg;a&;udk yJhudkifxdef;rwfay;&efqdkv#if pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. axmufcHtm;ay;r_rSm r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf qdkonfudk tD;Awf aumif;aumif;odxm;avonf? xdk@jyif t"dywdopfrSm t*Fvdyfpum; ajymEdkif+yD; +Adwdef/ tar&duefwdk@ESifhvnf; tquftqH&Sdoljzpfonf? ppfavsmfa=u;udpPrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif nd‡Ed_if;&ef qdkv#if xdkEdkifiHrsm;. jyifopfEdkifiHtay:&Sdaeaom =oZmt&Sdeft0grSm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf onf[koljrifonf?

Edk0ifbmv (24) &ufae@wGif &dkufpwufv$wfawmf (Reichstag) odk@ yxrqHk; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif ulEkd u

ol@ay:vpDudk “aygifrHk@u t&if/ ppfavsmfa=u;uaemuf” [k tusOf;csKyfI ajym=um;oGm;cJhavonf? &m;a'oESifh pyfvsOf;onfh jyifopf.ay:vpDudk ol@taejzifh tHh=owkefv_yfrda=umif;vnf; ajymcJhavonf? “u|efawmfwdk@e,fpyf&J@wbufrSm u|efawmfwdk@e,fajrudk usL;ausmfbdk@vkyfaewJh jzpfEdkifor# tvm;tvm [lor#udk rodusKd;u|HðyraeEdkifbl;?” tvm;wlyif &dkif;vif;a'ojynfolrsm;tm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;r_udk “tHhbG,fpdwf&Snfonf;cHEdkifr_” twGufvnf;csD;usL;ajym=um;cJhonf? xdktcsufa=umifhyif v#rf;v#rf;awmuf pum;ajymaumif;olwOD;r[kwfaomfvnf; ulEdkonf y&d\wf. wxifhxifh =obmay;r_ udkawmh &&SdcJhavonf? rdef@cGef;.tqHk;owfwGif olu “'Dtpdk;&[m *smr%DEdkifiH&J@ b,ftpdwftydkif;udkrS tnHhcH ay;tyfrSmr[kwfbl;” [kajym=um;vdkufaomtcg trwfrif;rsm;tm;vHk;u wcJeufrwfwyf&yfI oabmwl a=umif; atmf[pfajym=um;cJh=uonf?

odk@aomf bmvifwGif&cJhaom/ xdk =obmvufckyfoHrsm;onf ol@twGuf acgif;cJp&may:vpDrsm;udk

axmufcH=uonf[kawmh ajymIr&ay? tpdk;&u aps;E_ef;rsm;ESifh vkyfcrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fwdk;jr‡ifhvdkonf?


pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url xdkvkyf&yfudkróuduf=u/ wm;qD;vdk=uonf? ppfavsmfa=u;rsm;ay;bdk@qdkv#if tcGefrsm; wdk;aumuf+yD; tpdk;&0ifaiGwdk;atmifvkyf&rnf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;uyg xdkodk@ tcGefwdk; aumufjcif;udk róuduf=u? r[mrdwf wyfrsm;. awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk t+rJwrf;auseyfatmif vkyfEdkifyghrvm;[k pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u oHo,jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh jyifopfu &m;a'oudkodrf;ydkufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufaom tcg Tt&monfa&Smifv$JIr&Edkif[k olwdk@u,lq=uonf? Todk@jzifh ulEkdudk ulnDu,fwif&ef olwdk@twGuf vrf;p tenf;i,fom&Sdawmhonf?

'DZifbmv (11) &ufae@wGif/ t"dywdu ðyjyifxm;aom ppfavsmfa=u; tpDtpOfopfudk a=unmaomtcg

,if;udk jyifopfuomuef@uGufcJhonfr[kwf/ [l;*dk;pwif;. owif;pm Deutche Allgemeine Zeitung uvnf;tjyif;txef a0befwdkufckdufcJhonf? t"dywd}uD;. Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf aemufqHk; urf;vSrf;csufwGif rwfa&$'*Fg; (20) bDvD,Hay;&ef uwdðyxm;onf? ,if;udk EdkifiHwum acs;aiGrsm;ESifh ay;tyf&efjzpfonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifhuGefjrLepf olykefrsm;udkESdrfeif;&ef[kqdkum (1921) ckESpfuwJu odrf;ydkufxm;cJhaom 'lqJvfa'ghzf (Düsseldorf) / 'GdKifpfbmh*f (Duisburg) ESifh &m;a&mh (Ruhrort) a'orsm; rS jyifopfwyfrsm; qkwfcGgay;&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;udk ydGKifuJ u pOf;yifrpOf;pm;cJhacs?

r=umrDqifEGJawmhrnfh ppfqifa&;udk jyifopftpdk;&u “tif*sifeD,mrsm;om yg0ifonhf rpf&SiftzGJ@” [k

Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufae@wGif az:jycJhonf? ,if;rpf&Sifonf “ppfoabmobm0” ESifh “EdkifiHa&;vuQ%m aqmifaomusL;ausmfr_” rygaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf[k ajym=um;cJhonf? xdkppfwyfrsm;udk apv$wfjcif;rSm “rpf&SiftzGJ@udkumuG,f&ef” twGuf oufoufomjzpfonf[k ravsmhwrf;ajym=um;cJhonf? tvm;wlyif “jynfolrsm;ae&majymif;a&$@&jcif; r&SdyJ ae+rJtwdkif;yifvHkvHkðcHðcH +idrf;+idrf; csrf;csrf; &Sdvdrfhrnf[kajym=um;cJhonf?

*smrefvlrsKd;rsm;url Tw}udrfusL;ausmfr_onf odyf=umvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k rSwfxifum usL;ausmfr_udk

umuG,f&ef jyifqifr_tenf;i,fom ðyvkyfcJhonf? ausmufrD;aoG;tenf;i,fESifh tjcm;ukef=urf; tenf;i,fr#udkom odkavSmifxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&ucsrSwfbG,f&Sdonfh rnfonfh r[mAsL[mudkr# taumif txnfaz:rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;r&Sd? aemufqHk;tcsdeftxdyif ol. ppfavsmfa=u;urf;vSrf;csufrsm;udk jyifopfu vufcHum ydGKifuJonf usL;ausmfa&;tpD tpOfudkaemufqkwfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k ulEdku ar#mfvifhaecJhao;onf? ppftiftm;jzifh jyefvnfckcH&efqdkonfrSmvnf; rjzpfEdkif? pmcsKyft& *smrefppfwyfrsm;rSm &dkif;jrpf. (50) uDvdk rDwmtwGif;wGif wyfpGJxm;cGifhr&Sd? ulEdk ESifhol@ uufbdeuftzGJ@twGuf vkyfp&m vrf;ESpfoG,fom &Sdawmhonf? jyifopfwyfrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfudk vrf;ab;rS at;at;aq;aq; vufydkuf=unfh aecsifae/ odk@r[kwfv#if [efjyjzpfjzpf eJeJyg;yg;ckcHwdkufcdkuf+yD; urBmhaxmufcHr_udk yef=um;toem;cH&efom&Sdawmhonf?

*smrefwdk@. aoe*FAsL[mrSefor#rSm jyifopfwdk@u ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwf,ljcif;udk wwfEdkifor#

aESmifhaES;=uef@=umatmifvkyf+yD; jyifopfwdk@tavsmhay;+yD; ppfavsmfa=u;udpP jyefvnfaphpyfaqG;&ef oabmwl vmonftxd tcsdefqGJxm;a&;jzpfonf? TusL;ausmfr_onf jyifopfwdk@twGuf aemufqHk; a&G;vrf;wckom jzpfonfqdkonfudk ulEdkESifh tD;Awf wdk@oabmwlonf? jyifopfwdk@twGuf vef'ef/ 0g&SifwefESifh urBmwv$m;wGif axmufcHrnfholxuf qef@usifrnfhol oGm;ykyfavvGifhajymrnfholu ydkrsm;onfqdkonfudk olwdk@odonf? t*FvdyfESifhtar&duef wdk@udkom olwdk@udkpmemr_&Sdvmatmif eJeJyg;yg;ckcHjyvdkufv#if t*Fvdkqufqef tiftm;pk rsm;u =um;0ifvm+yD; jyifopftay: usa&mufvmrnfh pD;yGg;a&;zdtm;a=umifh Tt=uyftwnf;onf ydkIjrefjrefyif tqHk;owfoGm;zG,f&Sdonf?

xdk@aemuf ppfavsmfa=u;udk “EdkifiHa&;ESifh rywfouf&ef” (xdktcsdefuoHk;onfhpum;vHk;)? ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@.

aoe*FAsL[myifjzpfonf? t"dywd ulEdku orw tD;Awftm; ausjimcsufwapmif xkwfjyefay;yg&ef Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufae@wGif yef=um;onf? xdkausjimcsufwGif “vufeufðzwfxm;cH&+yD; tumtuG,f rJhaeaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHtm; jyifopfEdkifiH. rw&m;tiftm; toHk;ðyae” aomfvnf; &m;a'o jynfolwdk@u qlqlylyl rvkyf=uyg&efaz:jy+yD; a'oxkwfowif;pmrsm;odk@ ay;ydk@ay;&efjzpfonf? xdkae@ nOhfeufydkif;wGif ulEdkonf ol.0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh bmvifòrd@&Sd &kdufcsf uufbdeuf v$wfawmf (Reichskabinettspaleis) Y awG@qHkum rwljcm;em;aom *smreftusKd;pD;ygG;rsm;ESifh udkufnDEdkifrnfh vkyfief; tpDtpOf w&yfudk


aqG;aEG;az:xkwf=uonf? owWKwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url jyif;jyif;xefxef ckcHwdkufcdkufygu b¾ma&;t&qHk;&_H;r_ }uD;rm;+yD; owWKwGif;rsm;0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufcH&rnf/ odk@r[kwf xkwfvkyfr_rsm; &yfqdkif;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? tD;Awf. EdkifiHa&;ygwDeSifh qufEG,faeaom qdk&S,fvpf or*~rsm;url ppfjzpfvmygu uGefjrLepfrsm; vusfmtpGef;a&mufrsm;udk awmfvSefa&;qifE$J&ef wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfvdrfhrnf? qdk&S,fvpfrsm; tm%m&aejcif;rS ðywfusapvdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfae=uonf? orwurl tvkyf&Sifrsm;u TtpDtpOfudk oabmwlv#if or*~rsm;uvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf ydkif&Sifrsm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJvdrfhrnf[krl ulEdk a&m tD;Awfyg r,Hk=unf=uacs?

aemufydkif;wGif orw ESifh t"dywdwdk@ESpfOD;vHk;u rnfr#yif jynfwGif;axmufcHr_udk &&SdonfqdkapOD;

*smr%DEdkifiHtaejzifh usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufolrsm;udk pD;yGg;a&;t& xdcdkufepfematmif vkyfrSjzpfawmhrnf qdkonfudk olwdk@oabmaygufvm=uonf? &m;a'oESifh a'oxGuf ausmufrD;aoG;onf Oa&mytwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf? Ta'o. }uD;rm;vSaompufr_vkyfief;}uD; &yfqdkif;oGm;r_ rSefor#onf Oa&my. rnfonfh ae&mwGifrqdk ,if;[email protected];yGg;a&;b0udk xdcdkufepfemapvdrfhrnf? T tcsdefa&mufv#if r[mrdwftiftm;pk rsm;u pD;yGg;a&;zdtm;udk rcHEdkifjzpfum yGdKifuJudk zdtm;ay;+yD; wyfrsm; &kyfodrf;apvdrfhrnf[k ulEdk ,Hk=unfaecJh onf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_onf jyifopftwGuf wefbdk;}uD;vGef;vSI wvxuf ydk+yD;cHrnf r[kwf[kvnf; ol,Hk=unfavonf?

tpueOD;Yyif t=urf;zufr_tm; rESpfòrd@jcif;onf tpdk;&.ckcHa&;tawG;tac:Y pGJ+rJaeaomt&m jzpfonf?

ta&S@buf&Sd [email protected] abmvf&SDApf ygwDuJhodk@r[kwfyJ/ Tqdk&S,fvpfrsm; awmfvSefa&;ygwD r[kwfawmhonfrSm ESpfaygif; (40) =umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf? olwdk@twGuf t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD wckESifhwck tompD;&&ef rawmfrw&m;}uHpnfonfh rESpfòrd@zG,f&mvkyf&yfjzpfonf? jyifopfwdk@udk taxGaxG oydwfqifEGJjcif;onfyif &efp&ma&mufonf? txl;ojzifh or*~rsm;tbdk@jzpfonf? Todk@vkyfv#if ‚if;wdk@ tvkyform;rsm;tay: xdef;csKyfxm;r_ vufvGwfoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfonf? wckawmhaocsmonf? t=urf;zufr_udk oHk;v#if tar&duefESifh +Adwdefwdk@. tjrifwGif ckcHwGef;vSefr_. yHk&dyfudk xdcdkufysufpD;apvdrfhrnf? bmvif&Sd acgif;at;at;pOf;pm;wwf+yD; tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifaom y&yf&Sif;rsm;u Todk@rvkyf&ef t}uHay;=uonf?

Todk@jzifh ulEdk ESifh tD;Awfuvnf; tvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; [email protected]*~tzGJ@0iftvkyform;rsm;udk

“tEkenf;awmfvSefa&;” (TtoHk;tE_H;udk *END}uD;u vGefcJhaom 17-ESpfu pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf) udkom usifhoHk;=u yg&ef wdkufwGef;ay;bdk@ajym=um;&awmhonf? t"dywdu uwdðyonfrSm &dkufpwufv$wfawmfrS cGifhðycsuf&v#if tvkyform;rsm;tm; pD;yGg;a&;taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;rnf[kqdkonf? or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; Ttwdkif; qdkv#if or*~tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;uvnf; oabmwlvufcH=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? tvkyform;rsm; zufuvnf; bmvif&Sdtpdk;&. axmufcHr_qdkonfudk oHo,&Sdonf? tpdk;&u t+rJwrf; pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm; udkom yxrOD;pm;ay;avh&Sdaoma=umifhyif? vGefcJhaom (2) ESpfcef@uyif wEdkifiHvHk; taxGaxG oydwfwdkufyGJ}uD; udk ‚if;wdk@qifEGJcJh=uao;onf/ *smrefpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;}uD;w&yfvHk; &yfwef@oGm;rwwf jzpfcJhonf? ppft&m&Sd a[mif;rsm;. tm%modrf;yGJudk wGef;vSefEdkifcJhonf? xdk@jyif tvkyform;rsm;onf *smref EdkifiHawmf}uD;tay: opPm&Sda=umif; =umjrifhpGmuyif jyocJholrsm;jzpfonf? ESpfaygif;w&mausmf jyifopf rkef;wD;a&;w&m;rsm; oif=um;ydk@csay;cJhonfh *smrefausmif;rsm;udk wufcJh=uolrsm;csnf;jzpfonf? bmyJjzpfjzpf olwdk@ckcHqef@usif =uvdrfhrnfomjzpfonf?

bmvif&Sdtpdk;&url tvkyform;rsm;.wdkufyGJ0ifpdwf"gwf tvGeftu|Hjzpfrnfudkpdk;&drfaeavonf?

tu,fIom yÉdyuQonf “t=urf;zufr_ESifh ydwfqdk@r_rsm;yg” ygvm+yDqdkv#if ulEkd@tajymt& “xdef;odrf; r&Edkifaom trsKd;om;a&;Edk;=um;r_” }uD; ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifhtpdk;&taejzifh “*smrefp=umwHqdyfudk axmufcH&mY trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfESihf cHpm;csufudk roHk;rdap&ef owd}uD;pGmxm;&rnf” [k ulEdkuajymonf? tvkyform;trsm;tjym; tvkyfrStxkwfcH&v#if ‚if;wdk@. “jyifopfqef@usifa&;jr‡m;OD;onf tpdk;&odk@ vSnfhvm vdrfhrnf”? ckcHqef@usifa&; axmufcHr_&vmjcif;udk wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef bmvifwGif tjcm;enf; a&G;p&mvrf;r&Sd? tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfcaxmufyHhjznfhpGufaiGrsm;ay;&ef/ tpm;tpmaxmufyHh&ef ESifh &m;a'owGif +idrf0yfydjym;r_&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd[k ulEkd uxifjrifonf? “rnfodk@yif qdkapumrl” olwckawmh0efcHonf? “jzpfay:vmaom pD;yGg;a&;tcuftcJrsm;u wjznf;jznf;ESifh &dkufpwuf v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;&onftxd OD;wnfoGm;apvdrfhrnf?”


tp ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y a&S@wGifapmifhóudaeaom TtEW&m,frsm;udkausmfI aoe*FAsL[m jy\emrsm;yif xGufay:vmao;onf? &m;a'o&Sd òrd@awmfESifh c&dkiftpdk;&rsm; twGuf vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh ywfouf+yD; ulEdk ESifh tD;Awf u tenf;i,fom vkyfaqmifay;EdkifcJhonf? &ufuvif;a[mpif (Recklinghausen) wGifusif;yaom a'oEW&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0;wGif olwdk@wGif “TckcHqef@usifa&; wdkufyGJtwGuf rnfodk@pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&rnfenf; qdkonfhenf;vrf;ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfhtpDtpOfr#r&Sd” qdkonfudk orwu oabmwlvufcHonf? oydwfwdkufyGJ ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;u bmeJ@wlaervJ b,folawGygrvJ tvkyform;awG/ or*~awG/ owWKwGif;ydkif&SifawGu bmviftpdk;&qDu !$ef=um;csufawGudk b,fvdk,lrvJ &m;a'orSmbmawGjzpfaew,fqdkwm ae@pOfeJ@tr# bmvifu odaeatmifb,fvdkvkyfrvJ b,folrSrod/ rajzEdkifcJh=uay?

usL;ausmfr_jzpf+yD; ESpf&uft=um Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae@Y naeapmif;rSusif;y&aom &dkufpwufv$wfawmf.

wif;rmIaygufuGJvkrwwfjzpfaeaom ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;wGif ol.tpDtpOfrsm;udk wifjy&ef ulEdk ay:xGufvmonf? v$wfawmfacgifrdk;ay: wGif *smreftvHawmfu wdkifw0ufv$ifhxlvsuf? ol@tpDtpOfrSm Todk@jzpfonf? usL;ausmfr_udkjypfwif&H_@csvdkuf+yD; usL;ausmfolrsm;udk pdefac:vdkufonf? “vGefcJhwJhESpf&ufu *smreforwEdkifiH&J@ vGwfvyfwJhe,fajray:udk jyifopfeJ@ b,fvf*sD,HwyfawGusL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmcJhyg+yD? jrif;wyfzGJ@awGu "g;vGwfawGudk ukdifpGJ +yD; ppfa=umif;awG&J@wyfOD;uae 0ifa&mufvmcJhwmyg? vHk;0vufeufzsufodrf;jcif;cHxm;&wJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtay: ckvdk ppfyGJwyGJqifE$Jaeovdk ðyrlaqmif&GufcJhwmyg? usaemf wurBmvHk;udk ar;cGef;av;wckavmufar;csifygw,f? b,foleJ@rS rEd_if;omwJh cufcJyifyef;r_ pGef@v$wf tepfemcHcJh&r_awGeJ@ &ifqdkifae&+yD; tm;tifukefcef;csnfheJ@aeayr,fh *smrefjynfolawGavmufZGJ&Sd+yD; óud;pm;wJh vlrsKd;eJ@ EdkifiHudk cifAsm;wdk@awG@bl;ygovm;?” uGefjrLepfrsm;rSty v$wfawmftrwfrsm; tm;vHk;wcJeuf rwfwyf&yf+yD; “b,fwHk;urSr&Sdbl;/ r&Sdbl;” [katmf=uonf? xdk@aemuf t"dywd}uD;u a&G;p&mvrf; woG,fudkcsjyonf? “*smreftpdk;&taeeJh tiftm;oHk;+yD;ckcHbdk@qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;? 'gayrJhtckvdk +idrf;csrf;a&;udk csKd;azgufwJh vlawGeJ@awmh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwfr&Sdygbl;?” Todk@jzifh tpdk;&tm; ckcHqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk axmufcHr_ ay;Edkif&ef &dkufpwufv$wfawmfu axmufcHrJ (283) rJ/ uef@uGufrJ (12) rJjzifhtwnfðyay;cJhonf?

“vSHpGyfzsm;wGifxdkifae&jcif;”

tpdk;&uta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wpHkw&mrvkyfEdkifcifuyif &m;a'o&Sdjynfolwdk@onf jyifopfwyfrsm;tm; tcuftcJrsKd;pHkawG@&ef ydGKifuJ ar#mfvifhxm;onfxufyif ydkIaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJ@ rsm;ra&mufcif ZEM0g&Dv (10) &ufae@uyif pdwfqdk;a'goxGufaeaom vltkyf}uD; (5˜000) ausmfonf tufqifòrd@&Sd udkifZma[mhzf (Kaiserhof) [kdw,f a&S@wGifpk&Hk;rdae=uonf? xdktaqmuftODwGif jyifopf tif*sifeD,maumfr&Sifwckvnf; a&muf&Sdwnf;cdkaeonf[laom aumv[va=umifh &m;a'orS xGufcGgoGm;a&; ta&;qdk&ef a&muf&SdaecJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? wem&DtwGif;wGifyif tayguf0&Sd ykvdyftapmifhta&Smufrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD; txufxyf&Sd jyifopfwyfzGJ@rsm;tm; *kwfqGJI armif;xkwf&efyif toifhjzpfaecJh=uonf? òrd@awmf0ef udk,fwdkif pm;yGJay:wuf&yf+yD; tdrfjyef=uyg&ef awmif;yef&onf? aemufwae@wGif a&mufvmawmhrnfh jyifopf wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&ef tm;arG;xm;=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcH&onf? rsKd;cspfoDcsif;rsm; oDqdk+yD; vltkyfrSm vlpkuGJoGm; onf?

xdknYyif &dkif;epf-0ufpfzmvD,ef (Rhenish-Westphalian) ausmufrD;aoG; qif'DudwfrS t&m&Sdrsm;onf

ta&;}uD;onfh zdkifwGJrsm;udk [rf;bmcfòrd@odk@ xGufcGgrnfh x&yfum;rsm;ay:odk@ wifxm;=uonf? [rf;bmhcfonf tufqifò[email protected] uDvdkrDwm (320)/ rkdiftm;jzifh (199 rdkif) tuGmwGif&Sdavonf? usefzdkifwGJrsm;udk =urf;jyifatmufwGif zGufxm;cJh=uavonf? Tqif'Dudwfonf &m;a'o ausmufrD;aoG; csKdifh0Srf;}uD; wckvHk;. xdef;csKyfa&; A[dkXmejzpfonf? TrSwfwrf;rsm;r&Sdv#if jynfodrf;wyfrsm;onf xkwfvkyfr_ aumif;aom owWKrdkif;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fjcif;rðyEdkifawmhyJ/ owWKwGif;tm;vHk;udk odrf;ydkufvkyfudkif&vdrfhrnf? xifrSwfxm;onfxuf wyfzGJ@0iftiftm; ydkrdktoHk;ðy&vdrfhrnf? qif'Dudwfudkae&majymif;a&$@&eft}uHrSm [l;*dk;pwif;. t}uHjzpfonf? olonf owWKwGif;rsm;omru owif;pmrsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifoljzpf+yD; uGefqm aA;wpf t,ltq &Sdoljzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGifolu


zdkifwGJrsm;udka&$@ajymif;rxm;EdkifcJhv#if “jynfyusL;ausmf oludkqef@usifonfhwdkufyGJ” onf aESmifhaES;=uef@=ump&m&Sdonf[k *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGmajymqdkcJhavonf? jyifopfodk@ ay;&rnfh ppfavsmfa=u;udk qdkif;iHhxm;rnfh rnfonfhudpP&yfYrqdk pwif;Y udk,fusKd;pD;yGg;&Sdonf? ppfavsmfa=u;tjzpf taemufbufodk@wifydk@&aom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk aps;uGufaygufaps;xuf av#mha&mif;ae&onf?

,cktcg owif;pmrsm;uvnf; ckcHa&;wkdufyGJudk umuG,folrsm; jzpfvmonf? jyifopfonf &m;a'oudk

*smr%DrS zJhxkwfoGm;vkd=uonf[k olwdk@ua&;om;=uonf? &m;a'otvkyform;rsm;twGif; jzef@csdonfh qkd&S,fvpf owif;pmwapmifu t,f'DwmhtmabmfwGif Todk@a&;onf? TusL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_onf “ordkif;0ifjzpf&yfwckjzpfonf”? “tiftm;jzifh t=urf;zufjcif;udk tiftm;jzifh wHk@jyef&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifh av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;wwfaom rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;urS vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; qifEGJ&ef wdkufwGef;vdrfhrnfr[kwf”? ,if;twGuf ol@tajzrSm “^m%fynm}uD;rm;onfh jyifopfvlrsKd;wOD;u Todk@ajymcJhbl;onf? bufeufay: wufxdkifwmuvGJvdk@ bufeufomyg&if bmrqdk vkyfvdk@&w,fwJh? tck u|efawmfwdk@u olwdk@udk bufeufeJ@owˆKwl;vdk@r&bl;/ owˆKo,fvdk@ r&bl;qdkwm vufawG@jy&r,f” [kjzpfonf? ydkrkdI uGefqmaA;wpfusaom owif;pmrsm;url *smrefvlrsKd;wdk@. El;nHhaom ESvHk;om;udk qGJiif odrf;oGif;Edkif&ef *E<00fyHkjyifrsm;udk udk;um;Iyifa&;om;wifjy=uonf? “twGif;udkeufeuf&d_if; &d_if;0ifvmav/ jyefxGuf&rnfhvrf;u &SnfavavyJ? 'ga=umifh tmrD;eD;,yfpf (Arminius) u a&mrwyfawGudk usLwdkbm*g (Teutoburger) opfawmxJ twGif;ydkif;xda&mufatmif r#m;ac:cJhwmr[kwfvm;? 'Dae&ma&muf&if olwdk@twGuf vGwfvrf; r&Sdawmhbl;?”

Tr#o}uFeftajr‡mufrsm; ypfaeonfh=um;uyif wjznf;jznf;&kyfvHk;ay:vm+yDjzpfonfh jyZmwfwGifyg0if

toHk;awmfcH&rnfh Zmwfaqmifrsm;rSm cyfqdkif;qdkif;cyfav;av;yif jzpfae=uao;onf? &dkufEdkifiHawmf. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;u ckcHa&;tpDtpOfudk vufcHtwnfðy&ef Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;wGif jiif;qefvdkufonf? ol@tjrifrSm Todk@vkyfjcif;jzifhtusKd;r&Sd? jyifopfwdk@onf *smref&xm; tvkyform;rsm;udk t"rRcdkif;apjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ &xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pHepf}uD;w&yfvHk;udk odrf;ydkuf um wyfzGJ@rsm;o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;udk aomfvnfaumif; vkyfEdkifonf omjzpfonf[kjzpfonf? Todk@omjzpfvmv#if &m;a'owckvHk;&Sdjynfolrsm;.b0rSm onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif qdk;0g;vmvdrfhrnf[k acsywifjy=uonf? tpuwnf;u tifwifwifjzpfaeaom owWKwGif;ydkif&Sifrsm;uvnf; tvkyform;rsm;om TwdkufyGJtwGif;Y ryg[kqdkv#if olwdk@bufrSvnf; ygp&mta=umif;r&Sd[k qdk=uonf? Tt=uyftwnf;udk a&Smifv$JEdkif&ef aemufqHk;wGif rD;&xm;Xmetm; jyifopfESifhb,fvf*sD,HwyfzGJ@rsm;. trdef@rsm;udk vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rðy=u&ef !$ef=um;csufxkwfcJh&onf?

ueOD;&ufrsm;wGif vufawG@ckcHqef@usif=uonfudk tenf;tyg;om jrifawG@cJh=u&onf? r+idrfroufr_

tenf;i,frSvGJv#if tufqifòrd@Yvnf; rnfonfh qENjyyGJr#r&Sd? tvkyform;rsm;rSm bmvkyf&rnfrod/ Za0Z0gjzpfae=uonf? tpwGif &m;a'otwGuf olwdk@udk ckcHwGef;vSef=u&ef vH_@aqmfxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf bmvkyf&rnfqdkonfudkrl ajymqdkxm;jcif;r&Sd? wckwnf;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rSm uDvdkrDwm&maygif;rsm;pGma0;aom jrL;epfòrd@Y jzpfcJhonf? ta'ghvfzf [pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) trnf& i,f&G,fao;onfh trsKd;om;a&;0g'D acgif;aqmifwOD;u *smrefEdkifiHawmf}uD;. 'kuQrsm;udk idk,dkjrnfwrf;um vlaygif; (10˜000) r#ta&twGuf&Sdaom vltkyf}uD;udkvH_@aqmfay;EdkifcJhonf? “*k%foduQmrJhatmif/ vufeufrJhatmif u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fhbmomudk,f vkyfcJh=uwmyJ? tckawmh&efoleJ@wuG wurBmvHk;twGuf &,fp&m/ rcef@av;pm;p&mjzpfae+yD” [k =op}wD;,ef; Zmwdom; ta'gh[pfwvmu ajymcJhonf?

tvkyf=urf;orm;rsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; waygif;wpnf;wnf;ðyvkyf&efrSm tvGef}uD;rm;aom

pdefac:r_w&yfjzpfcJhavonf? pufr_vkyfief;ykdif&Sifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;tay:wGif &_H@cs txifao;onhf tjrifrsKd;jzifh jrif=u+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;tay: tenf;i,fyif a=umuf&GH@ae=uao;onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf txl;ojzifh &m;jynfe,fwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf uGefjrLepf0g'tay: óudufESpfoufae=uaoma=umifhjzpf avonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected]&Sifrsm;tay:wGif apwemxm;onfhtjrifrsKd;jzifh rjrif=uacs? “tcsKd@aom u|efawmfwkd@. tvkyform;rsm;onf jyifopfrsm;yJjzpfjzpf/ *smrefrsm;yJjzpfjzpf rnfoluyif vk,ufygap ‚if;wkd@twGuf bmr# xl;jcm;rnfr[kwf[kyif ajymaecJh=uavonf?” [k tufqefòrd@om; wa,mufu a&;om;cJhygonf/ qufvufI


‚if;u “'gayr,fh/ tJ'D oabmxm; cH,lcsufrsm;tjyif/ tJ'DrSm vnf; uGJjym;jcm; em;r_wck&Sdygw,f/ u|efawmfwkd@[m &m; uGefjrLepf0g'ukd qef@usif+yD;awmh u|efawmfwkd@&J@ atmifyGJukd qkyfukdifxm;=uw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@vnf;qkdawmh *smreftpkd;&[m csdeJ@tm;enf;aeonfhtjyif/ u|efawmfwkd@&J@ vkyfief;&SifawGrSmvnf;/ u|efawmfwkd@ukd qef@usifESdrfESif;zkd@ ppfwyfr&Sdygbl;?” tu,fI xkd tpOftvmjzpfaeonfh rvkdrkef;xm;r_rsm;udk qufoG,faygif;ul;zkd@ vrf;pawGukd &SmrawG@EkdifcJhbl;qkdv#if/ ckcHawmfvSefr_ukd qufvufxdef;rxm;Edkifawmhay?

vmrnfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif/ urBm}uD;. tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom ppfyGJ}uD;onf jzpfvmawmhayrnf?

xkdppfyGJ}uD;. yËdyuQ A[kdcsufrrSm &m;jynfe,frS uDvkdrDwm tenf;i,fom uGmvSrf;ayonf? xkd tjzpftysuf rsm;onf urBm}uD;tm;/ bmvkyfI bmukdif&rSef;rodatmif =uufaoaooGm;apavonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf ppfyGJopfwck jzpfvmrnfukd a=umuf&GH@aecJh=uavonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;onf jyifopfonf *smr%Dtm; ‚if;. taºuG;rsm; ay;acs&ef wGef;tm;ay;&mwGif rSefuef w&m;r#wr_&Sdonf[k ,lqae=uonf? okd@&mwGif t*Fvdyf ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf/ bmvifrS pdwf"mwfysKd;axmif&ef óud;yrf;onfh wkef@jyefr_wckESifhywfoufI *smrefwkd@ tay:wGif u&k%mwdrf;!Gwfae[ef &Sdavonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf ppfyGJ. t"du atmifyGJcHoltjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&olkjzpfonf/ okd@aomf ,cktcg tar&duefwkd@onf Amqkdif;pmcsKyf (Versailles Treaty) . tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk uGef*&ufrS y,fcsxm;pOfuwnf;u/ tajccHtm;jzifh =um;ae aeavonf? tu,fI awmfvSefa&;onf ‚if;[email protected];om;ukd atmifjrifoGm;ygu/ tar&duefwkd@omv#if *smrefwkd@tm; avmifòrdufaeonfh ppfavsmfa=u;tm; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vkHavmufaom =oZm/ t&Sdeft0g&Sdol jzpfonf[k ,kH=unfaecJhavonf?

wcsKd@tar&duefrsm;onfvnf; xkdar#mfvifhcsufukd tm;jznfhay;=uavonf? tawG;tjrif

*sme,fwapmifjzpfonfh ae;&Sif; (The Nation) *sme,fonf/ vwfwavmumvrsm;twGif;Y urBm}uD;. w0ufausmfausmfokd@wkdif a&muf&Sdjyef@ESH@aeonfh *END}uD;. tawG;tac:rsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ukd oabmuspGm axmufcHa&;om; az:jyay;aeavonf? “,cktcsdefrSm *smr%D[m bmukd vkdtyfaeovJqkd&ifawmh/ &efvkdwJh vufoD;r[kwfyJ/ pdwf0d m%fcGeftm;ukd xkwfazmfjyornfh *ENDwa,mufvkdtyfaew,f?” [k xkwfazmfajymqkd avonf? qufvufI “rdrdukd,fukd rdrd wGef;vSefatmifjrifcJhaom wrefawmfwyg;jzpfonf? ,ae@EkdifiHrsm;u ykdrdk}uD;rm;wJhvufeuftiftm;ykdifqkdifolrsm;ukdqef@usifzkd@twGuf/ xkdwckom EkdifiHrsm; &&SdtokH;csEkdifonfh enf;vrf;jzpfonf? tu,fI ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufa&; vrf;pOf;ukd usifhokH;jcif;onf +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifr_ &SdoGm;aomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@. usL;ausmfr_onf tusKd;&Sd xda&mufr_&Sdygonf[kajzqkd&efrvdkawmhay? tu,fI ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;vkyfom;rsm;ESifh &m;jynfe,f. enf;ynm&Sifrsm;onf &JpGrf;owWd&Sd=u+yD;/ vkHavmufpGm pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_&SdcJh=uv#if/ jyifopfwkd@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&ef &kd;&Sif;pGmyif jiif;qefvkduf&kHomjzpfonf? xkdtcg jyifopfwkd@. tiftm;okH;I atmifjrif&ef óud;yrf;r_onf pD;ygG;a&;t& rjzpfEkdif/ atmifjrifr_r&Sd[lI olwkd@onf jyifopfwkd@tm;/ xda&mufaom csufjcif;wkef@jyefr_ukd ay;cJh+yD; jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

usL;ausmf0ifa&muf+yD;aemuf/ tDrkdif;vf ukd@pf (Emile Coste) OD;aqmifonfh/ jyifopf tif*sifeD,m tzGJ@ESifh jyifopfwyfrSL; AkdvfcsKyf *sKd;Zuf 'Da*g (General Joseph Degoutte) wkd@onf/ *smref ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;tm;/ ‚if;wkd@. ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd wifykd@ay;ygu/ aiGay;acs&ef tmrcHcsuf ay;+yD; pnf;&kH;&efóud;pm;avonf? jyifopfrsm;onf *smrefrsm;tm; aps;uGufaygufaps;atmufay;I 0,f,l+yD;/ tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;okd@ tjrwftpGef;,lI a&mif;csEkdifavonf? Tenf;tmjzifh jyifopfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. z&ef@aiG wpf bDvD,H cef@&Sdaom ysufpD;qkH;yg;oGm;onfh ppfp&dwfukefusr_rsm;ukd jyefvnfaxrdrnfjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif/ olwkd@onf *smreftpkd;&. (40) &mckdifE_H; ausmufrD;aoG;tcGefaumufcHr_ukd umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif cJhvdrhfrnfjzpfonf? thHtm;oifhp&mrSm/ xkd 40 &mckdifE_H;aom ausmufrD;aoG;tcGefrsm;ukd vGefcJhonf (3) v uwnf;uyif aumufcHcJhjcif; r&Sdacs? bmvif. wkef@jyefr_rSm v#ifjrefvSayonf? tu,fI ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;onf oabmwlnDoGm;cJhygu/ awmfvSefa&;onf òyduGJoGm;cJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ulEkd onf usL;ausmfol rsm;tm;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; wifykd@a&mif;csjcif;rðy&[k wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; wm;jrpfxm;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf ukd@pfonf 'lqJvfa'ghzf (Düsseldorf) wGif wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;ESifhawG@qkH+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; pwifwifykd@&efESifh ysufuGufygu csufjcif; tjypfay;zrf;qD;cH&rnf[lI trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;rSvnf; ukd@pf. trdef@ukd jiif;qefvkduf+yD;/ tz*smr%DEkdifiHawmftm; opPm&Sd&ef uwdðyvkduf=uavonf?


wkdifqef pufr_vkyfief;}uD;ukd tarGqufcHxm;ol i,f&G,fonfh z&uf'&pf wkdifqef (Friedrich Thyssen) onf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf vkyfaqmifaeol jzpfonf? 'lqJvfa'ghzf tpnf;ta0;+yD;aemuf/ owif;pm/ r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;ESifh jynfolwkd@onf ‚if;tm; ol&Jaumif;tjzpf ac:a0: orkwf=uavawmhonf? “wGif;ykdif&Sifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform; aomfvnf;aumif;/ &l;&kdwfom; (native Ruhrite) rsm;onf acgif;rmI/ r,drf;r,kdif pdwf"gwfckdifrmaom olrsm;jzpf=uonf” [k ‚if; ausnmcJhavonf? okd@aomf wkdifqefonf ododomomyif ukd,fhtwwfESifhukd,f pl;ygavawmhonf? ukd@pfonf wkdifqefESifh tjcm;aom =oZmtm%m&SdonfhausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief;&Sif}uD; (5) OD;udk/ ZEM0g&Dv (20) &ufae@wGif/ ausmufrDaoG;wifykd@&ef jiif;qefr_jzifh/ zrf;qD;cJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@tm;/ rifhZf (Mainz) òrd@&Sd/ jyifopfppfzufqkdif&m w&m;&kH;wckwGif ppfaq;=um;em&ef ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? rifhZfwGif ‚if;wkd@onf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tjzpf qufqHcHcJh&avonf?

zrf;qD;r_onf }uD;rm;aom rSm;,Gif;wGufcsufr_wckjzpfcJhavonf? ZEM0g&Dv (22) &ufae@wGif/ wkdifqef

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; (9) wGif;rS a,mufsm;/ rdef;r (75˜000) ESifh &m;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd oHr%dpuf&kHrsm;onf oydwfarSmuf=uavawmhonf? tkdbma[mqef (Oberhausen) wGif/ rD;&xm;vrf; tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@ypfum/ tcsufjy v#pfppfrD;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd jzwfawmufypfvkduf=uavonf? &ufuvif;a[mqef (Recklinghausen) wGifvnf;/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd pGef@cGgcJh=uavonf? tkdpwmzJvf'f (Osterfeld) wGif/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ jyifopf ppfwyfrsm; r&kyfodrf;ygu/ ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;cGifrsm;ukd qif;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uavonf? wkdifqeftm; tr_ppf &kH;xkwf&efae@onf eD;uyfvmaomtcg/ rifhZfòrd@&Sd vlxkonf zrf;qD;r_tm; uef@uGuf qENjy=uavawmhonf? jyifopfwkd@onf/ qENjyr_}uD;rsm;onf t=urf;zuf t"du&k%f;}uD;rsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;rnfukd a=umuf&GH@ =uaoma=umifh/ +idrf0yfydjym;r_rsm; xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf rifhZfòrd@okd@ ppfwyfrsm; ykdrkdapv$wf&avawmhonf? xkd@tjyif/ tu,fI jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrJh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; tiftm;okH;òzdcGif;cJhygu/ +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf jyifopfwkd@. odrf;ykdufxm;r_rsm;tay: qef@usifvm=uawmhrnfjzpfavonf?

tr_ppfaq;onfhae@wGif/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf w&m;&kH;awmf. tjyifwGif pka0;ae=uavonf?

&kH;awmftwGif;Yvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm vma&muf=unfh&_aeolrsm;ESifh jynfhusyfaeavonf? OD;aqmifppfaq;ol t&m&Sd/ 'k-AkdvfrSL;}uD; 'Dblae; (Lieutenant Colonel Debugny) onf tr_ppfaq;aer_tm; [ef@wm; aESmifh,Sufol wOD;OD;onf ppfckH&kH;wifcH&rnf[k owday;xm;avonf? jyifopf tpkd;&a&S@aerS wkdifqeftm;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ykd@aqmifay;&ef trdef@ukd jiif;qefcJhygovm;[k ajymifusus wkH;wdwdar;jref;vkdufaomtcg/ wkdifqefrS jyefajzonfrSm - “u|efawmfh wkdif;jynf&J@ Oya'ukd vdkufemapmifhxdef;&rSm[m u|efawmf&J@ wm0efyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmfhtpkd;&&J@ tvdkt&rl/ jyifopfppfwyfrsm; &m;a'oukd 0ifa&mufusL;odrf;ykdufjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdbl;jzpfw,f?” wkdifqefrS 0efcHonfrSm/ tu,fI *smreftpkd;&onf uef@uGufjiif;qefr_ rðycJhygu/ tpyxrY ykdif&Sifrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; jznfhqnf; yHhykd;ay;&ef oabmwlnDxm;cJhavonf? okd@aomf bmvifonf rnfonfh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;r# rykd@aqmif&[k trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufaomtcgwGif/ ol ESifh ol. a&mif;&if;rsm;onf/ tqkdyg oabmwlnDxm;r_ukd rnfokd@r# rvkdufavsmEkdifawmhacs? ol. a&S@aerS wkdifqeftm; tr_rSv$wfay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhavonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ olonf !ïef=um;vmonfh trdef@rsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf? 'Dblae;onf tpkd;&rS xkwfjyefxm;cJhonfh trdef@onf tjypf'%fukd av#mhaygh oufomap&ef tajctaewGif&Sdaeavonf/ w&m;cHtm; tjypfrSv$wfay;&rnf/ okd@aomf z&ef@ '*Fg; (30˜7000) ukd '%ftjzpfay;av#mfap&rnf[lI qkH;jzwfcsufcs+yD;aemuf v#ifjrefpGm jyefxGufoGm;avonf?

tjyifbufwGif qENjyaeaomolrsm;onf/ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;pGmjzifh “&kdif;ajrukd apmifh=uyfumuG,f=u” “(Die

Wacht am Rhein)” ESif “*smr%D *smr%D igwkd@&J@ jynf” “(Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles)” [laom oDcsif;rsm;udkoDqkdI uckefae=uavonf? wkdifqefonf rD;&xm; blwm&kHokd@ tuGmta0; wkdawmif;aomfvnf; atmifyGJqifEGJI xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? “obm0w&m;&J@ jyif;xefvGef;aom tiftm; [m xkdvlrsm;ukd odrf;,loGm;cJhwJhtwkdif;ygbJ”[k tufqifòrd@ukd jyefckwfarmif; vmonfh &xm;ay:rSaeI ‚if;. a&S@aerSa&;om;cJhygonf? “ckqkd&if odrf;ykdufxm;cH&onfh e,fajrwck. pdwf"gwfcGeftm;ukd odem;vnfoGm; =u+yDjzpfygw,f? ae&mwkdif;rSm tvHawGukd a0S@,rf;ae=uw,f? &xm;blwm&kHwkdif;rSmvnf; trsKd;om; aw;oDcsif;ukd oDqkdwJhtoHawGeJ@ zkH;v$rf;aecJhygw,f? 'gawGtm;vkH;[m jyifopfppfom;rsm; tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeonfh a&S@arSmufrSmyif


jzpfay:aecJhwmjzpfygw,f/ jyifopfppfom;awG[m ,ckvkd jzpfay:vmwJh rsKd;cspf pdwf"gwfukd qef@usifESdrfESif;zkd@twGuf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; tm%mr&SdjzpfoGm;=uyg+yD?”

w&m;pGJr_onf &ufowWywf wywfcGJ=umaom tkwfatmfaomif;wif;/ 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_wck tav;teuf

jzpfyGg;oGm;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ykdif&Sifrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG; rsm;v$Jajymif;&ef jiif;qefcJh=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf/ yGdKifuJonf owˆKwGif;rsm; tjyif/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh wl;ajrmif;vrf;qkHrsm;ukd ykdrkdI ,laqmifxm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh/ awmfvSefr_rsm;tm; atmifjrifausmfv$m;Ekdif vdrfhrnf[kar#mfvifhaecJhavonf? okd@aomf jyifopfwkd@onf qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;ESifhom ykdrkdI &ifqkdifcJh& avonf? “t"du&k%f;jzpfyGm;r_ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSm/ &m; jynfe,ftESH@tjym;rSaeI a&muf&SdvmcJhavonf?” [k tar&duef owif;axmufwOD;rS a&;om;cJhavonf? “tufqefòrd@wGif/ jynfol (20˜000)onf/ vrf;rsm;ay:wGif &SdaecJh=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@onf [kdw,fw0kdufwGif vSHpGyfukdifwyfrsm;jzifh 0kdif;ywfxm;vkduf=uonf? ppfom;rsm;onf pufaoewfwvufukd xkwf,lvm=uonf? vltkyfonf a&S@okd@qufvufwkd;oGm;avonf? a'gow}uD;jzifh atmf[pfvkdufaom }uD;rm;aomtoHwck xGufay:vmavonf? tu,fI aoewf rz,f&Sm;ygu/ ‚if;wkd@. axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tiftm;}uD;ESifh vufcsnf;Avm 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@taejzifh xkd }uD;rm;aom vltkyf}uD;tm; atmifEkdif&efenf;vrf;wckrSm/ aemufa=umif;jyef qkwfcGg&efom&Sdavonf?”

“vlwa,muf&J@ tiftm;ukd b,fawmhrS ra=umufeJ@”

usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf&onfhpDrHudef;. t"dtcsufrSm *smr%DrS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xkwf,l+yD; jyifopfokd@ &xm;jzifh o,f,lvm&efjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh jyifopfwkd@ pwif 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfaomtcg/ olwkd@onf yxrOD;qkH; wl;+yD;om;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd/ tqifoifh o,f,l&ef wGif;E_wfcrf;rsm;tay:Y pkykHxm;onfh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;&Sd&mokd@ OD;pGm oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwf,l&&Sd&ef twGuf ESpfv (okd@r[kwf) okH;v =umatmif &if;ESD;jr‡yfESH&rnfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh rnfonfh awmfvSefonfh r[mAsL[mrqkd ppfaq;prf;oyf&efrSm/ jyifopfwkd@. &xm;jzifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ykd@aqmifr_ukd aESmifhaES; =uef@=umatmif ðyvkyfonhfprf;oyfr_yifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tpkd;&onf ausmufrD;aoG;wifxm;onfh &xm;wGJrsm;ukd &m;jynfe,f. jyifyokd@ tv#iftjrefqGJ,lavawmhonf? jyifopfwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdiftwGJ rsm;jzifho,faqmifaepOftwGif;/ ajrjyifay:Yvkyfaqmif&ef &xm;tvkyform;rsm; vkdtyfaeao;qJyifjzpfonf? rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd *smref &xm;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonfhtcgwkdif;/ jyifopfwkd@rSm ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif tif*sifeD,mrsm;ukd tokH;ðyae=u&avonf? okd@aomf &m;wjynfe,fvkH;twGufrl vkHavmufpGm r&Sdonfhtjyif/ xkdtxJrS tenf;i,fom *smrefbmompum;ukd ajymEkdif=uavonf? xkd@tjyif Oa&mywGif &xm;ykd@aqmifa&; pHepfrsm;rSm wae&m ESifh wae&m rwlnD=uay? xkd@a=umifh tokH;ðyonfh ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd avhvm&ef tcsdef,l=u&jyefonf?

a'ghwfrGef; (Dortmund) &Sdtvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uaomtcgwGif/ jyifopfppfom;rsm;

o,faqmifvmonfh &xm;wpif;onf/ jyifopf tif*sifeD,mrsm;rS rD;&xm; pufacgif;wGJudk rxdef;csKyfEkdifrDtxd/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm &xm;vrf;ay:wGif rv_yfr&Sm;EkdifyJ &SdaecJh=u&avonf? xkd@aemuf tufqeftxd armif;ESifvmcJh=uonf? tufqefwGif *smreftvkyform;rsm;onf c&D;onfwifwGJrsm;ukd &xm;vrf;ay:okd@ o,faqmifvm+yD;/ &xm;a&S@qufroGm;Ekdifatmif ydwfqkd@xm;vkduf=uonf? bkdc|rf (Bochum) ESifh &ufuvif;a[mqef (Recklinghausen) wGif oydwfarSmufr_onf tvkdtavsmuf wòydifeufwnf; jzpfay:cJhavonf? jyifopfokd@oGm;&ef ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm; tjynfhwifaqmifxm;aom &xm;rsm;onf/ pufacgif;wGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom twGJrsm;. aemufwGifydwfrdaeavonf? a'owckvkH;wGif *smref &xm;tvkyform;rsm;onf tokH;rðyawmhonfh&xm;wGJa[mif;rsm;/ ausmufwkH;}uD;rsm;/ y&dabm* ta[mif;tjrif;rsm;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd &xm;vrf;rsm;ay:okd@ o,faqmifvm+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@ xdef;csKyfonfh &xm;rsm;ukd roGm;Ekdifatmif ydwfqkd@xm;=uavonf?


tjcm;aom ta&;}uD;onfh &xm;tcsufjyrD;rsm;ukd vnf; tvkyform;rsm;onf z,f&Sm;xm;=uojzifh/ vrf;a=umif;vGJacsmfr_rsm; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfay:cJhavonf?

òrd@wòrd@wGif jyifopfwkd@onf t"dublwm&kHrSaeI wae@v#if &xm;wpD;om apv$wfEkdifavonf?

jyifopfwyfrSL;i,fwa,mufonf *smreftvkyform;rsm; vkyfief;cGifokd@jyefqif;&eftwGuf aphpyfnd‡E_dif;&ef t}uHðycJhavao;onf? okd@aomfor*~. tajctaeatmufwGif rnfonfh jyifopfppfom;r# tcsufjy blwm&kH rsm;tm; rodrf;ykdufEkdifcJh=uacs? ppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@vHSpGyfrsm;tm; blwm&kHrsm;teD;wGif wyfqifrxm; EkdifcJhay? ausmufrD;aoG; &xm;wGJrsm;ukdvnf; jyifopfppfwyfrsm;rSaeI vkdufyg rapmifh=uyfay;EkdifcJh=uay? t&m&Sdonf xkdtajctaersm;tm;vkH;ukd jiif;y,fvkduf+yD;/ jyifopftif*sifeD,mrsm;rS ppfom;rsm;tm; pufacgif;wGJrsm;ukd rnfokd@xdef;csKyfukdifwG,f&rnfukd oifay;&ef óud;yrf;avawmhonf? ppfom;rsm;onf acgif;wGJ twGif;Y &xm;armif;olwOD;. ab;wGifxkdif&+yD;/ armif;wHrsm;/ tcsufjyrD;rsm;/ cvkyfrsm;ESifh tylcsdeftqifhrsm; ukd avhvmoif,l=u&avawmhonf? okd@rSom oydwfrsm;jyefESH@vmcJhygu/ &xm;vrf;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf ukdifaqmif xm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf?

jyifopfrsm;onf ZGJaumif;aumif;jzifh xyfwvJvJom rvkyfaqmifygu bmrS vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwf acs?

&xm;rsm;tm; a&G@vsm;ap&eftwGuf/ olwkd@onf tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;ukd umuG,fwm;qD;&eftwGuf v#yfppfpD;qif;r_ jywfawmufoGm;aoma=umifh/ tcsufjyowday; rD;rsm;rvif;awmhonfukd *&krpkdufyJ/ cvkyfrsm;ukd oHr_djzifh pGJESufxm;vkduf=uavonf? xkd@aemuf awmfvSefqef@usifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;rS rD;&xm;oHvrf; rsm;,laqmifoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfonfhtwGufa=umifh/ vrf;a=umif;wav#mufwGif tapmifhrsm;ukd csxm;vkduf=u avonf? jyifopfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. trdef@ukd remcHaom rnfonfh rD;&xm;t&m&Sdrqkd &m;jynfe,ftwGif;rS ESifxkwfvkduf=ujcif;jzifh/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm;tm; wefjyef&eftwGufóud;yrf;cJh=uavonf? Tokd@vkyfaqmifjcif; tm;jzifh/ rD;&xm;0ef}uD;Ïme ESifh or*~rsm;t=um;wGif qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; jzpfvmvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvifhaecJh=uonf? okd@aomf ar#mfvifhonfhtwkdif; jzpfvm&eftwGuf tcsdef ,lcJh&onf? xkdpOftwGif;Y ausmufrD;aoG;ukd iwfrGwfawmifhwaeaom jyifopfwkd@onf t*FvefrS wefcsdef (1) oef;ukd 0,f,lcJhavonf? xkd@tjyif usyfwnf;aeaom jyifopfpD;yGg;a&;ESifh jyifopfjynfolrsm;ESifh twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rS. &m;jynfe,f pGef@pm;r_vkyfief;tm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf zdtm;rsm;wkd;yGg;aecJhavonf?

a'otwGif;&Sd owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;rSmvnf; jyifopfwkd@. trdef@rsm;ukd vkdufem&ef jiif;qefae

=uavonf? tufqefòrd@. ajrmufzufykdif;av;wGif&Sdaom/ owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;. uHaumif;jcif;[k t"dy`g,f&onfh/ bmh*fref;pfvuf (Bergmannsglück Mine) owˆKwGif;rS/ rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ ZEM0g&Dv (19) &ufae@wGif/ yxrOD;qkH;t}udrftjzpf jyifopfwkd@. wzswfzswfvufaeaom vHSpGyfrsm;ukd pwifawG@zl;vkduf =uavonf? eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepftcsdefwGif/ ar,m (Mayer) trnf&Sdonfh jyifopf AkdvfrSL;}uD; wa,mufESifh ‚if;. vufatmuft&m&Sd wtkyfpk/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh ppfom; (100) cef@onf/ owˆKwGif;&Sd &kH;rsm;a&S@Y ‚if;wkd@. um;wef;ukd &yfwef@vkduf=uavonf? ppfom; (15) a,muf&Sdonfh tkyfpkwpkonf +idrfoufpGmyif 0ifaygufwHcg;r}uD;qDokd@ csDwufoGm;=uavonf? xkd@aemuf !$ef=um;a&;rSL;&kH;cef;okd@ qufvuf csDwufoGm;=uavonf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. aoewfrsm;wGif vHSpGyfrsm;wyfqifI tcef;twGif;okd@ w[kefxkd; 0ifa&muf oGm;=u+yD;/ AkdvfrSL;}uD; ar,m ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm; tcef;wGif;okd@ 0ifrvmrD/ tcef;ywfywfvnfwGif ae&m,l vkduf=uavonf? xkd@aemuf AkdvfrSL;}uD;onf zkdrsm;twGif;&Sd ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd &xm;jzifh o,faqmif&ef twGuf wGJrsm;ay:okd@ wifxm;&rnf[k awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? okd@aomf owˆKwGif;. !$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf tkdbmbm*&uf at&ef (Oberbergrat Ahrens) onf awmif;qkdcsufukd aqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qkdvkdufaomtcg/ ‚if;tm; zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;aemuf teD;tem;&Sd pmoifausmif;uav;wckqDokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;avonf? xkdausmif;uav;wGif ol@tm; ar;cGef;rsm;ar;+yD;aemuf/ txkyftykd;rsm;jyifI &m;jynfe,frS xGufcGgoGm;&ef trdef@ ay;vkdufavonf? ar,m/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf ukefpnfo,f,lykd@aqmifa&; 0efxrf;pma&;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom t&mxrf;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ar;cGef;rsm; ar;avonf? tm;vkH;aom 0efxrf;rsm;onf tultnDay;&ef jiif;qef=uavonf? ar,monf 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vkH;avmufeD;yg;tm; zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;aemuf/ jynfe,frS xGufcGgoGm;&ef armif;xkwfvkdufavonf? qufvufI ar,mrS ol. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufavsmrjcif;/ rnfonhfukwfrD;aoG;ukdr#/ jyifopfEkdifiHrSvGJI rnfonfhae&mukdr# ykd@aqmifjcif;rðyvkyf&efESifh zkdrsm;twGif;&Sd rnfonfhukwfrD;aoG;ukdr# pkykHjcif; rðyvkyf&[k trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufavonf?


xkdtjzpftysufonf eHeufcif; cyfapmapmykdif;wGif jzpfyGg;oGm;aoma=umifh/ yxrtqkdif; rkdif;tvkyf orm;rsm;rSm ajratmufrkdif;wGif;Yyif &Sdae=uavao;onf? okd@aomf tcsKd@aom 0g&ifh tvkyform;}uD;rsm;onf ajray:&Sd ukwfrD;aoG;zdkrsm;ukd wm0ef,l }uD;=uyfvkyfaqmifaeonfh tzGJ@ukdqufoG,fvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@onf csufjcif;yif aumufumiifum pka0;vkduf=u+yD;/ awmif;qkdcsuf pm&if;wckudk tv#iftjrefa&;om; xkwfjyef vkduf=uavonf? zrf;qD;xm;cH&onfh t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&efESifh rkdif;wGif;rS aeI jyifopfppfom;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&efwkd@ukd awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? tu,fI tqkdyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd rvdkufavsmygu rkdif;wGif;tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH; vkyfief;cGiftwGif;rS xGufcGgoGm;=u+yD;/ tjynfht0 oydwfarSmuf&ef pwifrnfjzpfonf? AdkvfrSL;}uD;onf acgif;+idrfhvkdufavsmvkduf+yD; zrf;qD;xm;onfh 0efxrf;pma&; trsm;pkukd v$wfay;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf rkdif;wGif;&Sd txufwef;t&m&Sdrsm; wa,mufr# ryg0ifay? olonf usif;E_wfcrf;rsm;&Sd wyfzGJ@trsm;pkukdvnf; z,f&Sm;ay;vkdufavonf? ukwfrD;aoG;zkdrsm;tm; apmifh=uyf&eftwGuf ppfom; (4) a,mufom csefxm;cJhavonf?

okd@aomf rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;rSm zkdrsm;tm;pkykH&efESifh ‚if;[email protected];aoGrsm;ukd jyifopfokd@ wifykd@&ef

qufvufjiif;qefae=ujcif;jzifh/ taiG@jyefvG,fonfh xGufaygufr&Sdaomtajctaeukd zefwD;ae=uavonf? tu,fI ukwfrD;aoG;zkdrsm;ukd &uftenf;i,ftwGif; &Sif;vif;jcif; rðyvkyfygu/ ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;onf aygufuGJ xGufoGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ zkdrsm; ysufpD;oGm;rnfjzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf xkdtcsufukd !$efjy=uavonf? okd@aomf ar,mrS cg;cg;oD;oD; jiif;y,fvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf oHjywfESifh rmqwfqwf ajymvkdufonfrSm- “rif;wkd@taeeJ@ igwkd@&J@ trdef@awGukd rvdkufembl;qkdv#if” “ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;onf zkdrsm; twGif;Yyif &Sdae&rnfjzpfonf? tu,fI rkdif;ukd zsufqD;vkdufrnfqkdv#if pDrHcef@cGJolrSm wm0ef&Sdw,f”? okd@aomf rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;onf AkdvfrSL;}uD;ESifh tòydif zkdrsm;tm; tEW&m,f&Sdaom tylcsdeftwGif;Y qufvufI upm;=uav&m/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;rS tav#mhay;&kyfodrf;vkduf&avonf? aemufqkH;wGif ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;ukd &xm;wpD; ay:wGif pkykHvkduf=u+yD; jyifopfokd@r[kwfyJ/ *smr%Dajrmufykdif;okd@ o,faqmifoGm;avawmhonf?

tvm;wl vdyfcJwnf;vnf;tajctaeonf &m; wjynfe,fvkH;&Sd owˆKwGif;rsm;wGif jzpfygG;cJhavonf?

jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf rkdif;wGif; 'g&kdufwmrsm;tm; ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ykd@aqmif&ef jiif;qefr_twGuf xdef;odrf;&ef ac:aqmifoGm;aomtcg/ tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ukd ypfcsvkduf =u+yD;/ rkdif;wGif;rsm;twGif;rS xGufvm=uum/ ‚if;wkd@. t&m&Sdrsm;tm; jyefvnfv$wfray;rjcif;aomf vnf;aumif;/ ppfom;rsm; wGif;rsm;rS xGufcGgoGm;ray;rjcif;aomfvnfaumif; tvkyfjyefr0if[k awmif;qkd qENjy=uavonf? tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf/ wGJay:wifxm;aom ausmufrD;aoG; rsm;ukd oJrsm;ESifh a&rsm; a&mI jzef;yufvkduf=uavonf? Tokd@jzifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;onf jyifopf&Sd oH&nfusKd rD;jyif;zkdrsm;okd@ a&mufonftxd vufawG@tm;jzifh tokH;r0ifawmhacs? tm;vkH;rS ajymjyonfrSm - jyifopfrsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;tenf;i,fukd odrf;ykduf&&Sdrd=u+yD;/ jyifopfokd@ a&mufaomtcg xkdxufyif ykdenf;yg;oGm;avonf? yxr&ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;Y/ ‚if;wkd@taeESifh tenf;i,fomvkyfaqmifEkdif =uonf? ppfom;rsm;twGufrl rkdif;wGif;tvkyform;rsm;tjzpf vkyf&onfu/ &xm;pufacgif; tif*sifeD,mtjzpf vkyf&onfxuf u|rf;usifr_r&Ekdif=uacs?

uzsuf,zsuf taESmifht,Sufrsm;tjyif/ jyifopfrsm;onf &m; wjynfe,fvkH;wGif&Sdaom/ owˆKwGif; tr_xrf;/

t&mxrf;rsm;tm;/ aESmifh,Sufr_rsm; pwifðyvkyfavawmhonf? wae&mwGifrl/ jyifopfonf &m; c&kdif b¾ma&;rSL;ESifh awG@qkH+yD;/ a'owGif;&Sd owˆKwGif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay:/ tcGefaumufcHr_qkdif&m owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukday;&ef awmif;cHavonf? “usaemf[m *smrefvlrsKd;wa,mufjzpfw,f/ jyifopfxHrSvmaom trdef@rsm;ukd usaemfvufrcHygbl;”[k ‚if;rS jyefajymvkdufavonf? jyifopf b¾ma&;t&m&Sdonf wc%r# tHtm;oifh =uufaoaooGm;+yD;aemuf “rSwfwrf;awGukd ay;tyfzkd@ rif;rSm (10) rdepfyJtcsdef&Sdw,f” [k jyefvnf wkH@jyefvkdufavonf? c&kdifb¾ma&;rSL;onf rwfwyf&yfvkduf+yD;/ xGufcGgoGm;&ef jyifqifI/ jyifopft&m&Sd a&S@Y acwW&yfvkduf+yD; - “tJ'D wefzkd;&SdwJh 10- rdepftcsdefukd ròzH;wD;ygeJ@/ usaemf&J@ tajzuawmh t&iftwkdif;ygbJ” [k jyefajymvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cH&avawmhonf?

ckcHawmfvSefr_rsm;rSm &xm;ykd@aqmifqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh owˆKwGif;a'orsm;wGifyif &yfwef@raecJhay?

òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ txl;ojzifh tufqef (Essen) / a'ghrGef; (Dortmund) / ESifh bkdc|rf; (Bochum)/ wkd@onf


jyifopf-b,fvf*sD,Hrpf&SiftwGuf trdef@ay;Ïmersm;jzpfvmcJhavonf? tqkdygòrd@}uD; rsm;wGif *smrefwkd@onf EkdifiHjcm;om; tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm; wnf;ckdaexkdif=uaom [kdw,frsm;wGif/ [kdw,fokd@ qufoG,fxm;onfh/ w,fvDzkH;auA,fóud;rsm;ESifh v#yfppfóuD;rsm;tm; jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uavonf? t&yfom;jynfolrsm;. ckcHawmfvSefr_tay: jyifopfwkd@. jyefvnf wkef@jyefr_rSm r=uc% qkdovkd tcsKd;tpm;tm;jzifh nDr#r_r&Sday? ,if;wkd@onf ykdrkdI qef@usifykefuefr_rsm;ukdom wGef;tm;ay;cJh avonf? tufqefòrd@wGif “&kdif;ajrukd apmifh=unhfumuG,f=u” “(Die Wacht am Rhein)” ESif “*smr%D *smr%D igwkd@&J@ jynf” “(Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles)” ponfh trsKd;om;aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkdygu *smref rwfaiG 2 odef; (okd@r[kwf) axmif'%f (6) vuscH&rnfjzpfonf? rnfonfhtvHtrsKd;tpm;ukd rqkd xkwfazmfjyojcif; (okd@r[kwf) txdrf;trSwft0wftpm;rsm;ukd 0wfqifjcif;wGifvnf; tvm;wl jypf'%frsKd;yif uscHap&rnfjzpfavonf?

*sJvfqefuD&fcsef; (Gelsenkirchen) òrd@wGif/ *smref &Jom;wa,mufonf jyifopfwa,muf armfawmf

um;armif;vmpOf rD;xGef;rxm;onfhtwGuf um;ukd&yfckdif;cJhavonf? um;ay:wGif pD;eif;vmaom jyifopf ppfom;rsm;onf xkdykvdyftm; aoewfjzifhypfvkdufav&m/ vnfyif;wGif aoEkdifavmufaom '%f&m&&SdoGm; avonf? &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfyGg;aejcif;ukd apmifh=unhfavhvmae=u+yD;/ tcif;jzpfyGm;&mokd@ *smreft&yfom;tcsKd@ tajy;tv$m;a&mufvm=uavonf? ppfom;rsm;. tvGeftu|Hvkyfaqmifr_rsm;a=umifh ‚if;wkd@tm; 0kdif;I &kdufESufvkduf=uavonf? vufwkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh/ jyifopfwkd@onf oHcsyfumwifhum;rsm;ESihf pufaoewf rsm;ukd òrd@wGif;okd@ apv$wfvkdufavonf? ‚if;wkd@ ppfom;rsm;. xdckdufepfemr_twGuf avsmfa=u;aiG *smref rwfaiG (1) oef;ukd òrd@rS ay;qyf&rnf[k awmif;qkdvkdufavonf? òrd@rsufESmzkH; acgif;aqmifrsm;rS jiif;qefvkduf aomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@onf ppfwyfrsm;ukd ykdrdkI apv$wfvkduf+yD;/ òrd@awmfcrf;r ESifh rD;&xm;blwm&kHrsm;ukd 0kdif;&H xm;vkduf=u+yD;/ òrd@. *smref rwfaiGpuULaxmufyHhr_tm;vkH;ukd odrf;,lvkduf=uavonf?

xkdxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifawG@r_rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf ppfwyfrsm; ykdrkdvkdtyfavonf? jyifopfrsm;rSm t&efwyfzGJ@

0ifrsm;ukdac:,l&eftwGuf twif;jzpfn‡pfI vkyfae&avonf? ,if;wkd@onf jyifopfjynfolrsm;. t=um;wGif rauseyfr_rsm; jzpfay:aeaponf? &m;jynfe,fxJwGif/ tcsKd@ jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. odrf;ykdufxm; &onfh &nf&G,fcsufta=umif;t&if;rsm;ukd pwifar;cGef;xkwfae=uav+yD? tqufrjywfvkyfaqmifaeaom ckcHqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;onf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd jyifopfokd@ ykd@aqmifvdrfhrnfr[kwfqkdonfukd em;vnf oabmaygufae=uavonf? tdENd,wGif +Adwdo#rsm; tkyfpkd;cJhpOfuuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ jyifopfrsm;onf &m;jynfe,fwGif aexkdif&ef qENr&SdcJh=uacs? olwkd@&&ef&Sdonfrsm;ukdonf vkdcsif=uolrsm;jzpf+yD;/ &+yD;aemuf jyefvnfxGufcGgvkdcsif=uolrsm;jzpfonf? vlxktm; zdESdyfjcif;onf ‚if;wkd@. OD;wnfcsufr[kwfay?

okd@&mwGif/ ckcHqef@usifaejcif;rsm;. OD;wnfcsufrsm;onf/ jyifopfrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfrsm;ukd

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xkd@tjyif *smrefrsm;twGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. ukefusr_wefbkd;}uD;rm;rvmrDtxd/ t=urf;rzuf

v_yf&Sm;r_ukd =umjrifhpGm qGJqef@xdef;xm;&efrSm b,fawmhrS rvG,fulacs? xkduJhokd@aom qef@usifr_ðyonfh trsKd;tpm;twGuf oabmwlem;vnfxm;r_wck&Sdavonf? xdwfvef@a=umufrufzG,f&m ppfyGJwckESifh &ifqkdif jzwfoef;cJh&onfhtwGuf/ *smreftrsm;pkwGif aemufxyf t=urf;zufr_ðyvkyf&eftwGuf cGeftm; r&Sdawmhacs? ckcHqef@usifa&;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh/ oDtkd a*g'pf (Theo Gaudig) rS jyefajymif;atmufarhonfrSm - “t=urf;rzufqef@usiftHwkr_onf tcsdefumv. tajctaeESifh cHpm;r_. aemufokd@ vkdufoGm;&kHomjzpfonf?” ,if;onfvnf; a'oEW& tvkyform;aumifpD0ifrsm;rSaeI axmufcHtm;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI jyifopfrsm;tm; wkdufckdufr_rsm; jzpfawmhrnfhqJqJtajctaersKd;wGifqkdv#if/ ‚if;wkd@rSaeI r=umc% tajctae +idrfoufavsmhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyf=ujcif;jzpfonf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzpf&rnf[laom vkdtifqENonf tpyxrY ckcHqef@usifvkdonfh }uD;rm;onfh

tmoDoESifh wGJzufqufpyfaeavonf? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;onf rSefuefonfqkdaom


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ZEM0g&Dv (17) &ufae@wGif/ rGefpwm (Münster)òrd@Y a'oqkdif&m uGefz&ifhwckukd usif;ycJhavonf?

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ZEM0g&Dv (22) &ufae@wGif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Ïmeonf/ rwfaiG oef; (30) ukd &kdufb%f (Reichsbank) rSwqifh

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tpkd;&onf b¾ma&;EGHtkdiftwGif;okd@ ajccsrdvkdufavonf? ,if;onf &m;tvkyform; (12) oef;ukd

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òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif pdwf"gwfusqif;ysufjym;r_vuQ%mrsm;ukd awG@ae&avonf? òrd@jyvlOD;a&. trsm;pk tpdwftykdif;onf npOfvkdvkd t&ufaopmxJwGif epfarsmae=uavonf[k tar&duefowif;axmufwOD;rS owdðyrdcJhavonf? “usaemfwkd@ wjcm;ukd bmvkyfEkdifvkd@vJ ” qkdonfrSm xkdolrsm; tm;vkH;rSay;aeaom qifajcwckjzpfaeavonf? “usaemfwkd@[m t&kduftESufcHae&w,f/ tusyfukdifcHae&w,f/ vufeufvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ t&ufrl;aewJhtcgrSm 'Da0'emawG[m oufomoGm;ovkd cHpm;ae&w,f”? (*ENDwkdufwGef;cJhonfh ol. urBmw0ufausmfwkdif jyef@ESH@cJhaom ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrdxdef;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; “self-rule”rSm/ ‚if;ukd rvkyfaqmifyJ a&SmifusOfaeonfh *smrefrsm;twGuf r[kwfay?) tar&duef ae;&Sif;owif;pm}uD;rS a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “aumfzDqkdifrsm;ESifh yGJvrf;obifazsmfajz&m ae&mrsm;onf jynfhESuf pnfum;aeqJyif jzpfonfqkdonfrSm trSefyifjzpfavonf?” “okd@&mwGif naecif; bD,mwcGuf.wefzkd; (okd@r[kwf) &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;&Sd ukvm;xkdifwckpm. tzkd;tc (2) qifhonf tdrfwGif naecif; twGuf rD;vif;zkdavmifpmukefusrnfhp&dwfxuf/ xkdae&mrsm;wGif oGm;a&muftcsdefðzef;ae&onfu ykdI ukefusp&dwfoufomaeavonf?” [k qufvufa&;om;cJhavonf? jynfolrsm; tat;'%fukd ckcHumuG,f&ef twGuf ulnD&ef rkdif;tvkyform;rsm;onf vufwGef;vSnf;rsm;/ tdwfrsm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;twGuf o,faqmifoGm;Ekdif=uavonf? tcsKd@aom ausmufrD;aoG;usif;E_wfcrf;xdyfrsm;wGif rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;onf a'otwGif;tokH;ðy&eftwGuf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk pkykHxm;cJh=uavonf? tcsKd@onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif ,m,D r&SdokH; wGif;rsm;wl;=u&m wGif;òydusr_ tEW&m,frsm;ESifh óuHawG@=u&avonf?

pD;yGg;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh vlr_a&;pdwfaomuzdpD;r_rsm; &Sdaeaomfjim;vnf;/ qef@usiftHwk

awmfvSefr_rsm;rSm ZEM0g&D wvvkH;ESifh azaz:0g&DvxJtxd ae&mwumysH@ESH@vsuf&Sd+yD;/ tvGefyif wufºuGae=u avonf? xdk@tjyif/ yGdKifuJonf jyifopfwkd@. ppfqifa&;ukd wkd;csJ@rnfukd a=umuf&GH@aecJhavonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf ‚if;onf +Adwdef/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwkd@ESifh qufqHa&;rsm;wGif taESmifht,Suf/ ab;tEW&m,frsm; jzpfvmaprnfhtjyif/ jynfwGif;Yvnf; tv,ftvwf Oya'ðytrwfrsm;. axmufcHr_rsm;udk ysufjym;oGm;apEkdif aoma=umifhjzpfavonf? tHhbG,fyif/ olukd,fwkdifonfvnf; *smrefrsm;ESifh ruif;uGmapa&;ukd ywfouf vkdvm;olwOD;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf Oa&my. aemufqkH;wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_onf jyifopf-*smref r[mrdwfðy qufqHa&;tay:wGif tajccHrDSwnfaeonf[k ,kH=unfxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif xkd tjrift,ltqonf/ xkdtcsdefumv. [kd;t&ifwcsdefwGif &SdaecJhjcif;jzpfavonf? ppfzufol&Jaumif;wOD;tae ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyifopfjynfvkHòcHa&;twGuf ckcHumuG,fol wOD;tjzpfESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ yGdKifuJ. tjyifyef;ay:vGifaeonfho&kyfouefonf xkd EkdifiHtcsif;csif;t=um; em;vnfr_ qufqHa&; oabmxm;rsm;ukd v$rf;rkd;oGm;cJhavonf?

wcsdefwnf;Yyif/ ulEkdESifh tD;bmhwf wkd@onf aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;twGuf ao;i,faom qGJaqmifr_ukd

awG@cJh=uonf? *smr%D. zGH@òzd;p'Drkdua&pDonf òydvJusumeD;vkeD;yg; ,kdifwD;,kdifwkdif av#mufvSrf; ae&avonf? xkd@a=umihf olwkd@onf vufsm0g'D qkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vuf0J0g'D uGefjrLepfrsm; ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; uif;uGmtqufjzwfae&ef rpGef@pm;&JcJh=uacs? olwkd@ awG;xifxm;onfrSm jyifopfrsm;tm; qef@usifawmfvSef&eftwGuf 0g'rwlnDaom twkduftcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH; twlwuG wnDw!Gwfwnf; yl;aygif;vkduf=ujcif;jzifh twkduftcHqef@usifaer_rsm;tm; ajz&Sif;+yD;jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqaecJh=uavonf? yxrykdif;&ufowWywfrsm;twGif;Y bmvif&Sd xkdvl}uD;rsm;. t,ltqrsm;onf rSefuefae[ef&SdcJhavonf? okd@&mwGif olwkd@onf rD;cJjymzkH;jzpfaeaom rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;ESifh wkef@jyefr_ oufoufjzpfaejcif;ukd vpfvsL&_cJh=uavonf? qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf r[mAsL[mvrf;a=umif;rsm; r&SdcJhacs? qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf touf0ifaecJhaomfvnf; yJhudkifxdef;ausmif;r_ r&Sdacs? ‚if;ukd tm;jznfh xdef;xm;&efrSm tpkd;&onf EkdifiH. t"dupD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;udk ydwfypf&rnfjzpfonf? qkH;&_H;oGm;aom 0ifaiGrsm;ukd umrdap&eftwGuf aiGpuULrsm;ukd &kdufESdyf xkwfa0&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;onf tcsdefukd 0,f,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/ odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd oufqkd;&Snfap&ef ar#mfvifhae&avonf? tar&duef ESifh +Adwdo#wkd@ =um;0ifajz&Sif;r_rsm;ukd ar#mfvifhae&avonf? jyifopfwkd@. ukefus p&dwfonf ‚if;wkd@. ukefusp&dwfxuf omvGefaevdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhae&avonf?


“rnfolrqkd zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;ukd cH&rnf”

azaz:0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif/ 0ef}uD;csKyf ulEkdonf &m;jynfe,fokd@ (2) &ufc&D; wckukd v#Kd@0SufI oGm;a&mufcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf olonf bmvifokd@jyefvmcJhavonf? &m;jynfolwkd@. awmfvSefqef@usif vkdonfh pdwfqENonf vGefcJhaom (3) ywftwGif;u jyifopfwkd@ tufqefòrd@twGif;okd@ yxrOD;qkH; p0ifvmpOf uwnf;u&Sdaeonfh ckdifrmaompdwfqENrsm;twdkif; qufvuf&Sdaeao;onfudk owdðyrdcJhavonf? aemifwGif ‚if;rS a&;om;onfrSm- “usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif;&Sd ae&mwkdif;okd@ u|efawmf oGm;a&muf vnfywfcJhavonf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ ESifh tv$mtoD;oD;rS t&yfom;jynfolrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; wkd@ESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdcJhavonf? ae&mwkdif;[m jyifopfwkd@. usL;ausmfxm;r_ukd/ ydkrkdI t=urf;rzuf qef@usifawmfvSefr_enf;eJ@ wpkdufrwfrwfqufvufI qef@usifoGm;rnfjzpfonfhta=umif;/ olwkd@&J@ r,kdifrvJwJh oHEMdÏmefukd tmrcHcJh=uavonf?” ,if;ukd EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. “vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf” “tjynfh t0 todw&m;&Sdr_” ESifh “&efvkdaeaom vSHpGyfrsm;. a&S@arSmufrSm OD;r!Gwf” vkdonfh pdwfqEN&Sdaom EkdifiHom;rsm;[k ‚if;rS xnfhoGif;rSwf,lcJhavonf?

0ef}uD;csKyf. vnfywfr_onf yGdKifuJtm; ‚if;. csOf;uyfr_rsm;onf tvkyfrjzpfqkdonfukd trSeftwkdif;

odem;vnf;oGm;atmif vSef@E_d;&mwGif tultnDay;cJhavonf? ulEkd. c&D;pOfonf “txl;ojzifh pufr_vkyfief; &Sifrsm;/ t&mxrf; 0efxrf;rsm;/ ESifh tpkd;& ÏmecGJrsm; t=um;wGif tEW&m,f&Sdaom pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_” udk xkwfvkyf ay;cJhonf[k jyifopfacgif;aqmif}uD;rS ,kH=unfaecJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh olonf *smreftpkd;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;. aemufxyfvnfywfr_rsm;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhavonf? (2) ywfr#=um+yD;aemuf/ *smreftvkyform; (22˜000) wkd@onf oydwfarSmuf=uavawmhonf? jyifopf owif;pmrsm;ESifh v$wfawmfrS zdtm;rsm;jrifhwufaer_ atmufwGif/ ,if;onf usL;ausmfr_xJrSaeI v#ifjrefaom &v'frsm;ukd &&Sdvmvdrhfrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh&onf? jyifopftif*sifeD,mtzGJ@onf xdwfvef@wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;aecJh=u+yD;/ wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; u,fq,fa&;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t}uHay;cJh=uavonf? okd@aomf r=umrDwGif a&G;aumufyGJwcktm; &ifqkdif&awmhrnfjzpfonfh yGdKifuJonf wyfzGJ@ rsm;tm; qGJxkwf&kyfodrf;vkdufygu tnHhcH/ t&_H;ay;vkdufonfh oabmoufa&mufoGm;awmhrnf qkdonfukd odem;vnfaecJhonf?

0ef}uD;csKyf. tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhr_rsm;rSm pl;&SxufjrufcJhavonf? wkdif;jynfonf ppfyGJrwkdifrDu &&SdcJhaom

ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;rSm (30) &mE_ef;om&SdcJhavonf? *smr%DrS xkwfvkyfvmatmif rnfuJhokd@ ðyvkyfrnfenf;´ “tdrfwtdrf.eH&Hukd xkduJhokd@aom=urf;wrf;r_rsKd;jzifh oifhtaejzifh taygufwayguf jzpfatmif xkd;azmufEkdifrnf? tJ'DeH&Honf ('grSr[kwf taqmufttkHwckvkH;vnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf) òydusoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf[k/ tufqef&Sd *smreftif*sifeD,mwOD;rS &Sif;jycJhavonf? ‚if;rS qufvufI “oifh taejzifh tdrfwckudk jzwfI taygufwaygufukd *&kwpkduf owd}uD;pGmjzifh taygufwckudk azmufEkdifonf/ Tenf;tm;jzifh eH&Ha&m/ taqmuftOD;yg +rJ+rHpGm qufvufwnf&Sdaernfjzpfonf?” usL;ausmfolrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm; rðyvkyfcifu/ olwkd@onf wckr# aumif;pGm tm&kH rpl;pkdufcJh=uay? ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; xkwfvkyfay;&efESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifay;&ef tpG,fjy rmefzD [def;a[muf +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom oydwfarSmuf olrsm;tm; &ifqkdif&mwGif tiftm;okH;cJh=uavonf? olwkd@onf &m;jynfe,ftm; qufvuf vnfywfaeatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; qef@usifawmfvSefolrsm;ESifh vufa0S@xkd;avhusihfaecJh=uonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;ESihf &xm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm; tjynfht0xdef;csKyfr_ r&&Sdv#if usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_onf t"dy`g,f&Sdrnf r[kwfacs?

ZEM0g&Dvukefykdif;wGif/ yGdKifuJonf ‚if;wkd@. tajctaersm;ukd =unfh&_&efESifh awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm;

avsmhyg;ap&eftwGuf enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEkdif&ef/ AkdvfcsKyf rufZkdif;rf a0*ef; (General Maxime Weygand) ESifh jyifopfjynfol@tvkyform;a&;&m0ef}uD;wkd@ESpfOD;tm;/ apv$wf&ef qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? okH;&ufr#=um+yD;aemuf/ ‚if;wkd@onf jyefvmcJh=u+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@onf &xm;vrf;rsm;/ pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;&ef/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm; &yfwef@&efESifh avsmfa=u;ay;&rnfh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;tm; jyifopfokd@wifykd@&eftwGuf +cdrf;ajcmuf&ef/ xkd a'otm; wif;=uyfaom tcGefpnf;=uyfZkHe,fajrrsm;jzifh tjcm;aom *smr%Djynfe,frsm;ESihf tquftoG,f jzwfawmufxm;&ef ponfwkd@ukd vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfonf[k ajym=um;cJhavonf? xkdtpD&ifcHpmonf 0ef}uD;csKyftm; wif;rmcufxefoGm;apavonf? *smrefwkd@onf ppfavsmfa=u;ay;&ef a&$'*Fg; oef; (500) ukd ay;qyfrnfr[kwfa=umif; aocsmoGm;aomtcg/ ausmufrD;aoG; (okd@r[kwf)


ukwfrD;aoG; &xm;wpD;/ wwGJ/ wwef/ (okd@) waygifukdr#yif *smr%D&Sd jyifopfwkd@ odrf;ykdufrxm;aome,fajrrsm;qDokd@ xGufoGm;cGifhrðy&ef wif;=uyfaom trdef@ukd xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? e,fjcm;a'orsm;tm; apmifh=uyf&efESifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifh &xm;vrf;rsm;rSaeI arSmifckdxkwfr_rsm;tm; wm;qD;&eftwGuf ppfom;rsm;ukd ykdrkdIapv$wf vkdufavonf?

awmfvSefqef@usifr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifpOfuwnf;uyif/ jyifopfwkd@onf a'otwGif;&Sd *smref pufr_vkyfief;

ESifh òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m t&m&Sdrsm;tm; pwifI armif;xkwfaecJhavonf? ,cktcg ‚if;wkd@onf jyifopfwkd@. trdef@rsm;ukd remcHaomol/ rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;tygt0if/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ ray;aom &xm;tvkyform;rsm;ygrusef/ rnfolrqkdtm; tpkvkduftòyHvkdufxkwfypfjcif;rsm;ukd pwifðyvkyfae+yDjzpfonf? azaz:0g&Dv. tapmykdif; &ufowWywfrsm;wGif/ &m;jynfe,frS w&ufv#if vl (40) avmufonf ae@pOf xGufcGmaecJh=u&+yD;/ wpkHvkH;twkdif;twmtm;jzifh/ pkpkaygif; vl wodef;av;aomif;ausmfcJhavonf? òrdjy tkyfcsKyfa&;tpkd;&rsm;pGmESifh pufr_vkyfief;qkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGmwkd@rSm rnfonfh vkyfief;tawG@tóuHr# r&Sdonhfolrsm;jzifhom csefxm;&pfcJh=u&avonf? trmcHawmfvSefqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;rSm txdem=u avonf? tvkyform;rsm;ESihf EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; rdrdwdk@zmom rdrdwkd@tm;ukd;&ef csefxm;&pfcJh=uavonf? vufwkef@jyefr_taejzifh/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm; ESifh qENjyr_rsm;. t&Sdeft[kefrSm ykdI t&Sdefjr‡ifhvmavonf? okd@&mwGif ykdrkdeJyg;aom pnf&kH;a&;rSL;rsm;ESifhtwl/ olwkd@onf enf;y&d,m,fxda&mufr_ESifh xdef;csKyfr_rsm; qkH;&_H;=u avonf? oydwfarSmufr_rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;+yD;/ ,cktcg odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm; tay:wGifomr[kwfawmhyJ/ t}udrfrsm;pGm vkyfief;cGifrsm;Yyg &nf&G,fvmcJhavonf?

jyifopfrsm;onfvnf; rkdif;wGif;rsm;qDokd@ pwifOD;wnfvmavawmhonf? tvkyftukdifr&Sdaom jyifopf rkdif;vkyfom;rsm;rSm oydwfarSmufxm;aom *smrefrsm;. ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;0if,lukef=uavonf? ykdvefESifh csuf tvkyform;rsm;rSmvnf; jyifopfrsm;ESifhtwl aysmf&$ifpGmjzifh 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;=uavawmhonf? olwkd@onf *smreftvkyf&Sifrsm;. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd cHpm;ae=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif *smref&xm;tvkyform;rsm;. qef@usifawmfvSefr_rsm;rSm tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdaeqJyifjzpfonf? Oyrm - tJvfbmzJvf'f rD;&xm;pufacgif;tvkyf&kHrsm; (Elberfeld Locomotive Works) wGif jyifopfwkd@onf &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm tokH;rðyyJ ypfxm;onfh/ rD;&xm;pufacgif; (11) ckukd acsmqGJavawmhonf? jyifopf tif*sifeD,mrsm;onf jyifopfwyfzGJ@wcktm; +cH&Hvsuf &xm;tif*sifrsm;tm; óud;pm;jyifqifI armif;xGufoGm;&ef jyifqifaeaomtcg/ *smreftvkyform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;ukd pwif z,f&Sm;av awmhonf? vufwkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh jyifopfwkd@onf &xm;pufypPnf;yHhykd;r_qkdif&mÏmersm;rS !ïef=um;a&;rSL; (3) OD;udk zrf;qD;vkduf+yD;/ w&ufv#if rwfaiG (1) oef;ukd/ ae@pOfae@wkdif;ay;aqmifoGm;&rnf[k '%fwyfvkduf+yD; tif*sifrsm;ukdrl odrf;ykdufvkdufavonf?

+Adwdo#avhvma&;orm;wOD;rS a&;om;cJhonfrSm - “tufqef c&kdif&Sd rD;&xm;blwm&kHaygif; (170) wGif/

blwm&kH (66) ckrSm ydwfxm;+yD;/ (44) blwm&kHrSm jyifopfwkd@rS odrf;ykdufxm;avonf? jyifopfrsm; rodrf;ykdufrDu tufqefrS ae@pOf (112) pD;xGufcGmavonf? ,ae@tcgwGifrl t&m&mwkdif;onf vufawG@ tm;jzifh vkH;0O\kH &yfqkdif;oGm;avawmhonf? jyifopfvkdif;rsm;twGif;rS wckonf &xm;tpif;a& (50) ajy;qGJ &rnfhtpm; (6) pif;om ajy;qGJEkdifawmhavonf?” xkd@a=umifh AkdvfcsKyf a0*ef; ESifh ol. taz: 0ef}uD;wkd@ axmufcHajymqkdcJhonfrSm “a Commission de reseau de chemins de fer des pays occupes.” ‚if;wkd@ac:onfhtwkdif;/ &,f*D(Regie) ukd t"duusaom &xm;vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;odrf;ykdufxm;&efESifh qENjyyGJrsm;ukd tqkH;owfap&eftwGuf rnfonfhtiftm;rsKd;ukdrqkd tokH;ðycGifhay;tyfvkdufonf?

tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ jyifopf ESifh b,fvf*sD,Hwkd@onf rD;&xm;pufacgif;wGJrsm;ukd vkHavmufpGm

rwifykd@ay;Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? &,f*D (Regie) onf *smrefrsm;tay: atmifEkdif&efóud;pm;avawmhonf? xkdvlonf olwkd@twGuftvkyfvkyfay;&ef vkHavmufpGm xif&mpkdif;I =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; vkyfay;rnfhykH&Sd avonf? ylaEG;aom tpm;tpmrsm; ESifh jyifopfz&ef@aiGjzifh tmrcHxm;onfh vkyftm;crsm; urf;vSrf;xm;onfh a=umfjimrsm;rSm ae&mwkdif;wGifuyfxm;avonf? opPm&Sdr_rS xGufay:vmjcif;r[kwfyJ/ a=umuf&GH@r_rS xGufay: vmaoma=umifh/ ae&mtrsm;pkwGif *smrefrsm;rSm razmufrjyef ckdifckdif+rJ+rJ &Sdae=uavao;onf? a'ockcH umuG,fa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm/ jyifopfwkd@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aom rnfolrqkd opPmazmuf wa,muftjzpf owfrSwfcH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ e,fESif'%f (okd@r[kwf) tqkd;qkH;ukd óuHawG@&rnfjzpfonf[laom ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif owday;a=umfjimrsm;jzifh wefjyef=uavonf?


ulEkdonf ‚if;. tapmykdif;u xkwfjyef xm;onfh trdef@jzpfonfh/ rD;&xm;tvkyf orm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ rnfokd@yif +cdrf;ajcmufonfjzpfap/ jyifopf ESifh b,fvf*sD,Hwkd@. trdef@rsm;ukd/ jiif;qef&ef Oya't& wm0ef&Sdonfqkdonfukd xyfavmif;I ajymqkdvkduf avonf?

Tokd@jzifh/ azaz:0g&Dv wjznf;jznf;ukefvGefoGm;aomtcg/ EkdifiHjcm;om;tvkyform;rsm; wifoGif; vmr_

a&pD;a=umif;onf/ jynfhv#H v$rf;rkd;r_wckjzpfvmavonf? xkdolrsm;tm; avhusifhoifwef;ay;&ef twGuf/ tcsdefESifh 0d&d,xkwftm;pkdufr_ ,l&onfhtwGufa=umifh/ ESifh xkduJhokd@aomtvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef u|rf;usifonhf jyifopftif*sifeD,mrsm; vkHavmufpGmr&Sdr_wkd@a=umifh/ AkdvfcsKyf 'Da*gonf (,cktcg jyifopf rpf&Sif. t}uD;tuJ)/ rwfv (20) &ufae@wGif *smref rD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH;tm;/ vkyfief;cGifrsm; twGif;okd@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef ESifh Tokd@r[kwfygu/ e,fESif'%fay;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; qifhqkdvkdufavonf? qifhqkdonfhtwkdif; vkyfief;cGifokd@ 0ifa&mufrvmaomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@onf tpkvkduftòyHvkduf e,fESif'%frsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm; ESifh ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pkrsm;tm; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm;ukd pwifðyvkyfavawmhonf? trnfrsm; ESifh ae&yfvdyfpmrsm;twGuf tvkyform; vpmay;onfh pm&if;pm&Gufrsm;tm;tokH;ðyI/ ppfom; 2 a,muf (okd@) 3 a,mufonf/ tvkyform;wa,muf. tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufI zrf;qD;um/ a'owGif;&Sd tusOf;axmifokd@ ykd@aqmifvkdufavonf? ZGefv (2) &ufae@okd@a&mufaomtcgwGif/ rD;&xm;tvkyform; (17˜837) a,mufonf jynfESif'%faomfvnf;aumif;/ axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; cHcJh=u&+yD;/ *smref &xm;0efxrf; t&m&Sdrsm;tm;/ pdwfESvkH;n‡Kd;i,fpGmjzifh csefxm;&pfcJh=u+yD;/ xGufcGmoGm;cJh=uavonf?

tvkyform;trsm;pkrSm axmifcscH&jcif;xuf/ e,fESif'%fay;jcif;ukd ykdrkdóudufESpfouf=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@ tkyfcsKyfaeonhf qif;&JpkwfysufI rowDp&maumif;aomtusOf;axmifrsm;ta=umif;rSm v#Kd@0Suf xm;r_r&SdonfhtwGuf/ tjyifrSaeI =um;aecJh=u&aoma=umifhjzpfavonf? “oef@&Sif;a&;tajctaersm;rSm tvGeftrif; qkd;&Gm;aeavonf/”[k *smrma&S;rf (Germersheim) tusOf;axmif. tajctaeudk oGm;a&muf avhvmcJhaom *smref =uufajceDtoif;rS tpD&ifcHcJhygonf? qufvufI tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif - “tusOf;om;rsm; tvGeftrif; jynfhusyfaer_rsm;a=umifh ² ² ² a&csKd;uefY tusOf;om;wa,mufonf/ w}udrf ESifh w}udrf=um;wGif &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGmjcm;+yD;rS a&csKd;Ekdifavonf ² ² ² tusOf;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. tnpfta=u;pGef@jcif; tvkyfukd/ ‚if;wkd@. tusOf;wkduftwGif;Yyif/ avsmhwdavsmh&J tumjzifh/ vufpGJbmvDykH;xJokd@ pGef@ypfjcif;ukd vkyfaqmif& avonf ² ² ²?” &xm;tvkyform;rsm;om tusOf;cscH&onfomr[kwfay? “rnfolrqkd rdepfwkdif;Y tzrf;qD;cH&Ekdifavonf”/ tar&duef owif;axmufwa,mufrS a&;om;cJhavonf? “oGm;yGwfwH wacsmif;rSvGJI/ ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl bmr#,laqmifcGifhray;yJ/ &maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;onf/ ‚if;wkd@tdrfrsm;rS ae@pOfqGJxkwfcHae=u&avonf?” [wfwD*sef (Hattingen) wGif/ zrf;qD;&eftwGuf usL;vGefr_trsm;qkH; tr_rsm;rSm/ pmykd@ckdwaumif vuf0,f&Sdxm;r_/ ppfom;wa,muftm; E_wfrqufr_/ vufurf;a=umfjimpmrsm; jzef@a0r_/ jyifopfykdpwmrsm;tm; pkwf+zJr_/ ESifh cGifhðycsuf vkdifpifr&SdyJ aygifrkef@a&mif;csr_/ ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

,cktcg/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm;ukd taemufbufokd@OD;wnfI ae@pOfvkdvkd ykdrkdI

ykd@aqmifaeonfukd awG@jrif&avonf? owˆKwGif;rsm;rSm aemufqkH;wGif r[mrdwfrsm; vma&muf&onfh &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf xkwfvkyfay;ae&avonf? {+yDvtv,fokd@a&mufaomtcg/ jyifopfwkd@rS tcGefpnf;=uyf xm;onfh/ ausmufrD;aoG;ukefwif/ ukefcs ESifh taumuftcGefZkHe,fajrrsm;rSm &m;jynfe,ftm;/ *smr%DEkdifiH. tjcm;aoma'orsm;ESifh vkH;0tqufjzwfxm;vkdufavonf? *smrefrsm;onf e,fpyfwav#muf&Sdawmifwef;rsm; ESifh opfawmrsm;tm;jzwfI v#Kd@0Sufvrf;a=umif;rsm;ukdazmufvkyf+yD;/ tcsKd@aom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; ESifh/ a&eHESifh uwW&mrS&aom AifZif;"gwfaq;&nfwkd@ukd ckd;xkwf,l+yD;/ tpm;tpmESifh tjcm;aom tajccHvkdtyfukefrsm;ukd ckd;a=umifckd;0SufwifoGif;ae&avonf? ,cktcg vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;yif/ awmfvSefqef@usifr_rSm xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif ae&avonf?

awmfvSefqef@usifr_rSm aES;vnf; aES;auG;vmonf? rwfv/ {+yDv/ ESifh arvwkd@wGif/ 0ifa&muf vmonfh

ppfvufeufypPnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkd@rSm/ armfawmfum;rsm;/ ukefwifum;rsm;tokH;ðyjcif;ukd/ txl; cGifhðycsufygrpf &Sdolrsm;omtokH;ðyEkdif&ef uef@owfvkdufjcif;jzifh/ t&yfom; jynfolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_rSm qkd;qkd;0g;0g; jzwfawmufcHvkduf&avonf? ZGefv (10) &ufae@aemufykdif;wGif/ armfawmfum;rsm;rSm jyifopfrS xkwfay;onfh ,mOfarmif;vkdifpif&Sdolrsm;om armif;ESifcGifh&Sdavawmhonf? ,if;wGifvnf; ,Ofarmif;ol. aexkdif&mòrd@.


tjyifokd@oGm;vkdygu/ rxGufcGmrD jyifopftm%mykdifrsm;xHrS axmufcHcsuf&,l+yD;rSom òrd@tjyif okd@xGufcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfonf? bwfpfum;rsm; ESifh "gwf&xm;rsm; tygt0if/ tjcm;aomo,f,lykd@aqmifa&; armfawmf,mOfrsm;tm;vkH;onf òrd@}uD;rsm;twGif;Y tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh tjcm;tajccHvkdtyfonfh ukefypPnf;rsm; ukd o,faqmifae&onfhtwGuf/ xkdpnf;rsOf;wif;=uyfr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf *smrefrsm;tm; Regie-operated &xm;rsm;tm; tokH;ðy&mwGif rjzpfrae 0ifa&muftultnDay;&rnfh tajctaeokd@ a&muf&Sd&eftwGuf &nf&G,favonf?

aES;auG;aomfjim;vnf;/ taotcsmyif/ odrf;ykdufxm;olrsm;. pnf;rsOf;wif;=uyfr_topfrsm;onf

tcsdef=umvmaomtcg *smrefwkd@. wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwf &JpGrf;owWdrsm;ukd yGef;yJhvmcJhonf? tvkyform; rsm;pGmwkd@rSm tqufrjywf/ qufwkdufvkdvkdjzpfay:aeonfh t=uyftwnf;}uD;xJwGif yifyef;EGrf;e,fvm=uav awmhonf? olwkd@onf pOf;pm;I r&Ekdifavmufatmifyif vkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD;jzpfavonf? xkd@a=umifh tvkyfcGifokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufoGm;cJh=uavonf? jyifopfwkd@. &mZoHxGufvm+yD;aemuf/ arv (6) &ufae@wGif rifhZfc&kdif&Sd &xm;tvkyform; (1000) ausmfwkd@onf vkyfief;cGifokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJh=uavonf? “jyifopf tm%mykdifrsm;onf/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; nae (5) em&Drxkd;rDtxd vkyfief;cGiftwGif;Y &Sdae&rnf[k rae@naeu &mZoHay;cJhavonf? ysufuGufygu tvkyfrS xkwfypfrnfjzpf+yD;/ e,fESif'%fay;cH&rnfjzpfonf?” [k onfe,l;a,mufwdkif;rf The New York Times owif;pm}uD;rS owif;ay;ykd@cJhavonf? “tu,fI ‚if;wkd@taejzifh vkyfief;cGifxJokd@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufygu tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vkH;/ yifpifrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh ,cifu&&SdcHpm;ae&onfh tcGifhtm%mrsm;ukdvnf; jyefvnf&&SdcHpm;ap&rnfjzpfa=umif; tmrcHcJhavonf ² ² ² oydwfarSmuftvkyform; rsm;. rsufESmpkHnDtpnf;ta0;wckY/ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;/ tav;omr_rsm;/ tajctaeaumif;rsm; tm;vkH;onf vkyfief;cGifjyefvnfpwifjcif;tay:wGif &Sdaeonfqkdonfukd aemufqkH;wGif tm;vkH; oabmwlqkH;jzwfvkduf=u avonf?”

arv (20) &ufae@okd@ a&mufaomtcg/ usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_onf aemufqkH;wGif ukefusr_rsm;twGuf

jyefvnfpwif&&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf? xkdae@wGif/ jyifopftpkd;&onf usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_ESihfywfoufonfh udef;*%ef; pm&if;tif;rsm;ukd ausnmcJhavonf? pm&if;xJwGif/ odrf;ykdufr_twGuf ukefusp&dwfrSm jyifopfz&ef@ aiG (145) oef;&Sd+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh ukwfrD;aoG;rsm; a&mif;I&onfh pkpkaygif;aiGrSm z&ef@ (102) oef;&SdcJhav+yD? xkd@tjyif a&mif;&aiGrsm;rSm/ &if;ESD;aiGrsm;xuf ykdrdkv#ifjrefpGmyif pkykHwkd;yGg;aeavonf? yGdKifuJonf ar#mfvifhcsuf a&mifjcnfukd rD;a&mifukd jrifae&av+yD?

“t&l;trl;jzpfaeolrsm;. a&S@wef;wkdufyGJwck”

jyifopf0ef}uD;csKyfawG@cJh&aom tvif;a&mifae&mwGif/ &m;jynfe,ftvkyform;rsm;rSm teDa&mifukd awG@cJh&avonf? olwkd@onf odrf;ykdufr_tm; “Die Bajonette” “vSHpGyfrsm; usqkH;ygap” [lI atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfcJh=uavonf? rsm;pGmwkd@rSm jyefvnfvufwkH@jyef&ef toifhjyifxm;cJh=uavonf? tufqef&Sd u&yf (Krupp) puf&kHwGif/ olwkd@onf xkdtwkdif;yifvkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD;/ wEkdifiHvkH;tm; wkefv_yfapcJhavonf?

u&yf tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ukd rðyvkyfcJhpOfwGif/ olwkd@onf jyifopfppfom;rsm;ESifh

yxrOD;qkH;awG@óuHrnf wkdufyGJokd@ xGufcGm&ef toifhjzpfaecJh=uavonf? puf&kHtwGif;&Sd qkdifwkdif;wGif ta&;ay:tcsufay;óud;rsm;ukd csdwfqGJxm;=uavonf? tu,fI jyifopfppfom;rsm; puf&kHtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&muf vmygu xkdtcsufay;óud;ukd qGJ&efjzpfonf? tDpwmyGJawmfrprD/ rwfv (31) &ufae@. eHeufcif;wGif/ jyifopf Akdvfuav; 'l&ufpf (Lieutenant Durieux) ESifh ppfom; (11) a,mufwkd@onf/ puf&kH. um;*kda'giftwGif;&Sd/ armfawmfum;rsm;ESifh ukefwifum;rsm;. tao;pdwfpm&if;tm; ppfaq;&eftwGuf/ a&;qGJxm;onfh tpDtpOf twkdif; xGufcGgvmcJh=uavonf? *kda'gifwHcg;zGifh&ef olwkd@ apmifhaepOfwGif/ tcsufay;O=oqGJoHrsm; xGufay:vm avonf? 'l&ufpfonf tHtm;oifh =uufaoaooGm;+yD;/ tvkyf=uyftm; xkdO=oqGJoH. t"dy`g,fukd ar;jref;av onf? “vufeufud&d,mrsm;udk csxm;vkduf=u” [k tvkyf=uyf rS jyefajzavonf? ppfom;rsm;onf tjyifokd@ vSrf;=unfhvkdufaomtcg/ &maygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; pkduf=unhfaeonfukd awG@vkduf &+yD;/ wjznf;jznf;csif; ykdrkdeD;uyfvmum/ ‚if;wkd@tm; *kda'giftwGif;okd@ acsmifydwfwGef;ykd@aeonfukd awG@vkduf& avonf? xkdpOftwGif;Y/ acgifrdk;ay:rS tvkyform; (2) a,mufonf/ a&aEG;aiG@tylay;onfh tqkd@ukd zGifhvkduf &m/ tcef;onf xlxyfaom


a&aEG;aiG@rsm;jzifh jynfhESufoGm;avawmhonf? xkdtcg 'l&ufpfonf ol@vlrsm;tm;/ owday;ypfcwfr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef trdef@ay;vkdufavonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;rsm;rSm ykdIeD;uyfvmavonf? ,cktcg vkH;0rjrif&awmhonfhtajcjzpfoGm;+yD jzpfavonf/ xkd@a=umifh 'l&ufpfonf ol@&Jabmfrsm;tm; vlrsm;ukd ypfcwf&ef trdef@ay;vkdufavonf? yGJ+yD;oGm;aomtcgwGif/ tvkyform; (13) a,mufaoqkH;+yD;/ (52) a,mufrSm '%f&m& &SdoGm;cJh=uavonf?

jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@ukd,fukd rdrdwkd@ ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf ypf&ygonf[k tcsKd@aom *smref rsm;onf

cHpm;rdaecsdefwGif/ xkd “&m;ajray:u aoG;pGef;aom tDpwm”onf *smreftrsm;pkukd a'goaygufuGJapcJh avonf? aoqkH;oGm;aomolrsm;. tokbrSm cHhnm;wnf+idrfI/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfa&;&m ta&;ygaom tcrf; tem;wck jzpfcJh+yD;/ *k%foduQm&SdpGm usqkH;r_twGuf *k%fðyrSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf? òrd@awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS pdwftm;xufoefaom rdef@cGef;rsm;.aemufwGif/ tufqefvrf;rsm;wav#muf pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyr_wckonf uyfv#ufvkdufygvmcJhavonf? òrd@awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &m;jynfe,f. jynfolvlxktm;/ xkdol&Jabm a=umifaomtðytrltwGuf/ ‚if;wkd@. qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm;tm; t&Sdeft[kef ykdrkd jr‡ifhwifjcif;tm;jzifh/ wkH@jyef&kHwifr[kwfyJ/ t=urf;zufenf;jzifh vufwkH@jyefjcif;udkvnf; a&SmifusOf&ef wkdufwGef;E_d;aqmfvkduf avonf?

xkdtrSmpum;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh ZEM0g&DvwGif xkwfjyefcJhaom trSmpum;rsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpf onf?

okd@aomf aemufqufwGJ tjzpftysufrsm;rSm ododomom}uD;ukd ajymif;vJaeavonf? jyifopfrsm;onf rD;ukef,rf;ukef ykdrkdjyif;xefpGm zdESdyfavawmhonf? rsm;pGmwkd@rSm jyefvnf rwkH@jyefEkdifcJh=uacs? a=umuf&GH@=u onfukd od&Sdaoma=umifh/ tufqef&Sd jyifopfwyfrSL;onf wifhum;rsm; ESifh pufaoeufrsm;ukdifaqmifxm;onfh wyfpdwfwpdwfukd ac:,lvkdufavonf? okd@&mwGif ppfaoG;ºuG trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;rSm/ u&yfowfjzwfr_twGuf vufpm;acs vufwkH@jyef&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh xkdae@ rGef;vGJykdif;wGifyif/ b,fvf*sD,rfppfom; wa,muf/ jyifopf&Jom;wa,muf/ ESifh jyifopftif*sifeD,m ESpfa,mufwkd@tm; wkdufckduf/ &kdufESufcJh=uav onf? aemufykdif;wGif 'lqJvfa'hgzf (Düsseldorf) &Sd jyifopfppfom;rsm;tm; vufypfAkH;rsm;jzifh ypfoGif;cJh=u avonf? tufqef&Sd t"durD;&xm;blwm&kHwckwGif tapmifhwa,mufrSm *smrefaoewform;wa,muf. vufcsufjzifh towfcHcJh&avonf? av0ifavxGufaygufwcktwGif;rSaeI v#Kd@0SufpGm acsmif;ajrmif;I ypfcwf oGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

u&yfjy\emonf trsKd;om;a&; t=urf;zuf0g'Drsm; ESifh uGefjrLepf t=urf;zuf0g'D/ ESpfzufpvkH;ukdyg

t&Sdeft[kefwkd;jr‡ifhapcJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@onf a&yef;pm;aeonfh t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_tay:wGif pdwfysuf aeaomfvnf;/ zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd t=urf;zufr_rygyJ rnfuJhokd@ wkH@jyefrnfqkdonfh/ wzufoufzdESdyfaer_rsm;ukd wzufapmif;eif;rjzpfatmif tav;wif;ay;onfh rnfonfhtjrifrsKd;rSvnf; r&Sdacs? rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif/ ukdifZm 0DvsH (2) (Kaiser Wilhelm II) ./ yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m oli,fcsif;wOD;jzpfol AkdvfcsKyf AGef z&efpGm (General von François) onf ajymufusm; ppfyGJ qifEGJ&ef v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;cJhavonf? “vlOD;a& (60˜000˜000) &Sdonfh EkdifiHwckonf/ &m;jynfe,f&Sd ‚if;wkd@. nDtukdrsm;tm;/ jyifopfvljzLESifh vlrnf;rsm;rS vnfyif;n‡pfaeonfhtjzpfukd rnfokd@r# vufwkH@rjyefyJ rxkHwufaw;jzifh qufvuf=unfhaernfvm;´” [lI ‚if;rS ar;jref;cJhavonf? “u|Ekfyfwkd@. ajray:wGif aumif;pGmzGJ@pnf;avhusifhxm;aom ajymufusm;ppfyGJwckonf &[email protected];qkH;&_H;r_rsm;ESifhtwl r=umciftwGif;rSmyif tqkH;owfoGm;vdrfhrnfqkdonfukd u|efawmhfhtaejzifh oHo,r&Sday?” [k qufvufajymcJhavonf? AkdvfcsKyfonf omref*smrefwOD;r[kwfay? jyifopfrsm;onf &m;okd@vm&mwGif ‚if;wkd@. wyfzGJ@rsm;twGif;Y tmz&duefwyfzGJ@rsm;ukdvnf; yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;cJhonfukd owdðyrdcJhavonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh/ olonf *smreftrsKd;orD;rsm;tm;/ vlrnf;ppfom;rsm;. +cdrf;ajcmuf aeonfh t"rRrk'def;usifh r_rsm;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf toif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhavonf?

&m;wjynfe,fvkH;&Sd vli,frsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyfvufrJhjzpfaeonfh vkHòcHa&; ykvdyfrsm;/ ESifh

ppfjyefppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd/ t&m&Sda[mif;}uD;rsm;. tultnDjzifh apwemh0efxrf;wyfzGJ@rsm; (Free Corps) ukd zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifyif/ Reichswehr High Command onf ppfwyftm; wkd;csJ@&eftwGuf v#Kd@0SufpGm qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? Black Reichswehr tjzpfvlodrsm;onfh tqkdyg topfzGJ@pnf;r_rsm;wGif ppfom;rsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf? xkdppfom;rsm;rSm &m;jynfe,fwGif &xm;vrf;rsm;/ &xm;wGJrsm; azmufcGJzsufqD;&efESifh jyifopf ESifh b,fvf*sD,Hppfom;rsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&eftwGuf apv$wfjcif;cH&ol rsm;jzpf=uonf? aemifwGif


*smref0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmrnfholwOD;onf ppfwyftwGuf tvkyfvkyfcJhavonf? xkdolrSm [def;&pf b&leif; (Heinrich Bruning) qkdoljzpf+yD;/ tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifrnfh olrsm;tm;/ axmufyHhulnD&eftwGuf/ aiGpuULtjynfhxnfhxm;onfh vufqGJaowWmrsm;jzifh &m;jynfe,ftwGif; okd@0ifa&mufcJhavonf?

xkd “t=urf;zufqef@usifawmfvSefr_” (active resistance)tm; wkdufckduf&eftwGuf/ jyifopfrsm; onf

t=urf;zufr_rsm; jzpfyGg;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif/ rnfonfhw&m;cHr# &SmazGrawG@&Sdygu/ xkdòrd@ukd '%f&kduf avonf? uwf0*f (Kettwig) òrd@wGif jyifopfppfom; (2) a,mufrSm acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwf owfjzwfjcif; cHvkduf&aomtcg/ rwfaiG woef;ay;aqmif&ef '%f&kdufvkdufavonf? òrd@tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;onf '%faiG ay;aqmif&ef jiif;qefaomtcg/ ppfom;rsm;onf wtdrfwkdif;pD. xnfh0if&rnfhaiGukd wtdrfwuf/ wtdrfqif; vkdufvHaumufcHavawmhonf? rwfv (11) &ufae@wGif/ bltm (Buer) òrd@teD;&Sd/ aus;vuf um;vrf;rwck tay:wGif/ jyifopf uif;vSnfhwyfzGJ@wckonf/ aemufausmrSaeI ypfcHxm;&onfh jyifopfppfom;ESpfa,muf. tavmif;ukd awG@&SdcJhavonf? vufpm;acs vufwkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh/ jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf òrd@wGif;&Sd/ *smref (8) a,mufukd/ 0&kef;okef;um; owfyGJwckY/ ypfowfcJhavonf?

t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf ppfom;rsm;odrf;ykdufxm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGifomruawmhyJ/ jyifopfwkd@ xdef;csKyfxm;onfh

&xm;vrf;rsm; ESifh wl;ajrmif;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfyGg;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dvv,fwGif *smref azmufcGJzsufqD;a&;toif;rsm;onf/ tcsuftjcmusaom &kdif;-[ef; wl;ajrmif; (Rhine-Herne Canal) . toufaoG;a=umae&mrsm;ukd ydwfqkd@&eftwGuf ausmufrD;aoG;wif a&,mOfwGJrsm;ukd ESpfjr‡KyfcJhavonf? xkdwl;ajrmif;rSwqifh ausmufrD;aoG;wif a&,mOfwGJtrsm;pkonf vma&mufqkH=u+yD; jyifopfokd@ jzwfoef;oGm; vmjcif;jzpfonf? wl;ajrmif;&Sd jyifopfppfom;rsm;onf jrifuGif;xJokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonfh rnfolrqkdtm; ypfcwf&ef trdef@&&Sdxm;=uavonf? okd@&mwGif *smrefrsm;onf a&S@okd@ óudwifa&mufESifhae=u+yD;/ t"duusonfh wl;ajrmif;cGJwckukd azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfvkdufjcif;jzifh/ usef&Sdaeaom a&,mOfrsm;ukd cef;ajcmufaeaom a&atmuf=urf;jyifay:wGif aomifwifaeapavonf? 'GdKifpfbmh*f (Duisburg) wGif/ òrd@wGif;okd@0ifonfh t"du rD;&xm;wHwm;wckudkvnf; azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfvkduf+yD;/ b,fvf*sD,Hppfom; (9) a,mufvnf; towfcHcJh=u &avonf? vufwkH@jyef uvJhpm;acsr_rsm;onf '%faiG&kdufjcif;ESifh nrxGuf& umzsL;trdef@rsm; xkwfjyef vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? *smrefrsm;vnf; rD;&xm;. tv,fwGJrsm;wGif vkdufygpD;eif;&ef vkdtyfvmavawmhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdtv,fwGJrsm;rSm trsm;qkH;wkdufckduf cH&Ekdifonfh twGJrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

txufyg tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;. aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaeaomolwa,mufrSm tJvfbwf &Svf*Dwm (Albert

Schlageter) jzpfavonf? xkdvlonf y&yf&Sef; t&m&Sda[mif;wOD;jzpf+yD;/ arvwGif tzrf;cHcJh&I/ ao'%fpD&ifcsufcscHcJh&+yD;/ towfcHcJh&avonf? jyifopfwkd@onf xkdvltm; ‚if;wkd@. ppfom;rsm;ukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhaom trsKd;om;a&;0g'D*kd%f;rsm;. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uavonf? aemufykdif; &ufowWywfrsm;twGif;Y trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf tJvfbwf &S,fvf*Dwm (Albert Schlageter) tm;/ *smref aeoef a[;vf (Nathan Hale) tjzpf bdodufoGef;ajr‡mufcJh=uavonf? ‚if;tm; ao'%fay;owfjzwfjcif;onf t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_awmfvSefa&;. rD;awmufrsm;ukd tm;jznfh ,yfcwfay;jcif;jzpfonf[k ar#mfvifhae cJh=uavonf? “tu,fI Schlageter . owfjzwfcH&r_onf/ b,fwkef;ur# *smrefvlrsKd;wkd@. p&kdufobm0 r[kwfcJhonfh/ rwkefrv_yfjzifh wkH%Sdbma0qdwfqdwfaeum acgif;ikH@cHaejcif;/ a0'emukd }udwfrSdwfcHpm;jcif;ESifh atmufusKd@toem;cH t&_H;ay;&jcif;wkd@xufykdonfh rnfokd@ aom wkH@jyefv_H@aqmfcHpm;r_rsKd;rS jzpfay:rvmcJhbl; qkdv#if/ *smrefEkdifiHawmf}uD;onf 'kuQvSvSawG@awmh rnfjzpfavonf” [k owif;pmwapmifrS atmf[pfjrnf wrf;cJhavonf? &S,fvf*Dwm. aoqkH;jcif;onf usEkyfwkd@tm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;r_ atmufwGif aexkdifae&jcif;r[kwfyJ/ *smr%D. aojcif;w&m;ESifh &ifqkdif&kef;uef wkdufckdufae&r_t=um;wGif aexkdifae =u&onfqkdonfukd owday;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?” ta'ghzf [pfwvmrS atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;wckY jynfol (25˜000) tm;ajymcJhonfrSm “usaemfwkd@ vkdtyfaewmu tm;enf;csdeJ@aeolawG&J@ pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_wck r[kwfbl;/ t&l;trl;eJ@ a&S@wef;xGufwkdufrnfh xkd;ppfwckyJjzpfw,f?”


“vufav#mht&_H;ay;vkdufjcif; ² ² ²”

0ef}uD;csKyf ulEkdonf t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_udk vufav#mht&_Hay;&eftwGuf jyifqifxm;r_ r&SdcJhao;ay? um;vfp&l; (Kalsruhe) Y ol@taejzifh jiif;csufxkwfcJhonfrSm “t=urf;rzuf/ }uhH}uHhcH tHwk ckcHr_qkdonfrSm/ pwifvkyfaqmifrdonfESifh qufvufI awmufav#mufvkyfaqmif&onfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;jzpfay onf?” okd@aomf ulEkd. arwWm&yfcHcsufukd rnfolr# em;raxmifcJh=uay? tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm;rSm ,cktcg ‚if;wkd@a&G;cs,fvkdufonfh qef@usifawmfvSefr_ enf;vrf;jzpfoGm;avonf? t=urf;zufenf;vrf;jzifh qef@usif awmfvSeftHwkr_onf tvkyform;rsm;tay:wGif =urf;wrf;jyif;xefaom vufpm;acs/ vufwkHjyefr_rsm; a&muf&Sdvmwwfonfukd em;vnfxm;=uaom/ tvkyform;rsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onfyifv#if/ ulEkdtm; xdk t=urf;zufqef@usif awmfvSefr_tm; vpfvsL&_aeonfrsm;ukd &yfwef@ygawmh&ef ,cktcg toem;cHae=uawmh avonf? okd@aomf xkd t=urf;rzufv_tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmatmif &yfwef@vkdufaom vkyfaqmifr_onf wefbkd;}uD;}uD;wckukdyg ,laqmifvmavonf? wif;=uyfaom nrxGuf&trdef@rsm;ukd xkwfjyefvkduf+yD;/ &m;wjynfe,fvkH;wGif *smref rsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufapmfum;cH&r_rsm; ykdrkdIjzpfay:p&m jzpfae avonf? EkdifiHom;rsm;rSm ajray:wGif wGef;vSJcH=u&+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. pufbD;rsm;ukd uefausmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcH=u&avonf? jyifopfwyfzGJ@ rsm;. "m;jywkdufjcif;ukdyif cHae=u&avonf?

&m;. pnf;urf;&Sdaom òrd@}uD;om;yDor_rSaeI/ vlr_a&;qkdif&m r+idrfroufz&kdz&Jjzpfr_rsm;qDokd@ euf&_dif;pGm

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aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ta=umif;aqG;aEG;ajymqkdaejcif;rsm;onf/ ppf}uD;pwif+yD;qkH;onf tapmykdif;ae@rsm;

uwnf;uyifjzpfonfhtwGuf ae@pOfvkyfukdifae&onfh a0,sm0pPozG,f +iD;aiG@zG,f&mjzpfaecJhavonf? okd@aomf ‚if;onf ,cktcg wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;zG,f&m 'kuQwckjzpfvmav+yD? “&kwfw&ufqkdovkdyif/ b%frsm;wGif jynfolwkd@ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pkaqmif;vmcJhaom aiGpkvufrSwfrsm;onf bmr#wefbkd;r&SdawmhovkdjzpfoGm;av awmhonf?” [k oDtkd a*g'pf (Theo Gaudig) rS jyefajymif;atmufarhonf? puf&kHrS vkyftm;crsm;ukd tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;+yD;aomtcg ‚if;wkd@. tdrf&Sifrrsm;onf/ tvkyform;rsm;xHrS vpmaiGudk vufcH,l+yD;/ vdktyfonfrsm;ukd tv#iftjrefcsufjcif;0,f&eftwGuf puf&kH*dwfwHcg;rsm;qDokd@ csufjcif;a&mufvm=uavonf? okd@r[kwfygu aemufwae@wGif aiGa=u;wefzkd; xyfrHusqif;oGm;Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? “v,form; rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. xkwfukefrsm;ukd aps;uGufxJrSma&mif;cszkd@ rwkdufwGef; rpnf;&kH;oifhygbll;/ rufaiGwefzkd;[m tqufrjywfusqif;aeygw,f/ olwkd@ukd twif;t=uyfwkdufwGef;+yD;a&mif;csvkd h&wJh rufaiG[m olwkd@ tdrfukd jyefra&mufcifrSmyJ wefbkd;xyfrHusqif;oGm;rSmrkd@ v,form;rsm;ukd 'kuQ ray;oifhygbl;” [k +Adwdo# owif;pm q&mwOD;rS a&;om;cJhavonf?

rwfvwGif/ a'owckvkH;Y &m&Sifpepfukd pwifusifhokH;cJhavonf? tu,fI bmviftpkd;&onf

&m;jynfe,fwGif;okd@ tpm;tpmrsm; wifoGif;r_ukd &yfwef@vkdufygu tcuftcJjzpfrnf pkd;aoma=umifh/ jyifopf wkd@onf (2) ywfpm &duQmrsm;ukd tefwGmhyf (Antwerp) ESifh a&mhwm'rf (Rotterdam) wkd@wGif 0Sufxm;vkduf=uavonf?


urBmhtjrifrsm;wGif *smrefwkd@. iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_rsm;onf rdrdwkd@wGif wm0ef&Sdonf[laom tjrifrsKd; jrifvmrnfukd a=umuf&GH@=uaoma=umifhjzpfavonf? olwkd@onf 0g'jzef@csdr_ taejzifh tcrJhpm;aomufEdkifonfh pwk'Dompcef;rsm;ukdvnf; zGifhvSpfay;cJhavonf? *smrefrsm;onf tpkvkduf/ tòyHvkdufaejcif;rsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;=uavonf? vufpm;acs vufwkH@jyefr_udk a=umuf&GH=uaoma=umifhESifh pufr_ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif pm;zkdaqmifrsm;ukd zGifhvSpfvkduf=uaoma=umifhjzpfavonf?

jzpfcsifawmh tvGeftrif;qkd;0g;aeaom *smrefrsm;onf xkdpufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;. pwk'Domukd

vufcH,lcJh=uavonf? xkdpufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf tpkd;&. aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ukd &yfwef@atmif óud;pm;&m wGif rjzpfpavmuftenf;i,fom yg0ifulnDvkyfaqmif=uolrsm;jzpfonf? vufawG@trSefwu,fwGifrl/ xkdpufr_ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf xkdokd@ vkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzifh tjrwftpGef;rsm;yif &&Sd=uao;onf? olwkd@onf &kdufcsfb%frS &&Sdonfh tcsKd@aomacs;aiGrsm;jzifh vkyfief;twGuf vkdtyfonhf taqmufttkHopfrsm;ukd wnfaqmuf=u+yD;/ aemifwGif acs;aiG;rsm;ukd jyefqyfaomtcg usqif;aeaomaiGwefbkd;jzifh jyefqyf&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? [l*kd pwif; (Hugo Stinnes) onf bkdc|rf ESifh tufqefòrd@ (2) òrd@t=um;wGif }uD;rm;aom puf&kHopf}uD;wckudk pwif wnfaqmufcJh+yD;/ wkdifqefpuf&kHonf ukwfrD;aoG;zkdtopfrsm;ukd aps;E_H;csKdompGmjzifh 0,f,lEkdifcJhavonf?

tvkyfvufrJhrsm;/ vlr_a&; r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;/ ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. ‚if;wkd@. vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay:

rauseyfcsuftopfrsm; ponfwkd@ jrifhwufvmaoma=umifh/ jyifopfqef@usifawmfvSefa&; a&S@wef;rsm;wGif vkyfukdifae=uaomolrsm;onf/ ,cktcg uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,faygif;zuf=uavawmhonf? {+yDv (18) &ufae@wGif rlvf[drf; (Mülheim) òrd@Y/ xkdolrsm;. qENjyr_rsm;/ oydwfrsm;onf a&S@wef;okd@wufvmavawmhonf? *smref rufaiGwefbkd;rsm; usqif;+yD;aemufwae@wGif/ (2000) cef@&Sdonfh/ *smref tvkyfvufrJh vltkyf}uD;wtkyfonf/ rlvf[drf;òrd@awmfcrf;rukd ydwfqkd@vkduf+yD;/ 0efxrf;t&m&Sd (300) cef@ukd "m;pmcHtjzpf jyefay;qGJxm;vkduf avonf? òrd@v,facgifukd tjcm;aom ae&mrsm;ESifh tqufjzwfxm;vkduf+yD;/ qkdifrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh &kH;rsm;ukd ydwfypfvkdufavonf? xkdae@wGifyif/ tufqefòrd@Y vl (1800) wkd@onf tufqifòrd@awmfcrf;rokd@ csDwufvm =u+yD;/ jyifopfwkd@tm; qef@usifaeonfhumvtwGif;Y ‚if;wkd@ qkH;&_H;cJh&onfh vkyfief;cGif epfemr_avsmfa=u;aiG rsm;ukd csufjcif;vufiif; aiGom;jzifh ay;aqmif&ef awmif;qkd=uavonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_ (2) ckpvkH;onf bkdc|rfòrd@ tpnf;ta0;wckY qkdAD,ufoHukd,fpm;vS,f (2) a,mufrS rdef@cGef;rajymrD 2 n qufwkdufvkyfaqmif&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

arv (22) &ufae@wGif/ *smref rufaiGonf tar&duef 1 a':vmv#if (57˜000) txd xkd;pkdufusqif;

oGm;avawmhonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;. aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;onf tv#iftjref jyef@ESH@vmavawmhonf? arv (24) &ufae@wGif/ *Jvfqefumcsef (Gelsenkirchen) òrd@Y uGefjrLepftvkyform;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;. umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; t=um; t"du&k%f;wckjzpfyGm;cJhavawmhonf? (8) a,mufaoqkH;cJh=u+yD;/ vl (70) ESifh (80) t=um; xdckduf'%f&m &&SdcJh=uavonf? xkd@aemuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ykvdyf&kH;csKyftm; odrf;ykdufvkduf =u+yD; rD;wif&_d@vkduf=uavonf? tvm;wl t"du&k%f;rsm;onf &m;wjynfe,fvkH;wGif jzpfyGg;cJhavonf? tufqefESif a'ghrGef; (Dortmund) ESpfòrd@pvkH;wGif pwkd;qkdifrsm; ESifh t0wftxnfqkdifrsm;rSm vk,ufzsufqD; jcif;rsm;cH=u&+yD;/ rD;&_d@cHcJh=u&avonf?

arvukefykdif;okd@ a&mufaomtcg tcsKd@aom owKwGif; tvkyform; (800˜000) wkd@onf oydwf

arSmufr_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? okd@aomf tpkd;&rS taxmuftyHhay;onfh t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifae=uolrsm;t=um;wGif jzpfyGg;onfqkdaom pma=umif;ukdrl r_efr_ef0g;0g;om azmfjyxm;avonf? tcsKd@aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif ESpfzufpvkH;onf twlwuG tvkyfvkyf&ef óud;pm;cJh=uaomfvnf;/ òrd@i,faygif;rsm;pGmwGif t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;t=um;wGif 0g'jzef@csdjcif;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;/ wefjyefoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tjyef tvSef wkdufckdufaecJh=uavonf? ,if;wkd@onf òrd@wkdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@zmom ‚if;wkd@ jzpfyGm;ae=ujcif;jzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;wkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@. vkHòcHa&;twGuf ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdifpdwful;jzifh ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzpfonf?

jyifopfwkd@tm; qef@usifawmfvSef&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@. cGeftm;rsm;ukd tajrmuftjrm;tokH;ðycJh=u

aomor*~rsm;onf/ jyifopfwkd@tm; odrf;ykdufxm;r_onf ppfavsmfa=u;pmcsKyfukd topfjyefvnfcsKyfqkdjcif;xuf rsm;pGmukefusaiGwefbkd; }uD;rm;onfqkdonfukd jyifopfwkd@tm; jzm;a,mif;pnf;&kH;&mY wpkHw&m wkd;wufr_r&Sd ygyJ/


‚if;wkd@. &if;ESD;jr‡yfEHScJhonfh cGeftm;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfukd *smrefrsm;t=um;&Sd t"du&k%f;rD;ckd;rsm; twGif;Y pwifawG@&Sd&avawmhonf? rwfv (20) &ufae@xuf apmvsifpGm/ rkdif;wGif;vkyfom;rsm;or*~onf tpkd;&tm; “&m;wkdufyGJtqkH;owf&eftwGuf jzpfEkdifacs&Sdonfh rokH;pGJ&ao;onfh cGeftm;rsm;ukd tokH;rðyyJxm; vkduf&efESifh ppfavsmfa=u; jy\emukd aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;jzifh tajz&Sm&ef” wkdufwGef; awmif;qkdvkdufav onf? okd@&mwGif trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;rSm aysmhajymif;r_r&Sd=uacs? ulEkdonf ‚if;. trSefwu,f &yfwnfcsufoabmxm;rsm;onf xkdolrsm;ESifh ykdrkdeD;uyfvmavonf? (aemufykdif;wGif/ &mxl;rS E_wfxGuf+yD; aemuf/ olonf ukdifZm. tvHukd [rf;bmh*f&Sd oltvkyf vkyfaeaom taqmuftOD;. tay:Y v$ifhxlxm; vkdufavonf? (1933) ckESpf ol raoqkH;rDtxd ta'ghvfzf [pfwvmtm; jywfjywfom;om; axmufcHcJh avonf?)

aemufqkH;jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh tcsdefrwkdifrDtxd jyif;jyxufoefaom tHwkckcHr_onf tEW&m,frsm;aom

pGef@pm;onfh AsL[mwckjzpfcJhavonf? wkdif;jynfrSukefqkH;oGm;onf pD;yGg;a&;qkdif&m qkH;&_H;r_ukefuswefbkd;rsm;ESifh/ &m;jynfe,ftwGuf qkH;&_H;vkduf&aom vl@toufrsm;. wefbkd;wkd@twGuf rnfonfh oufom&moufom a=umif;r# r&Sd[k uwday;cJhavonf? ulEkd ESifh tD;bwf wkd@onf awmfvSefqef@usifr_. a&csdef tjrifhqkH;trSwfokd@ a&muf&Sdaeonfhtcsdefukd od&SdcJhygv#if/ (jyifopfwkd@ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ukd r&&SdrDtcsdef/ *smrefwkd@. pnf;vkH; nD!Gwfr_onf jyif;xefaecsdef/ xkd@tjyif &m;urfh[k udef;*%ef;wefzkd;rsm;onf }uD;rm;rvmao;rDtcsdefwkd@ jzpfonf?) yGdKifuJtm; t=urf;zuf ESdrfESif;òzdcGif;r_rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ ‚if;. taoa&ukdq,fEkdifaom wjcm;aomenf;vrf;ukd zGifhay;cJhygv#if/ olwkd@onf jyifopfwkd@ESifh t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom/ wefbkd;&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_wckudk ðyvkyfEkdifcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

upm;yGJ.tqkH;Y olwkd@ trSefwu,f&ifqkdifcJh&onfrSm/ awmfvSefqef@usifr_onfh tpGef;ESpfzufpvkH;&Sd

t,ltqrwlol EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;. jyefay;qGJjcif;ukdcHvkduf&jcif;omjzpfonf? vufsm0g'Drsm;bufwGif/ yxrurBmppf}uD;wGif &_H;edrfh&r_ESifh t&Sufr&Sdaom wzufapmif;eif; Amqkdif;pmcsKyftay: vufwkH@jyefcsifolrsm;. óud;yrf;&kef;uefr_onf ppfyGJwckjzpfvmcJhavonf? vuf0J0g'Drsm;bufwGif/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_.'%fudkr&_rvS cHvkduf&aom tvkyform;rsm;onf tvGeftrif;pdwfysufvmcJh=u+yD;/ tcsKd@onf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; uGefjrLepf0g' zufokd@ OD;vSnfhoGm;cJhavawmhonf? &ufowWywfrsm;pGm=um+yD;aemuf/ ulEkd ESifh ol. 0ef}uD; tzGJ@onf tqkd;0g;qkH;aom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_rsm;/ wkd;jrifhvmonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ESifh or*~rsm;ESifh ckcHumuG,fa&; aumfrwDrsm;twGif;Y wkdufcsifckdufcsifpdwfrsm; w[kefxkd;usqif;oGm;jcif;wkd@ESifh &ifqkdif&avawmhonf? aemufqkH;wGif *smrefv$wfawmf (Reichstag) twGif; t,kHt=unfr&Sd tqkdwckESifh &ifqkdif&avawmhonf? olwkd@wGif a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&Sdawmhay? olwkd@onf ajy+idrf;&efom&Sdawmhavonf?

0ef}uD;csKyfESifh ol. vlrsm;onf awmif;qkdcsuftopfrsm;yg0ifonfh oHwrefa&;&may;pmwapmifukd

rl=urf;a&;qGJcJh=u+yD;/ ‚if;udk arv (2) &ufae@wGif jyifopfESifh b,fvf*sD,rftpkd;&rsm;okd@ ay;ykd@cJh=uavonf? ,if;onf ppfavsmfa=u;jy\emukd oyGwftlvkdufaeI ajz&Sif;I r&aoma=umifh t=urf;enf;jzifhajz&Sif;&ef rxl;Zmwfcif;vkdufonfh urf;vSrf;r_wckyifjzpf+yD;/ usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufukd odrfzsif;ap avonf? (4) ESpfwm w&m;0ifqkdif;iHhxm;r_tay: ra&r&mjzpfaer_ESifh EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiG tajrmuftrsm;ukd pkpkaygif; ay;qyf&rnfh ppfavsmfa=u;aiGrS/ rwfaiG bDvD,H (30) ukd aiGom;jzifh ay;acs&ef urf;vSrf;jcif; jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif rausreyf atmifhoufoufjzpf&r_wckonf ol. &nf&G,fcsufukd ysufpD;qkH;yg;oGm;ap&ef taxmuftxm;jzpfcJhavonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;onfh a'orsm;tm; ru,fwifEkdifao;rDtcsdeftxd/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd qufvufvkyfaqmifaernfjzpfonf[k ulEkd rS ajymcJhavonf? “usL;ausmfodrf;ykduf r_onf xkda'o&Sd jynfolvlxktm; t=urf;rzufqef@usifawmfvSefr_ vkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;vkdufjcif; yifjzpfonf? *smreftpkd;&onf rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl ‚if;. w&m;0if&yfwefaeaom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd pGef@v$wfvkduf&ef (okd@r[kwf) &yfwef;u &yfvkduf&ef ðyvkyfrnfr[kwfygyJ/ ae@pOfjrifhwufvmaeaom wif;rmr_rsm;ukd av#mhcs&efESifh/ wrifoufouf ta=umif;rJhzsufqD;aeaom pD;yGg;a&;wefbkd;rsm; &yfwef@oGm; ap&ef qENrsm;ukd r#a0cHpm;r_ðyvkyfaernfjzpfygonf?”

jynfolvlxkonf awmfvSefqef@usifr_tm; aqmf=opnf;&kH;r_rsm; ðyvkyfae&rnfjzpfonf/ okd@&mwGif tpkd;&onf

&yfwef@vkduf&ef ajymcJhvdrfhrnf[k ulEkdrS ajymqkdcJhavonf? yGdKifuJonf ,kHvG,fvGef;ol wa,muf r[kwfay? “awmfvSefqef@usifr_ukd ðyvkyf&ef qEN&Sd+yD;/ pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfaeonfrSm jynfolvlxkr[kwfyJ/ *smref tpkd;&omjzpfonf” [k ‚if;rS jyefajymcJhavonf? “aphpyfajy+idrf;+yD;rSom qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm;onf &yfwef@oGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,cktcg


*smreftpkd;&onf tºuGif;rJh todtrSwfðy vufcHxm;+yD; jzpfavonf? tu,fI awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm;onf tvkdtavsmufjzpfvmcJhonfqkdygu/ *smreftpkd;&onf rnfuJhokd@ &yfwef@Ekdifrnfenf;/ (okd@r[kwf) rnfr# =umanmif;apEkdifrnfenf;´ b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopftpkd;&rsm;onf qef@usifawmfvSefaer_rsm; &Sdaeao;oa&G@/ *smrefwkd@. rnfonfh urf;vSrf;t}uHðycsufukdr# vufcHpOf;pm;Ekdifrnf r[kwfay?” *smrefrsm; t&_H;ray;oa&G@ jyifopfrsm;onf ajy+idrf;cJhvdrhfrnfr[kwfacs?

‚if;. urf;vSrf;r_topfukd +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf pdwf0ifpm;r_tenf;i,fukd jyovm=uaom tcg/

ulEkdonf ol. EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;rSaeI ol@tm; E_wfxGuf&ef zdtm;ay;avawmhonf? olonf jiif;qkdvkduf+yD;/ xkdtpm; 'kwd,ajrmuf oHwrefpmrl=urf;ukd a&;om;cJhavonf? xkdpmonf +Adwdeftm; jyifopf ESifh a0;&mokd@uavmfxkwf&ef óud;pm;aompmjzpfavonf? ,ckt}udrfwGifvnf; yxrt}udrfwkef;u pum;vkH; rsm;ukdom okH;xm;avonf? okd@aomf t=urf;rzuf tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;ukdrl razmfjyawmhacs? jyifopfrS vnf; ,ciftwkdif;yif xyfrHI jiif;qefvkdufavonf?

ZGefvtukefokd@a&mufaomtcg/ EkdifiHawmftm; a'0gvDcH&rnfh tajctaeokd@ wGef;ykd@aeonfhtwGuf

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=o*kwfv (8) &ufae@wGif *smrefv$wfawmf (Reichstag)onf ta&;ay:nDvmcJhukd ac:,lusif;yav

awmhonf? ulEkdonf =urf;jyifay:okd@ ajccsrdonfESifhwòydifeuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ‚if;tm;qJqkdatmf[pf=uav awmhonf? “Executive of Stiners' Republic/ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;ol/ uvdefuuspf/ vlnpf vlqkd;/ &mZ0wfaumif/ vlvdrf/ opPmazmuf” ponfh atmfoHrsm;ukd us,favmifpGm =um;&avawmhonf? okd@&mwGif ulEkdY xkdolrsm;tm; topfurf;vSrf;&ef bmr# r&Sday? “t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_ukd *smr%D[m qufvuf vkyfaqmif&rnf/ qufvufvkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf”[k olu qufvufwkdufwGef;oGm;avonf? pdwfysufaeaom qkd&S,fvpfygwDonf ulEkdtpkd;&tm; t,kHt=unfr&SdtqkdukdwifoGif;&m rJ&&SdcJh+yD;/ =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@wGif E_wfxGufoGm;&avonf?

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orw tDbmwf. axmufcHr_ ESifh usef&Sdaeao;aom a&G;cs,fp&m tenf;i,fESifhtwl/ px&ufpfref (Stresemann) onf &m;jynfe,ftwGif;Y awmfvSefqef@usifaer_rsm; +yD;qkH;oGm;+yDa=umif;/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufae@wGif ausnmvkdufavonf? “t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vufav#mht&_H;ay;vkdufjcif;onf/ ‚if;ukd tokH;ðyI wkdufyGJ0ifaejcif;xuf ykdrkdI rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf&Sdwm jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf?” [k ‚if;ae@pOf rSwfwrf;wGifa&;om;cJhavonf? “ig[m ighygwDtwGif;rSm&SdwJh igh&J@EkdifiHa&;tqifhtwef;ukd tEW&m,fjzpfvm atmif igukd,fwkdif vkyfvkdufjcif;jzpfw,fqkdwmukd/ igvkyfaqmifvkduf+yD;wJhtcsdefusrSyJ igodvkduf&awmhw,f/ [kwfw,f/ 'g[m igh&J@ toufukdawmif tEW&m,fjzpfvmapEkdifw,f? 'gayr,fh/ ig wkd@*smrefvlrsKd;awG&J@ csKd@wJhaer_[m bmvJ/ igwkd@ csKd@wJhaewmuawmh wm0ef,l&JwJhowWdbJjzpfw,f?” [k qdkcJhonf?

§ § §

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xdktcsdefu/ usL;ausmfolrsm;udk ckcHawmfvSefvkdaom *smrefwkd@. &JpGrf;owWdrsm;onf/ *END}uD;. +Adwdo#tpkd;&ESifh

ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&; pdwf"gwfcGeftm; ESifh us,fjyef@pGmqufoG,faecJhavonf? vufeufrJh qef@usifawmfvSefr_onf atmifyGJ&&SdumeD;+yD[lI/ *smrefrsm;onf pdwf"gwfa&;&m omvGefr_tjzpf toHaumif; [pfatmf aysmfjrL;ae=uavonf? okd@aomf/ *ENDuJhokd@r[kwfyJ/ olwkd@onf t=urf;rzufoydwfarSmufr_rsm;. u|rf;usifwwfajrmufxm;&rnfh u|rf;usifr_tpkpkudk wkd;wufvmatmif rvkyfaqmifcJh=uacs? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@ òydifbuf&efol. AsL[mcif;usif;r_twkdif;twmukd usOf;ajrmif;apcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zuf zdESdyfr_rsm;twGuf wefbkd;rsm;ukd ukefusapcJhonf? xkdtpm;/ abmvf&SDApf aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfolrsm;rSonf vufsmtpGef;a&muf rsufuef;rsKd;cspfrsm;txd/ *smrefwkd@. t=urf;zufr_ukd ukd,fykdif axmufcHtm;ay;r_jzifh &m;e,ftm; z&kdz&J/ 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfoGm;txd upm;cJh=uvonf? jyifopfqef@usifr_awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJukd o,faqmifvmaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;rSm pGef@ypfjcif;ukd cHcJh=u&avonf? aemufxyf (16) ESpfyifr=umjrifhaom tcsdef umvokd@ a&mufvmaomtcg/ t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_tawG;tac:ukd rkef;wD;onfh ta'ghvfzf [pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) OD;aqmifonfhwjcm;aom *smreftpkd;& wufvmcJh+yD;/ ppfyGJukdpwifI jyifopfwkd@tm; odrf;ykdufcJhavonf?

ppfavsmfa=u;onf yËdyuQudk zefwD;cJhonfh jy\emjzpfonfhtwGuf/ tusKd;&vm'fonf txifESifh tjrif

wjcm;pDjzpfoGm;cJhavonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif/ +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwkd@onf u,fq,fr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef a&mufvmcJh=uavonf? *smrefwkd@. pD;yGg;a&;onf wppDuGJxGufoGm;+yDqdkonfukd todtrSwfðyvufcHvkduf+yD;onhfaemuf/ tar&duefESifh +Adwdo#wkd@onf ppfavsmfa=u;ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m jy\emwcktjzpf ðyvkyf+yD;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_twGuf taqmufttkHopfwckukd t}uHðy wifjyvmcJh=uavonf? tar&duefrS csm;vf 'g0ufpf (Charles Dawes) OD;pD;onfh aumfrwDwckonf/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;wckukd t}uHðyvmcJh =uavonf? xkd ig;ESpfpDrHudef; t}uHðycsufwGif *smreftm; tjynfjynfqkdif&m acs;aiGwckESifh ‚if;. aºuG;+rDrsm;udk av#mhcsjcif;jzifh axmufulyHhykd;&efjzpfonf? twdtusyif xkdtajz&Smr_onf ulEkd awG;xifxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifacs &SdvmcJhavonf? (1924) ckESpf/ {+yDvokd@a&mufaomtcg/ *smr%Donf touf&SLacsmifvmcJhavawmh onf?


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'def;rwf? tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh ppfyGJqifE$Jjcif;

“'def;rwfudk olwdk@odrf;vdkuf+yD”

(1940) ck/ {+yDv (9) &uf t±k%fwufvmcsdefwGif 'def;rwfEdkifiH. wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifhòrd@&Gmrsm;ay:tvif;a&mifzsmusvmcsdefY/ 'def;rwf vlrsKd;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfudk rdrdwdk@ rydkifqdkifawmhay? vGefcJhonfhntwGif;uyif *smrefppfwyfrsm;onf udkyifa[*if/ ,Gwfvef; ESifh zifu|ef;rsm;ay:odk@ v#yfwysuf0ifa&mufpD;eif;+yD; 'def;rwfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk vsifjrefpGmatmifEdkifcJhonf? òrd@awmfudkvnf; tvG,fwul yif odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ppfom;wifoabFm ‘[ef;pufpwuf'f 'ef;Zpf’ onf òrd@awmf. A[dkcsufrwGif qdkufuyfxm;cJhonf? reuf (5) em&DwGifrl *smrefppfom;rsm;onf qdyfurf;udk pD;rdk;aeonfh a&S;a[mif;cHwyf}uD;xJwGif tjynfhae&m,lxm;=uawmhonf? aoewfwcsufrazmufyJ 'def;rwfppfom; ckepfq,fudk zrf;rdcJhonf? Todk@jzpfysufaecsdefwGif *smrefAHk;=uJav,mOfrsm;u òrd@awmfay:rS uyfysH=u&m òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;rSm *smrefavwyfwHqdyfudkyif &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif edrfhvSonf? xdkav,mOfrsm;u pm&Gufrsm;=uJcs&mY “+Adwdo#usL;ausmfr_udk óudwif[ef@wm;&ef twGuf” *smrefrsm;vma&mufjcif; jzpfonf[ka&;xm;aomfvnf; ‚if;[email protected]"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm jynfolvlxkudk a=umufvef@ ajcmufjcm;ap+yD; +idrf+idrfqdyfqdyf 'l;axmufap&efom jzpfavonf? udkyifa[*ifòrd@rS qdkifta&mif;pma&;wOD;jzpfol ,pfwfb&Gef; u jyefajymif;ajymjyonfrSm “*smrefav,mOfawG ysHvmw,f? æ æ usaemfwdk@ tdyf&mux+yD; jywif;aygufu xGuf=unfhawmh olwdk@ a&mufae=u+yD? tJ'DtcgrSyJ 'g[m qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckckawmh jzpfoGm;+yD/ olwdk@ 'def;rwfudk odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkwm usaemfwdk@csufjcif; oabm aygufoGm;=uw,f?” [pfwvm. ppf,EW&m;}uD;u (1939) pufwifbmwGif ydkvefEdkifiHudk v#yfwjyuf odrf;,lvdkufum 'kwd,urBmppfudk rD;ar$;vdkuf+yD; aemufydkif;vrsm;wGif/ rnfonfhppfAsL[myg&*l odk@r[kwf urBmhacgif;aqmifurS 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf *smrefxdk;ppfudk ckcHEdkifvdrfhrnf[k vHk;0udk rawG;xifxm;cJhay? (1940) azaz:0g&DvwGif 0ifpwefcsmcsDu “'def;rwfjynfu emZDudktnHhcHvdkuf&if usaemfhtaeeJ@ tjypf rwifEdkifygbl;” [krSwfcsufcscJhzl;onf? “wjcm;puif'Dae;AD;,m;EdkifiHawGjzpfwJh aemfa0;eJ@qGD'ifwdk@u usm;udktpmau|;wJhae&mrSm usHK;uav;jcm;aeao;w,f? 'gayr,fh 'def;rwfuawmh *smr%DeJ@ wtm;udkuyfaevdk@ tultnDac:zdk@udk rjzpfEdkifbl;?”[k qdkcJhonf? 'def;rwfbk&if '\rajrmufc&pf&SefESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf wdkif;jynf.tEW&m,fudk odjrifcJh=u+yD; *smr%DESifh (1939) arvY rusL;ausmf a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum/ ‚if;tay:om ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; yHkatmxm;cJh=uonf? [pfwvmudk,fwdkifu ,if;odk@aom *smrefpdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif;&Sd[ef xifap&ef yHhydk;ay;cJhonf? atmufwdkbm (6) &ufwGif v$wfawmfa&S@arSmuf rdef@cGef;ajym&mY [pfwvmu 'def;rwf vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh “opPmuwdwnfI cifrif&if;ESD;aom aygif;azmfr_” udk wnfaqmufxm;onf[k ajymcJhonf? odk@&mwGif emZDwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. taygif;tazmfrsm;udk ta¹cGt&H/ y%mqufEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf ydkvdkvm;onfudk urBmuawG@vmavonf? (1939) ckwGifrl 'def;rwfjynfom;tenf;i,fuom xdkodk@odjrifcJhonf? ppfyGJ}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;onfhtcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf rdrd vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk tiftm;av#mhcsypfonfh wckwnf;aom Oa&mywdkif;jynfjzpfonf? usL;ausmfr_ðyonfhae@wGif 'def;rwfwyf tiftm;rSm (15000) yifrjynfhy/J ,cifu&SdcJhzl;onfh tiftm;w0ufausmf±Hkom&Sd.? odk@&mwGif *smref r[mAsL[mqGJolrsm;onf ppftiftm;omvGefaeapumrl wdkufppfudk aocsmusepGm jyifqifpDpOfcJhonf? ta=umif;rl 'def;rwfwdk@. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom qef@usifckcHr_onf *smrefxdk;ppftcsdefZ,m;udk uarmufur jzpfoGm;apEdkif+yD; aemfa0;EdkifiHudk wòydifeufwnf; usL;ausmfa&;udkyg ysufjym;oGm;apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI {&mrxdk;ESufcsufudk rvGJraoG vdktyfavonf?


vGefchJonfhig;&ufu udkyifa[*ifòrd@odrf;wm0efusaom *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf udk,fwdkifudk,fusaxmufvSrf;&ef òrd@awmfodk@a&muf vmcJhonf? ‚if;onf omrefpD;yGm;a&;orm;[efaqmifvsuf qdyfurf;udk avhvm=unfh±_um yifr ppfonfwifoabFm qdkufuyf&ef oifhawmfaomqdyfudk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? xdk@aemuf olonf 'def;rwf=unf;wyfppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf pcef;csvsuf&Sdaom cHwyfa[mif;}uD;odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf? uif;apmifhwm0efusppfom;rsm;u pyfpyfpkpkEdkifaom ukefonfudk vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk+yD; rdrdwdk@. wyf=uyf}uD;ESifh rdwfqufay;cJh&m ‚if;wyf=uyf}uD;u {nfhonfawmfudk ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ qufoG,fa&;XmeESifh cHwyf. yifr*dwfaygufESpfaygufwdk@udk vdkufvHjyocJhonf? *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf rdrdwdk@usL;ausmfr_. atmifjrifr_tvm;tvmtwGuf tyltyifuif;pGm jyefvmcJhonf? *smrefwyfrsm; rpD;eif;rDnwGif usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJ@ppfOD;pD;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;umhwf[kdif;rm;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m *smrefoHtrwf}uD; pDpif;vfAGef&ifax;zifhufxH oGm;a&mufI 'def;rwftpdk;&tm; aemufem&Dtenf;i,ft=umY ay;tyf&ef pmwkdwapmif ay;cJhonf? 'def;rwfwkd@ESifh &if;ESD;vSaom *k%foa&&SdoHwrefwOD;jzpfonfh AGef&ifax;zifhufrSm wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&onf? ,if;pmrSm &mZoHwapmif jzpf+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@udk 'l;axmuftnHhcH&ef awmif;qdkxm;onf? pmxJY puif'Dae;AD;,m;udk ppfwvif;jzpfapzdk@ r[mrdwfwkd@. t=uH tpnfqdkonfht&mrS tumtuG,fay;&ef *smrefwdk@ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ *smr%DEdkifiHwGif &efvdkonfht=uHtpnfrsm;r&Sd aomfvnf; qef@usifckcHr_rSefor#udk acsr_ef;ypfrnfjzpfa=umif; qdkxm;onf? xdk@tjyif aemufxyftmrcHr_wckvnf; ay;xm;onf? ,if;rSm *smrefwdk@onf “'def;rwfEdkifiH. e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_udk‚if;” 0ifa&mufpGufzufrnfr[kwf[lI jzpfonf? tr,fvD,ifabmh*feef;awmftjyifY aoewfoHrsm; jrnf[D;aecsdefwGif bk&ifc&pf&Sefu 0ef}uD;csKyf aomfAm;vf'fpawmif;eif;/ EdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD; tuf'Gyfref@csftygt0if rdrd0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh bmvkyf&rnfudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; wdk@u tnHhcHa&;zufrS aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? reuf (6) em&Drxdk;rD rdepftenf;i,ftvdkwGif bk&if}uD;u tnHhcHzdk@oabmwlvdkufonf? xdk@aemufodyfr=umrD bk&ifESifhawG@qHkcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[dkif;rm;u bk&if}uD;onf “tjyifyef;tm;jzifh &mZÁa¹ENudk tjynfht0” xdef;xm;aomfvnf; “twGif;o±kyftm;jzifh wkefv_yfòydvJ” oGm;yHk&onf[k qdkcJhonf? bk&if}uD;u rdrdESifh rdrdtpdk;&onf “*smref wyfrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkif;jynft=um; rnfonfhyËdyuQudkrqdk ajzazsmufypf&ef æ æ tpGrf;ukefaqmif&GufoGm;rnf? rdrdwdkif;jynfudk aemuf xyf'kuQokuQrcHpm;apvdk” [k qdkcJhonf? xdkae@wm=umanmif;vmonfESifhtr# 'def;rwfwdk@rSm r,HkEdkifatmifjzpf=u&onf? pawmif;eif;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;wdk@tm; Oya' vdkufem+yD; *smrefwyfrsm;udk “rSefrSefuefuef” qufqH=u&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? “'def;rwftpdk;&[m odrf;ydkufr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; qef@ usifuef@uGufwJhtaeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@tajctaet&yf&yfudk pDpOfaqmif&Gufzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f” [k oluajymjyonf? “tpdkk;&[m wdkif;jynfukd 'Dhxufydkqdk;wJh =urRmuae u,fwifEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ ±dk;om;pGm,Hk=unfcH,l+yD; aqmif&GufcJhw,f æ æusaemfwdk@[m jynfol vlxk&J@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_tay: rSDcdktm;xm;rSmjzpfygw,f?”[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf? TonfrSm vufeufcst±H_;ay;jcif;r[kwfyJ vdkufavsmay;jcif;omjzpfonf? Tay:vpDonf wdkif;jynf odrf;ydkufcHxm;&aomfvnf; ±H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;r[kwfrlbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH/ jzpfjrJjzpfaeonf[lonfh tusdK;&Sdaompdwful;Zmwfvrf;ESifh wGJqufaeonfh ay:vpDjzpfonf? Tyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD (samarbejdspolitik) onf udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh&Sdaom trsKd;om;b0twGuf wwfEdkifor# v_yfomvSnfhom&Sd&ef óud;yrf;onfh r[mAsL[mvnf; jzpfonf? “usrwdk@[m {+yD (9) &ufwHk;uom ckcHcJh&if/ ol&J aumif;yDowJh udk,fhudk,fudk,faoa=umif;=uHr_rsKd; jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f” [k'def;rwfordkif;ynm&Sif yJav;avm&if;u aemufykdif;wGif ajymonf? “&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;[m t"duyef;wdkifjzpfvmw,f?” Tt,ltqudk 'def;rwfjynfom;tm;vHk;u oabmwl=uonf awmhr[kwfyg? tar&duefEdkifiHqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;u rdrdudk,frdrd “vGwfvyfaom” 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf a=unmcJh onf? Tonfudk 'def;rwfwdk@. yxrqHk;aomqef@usifawmfvSefa&;vkyf&yftjzpf trsm;ujrif=uonf?


TppfyGJonf EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmESifh vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusKH;0ifaprnfh urBmhyËdyuQ}uD;wcktjzpfodk@ t&SdefjrifhoGm;rnfqdkonfudkrl xdkpOfu rnfolr# rod=u? ppfyGJonf c%om=um+yD; Oa&mywdkufwckvHk; [pfwvmhvufatmufwGif waygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm; um oD;jcm;EdkifiHrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;zdk@rsm;onf[k 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqcJh=uonf? Ttwdkif;jzpfvmygu 'def;rwftcsKyf tjcmtm%mydkifr_udk *smr%Du todtrSwfðyxm;r_u 'def;rwfjynftay: xD;rdk;umuG,fay;&ma&mufEdkif+yD; *smreftifyg,mtwGif; odk@ 0g;òrdrcH&bJ aeEdkifrnf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rSm tqdk;}uD;xJrS tqdk;av;jzpfonf? *smrefwdk@bufrS=unfhv#if 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf usdK;usdK;EGHEGH&SdrS ‚if;. vkyftm;/ pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk toHk;csEdkifrnfjzpfonf? 'def;rwftxnftvdyfrsm;/ ppfoHk; ypPnf;rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&duQmrsm; tzEdkifiHawmf ¡*smr%D¢ odk@ rSefrSefpD;0ifap&efrSm wdkif;jynfudk twif;t"rRodrf;oGif;jcif;xuf udkyif a[*iftpdk;&ESifh ajyvnfatmifvkyfjcif;u ydkIvdrfrmyg;eyf&ma&muf.[k ,lqonf? *smrefwdk@onf 'def;rwfjynfwGif at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdap&eftvdk@iSm todrf;ydkufcHwkdif;jynftrsm;pkudk udkifwG,fqufqHyHkESifh odompGm uGJuGJjym;jym;udkifwG,fzdk@ toifhjyifxm;cJhonf? *smrefppfXmecsKyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u *smrefppfom;rsm; 'def;rwfwdk@. cGJwrf;usukef ypPnf;rsm;udk rawmif;0,f&efwm;jrpf+yD;/ *smrefppfwyfowif;pmwapmif jzef@csDr_udkvnf; &yfqdkif;ypfcJhonf? wyfwGif; jzef@a0aom !¸ef=um;pmwckwGif *smrefppfom;rsm;udk 'def;rwftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;cav;rsm;tm; av;av;pm;pm;qufqH&ef/ EdkifiHa&; jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;r_rsm; rvkyf&ef/ xdkr#omru 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;onf &efolr[kwfa=umif;/ emZDvlrsKd;a&;owfrSwfcsufZ,m;wGif txl; tcGifhta&;& taetxm;Y&Sda=umif; owday;xm;onf? *smrefwdk@. ,Ofaus;txufwef;usr_udk oufaojyonfhtaejzifh bmvifu 'def;rwfudk urBmha&S@arSmufwGif “pHjytapmifhta&SmufcHEdkifiH” jzpfapvdkonf? xdk@jyif 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm; +idrf0yfusKd;EGHr_ &Sdyg u tjcm;wzufwGifvnf;/ csKyfudkifa&;twGuf *smrefppfom; odyfvdkrnfr[kwfawmhacs? 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;u usL;ausmfr_a=umifh wpHkw&mpdwfoufom&m &oGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm Tokd@jzifh ppfyGJ. tedÏm±Hktjynfh tpHk a&mufrvmatmif xdef;xm;Edkifrnfhoabm&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? at;at;aq;aq;ae=uzdk@ bk&ifht=uHay;csufrSm oifhavsmf yHk&aeonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif zufqpfygwDrsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;ygwDrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u tpGef;a&muf rsm;udk ab;a&mufaeaponf? emZDrsm;odrf;ydkufcJhonfh Oa&mywdkufae&mwdkif;wGif jzpfaeonfh jyif;xefaom/ t=urf;zufonftxd r=umc%jzpfwwfaom 0g'a&;yËdyuQrsKd; 'def;rwfjynfvrf;rrsm;ay: rjzpfatmif xdef;EdkifcJhonf? 'def;rwftaqmufttHktzGJ@tpnf; rsm;rSm tedrhfqHk;tm;jzifh 'def;rwftm%mydkifr_ oauFwrsm;tjzpf e*dktwdkif; qufvufwnf&Sdaeojzifh qef@usifawmfvSefzdk@wGef; tm; ta&;w}uD; jzpfyHkr&cJh? twdtvif;qef@usifawmfvSefjcif;onf tm%mydkifudk zDqefonfhoabm jzpfoGm;vdrhfrnf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS vHk;0jyefrwdkufcJhjcif;udk 'def;rwfjynfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;u &Suf=uonf? rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; tnHhcHvdkufonfrSm jrefvGef;tm;}uD;onf[k trsm;tjym;u ,lq=uonf? 'def;rwfESifh *smrefwdk@onf &SvJpf0pf*fe,fajr (awmif zuftpGefqHk;'def;rwfjynfe,f odk@r[kwf ajrmufzuftusqHk;*smrefjynfe,f) ESifhywfouf+yD; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;rsm;cJh&m (1864) ck 'def;rwf-y&yf&Sm;ppfyGJwGif txGwftxdyfa&mufcJh+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@ ±H_;edrhfcJhonf? xdk@aemufydkif;q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif ,if;e,fajr&Sd 'def;rwfrsm;udk *smrefwdk@ rw&m;ðyrlqufqHr_u 'def;rwfwdk@. &efvdkpdwfudk wdk;jrifhapcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynf.tjyifyef; +idrf oufr_ESifh w&m;0iftm;jzihf vdkufavsmajyvnfr_atmuf wGif rausreyfa'gopdwf &SdaecJhonf? “udk,fxdvufa&mufqef@usifwm enf;enf;av;yJ&SdcJhw,f” [kxdkpOfu toufq,fhoHk;ESpft&G,fausmif;om; [m;bwfyef'pfu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? “'gayr,fh æ æ 'def;rwfawG[m *smrefawGudk rvdkvm;bl;qdkwmudkawmh cHpm;aerd=u+yD?” oluajymcJhonf? “'def;rwfvlaumif;qdkwm bmvJ” *smrefrsm;usL;ausmfcsdefwGif tm;efq,f,mrSm taemufydkif;ZDvefjynfe,f&Sd qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@uav;wGif rdbrsm;ESifh twlaeaeaom q,fhckepfESpft&G,f ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? {+yD 9 &ufae@reuf ausmif;toGm;wGif avmavmvwfvwfa&mufvmonfh ppfom; rsm;udk jynfolvlxkrsm;u w&if;wESD;cifcifrifrif&Sd=uyHk/ *smrefppfwD;0dkif;wzGJ@u 'def;rwf*Dwjzifh av[mjyifazsmfajzyGJvkyfay;onfudk vlxku vufckyfwD;=obmay;yHkwdk@udk thH=owkefv_yfoGm;cJhrdonf? olonf a'oxkwfowif;pmwapmifudk aumuf=unfh&m jynfol jynfom;rsm;udk


'def;rwfvlaumif;olaumif;rsm;ozG,f ðyrlusifh=uH=uzdk@ bk&if.rSm=um;csuf yg&SdonfudkawG@&onf? “'def;rwfvl aumif;qdkwm bmvJ” [kol@udk,folar;rdonf? “tckvdktajctaersKd;/ udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk &efoluodrf;ydkufxm;wJhtcsdefrSm 'def;rwf vlaumif;olaumif;wa,mufu b,fvdkðyrlusifh=uH&rvJ?” olu ol@udk,foljyefar;cGef;xkwfonf? q,f,m tdrfjyefvm+yD;aemuf ol@tajzrsm;udk 'def;rwfwdk@twGuf ynwfawmfq,fyg; trnfjzifh csa&;cJhonf? olonf rdwWL (25) apmif vufESdyfpufjzifh¶dkufcJhonf? Todk@a&;xm;onf?

1? oifonf *smr%DEdkifiHESifh aemfa0;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muftvkyfrvkyf&? 2? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;vkyfay;&rnf? 3? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk jznf;av;pGmvkyfay;&rnf? 4? oifonf ta&;ygaom puf,EW&m;rsm;/ u&d,mrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf? 5? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tusdK;&SdEdkifrnfh t&mrSefor#udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf? 6? oifonf o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tm;vHk;udk aESmifhaES;atmifvkyf&rnf? 7? oifonf *smrefESifh tDwvD¶kyf&Sifrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&rnf? 8? oifonf emZDpwdk;qdkifrsm;wGif aps;r0,f&? 9? oifonf opPmazmufrsm;udk xdkufwefonfhtwdkif; qufqH&rnf?

10? oifonf *smrefrsm; tvdkufcH&ol rnfol@udkrqdk umuG,fay;&rnf? 'def;rwfjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if=u?

xdk@aemuf q,f,monf qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@rS òrd@awmf0ef/ b%fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm; tygt0if =oZm wduUrt&SdqHk; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;pm&if;wck a&;qGJcJhonf? aemufwnwGif olonf pufbD;jzifh olwdk@aetdrfrsm;odk@oGm;+yD; ynwf awmfq,fyg;udk pmxnfhyHk;rsm;xJ xnfhcJhonf? rdrdEdkifiHom;'def;rwfwdk@u *smrefrsm;udk ay:ay:xifxif vd_ufvSJysLiSmaejcif;u tawmf}uD;rm;vSonfh qef@usifawmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwftm; zHk;uG,fxm;onfudk r=umrD q,f,mawG@vmonf? q,f,monf qef@usifawmfvSefa&;enf;emopfrsm;udkvnf; awG@&SdazmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf? olESifhol@rdwfaqGrsm;u *smrefum;rsm;/ ppfoHk;,mOfrsm;. "mwfqDwdkifuDxJ o=um;avmif;xnfh=uonf? *smrefqef@usifa&; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk ul;,l+yD; EdkifiHtESH@tjym;&Sd txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;xHodk@ pmwdkufrSaeI ydk@=uonf? odwfr=umcif ynwfawmfq,fyg;onf wa,mufvufrSwa,mufjyef@oGm;um tqHk;wGif 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@ trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; qifE$J&mY trGeftjrwfxm;p&mjzpfvmavonf? arvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y vli,ftzGJ@wcsdK@ awG@qHkpnf;a0;=u+yD; bmoma&;qdkif&mygarmuQ [,fvfaumuf. vrf;!¸efr_atmuf wGif 'def;rwfvli,ftoif;}uD;udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? ,if;toif;rSm 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mESifh 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;pHrsm; xdef;odrf; a&;twGuf &nf&G,fzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? aumufonf *smrefqef@usifa&;/ 'def;rwfemZDqef@usifa&;twGuf trsKd;om;aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&; vdktyfr_udk tav;ay;onfh 'def;rwfordkif;qdkif&m a[majymyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh y&dowfrsm;pGmudk qGJaqmifEdkifovdk owif;pmwGifvnf; owif;rsm;ygapEdkifcJhonf? olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufjcif;onf EdkifiH.tiftm;ESifh w&m;Oya'a=umif;nDr_ udk racszsufEdkif[k aqG;aEG;jycJhonf? jrifhrm;vmaeaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfav[kefonf &yf&Gmaw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;Y tjyef@ESH@qHk;wdkufcwfcJhonf? ,if;yGJawmfrsm; onf trsm;tm;jzifh }uD;rm;vSaom a'oqdkif&myGJvrf;rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf? Zlvdkif (4) &ufY t,fvfabmh*fòrd@teD;wGif vl (1500) cef@pka0;um (1864) ck *smr%DESifhppfyGJta=umif;/ ppfom;rsm;.&JpGrf;owWdta=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@csefxm;&pfcJhaom rdef;cav;rsm; ta=umif; aw;csif;rsm;udk oDqdkcJh=uonf? =o*kwfvESifh pufwifbmv wav#mufvHk;wGif vl ckepfodef;cGJonf tvm;wlyGJawmfrsm; Y oDcsif;rsm;qdkcJh=uonf? pufwifbm (26) &uf bk&ifhoufawmf ckepfq,fjynfharG;ae@wGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay:Y axmif ESifhcsDaomvlxkrsm;onf EdkifiH. toa&udkaqmifxm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;twGuf arG;ae@oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkcJh=uonf? “'DavmufvlawG trsm;}uD; udkyifa[*ifw0dkufu yef;jcHawGxJpka0;+yD; oDcsif;qdk¶HkyJqdkaewm[m *smrefawGtwGuf rcHcsifp&mjzpfaew,f” [k *sD ,ufb&Gef;u jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?


odrf;ydkufr_tm; xdyfwdkufpdefac:jcif;onf tpdk;&. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk azmufzsuf&musvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif 'def;rwf. *k%fyk'fESifh vuQ%mtm; ,Ofaus;r_t&&yfcHjcif;udkrl tay:,Htm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;rqHapyJ t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@aomf jim;vnf; trsm;jynfol@cHpm;csufrsm;udk tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifhjyygu csKd;ESdrfcH&Edkifonfh tcsdefwGif xdkokd@aom ,Ofaus;r_enf;vrf;onf *smref=oZmcHa&;t,ltqudk oG,f0dkufpdefac:aecJhonf? qef@usifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1941) rwdkifrDtxd aumif;aumif;yHk ray:ao;aomfvnf; aw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ae@pOfESifhtr# vkyfaeonfh oauFwoabmqef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;onf pdwf"mwfa&;yEMufudk csay;cJhonf? TonfrSm aemufESpfoHk;q,ft=umY uGefjrLepfvufatmufydkvefjynfwGif ppfaoG;ºuGtvkyf orm;rsm;/ twdkuftcH ynmwwfrsm;wdk@. vkyf&yfu v_yf&Sm;r_toGifraqmifao;aom twdkuftcHtwGuf vlr_a&;cGifudk zefwD; ay;vdkufyHkESifh qifwlaeonf? 'def;rwfpme,fZif;orm;wdk@uvnf; qef@usifawmfvSefa&;udk rD;ar$;ay;&mY ueOD;tp tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhonf? usL;ausmf+yD;p tcsdefwGif *smrefjyef=um;a&;oHrª;onf 'def;rwfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeodk@ udk,fwkdifvma&mufI yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;twGuf tajccH pnf;urf;csufrsm; csay;cJhonf? ,if;pnf;urf;rsm;rSm EdkifiHjcm;owif;ESifh acgif;}uD;ykdif;tm;vHk; óudwifcGifhðycsuf,l&rnf? odrf;ydkufa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; a0zefcGifhrðy/ óudwifcGifhðycsufr&yJ rnfonfhppfowif;udkrS yHkESdyfcGifhrðy ponfwdk@jzpf.? odk@aomf vHk;0O\HkvGwfvyfr_ udk tom;usxm;aom 'def;rwfrD'D,mu [efaqmifyefaqmifodwfr&Sdaom &GH&Smrkef;wD;r_jzifh wkef@jyefcJhonf? ae@vnfxkwf tpfuf px&mbvm'uf owif;pmu owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pma=umif;vGwfwa=umif; wa=umif;jcm;+yD; yHkESdyfcJhonf? owif;pm zwfolrsm;udk pma=umif;rsm;udk ausmf=unfhzdk@ t&dyft¹rGufjyjcif;jzpfonf? uvGefabmh*fa&'D,dkESifh udkyifa[*ifa&'D,dktoHv$ifh orm;rsm;u qifqmjzwfxm;onfh ppfowif;rsm;udk zwf=um;&mwGif “,cktcsdefrSpI aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif; xkwfjyefcsufudk zwf=um;ygawmhr,f” [laom xHk;pHtzGifhpum;ESifh “aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif;xkwfjyefcsufudk zwf =um;vdk@+yD;yg+yD” [laom xHk;pHtydwfpum;wdk@udk zwf&mY r=umc%qdkovdk oa&mfawmfawmfaighawmhawmhavoH ododomomESifh zwfavh&Sdonf? 'def;rwfjynfwGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;udk xdyfwkdufrawG@&onfhtajcY 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mudk azmfusL;tr$ef;wifvdk onfh qENtm;jzifhvH_@aqmfr_udk rcH&onfhae&m r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? EdkifiHu rdrd.pdwf"mwfa&;&mtwGuf rdrdzmomwm0ef,lae csdefwGif tpdk;&u &ufowWywfwywf+yD;wywf ukefqHk;vmonfESifhtr# ydkIydkI wdkufwdkif;atmifyHkaygufvmonfh usL;ausmfolrsm; ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifaeonf? 'def;rwftm;odrf;ydkuf+yD; ajcmufywfr=umcif *smrefwdk@onf e,fomvef/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopfEdkifiHrsm;udk odrf;&cJhonf? emZDppf,EW&m;}uD;udk &ifqdkifaeonfh t"duOa&mycHuwkwfrSm +AdwdefEdkifiHom usef&Sdawmhonf? “opPmazmufawG tvdkr&Sd” *smrefwdk@. ppfajrjyifatmifyGJrsm;a=umifh pdwfrmefºuGvm+yD; *smrefemZDrsm;u t}uD;tus,f aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;xm;cH&aom/ 'def;rwfemZDygwDonf (1940) ZGefvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y tm%modrf;zdk@ óud;yrf;cJhonf? ,if;vkyf&yfonf ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; tpdk;&udk emZDZmwfoGif;a&; aemufxyfóud;yrf;csufrsm;rS umuG,fEdkif&ef 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? Zlvdkif (2) &ufwGif ygwDig;cku udk;OD;aumfrwD[kac:aom ygvDreftpkwckudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? ,if;tpkonf xdktcsdefrSpI tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; wu,fhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrnfjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;udk ðzwfypfcJh&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDtwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom EdkifiH jcm;a&;0ef}uD; ref@csfvnf;ygoGm;onf? ref@csfudk xkwfypfcJhaomfvnf; ‚if;.ay:vpDrSmrl ðywfroGm;ay? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;opfrSm tJ&pfpau AD;eD;,yfjzpfonf? olonf ,cifuvnf; T&mxl;Y xrf;aqmifcJhzl;+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiH =um;ae EdkifcJhonfh yxrurBmppftwGif;u *smr%Dqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;vnf; jzpfcJhzl;onf? pauAD;eD;,yfonf rmeaxmifv$m;um vlóudufenf;vSaomfvnf; bmvifrS om;&Jaumif}uD;ESifh qufqH&mwGifrl oifhavsmfonfh vufawG@usol[k ,lqcH&onf? olonf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk taumiftxnfazmf&mY uHudkydktm;udk;onfhoabmxm;rsKd;jzifh vkyfaqmifcJhonf? olonf *smref vdkvm;olr[kwfaomfvnf; *smr%DppfEdkifrnf[k


aocsmayguf,Hk=unfaeonf? xdk@a=umifh olonf wdkif;jynftm; emZDzdESdyfr_rS u,fwifa&;udk &nfrSef;csuftjzpf xm;cJhonf? pauAD;eD;,yfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. t&Sifocifopfrsm;bufodk@ ododomom ,drf;,dkifcJhonf? olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf “rnfonfh tajctaersKd;wGifrqdk rdrd. awmifbufrS r[mtdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH}uD;ESifh yËdyuQrjzpfoifh” [kajymcJhonf? olu *smrefppfajrjyif atmifyGJrsm;udk csD;ajr‡muf*k%fðyum “Oa&mywdkufwGif acwfopfw&yf” pwifcJh+yD[kqdkonf? 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;udk *smr%DESifh “wufºuGaom tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_” ðy=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfcJhonf? TazmfvHzm;csOf;uyfcsufonf 'def;rwfemZDrsm; twGuf tm;wufp&mjzpfoGm;+yD; ‚if;wdk@u bk&ifhtm; pauAD;eD;,yfrSvGJI 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkxkwfypfum emZDrsm; odk@r[kwf “acwf opfudk em;vnfolrsm;” ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? bk&ifu jiif;y,faomfvnf; tpdk;&url *smreftvdkus vdkufavsmay; aeqJjzpfonf? (1941) ck tapmykdif;wGif 'def;rwf.EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udk xdcdkufapaom trsm;odajym=um;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf? ESpfa,mufcsif;pum;ajymr_uyifv#if axmif'%fusEdkifonf? Oya'opfrsm;u “odrf;ydkufa&; EdkifiH. &efolrsm;” udk woufwu|ef;jypf'%fcszdk@ tm%may;xm;onf? (1941) ck ZGef (22) &ufwGif *smrefwyfrsm;u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? *smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk qdkAD,ufrsm; ESifh oHtquftoG,f jzwfypf&efESifh 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? Tonfu 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifydkif;udk tusOf;t=uyfqdkufapcJhonf? Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsm tav#mhay;vdkufygu 'def;rwfEdkifiH om;wdk@. tajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xyfrHcsKd;azmuf&musvdrfhrnf? rvdkufavsmjyefuvnf; *smrefrsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;udk vdkufzrf;apzdk@ Ed_;qGay;&ma&mufEdkifonf? a&S;¶dk;pGJjynfol@ygwD0ifrsm;u ,if;awmif;qdkr_onf “xHk;wrf;pOfvm 'def;rwfw&m;r#wr_ t,ltqESifh yËdyuQjzpfaeonf” [k0efcHcJhaomfvnf; wzufwGif “uGefjrLepfrsm;onf “t=urf;zufr_ESifh tzsufvkyfief;” udk usL; vGefolrsm;jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcJhonf? =o*kwfvwGif 'def;rwfygvDrefu 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwDudk rw&m;oif;a=unmum trwf (3) OD; tygt0if ygwD0if (300) udk &Ju zrf;qD;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'def;rwf. vGwfvyfr_cGifrSm csKyfcs,fuef@owfcHvm&onf? ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif wdkufyGJqufvufjzpfaeonfhtcg [pfwvmu rdrd. abmf&SDApf0g'qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGif Oa&mywwdkuf vHk; yg0if&rnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ppfyGJ0ifEdkifiHtjzpfyg0if&ef (1941) ck Edk0ifbmvY “zdwfac:” vdkufonf? 'def;rwf0ef}uD; rsm;onf ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:+yD; a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyf=uonf? Edk0ifbm (23) &ufwGif AGef&ifax;zifhufu bmvif. zdwf ac:csufudk ,ckvdkxyfavmif;ajymcJhonf? “'def;rwfEdkifiHonf pmcsKyfudk csufcsif;vufrSwfxdk;&rnf? tu,fI rxdk;ygu æ 'def;rwf EdkifiHtm; &efolEdkifiHtjzpf oabmxm;&vdrfhrnfjzpf+yD; rv$Jra&Smifomaom tusKd;qufrsm;udk &ifqdkif&rnf?” pauAD;eD;,yfonf bmvifokd@oGm;a&mufcg vufrSwfxdk;vdkufawmhonf? aemufwae@wGif udkyifa[*ifausmif;om;rsm;onf tr,fvsifabmh*f&ifjyifwGif pk¶Hk;um 'def;rwfemZDowif;pmwdkufodk@ csDwuf=u onf? xdkrSwzef &pf*fpf'uf*fv$wfawmfodk@ csDwuf=uonf? vef'efwdkif;rf owif;pmu “ausmif;om;rsm;onf ykvdyfwdk@udk wGef;z,f ypf+yD; òrd@ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif qENjy=uonf? ‘pauAD;eD;,yf tvdkr&Sd’ ‘opPmazmufawG tvkdr&Sd’ pojzifh aºuG;a=umf=uonf” [kowif;ydk@cJhonf? “ykvdyfwkd@u rD;armif;rsm;xdk;um eHywf'kwfrsm;jzifh +zKdcGJonf? usnfqHbvdkif;awmifhrsm;jzifhvnf; ypfum/ *smref ppfXmecsKyfwnf&Sd&modk@ æ oGm;onfh vrf;udk atmifjrifpGmydwfqdk@EdkifcJhonf?” pauAD;eD;,yf bmvifrS jyefvmonfhtcg twif;=uyf qHk;vHkðcHa&;jzifh jyefvm&onf? odk@r[kwfygu aemufxyfqENjyyGJrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf? Tjzpf&yftm;vHk;u *smrefrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ 'def;rwftpdk;&udkvnf;aumif; tHhtm;oifhoGm;apcJhonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rl tm; vlxkaxmufcHr_ wu,f&Sdonf[laom xifa,mifrSm;r_udk 'def;rwftpdk;&taejzifh ,cktcg pGef@v$wfvdkuf&awmhonf? r=um rD&ufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u qENjyorm;rsm;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef¶_wfcscJhaomfvnf; tu,fI 'def;rwfwyfrsm;ESifh ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm; udk ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif toHk;ðy&ef twif;t=uyfawmif;qdk vmyguvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf *sL;qef@usifa&;Oya'csrSwf&ef awmif;qdkvmyguvnf;aumif; jiif;y,frnf[k tpdk;&tzGJ@u wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfqHk;jzwfxm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; &SdpkrJhpkydkif;jzwf csufrSm &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&onf *smrefa&wyfodk@ awmfyD'dkoabFmopf (6) pD;ay;tyf&ef


t=uyfudkifcH&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkr#omru 'def;rwfppfom;rsm;udk *smrefwyfxJoGif;jcif;udkvnf; rnfodk@r# [ef@wm;r_rðycJh? r=umciftawmtwGif; ppfr_xrf;Edkifonfh t&G,fa&muf+yD; 'def;rwfa,mufsm;tm;vHk; 'def;rwf¶kyfao;wyfwGif;odk@ oGif;cH&awmhonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;tm; wkef@jyefyHkwkef@jyefenf;ESifhywfoufI ,cifvdk oDcsif;qdkyGJrsm;/ odk@r[kwf vrf;ay:pDwef;vrf;av#mufjcif;rsm;udkom a&G;p&m&Sdonfr[kwfawmh? ,cktcgYrl &efoludkwdkufrvm;/ odk@r[kwf &efolESifhvufwGJI wdkufrvm;[lI a&G;p&mjzpfvmav+yD? “'dk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;zdk@vdkw,f” (1942) ckESpfOD;wGif 'def;rwfrsm;onf *smrefwdk@udk udk,fxdvufa&muf pwifpdefac:vm=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;yif vkyfvm=uonf? tzGJ@wzGJ@rSm t,fvfabmh*fòrd@rS ausmif;om;av;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ‚if;wkd@udk,f ‚if;wdk@ csmcsDuvyf [kemrnfay;xm;onf? ‚if;[email protected]ºuG;a=umfoHrSm “tu,fI vl}uD;rsm; wckckrvkyf&if igwdk@vkyfr,f” [l.? “usaemfwdk@rSm emZDqef@usifa&; oauFwwck vkyfxm;w,f? tJ'gu p=umwHqdyf&J@ vufwHawGxdyfrSm r#m;acgif;yHkawG vkyfxm;wm? 'gudk usaemfwdk@ tkwfeH&HawGay:rSm/ avScg; twuftqif;ab;awGrSm/ qGJvdk@&wJhae&mrSm qGJw,f” [k‚if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifwa,mufu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@ taumif;qHk;vkyfEdkifcJhwmu ppfypPnf;awG tjynfhwifxm;wJh ukef&xm;wpD;udk rD;¶d_@ypfEdkifcJhwmyJ” [kqdkonf? tv_yf&Sm;qHk;tzsufvkyfief;tzGJ@udk uGefjrLepfrsm;uacgif;aqmifonf? ‚if;wdk@onf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk *smr%Du 0ifwdkuf+yD; aemuf ajratmufv#Kd;oGm;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfbufawmfom;tzGJ@ KOPA [kzGJ@pnf;um ppfypPnf;u&d,mxkwfvkyfonfh puf¶Hkuav;rsm;udk pD;eif;wdkufcdkufr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? vtenf;i,ft=umwGif uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;udkvnf; xdktzGJ@rsm;Y yg0if cGifhðyvdkufum tzGJ@trnfudk vlvwfwef;pm;bufawmfom;tzGJ@ BOPA [k ajymif;cJhonf? Tppfqifa&;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkufysufpD; r_rSm tenf;tusOf;omjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Twdkufcdkufr_rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk uarmufurjzpfapcJhonf? tu,fI tpdk;&u tzsuform;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;ygu ,ckyifv#if avsmhenf;ae+yDjzpfaom trsm;jynfol@axmufcHr_udk ydkIqHk;¶_H;oGm; apvdrfhrnf? tu,fI bmrSrvkyfbJ aejyefv#ifvnf; rdrd. *smreft&Sifocifrsm;ESifh &efyGm;vdrfhrnf? pifppftm;jzifh *smrefwdk@. vdkufavsmcsuftay:rlwnfI tpdk;&wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif topfay:xGef;a0pnfvmaom ajratmufyHkESdyfvkyfief;u odrf;ykdufa&;wyfrsm;tm; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;a&;udk tm;ay; vH_@aqmfvmonf? 1941 aqmif;OD;&moDwGif ‘'Dz¶dkiftD'def;puD;’ owif;pmxGufvmonf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif *smrefqef@usifa&;EdkifiH a&;orm;rsm;u pDpOfaom =oZmwduUr&Sdonfh ‘z&pf'def;rwf’ owif;pmxGufvmonf? tjcm;owif;pmrsm;vnf; xGufvmonf? yg0ifywfouf=uolrsm;rSm pme,fZif;vkyfief; tawG@t=uHK tenf;tyg;om&Sdonfh vli,frsm;jzpf+yD; vufESdyfpuftenf;tusOf;ESifh pmul;pufa[mif;enf;enf;yg;yg;om &Sd=uonf? aiG&if;aiGESD;/ puUL/ rSifESifh pdwfcstm;udk;avmufonfh vufaxmufrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm& cufovdk &efolrS azmfxkwfawG@&SdroGm;bJ vkyfief;vnfywfEdkifrnfh ae&mrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm;yg;onf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap ajratmuf owif;pmvkyfief;onf vsifvsifjrefjref &ifhusuf}uD;xGm;vmum wcgrSvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; aysmufuG,foGm;onftxd ESdyfuGyfr&EdkifcJh? (1942) ckaESmif;ydkif;wGif w&m;r0ifowif;Xmewckjzpfaom ‘jyef=um;a&;’ owif;Xmeu bDbDpD/ qGD'if/ 'def;rwf0ef}uD;Xmersm;ESifh qifqmjzwfrcH&aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;xkwfjyefay;r_udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? (1943) wGif w&m;r0if yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_ pkpkaygif;rSm apmifa& (2 '\r 6) oef;txd &SdcJhonf? xdk@jyif w&m;r0ifowif;vkyfief;nd‡Ed_if;a&;aumfrwDw&yfESifh yl;wGJowif;crf;rwckudkvnf; xlaxmifcJhonf? qvm*sJvfpDrS xGufcGmvmI udkyifa[*ifwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;wufaeaom tm;efq,f,mESifholi,fcsif; wodkufvnf; yHkESdyf xkwfa0a&;ppfrsufESmodk@ 0ifa&muf=uonf? pmul;pufta[mif;wckudk &Sm=uH&,l+yD;aemuf ‘ausmif;om;jyef=um;a&;Xme’ udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? r=umrDwGif olwdk@onf w&m;r0ifpmtkyfrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ae=uawmhonf? xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk u'fpuUL rsm;jzifhzHk;tkyf+yD; rdrdwdk@aetdrfrsm;/ wdkufcef;rsm;rSaeI jzef@csD=uonf? *|efpwdef;bwf. v0ifae+yD 0wˆKrSm bufq,fvmjzpfum 'def;rwfxkwf pmtkyfjzL rSmvnf;a&mif;aumif;vSonf? pmtkyfjzL rSm *smrefusL;ausmfcsdefumv tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpdk;&ESifh ppfwyfpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfyHkESdyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? pmtkyfxJwGif azmfxkwfxm;onfh tpdk;&.tav#mhay;vdkuf avsma&;vkyf&yfrsm;u 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;udk xdwfvef@wkefv_yfapcJhonf? Tpmtkyfudk tkyfa& (20000)


ausmfa&mif;cJh&onf? aemufpmtkyfwtkyfrSm [pfwvm.rdef@cGef;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; rsufESmzHk;wGif jrif;jzLwaumifpD;um tv,facwfol&J aumif;oHcsyftusô0wfvsuf p=umwHqdyfwHcGefwckudk udkifxm;aom [pfwvmhyHkudk [moqHqHa&;qGJxm;onf? ,if;pmtkyfudk *smrefppfwyfpmwdkufvdyfpmrsm;odk@ tkyfa& (2000) ydk@ay;cJhonf? ,if;o¶kyfazmfyHkrSm acgif;aqmif}uD;udk rav;rpm;ðy&musonf[k emZDrsm;,lq+yD; t}uD;tus,f a'goxGufcJh=uonf? yHkESdyfpmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGifjzpfap/ trsm;jynfol=um;wGifjzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[kwfbJ ckcHqef@usifa&;uom usL;ausmfodrf; ydkufr_tay: 'def;rwfwdk@. wkef@jyefa&;acgif;pD;jzpfvmonf? (1942) ckarvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfpawmif;eif;twGuf EdkifiHawmfpsmyeY jynfoltenf;qHk; (120000) onf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmf. t}uD;qHk;pnf;a0;crf;raqmifodk@ vma&mufI *g&0ðycJh=uonf? c&pf&Sef bk&if}uD;onf psmyetcrf;tem;wufa&mufzdk@&SdI crf;raqmifaemufzufrSm v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfonfhtcg tm;vHk;u bk&ifvm+yDxif+yD; rdrdwdk@cspfjrwfEdk;vSaom acgif;aqmif}uD;udk jrifEdkif&ef rwfwyf&yf=uonf? odk@aomf bk&iftpm; *smrefoHtrwf}uD; AGef&ifax;zifhuf 0ifvmonf? “vlawG b,favmufjrefjref xdkifcsvdkuf=uw,fqdkwmudk o¶kyfazmfzdk@awmifcufw,f? crf;raqmif}uD;uvnf; }uD; awmh tJ'Dhv_yf&Sm;r_u vd_if;vHk;av;wvHk;vdk jyef@xGufoGm;vdkufwm wu,fhudkxl;jcm;vSwJh toHwdwfqENjyyGJwck jzpfoGm;w,f” [k avhvmolwOD;u owif;ydk@onf? bk&if}uD; wu,fa&mufvmonfhtcgwGifrl olwdk@u vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk=uonf? c&pf&Sefrif;}uD;onf 'def;[email protected]&S;tarGudk qufcHudk,fpm;ðyr_tjzpf aomhcsufusaom vlr_a&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;jy,k*f jzpfvm onf? ppf}uD;rjzpfrDu olonf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay: ae@pOfjrif;pD;xGufavh&SdcJhonf? ,ckusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcHumvwGif vnf; Tjrif;pD;vSnfhyGJudk qufvkyfcJhonf? tapmifhta&SmufrygbJ jrif;pD;oGm;pOf vlxky&dowfrsm;u vrf;ab;wav#mufpDwef; um vufckyfwD;=obmay; odk@r[kwf bk&ifhxHyg;vmI vufqGJE_wfqufwwf=uonf? *smrefppfom;rsm;uvnf; owdqGJay;=u onf? odk@aomf bk&if}uD;u olwdk@udk b,fawmhrS vSnfhr=unfh? udkyifa[*if*dk%f;tkyfbkef;awmf}uD;u “bk&if}uD;[m usaemfwdk@udk tm;wuf&Sifoefapw,f/ pkpnf;nD!Gwfapw,f/ vrf;!¸efay;aew,f” [krSwfcsufcscJhonf? vlxkudk pkpnf;tm;wufaponfh aemufxyftrSwftom;wckrSm *|efc&pPrwfrdk0,fvm jzpfonf? olonf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; rvkyfaom v$wfawmftrwfjzpfum (1941) ckwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufzdk@ *smrefwdk@u zdtm;ay;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf? olu ajratmufowif;pmrsm;ESifh vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif *smrefay:vpDudk qufvufa0zef¶_wfcscJh+yD;aemuf ol@udk ygvDreftrwftjzpfrS xkwfy,fypf&efESifh *smrefqef@usifa&;rdef@cGef;rsm; ajymjcif;tm; wm;jrpfay;&ef AGef&ifax;zihfufu awmif;qdkcJh onf? 'def;rwfwdk@u jiif;qefaomtcg *smrefrsm;u ol@udkzrf;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvkdufonf? odk@&mwGif rdk0,fvmonf vef'efodk@ xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; awmfvSefa&;umvwav#mufvHk; a&'D,dkrS wufºuGp&maumif;aom toHv$ifhyef=um;csufrsm;tm;jzifh tHwk zDqefr_.wHydk;c&moHtjzpf tusKd;ðycJhonf? (1942) ck =o*kwfvwGif *smrefrsm;u wdk;jrifhvmaeonfhawmfvSefa&;udk wefjyefEdkif&ef owif;pmqifqmvkyfief; wdk;csJŒa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk ao'%fay;a&; awmif;qdkcJhonf? tpdk;&u Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk y,fcscJhaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;udk vnf; jypfwif¶_wfcscJhonf? &uftenf;i,ft=umwGifrl rdk0,fvmu bDbDpDrSwqifh rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk ,if;ESifhuGJjym;onfh yef=um;csufw&yf ðyvkyfcJhonf? Tyef=um;csufrSm trdEdkifiH.pdwf"mwfudk ydkIxif[yfaeonf? “usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;=uzdk@vdk w,f? usaemfwdk@rSm ta=umif;udpPwckwnf;udkyJ jrifxm;zdk@ wm0ef&Sdw,f? tJ'guawmh *smr%Dudk txdtemqHk;jzpfapr,fhudpPyJ? æ æ udk,fhwm0efudk udk,fxrf;=uyg? udk,fhtvkyfudk udk,fvkyf=uyg?” [k yef=um;xkwfjyefcJhonf? apmfum;r_rsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;ESifh oydwfrsm; 'def;rwf.tHwkr_ t&SdefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# wkdif;jynfonf olykefxvkeD;tajc a&mufae+yD[k [pfwvmu ,Hk=unf,lqvmonf? xdktcsdefwGif +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwdk@onf ajrmuftmz&duudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufzdk@ tpDtpOfrsm; t+yD;owf a&;qGJjyifqifae =u +yD; r[macgif;aqmif}uD; ¡[pfwvm¢ rSm r[mrdwfwdk@udk [ef@wm;zdk@


tav;xm;óud;yrf;aeonf? 'def;rwfjynfvdk tm¶Hkv$JEdkifp&m rSefor#udk vufOD;r_,lESdrfeif;ypf&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh *smrefacgif;aqmif}uD;u *smref-'def;rwfqufqHa&; tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef vdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? odk@aomf ‚if;.tajymif;tvJvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufa=umif; jyEdkif&ef &efpr_ xdk;qGr_wck vkd tyfaeonf? tqdkygtcGifhta&;rSm (1942) pufwifbm (26) &uf c&pf&Sefbk&ifh ckepfq,fhESpfESpfajrmufarG;ae@wGif ay:vmonf? [pfwvmu bk&ifhxHodk@ 0rf;ajrmuf*k%fðya=umif;ESifh qkrGefaumif;awmif;a=u;eef;wapmif ydk@vdkufonf? bk&ifu at;pufpufwdkawmif;awmif; jyef=um;vdkufonf? “trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;wif/ c&pf&Sef &ufcfpf” [lIjzpf.? Tonfudk [pfwvmu yk*~dKvfa&;t&apmfum;r_wck/ 'def;rwfjynf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rJhjcif; vuQ%mwcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh [pfwvmonf AGef&if ax;zifhufudk jyefvnfac:,lvdkufum 'def;rwfEdkifiHtaejzifh *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf vli,fvl&G,f (30000) oGif;ay;&efESifh 'def;rwf tpdk;& E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? vef'efxkwf a';vD;w,fvD*&yf owif;pmu “[pfwvmu 'def;rwfudk vHk;0odrf;ydkuf zdk@ toifhjzpf/ *ufpwmydktkyfcsKyfa&;u c&pf&Sefbk&ifudk +cdrf;acsmuf” [kowif;acgif;pOfwyfcJhonf? *smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfwdk@tay: csKyfudkifv$rf;rdk;&ef vuf&if;vl,HkawmfESpfOD; apv$wfvdkufonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; [mrefAGef[ifeDuifudk wyfrawmfOD;pD;uGyfuJr_wm0ef,l&ef apv$wfcJhonf? 0g&ifhemZDAsL¶dku&ufwOD;jzpfol tufpftufpfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; a'gufwm0gembufpf u 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m *smrefoHtrwf}uD; jzpfvmonf? ‚if;udk [pfwvmu oD;oef@awG@qHk+yD; “oHr%dvufoD;jzifh tkyfcsKyf&ef” !¸ef=um;cJhonf? bmvif.aemufqHk;trdef@rSm [email protected]&Snf tcspfawmfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; pauAD;eD;,yfudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyf&efjzpfonf? pauAD;eD;,yfu tpdk;&tzGJ@udk *smrefvdkvm;aom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzifh jznfhwif;cJhonf? ‚if;tm; e*dkurS twdtvif;&GHrkef;ae=uaom 'def;rwfvlxku ae&mtESH@wGif uef@uGufyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm; tkwfatmfaomif;wif; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? 0gembufpfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. ‘axmufyHhvdkpdwf’ udk rxdcdkufapzdk@ oH"dÏmefcsxm;onfjzpf&um; yxrOD;pm;ay;rSm ppfEdkifa&;jzpf+yD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;vkyf&yfrsm;onf ckcHawmfvSefa&;udkom ydkrdk}uD;xGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;onf? Tt,ltqu ol@tm; [ifeD uifESifh xdyfwdkufyËdyuQjzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; bufpfrSm bmvifrS tjcm;!¸ef=um;csuf rvmygu aemufqHk;tm%mwnfol jzpfonf? olonf 'def;rwfv$wfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;aEG;axG;aom qufqHa&;rsm; xlaxmifonf? oltvkyfp0ifonfh a&S@ydkif; vrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmydk@&mwGif olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;onf ppfyGJudk “pdwfysuf+iD;aiG@” aeonfhta=umif;/ *smr%D EdkifiHodk@ 'def;rwfydk@ukefrsm; wdk;wufaea=umif;ESifh pufr_ESifhpdkufysKd;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ wdk;jrifhvma=umif; rSwfcsufcsxm;onf? bmvifu a=ueyftm;&aeonf? odk@&mwGif pifppftm;jzifh bufpfu tajctaeudk xHk;okwfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf? tay:,HrsufESmjyifatmuf wGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufolrsm;udk qef@usifonfh a&pD;a=umif;rsm; tm;aumif;aeavonf? (1943) rwfv (23) &ufwGif bufpf.t}uD;qHk;trSm;wcktjzpf 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;ycGifhðycJhonf? todrf; ydkufcHEdkifiHrsm;. udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_udk *smr%Duwefzdk;xm;onf[k jycsifonf? qef@usifuef@uGufonfhtaejzifh rJray;=uzdk@ 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfrsm;u rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk wdkufwGef;cJhaomfvnf; tjcm;ygwDrsm;url rJEdkifa&;udk óud;yrf;=uonf? awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@ trsm;pku 'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;. !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@udk axmufcHtm;ay;cJh=uonf? 'def;rwfvli,fyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@u trsKd;om;tvHESifh “rJay;+yD;” pmwrf;yg &ifxdk;wHqdyfwoef;ausmfukd jzef@a0cJhonf? TwHqdyfwyfjcif;onf oauFwoabm aqmif¶Hkomru rJray;vdkolrsm;udkyg t&Suf&aprnfjzpfonf? odk@ESifh aemufqHk;wGif rJay;Edkifol (89 '\r 5) &mcdkifE_ef; rJay;cJh=u onf? EdkifiHordkif;wGif trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;u rJqEN (94) &mcdkifE_ef;&um &pf*p'uf*fv$wfawmfwGif trwf ae&m (149) ae&mteuf (141) ae&m tEdkif&cJhonf? 'def;rwfemZDrsm;rSm 3 ae&mudk yGwfcgoDcgom&cJhonf? emZDwdk@ta&;edrfhr_ ta=umif;&if;rSm 'def;rwfemZDygwDacgif;aqmif z&pfZfuavmhpif t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;r_a=umifh jzpfonf[k bufpf u tjypfyHkcscJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJonf jynfolwdk@u EdkifiHjcm;tkyfpdk;r_xuf wdkif;&if;'Drdkua&pDudk ydkvdkvm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;jywfom; pGm twnfðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh *smr%DtwGuf t"du¶H_;edrfhr_}uD; jzpfoGm;onfudk bufpf rjrifEdkifcJh? ESpfq,f&mpkESpf. tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwck usif;yay;jcif;tm;jzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;jzpfoGm;apEdkifonfh pdwf"mwfpGrf;tm;/ twdkuftcHudk tm;aumif;oGm;apEdkifonfh tvm;tvmwdk@udk oabmaygufEdkifcJvSonf?


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“jynfol@oydwf}uD;” onf *smrefwdk@tzdk@ pdk;&drfwkefv_yfp&m trSefw&m;udk vSpf[jyvdkufonf? ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD vufudkifðyxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf ,cktcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHtay: =oZmanmif;ae+yDjzpf+yD; *smref@csKyfudkifcsuftay: ,cifuxm;cJhor# ,Hk=unftm;udk;r_udk oydwf}uD;u +zKdzsufypfvdkufonf? Tta&;edrfhr_rsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk Oa&my wv$m;rS ppfajrjyif¶H_;yGJrsm;u tm;jznfhay;vdkufI jynfodrf;wyfrsm; pdwf"mwfusqif;+yD; 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm; tm;wufvm=u onf? Zlvdkif (4) &uf wevFmae@naewGif aumifpDu “atmifowif;v$m” xkwfa0um *[email protected]#mhay;csufrsm;udk wef;pD azmfjy+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;u *smref@vufwHk@jyefr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif&mY cHEdkif&nf&Sdjcif;udk csD;usL;xm;onf? “a&Smifwcif qlylr_rsm; xuf vHk;0O\HkoydwfarSmufr_u trsm;}uD;ydkrdkxda&mufonfh vufeufjzpfonf? jynfol@oydwf}uD;u tqHk;tjzwfay; jcif;jzpf+yD; vrf;ydwfcHwyfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ vrf;ay:qlylr_rsm; uaomfvnf;aumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;onfr[kwf? æ æ udkyifa[*if jynfol@oydwf}uD;onf todrf;ydkufumvtwGif; ,cktcsdefxd 'def;rwfjynfolwdk@. t}uD;tus,fqHk;atmifyGJjzpfonf?” [k azmfjycJh onf? xdktcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf tzsufvkyfief;ESifh ppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk tav;xm;csufav#mh+yD;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ bufodk@ ydktav;ay;vmcJhonf? 1944 =o*kwfvwGif aumifpDu ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm; pnf;¶Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_udk &yfpJypfvdkuf+yD; ,if; tpm; oydwfarSmufvkyfief;rsm; qufpyfcsdefnd‡a&;bufodk@ OD;vSnfhvmcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@[m oHk;-av;em&DtwGif; taxGaxG oydwfwck ay:vmatmifvkyfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&¶Hk;awG/ Xmeqdkif&mawGu tp cyfat;at;refae*smawGtxd vkyfEdkifw,f? usaemf wdk@qEN&SdwJhtcsdefrSm wEdkifiHvHk; tvkyfawG&yfoGm;vdrfhr,f? 'gwifruao;bl;/ jynfolvlxkxJu vdktyfwJhtydkif;awGrSm tvkyfcGif oydwfarSmuf=u+yD; usefwJhtydkif;awG yHkrSeftwdkif; tvkyfvkyfaeapzdk@vnf; usaemfwdk@ trdef@ay;Edkifw,f” [k aumifpD0ifwOD;u a&; onf? tuef@towf&Sd&Sd/ xdef;csKyfr_&Sd&SdESifh owfrSwfa&G;cs,fr_&Sd&Sd t=urf;rzufoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;udk ,cktcg w&m;0ifpdwfwdkif;us tm%may;vdkufav+yD? Zlvdkif (12) &uf rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif wEdkifiHvHk; ESpfrdepf+idrfouf+yD; jynfol@oydwf}uD;twGif; usqHk;cJh=uolrsm;udk tav;ðycJhonf? ,if; *k%fðyOD;!Gwfr_udk =o*kwfv 29 &ufwGif wcgxyfvkyfonf? usef&Sdaomtodrf;ykdufcHumv wav#mufvHk; TuJhodk@ txdrf;trSwfðy qENjyyGJrsm; r=umc%vkyf=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifr_a=umifh 'def;rwfq,fausmfouf q,fhwa,mufudk uGyfrsufjcif; tm; wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh (1944) =o*kwf (14) wGif bmrdwfpfwmESifh 0def;oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf? xdk udpPxJ vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu yg0ifvmum aemufwae@wGif ESpfq,fhav;em&DoydwfarSmufzdk@ aqmf=ovdkufonf? xdkr#omru tvkyform;rsm;taejzihf qENjyr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ at;aq;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efESifh oduQm&Sd&Sdae&efvnf; aumifpDuwdkufwGef;onf? oydwfonf wjynfvHk;odk@ vsifjrefpGm jyef@oGm;+yD; q,f&uftwGif; òrd@aygif; (54) òrd@u oydwfxJygcJhonf? xdkjzpf&yft+yD; wvomukefvGefao;onfh pufwifbm (14) &ufwGif 'def;rwftusOf;om;rsm;udk [rf;bmh*fòrd@odk@a&$@r_tm; uef@uGuf onfh oydwfrsm;t}uD;tus,faygufuGJay:aygufvmonf? 0gembufpfESifh ,cif'def;rwftpdk;&wdk@ oabmwlnDcsuftpdwftydkif;wck tjzpf 'def;rwftusOf;om;rsm; 'def;rwfajray:wGifom &SdaeEdkif&ef twGuf z¶dk;pvufAfwGif pcef;wckwnfaxmifxm;cJhonf? ,ck tcgYrl bufpfu uwdzsuf+yD; tusOf;om; (200) udk *smr%D odk@ydk@vdkufonf? Tonfudkwkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh *smrefe,fpyf wav#mufrS 'def;rwfrD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf? oydwfrsm;onf r=umrDtwGif; ,Gwfvif;a'owckvHk; jyef@ oGm;um a'o. &xm;vrf;uGef,ufudk &yfwef@oGm;aponf? *smrefrsm;rSm a&S@wef;odk@ wyfrsm;ydk@aqmif&eftwGuf rD;&xm;vrf;udk }uD;rm;pGmtm;xm;ae&ojzifh &m;a'owGif jyifopfwdk@vkyfcJhovdk aomhcsufusaom blwm¶Hkrsm;udk odrf;ydkufjcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJhonf? oydwfarSmuform;rsm;udk uGyfrsufrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aemufxyftusOf;om; (500) udk ydk@zdk@pDpOfcJhonf? *smrefrsm;u +cdrf;acsmuf onfhtwdkif; wu,fvkyfrnfudkpdk;&drf+yD; tpdk;&rD;&xm;!¸ef=um;a&;rª;ESifh or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;cGifjyef 0ifzdk@ em;cs=uaomfvnf;r&? ,Gwfvif;wGif taxGaxGoydwf}uD;ay:vmonf? vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu oydwfrsm;udktm;ay;+yD; wevFmae@rGef;wnfhcsdeftxd jynfvHk;u|wfoydwfarSmufzdk@ v_H@aqmfvdkuf onf? wevFmae@reufwGif òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif v_yf&Sm;vnfywf aer_ &yfqdkif;oGm;um *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfr_udk aemufw}udrf &yfwef@oGm;apvdkufonf?


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vm=uonf? 'ufzfwf (Delft Technical University) &Sd pufr_wuUodkvfwGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;qENjy=u aoma=umifh ausmif;rsm;ydwfxm;&onf? av'ifwuUodkvfuvnf; vdkufvmonf? e,fomvefEdkifiHwGif *smref rsm;u wa,mufa,muftay:tjypfyHkcsp&m &Sm&awmhrnf? aemufqHk;*sL;rsm;uyif usL;ausmfvmolrsm;udkrkef; ae=uonf? (1941) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (22) &uf/ 'wfcsfvlrsKd;emZDrsm;ESifh vufeufudkif*sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tdrfpwm'rfòrd@awmfwGif (3) &uf=um yÉdyuQtjyif;txefjzpfyGg;+yD;aemufwGif/ tiftm; (600) cef@&Sdaom *smreftufpftufpfwyfzGJ@rsm; a&mufvm=uonf? *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif&m&yfuGufrsm;udk ydwfqdk@+yD;/ *sL;vli,fvl}uD; (400) cef@udkzrf;qD;oGm;cJh onf? xdkolrsm;udk &dkufESufESdyfpuf+yD;/ blcsifa0gtusOf;pcef; (Buchenwald concentration camp) odk@ ydk@ vdkufonf? xdkowif;u csufcsif;jyef@ESH@oGm;onf? uGefjrLepfvkyfom;rsm;u wnwGifawG@qHk=u+yD;aemuf/ t}uD; tus,fvlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;wckaqmif&Guf&ef pDpOf=uonf? olwdk@uajratmuf&Sd v#Kd@0SufyHkESdyfpufrsm;udkoHk;I/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &dkufESdyfjzef@a0um/ tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifvmatmifv_H@aqmf=uonf? (2) &uf=um aomtcg qdyfurf;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ay:um;ajy;aomvkyfom;rsm;u tvkyfr0ifyJpwifoydwf arSmuf=uawmhonf? rsm;r=umrDyif/ puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;uvnf; yg0ifyl;aygif;vm=uonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; rsm;/ &Hk;rsm;/ tvkyf&Hkrsm;/ pwdk;qdkifrsm;uvnf; tvkyfydwfI qENjy=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;u òrd@v,fwGifpk&Hk; Iatmf[pfaºuG;a=umf=uonf? uef@uGufqENjyonfhtaejzifh oDcsif;rsm;qdk=uonf? vlOD;a& (8) odef;teuf (3) odef;aomvlxkrsm;u TqENjyyGJwGifyg0ifcJh=uonf? yxrydkif;wGif *smrefrsm;u tHhtm;oifhae=uonf? csufcsif;acsr_ef;&ef jyif=uawmhonf? *smref&Jrsm;ESifh tufpf tufpfppfom;rsm;u 0ifa&mufvm=u+yD;/ jy\em&Smoltm;vHk;udk óudwifowday;r_rvdkyJ ypfcwfacsr_ef;&ef trdef@ay;vdkufonf? ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@xkwfjyefonf? trdef@udk tmcHoltm;vHk;udkzrf;rnf jzpfonf? Todk@ trfpwm'rfòrd@awmf0ef. vufwkef@jyefonfhtrdef@onf jyif;xefvGef;vSonf? olu òrd@&Sd0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk; vkyfief;cGifjyef0if=u&ef/ r[kwfygu tvkyfrSxkwfy,frnfjzpfa=umif; a=ujimonf? 'def;rdwfESifhrwlaomtajc taerSm e,fomvefEdkifiHuusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;cH&aomEdkifiHjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHt}uD;tuJrsm;rSmvnf; jynfy wGifcdkv_Hae=u&+yD jzpfonf? 'wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;u udk,fhzmomaqmif&Gufae=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? tp ydkif;wGif olwdk@u *smrefrsm;ay;vmaomtrdef@rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef wGef@qkwfae=uonf? Todk@ ueOD;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_aemufydkif;/ ,ckoydwfarSmuf=uolrsm;u olwdk@zmomqHk;jzwfoydwfarSmuf=ujcif; jzpf onf? Todk@jzifh azaz:0g&Dvoydwfudk a&&Snfrxdef;xm;EdkifcJhay? odk@aomf'wfcsfvlxkatmufajcxkt=um;wGif awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfrSm tjrpfwG,fcJh+yDjzpfonf? olwdk@u Tv_yf &Sm;r_udk rsKd;cspfv_yf&Sm;r_wcktjzpf cH,l=uonf? vlxktrsm;pku yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;u olwdk@. trnfrsm;udk *smreft&m&Sdrsm;u twnfðyay;Edkif&eftwGuf trnfpm&if;wifoGif;&ef jiif;qef=uonf? tEkynm&Sifrsm;u *smrefzGJ@pnf;ay;onfh emZD,Ofaus;r_toif; (Nazi kulturkammer) odk@0if&ef jiif;=u onf? Todk@jiif;y,fjcif;a=umifh olwdk@azsmfajzcGifhrsm;/ 0ifaiGrsm;qHk;&_H;=u&onfhwdkif aqmif&Guf=uonf? wodef; ajcmufaomif;aomv,form;rsm;u emZDrsm;xHa&mufrnfpdk;ojzifh jyefqyf&ef&Sdaom taºuG;rsm;ray;yJae=u onf? vli,faxmifaygif;rsm;pGmu ajr,mrsm;udktydkifowfrSwfay;rnfhtzGJ@ (Arbeitsdienst) odk@ pm&if;ay; oGif;&ef jiif;=uonf? ajratmufyHkESdyfxkwfa0r_u owif;pmtapmif (60) cef@txd &SdvmcJhonf? xdkowif;pmrsm;u v_yf&Sm;&Sifoef ae=uonf? vlóudufrsm;aomowif;pmwapmifrSm ‘[ufyg&dk;’ (Het Parool) trnf&aom owif;pmjzpf onf? ,ckwdkif emrnf}uD;owif;pmtjzpf&yfwnfaeao;onf? ppftwGif;umvwGif vlrsm;tcsif;csif;ae@pOf E_wfquf=uonfhtoHk;tE_H;onfyif/ rdrdudk,fudk *k%f,lonfhtoGifudk aqmifxm;=uonf? t*FvdyfpmvHk; ‘AGD’ trSwfudk vufqGJE_wfquf=uonfhtpm;/ jy=uonf? òrd@}uD;wdkif;&Sd eH&Hrsm;/ qdkifrsm;wGifa&;qGJ=uonf? ‘[,fvdk’ tpm; toHwlonfh ‘opPmazmfawGtm;vHk; óud;ay;ypf’ (Hang alle landverraders op.) [laom t"dy`g,f& onfh pum;jzifh E_wfquf=uonf? bk&ifr 0Dvf[,fvfrDemyHkygaom '*Fg;jym;udk 0wfqif=uonf? qD;pf tif;uGwfu 'wfcsfvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh emcHonfh trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'D (emZD) rsm;rjzpfvmEdkifonfudk oabmaygufvmonf? xdktwGufa=umifh *smrefrsm;u wdk;IzdESdyfvm=uonf? (1942) ckESpfukefwGif awmfvSef


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[pfwvmta=umif;ar;cJhbl;onf? *ENDu “vufeufryg wJh trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;/ uav;awGu t=urf;rzufwJhenf;eJ@ qef@usif=uvdrfhr,f”[k ajymcJhonf? “'DudpPu olwdk@&J@ wu,fhjrifhjrwfwJh wdkufyGJyJ” olu óudwifedrdwfzwfcJhonf? &kof *a&mhpfrSm (1943) ckESpfu touf (10) ESpfr#om&Sdaom uav;rav;wOD;jzpfonf? olu &dkqefx&mhpf vrf;ay:qif;vm&if; olr.zcif&kyfoGifudkjrif&yHkudk rSwfrdaeao;onf? xdktcsdefu olrtazutvkyf=urf;pcef; rsm;odk@ rydk@rD xdkae&mwGifcsKyfaESmifxm;csdefjzpfonf? w&ufwGif olru ol@tazudkv#yfwjyufjrifvdkuf&+yD;/ olu vufa0S@&rf;E_wfqufcJhonf? “'D &dkqefx&mhpftjzpftysufu” olru aemufydkif;wGif jyefajymjyonf? “usrwdk@ =um;xJrSm pnf;aESmifr_&Sdaewmudk jyaew,f? usreJ@ usrtaz&J@=um;xJrSm&SdwJh pnf;aESmifr_rsKd;yJ?” ol.aemuf qHk;tcsdefaq;&HkwGif &SdaepOf/ olroGm;awG@pOftcsdefwdkif;wGifrl olutjrJwaprwfwyf&yfum/ vufa0S@&rf;jy E_wf qufavh&Sdonf[k qdkonf? “usr,Hk=unfwmuawmh/ olvnf; tJ'D&dkqefx&mhpftjzpftysufjrifuGif;udk tjrJ jyefowd&aeao;w,fxifw,f? tJ'DrSmvnf; olurwfwyf&yf+yD;/ vufa0S@&rf;E_wfqufjycJhw,f?” olwdk@ toufaoa&;&Sifa&;tcsdefwGif/ cspfjcif;arwWmu vma&mufu,fwifcJhaomtjzpfonf/ rnfolwOD;ur#arhEdkif vdrfhrnf r[kwfay? æ æ æ EdkifiHwckudk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;onf/ odrf;ydkufoltwGufa&m/ odrf;ydkufcH&oljynfolrsm;twGufyg tcsif;csif; oHo,rsm;jzifh upm;&aom upm;yGJwcktwGif;odk@usa&mufaponf? odrf;ydkufoluvnf; tdrfydkif&Siftopf ozG,fðyrlcsifonf? usefjynfolrsm;udk tdrfiSm;aeolozG,f pnf;urf;ao0yfpGmaeapcsifonf? tdrfiSm;cudktcsdefrD ay;apcsifonf? odrf;ydkufusL;ausmfcH&olrsm;rSm olwdk@udkusL;ausmfapmfum;ovdk cHpm;=u&onf? olwdk@taejzifh TEdkifiHonf arG;&mygtcGifhta&;t& olwdk@EdkifiH[kodxm;=uonf? olwdk@taejzifhusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmoludk rwGef;vSefxkwfEdkifaomfvnf;/ xdkolucsrSwfvmrnfh pnf;urf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk tmcHqef@usif&eftwGufjyifqif xm;=uonf? tu,fI usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolu Tupm;yGJonfol@twGuftusKd;rjzpfEdkif[k jrifvmaom tcg xGufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwfygu pnf;urf;rvdkufemaom/ ryl;aygif;raqmif&GufaomtdrfiSm;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif; vkyfaumif;vkyfvmrnf? odk@aomfusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcH&olrsm;tzdk@ tm;omcsufwck&Sdaeonf? olwdk@u rnfonfhudpPrsKd;udkom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfudk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkuf vmoltzdk@rSmrl olwdk@rw&m;&xm;aomtusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;udk umuG,fa&;uddpPom &Sdonf? 'def;rwfESifh e,fomvefEdkifiH (2) ckvHk;wGifrl ckcHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolrsm;udk xdk;ppftoGif aqmifaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfcJh=uonf? jy,k*faqmifaomqENjyyGJrsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m qENjyyGJrsm;jzifh olwdk@. b0udk oklwdk@udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJydkifcGifh&Sdonfudk jyocJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh vlxkw&yfvHk;. pdwf"gwfudkjr‡ifhwif ay;EdkifcJhonf? Todk@pdwf"gwfwufºuGvm=uaoma=umifh ydkItm;aumif;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk azmfEdkifvm=u onf? oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;/ vkyfief;cGifrsm;Y tmcHr_rsm;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&mufzsufqD;jcif;rsm;/ ponfhenf;rsm;jzifh t=urf;rzufaomckcHolrsm;u usL;ausmfvmolrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;pD;yGg;ysufpD;&mysufpD; a=umif; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGifrl ajratmufowif;pmrsm;/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;jzifh tm%mydkifrsm; .tvdrftnm0g'jzef@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&if;/ tjcm;aomqufoG,fa&;uGef,ufwckudk xlaxmifEdkifcJh=uonf? oydwfrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;wGif vlxktrsm;tjym;yg0ifyl;aygif;vmapjcif;jzifh *smreftm%mydkifrsm;zufu t=urf; zufvufwkef@jyefvmrnfhtEW&m,fudk umuG,fEdkifcJh=uonf? aemufqHk;ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@udk jyef&kyfodrf;cJh=u& onf? olwdk@u emZDrsm;. t"du&nfrSef;xm;csufrsm;udk vkyfay;&efjiif;y,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm xdk&nfrSef; csufatmifjrif&ef 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;u ulnDrS&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Todk@jzifhusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_u tcsD;ESD;jzpfcJh&onf? t"dy`g,fzGifhcsufrsm;t&qdkv#if/ ppfa&;t&usL;ausmfr_u usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmolrsm;udk avxkpdk;rdk;a&;ESifh ajrjyifpdk;rdk;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tompD;&aponf? &kyf0wˆKt& t=urf;zufr_rsm;udkvnf; enf;ukefvrf;ukefoHk;Edkifap onf? odk@aomfusL;ausmfolrsm; tpGrf;ukef/ rwwfEdkifaomudpPrSm xdkolrsm;rnfonfhpmrsm;zwf&rnf/ rnfodk@,Hk =unfvufcH&rnf? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif rnfonfhtvkyfudkvkyf=u&rnf/ [email protected]=u;udk rnfodk@oHk;pGJ&rnf paom udpPrsm;tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifzefwD; trdef@ay;&efrjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf;usL;ausmfoltkyfcsKyfaeolrsm; tzdk@


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t,fvf qmvfAm'dk/ 1944 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfudkz,f&Sm;jcif;

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(1944) ckESpfY qef qmvfAm'dkòrd@ (San Salvador)wGif tmwl&dk &dkrD&dk (Arturo Romero)trnf&Sd touf (33) ESpft&G,f q&m0efwOD;onf tm*ufpwif; tmvfzm&dk rdk&ef (Agustin Alfaro Moran)tm; tdrfodk@ pwifyifhzdwfcJhonf? a'gufwm &kdrD&dk aq;ukoay;aom vltrsm;pkonf qif;&Jom;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif tca=u;aiGr,lbJ ukoay;wwfonf? òrd@rsufESmzHk;rdom;pkwckwGif yg0ifaom t,fzm&dkonf aumfzDvkyfief;jzifh jynfyodk@aumfzDwifydk@aeaom csrf;omºuG,f0aeolwOD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf q&m0efESifh vlem qufqHa&;rsKd; r[kwfyJ/ ,refESpfwGif tawG;tjrif&Sdaom aq;q&mwa,mufESifh =oZmt&Sdeft0g&Sdaom aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif }uD;wdk@onf t,fvfqmvfAm'dkòrd@&Sd tm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf rufpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'wf rmwDeuf (Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez) tm; ðzwfcs&ef }uHpnfcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;awG@aomtcg &dkrD&dku rdom;pk0ifrsm; oHo,r0ifap&ef a&Smifv$Jonfhtaejzifh t,fvfzm&dktm; Adkufwmriftm;aq;rsm; xdk;ay;avh&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf olwdk@. trSefwu,f&nf&G,fcsufonf awmfvSefykefuef&ef =uHpnfjcif;om jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf rmwDeufESifhywfoufI [email protected]&GH&SmyHkrsm; rwl=uay? t,fzm&dkonf rmwDeuftpdk;&wGif t&m&SdwOD;jzpfaomfvnf; (1940) ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol.'kwd,t}udrfoufwrf;ukefoGm;aomfvnf; qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeonfhtwGuf &mxl;rS a'gow}uD;E_wfxGufcJhol jzpfonf? t,fvfzm&dk. orwtay: rESpfòrd@r_onf aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;=um;xJwGif &dkufcwfaponf? xif&Sm;onfrSm tvkyform;ESifh v,form; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk AdkvfcsKyf. zdESdyfr_rsm; cHpm;ae&pOf aus;vuf qif;&Jom;rsm;. ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd olwa,muf [k &dkrD&dku ol@udk,fol jrifxm;onf? tm%m&Siftm; &GHrkef;aeaom ykefuefol olwdk@ESpfOD;wnfom r[kwfay? *k%foduQm&Sd EdkifiHom;trsm; tjym;vnf; wu,fhtzsuftarSmifh Oya'rsm;a=umifh axmifxJwGif EGrf;yg;'kuQa&mufESifh+yD; jzpfonf? aemuf (6) vavmufwGif xif&Sm;aomv_yf&Sm;tHkºuGr_topfwck ay:aygufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyftm; wdkif;jynfrS armif;xkwf EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf? tdrfodk@yifhzdwfjcif; wdkifyifr_rsm;pwifcJhpOfu tmvfzm&dkESifh &dkrD&dkwdk@onf aemufqHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;wckudk &cJhvdrfhrnf[k óudwifrjrifxm;cJh=uay?

aumfzD orwEdkifiH t,fvf qmvfAm'dkòrd@tm; csrf;omºuG,f0aom rdom;pk todkif;t0ef;uav;u v$rf;rdk;cJhjcif;onfrSm q,fpkESpf csD =umcJh+yDjzpfonf? pydefvlrsKd; ppfatmifEdkifolrsm;ESifh Oa&myrS ajymif;a&$@vmolrsm;. rsKd;qufrsm;jzpfom xdkolwdk@onf wdkif;jynfY rsufrsufpm;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpfaom (aumfzDpdkufysKd;jcif;/ tqifhqifh ðyjyifxkwfvkyfjcif; ESifhh jynfyudkwifydk@jcif;)rsm;wGif xdef;csKyfcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif olwdk@onf tpdk;&tay:wGifvnf; =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf? (1898) ckESpfrS (1931) ckxd qmvfAm'dk&efvlrsKd;wdk@. orwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf aumfzDxkwfvkyfolcsif; wOD;xHrS wOD; vufqifhurf;ajymif;cJh=uonf? wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&; twGuf vGwfvyfr_ onf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ,lq=uonf? olwdk@onf vrf;a=umif;wGif t&Htwm;jzpfaprnfh rnfodk@aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ xHk;pH"avhrsm;jzpfaom (tvkyform;toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ bHkydkif qdkifcGifhrsm;/ pma&;pmcsD tcGifhtvrf;rsm;)udk rESpfòrd@=uacs? vGwfvyfr_tm; ESpfoufjcif;onf aumfzD&mZmrsm;udk aumfzDwifydk@r_wGif vdktyfaom um;vrf;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ qdyfurf;rsm;udk vltrsm;oHk;vmjcif;rSwqifh tusKd;tjrwf&,l&ef pdwftm;xufoefr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; tvkyf orm;pkpnf;r_ESifh vlr_a&;rauseyfcsufrsm;tm; zdESdyfr_wdk@udk rwm;qD;EdkifcJhacs? trdef@=oZm v$rf;rdk;cH&aom tpdk;&onf t,ltquGJjym;olrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;cJh+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD twGuf uwdu0wfrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk t"rRvk,ljcif;/ wenf;tm;jzifh aESmifóud; ruif; aom


a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh tm%mudk wrdom;pkrS wrdom;pkxH v$Jajymif;,lcJh=uonf? xdkodk@ xdef;csKyf xm;r_rsm;onf txl;ojzifh tif'D;,ef; ESifh rufwDZdk (Metizo) awmifolv,form;rsm;jzpfaom qif;&Jom; rsm;tm; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_wGif toHwoHav;rS rxGufqdkEdkifavmufatmif ,Ofaus;r_ aemufusjcif;ESifh vlrsKd;pk qdkif&medrfhusr_rsm;udk jzpfaponf? odk@aomf xdkrdom;pkrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifhr_onf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tm;enf;vmapaom wGef;tm;rsm; jzpfapcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_onf tv,ftvwfwef;pm;jzpfaom qdkifykdif&Sifrsm;/ òrd@jytvkyform;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm; ESifhh twwfynmjzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;olrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf? ppfwyfonf tar&du tv,fydkif;wGif xifay:r_twdkif;twm wckjzpfaeouJhodk@/ tr_xrf;&mxl;ESifhhtwl tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vli,frsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh yg0ifvmatmif pGJaqmifEdkifaom taumif;qHk; taetxm;rsKd; jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf? pdwfaysmf&$ifr_enf;yg;avmufatmif ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh uef@owfr_rsm;onf tif'D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhh qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; bdk;bGm;ydkifajrrsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;&Hk;aponfhtjyif/ aumfzDyifpdkufysKd;a&;wGif vkyfcpm;jzifh rSDcdkae&olrsm; jzpfay:aponf? vltawmfrsm;rsm;onf csnfxnfpuf&Hkrsm;/ bD,mESifhh t&ufcsufpuf&Hkrsm;/ &ufxm;vrf;rsm;/ v#yfppfrD;Xmersm;ESifhh "mwf&xm;puf&Hkrsm; ponfh pufr_ vkyfief;}uD;xGm;&m a'oi,frsm;wGif tvkyf&Sm&ef aus;vufa'oudk pGef@cGm=u&onf? xdkodk@ajymif;vJr_rsm;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;t& &dkufcwfr_rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? q,fpkESpfaygifrsm;pGm oabmuGJvGJol rsm;onf (1886) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;cJhaom Oya'ESifhhywfoufI vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJ ESifhh olwdk@. &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;=um;wGif orwoufwrf; tuef@towfxm;&Sd&ef pk&Hk;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? }uD;xGm;vmaom ynmwwf vlwef;pmwckonf xdkt}uHtpnfrsm;twGuf rJqENe,fwckjzpfvmcJhonf? (1890) ckESpfrSm t,fvf qmvfAm'dk wuUodkvfwGif yxrqHk;ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ aemif ESpf (20) wGif ausmifom;v_yf&Sm;r_ (4) ckxufreJ ay:aygufcJhonf? ppfrSefaom ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm; onf zdeyfcsKyftvkyform;rsm;/ yef;&Hq&mrsm;/ vuform;rsm;/ pmyHkESdyftvkyform;rsm; ESifhh qHyifn‡yform; rsm;.udk,fpm; &yfwnfay:xGufvm=uonf? (1922) ckESpfwGif aiGa=uwefzdk; jyefvnf owfrSwfjcif;twGuf aps;tvkyforrsm;. qENjyyGJrsm;onf tpdk;&b¾ma&;0ef}uD;tm; wGef;tm;ay;EdkifcJhovdk/ (1920) ESpfwGif yxrqHk;pufr_vkyfief;or*~ay:aygufcJh&onf? t,fvf qmvfAm'dkòrd@onf EdkifiHa&;t0ef;t0dkif;acwfwckjzpfcJhonf? ajr,mrJh awmifolv,form;rsm;onf òrd@rsm;odk@ pD;qif;ajymif;a&$@oGm;+yD; tpdk;&vdkaiG t}uD;tus,fjycJhovdk acwfESifhhtrSDvkyfaqmifjcif;. jy\em rsm;onf acwfa[mif;pD;qif;r_. a0zefr_udk qGay;aponf? rmhpf0g'Drsm;. t,ltqonf ausmif;om;wcsKd@ xHwGif awmif;qdkr_rsm;tjzpf xGufay:vm+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;tay: }uD;rm;aom tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &SdcJhonf? trsm;qHk;=oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhjcif;onf qmvfAm'dk&efvlrsKd; pma&;q&m t,fvfbmwdk rmhpfzm&m (Alberto Masferrer) . t,ltq jzpfonf? vlr_a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wa,mufjzpf+yD; owif;pmt,f'Dwm wa,mufvnf;jzpfaom olonf vltm;vHk;twGuf ol@tqdkt& y"meusaom tedrfhqHk;vdktyfcsuf (Vital Minimum) jzpfaom wnf+idrfaomtvkyfESifhh tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; tmrHcHcsuf&Sd&rnf[k tav;teuf ajymcJhonf? tpdk;&xJwGif vlenf;pku tm%mudk t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifxm;r_udk csKd;zsufypf&eftxd axmufjy ajymqdkcJhonf? òrd@jywnfaxmifjcif;/ ausmif;om;ENjyr_rsm;/ tvkyform;pk&Hk;r_rsm;/ rmhpf0g' ESifhh rmhpfzm&moabmw&m; ponfrsm;a=umifh qmvfAm&m'dk tausmftarmfrsm;onf (1920)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJcJhovdk ol@wdk@. trsKd;om;a&; vlr_b0 xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufvmrrnfh t&mrsm;udk &SmazGEdkifcJhhonf? aemuf (2) ESpf. twuf tusrsm;wGif tajctaeudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef uarmufurjzpfcJhaom taetxm;rsm;udk E_dif;,SOf vmEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdkjrifuGif;uGif;tay:wGif tar&duefowif;axmufwOD;. pum;t& t,fvf qmvAm'dk ajrydkif,mydkifvlwef;pm;rsm;onf tvG,fwul a=umufvef@wwfovdk/ tiftm;}uD;aomu,fwifcGifhudk ar#mfvifhaom tajctaevnf; &ifhrSnfhvmcJhonf?

vlwa,mufxuf yk&Gufqdwfwaumifowfjcif;onf ydktr_}uD;onf rufpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'uf rmwDeuf (Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez) onf aumfzDvkyfief;orm; tausmftarmfwa,mufr[kwfacs? olonf (1881) ckESpfrSm ESdrfhcsaom tif'D;,ef;trsKd;tEG,frS aygufzGm; vmoljzpf+yD;


*GgwDrmvm ppftu,f'rDausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? yk*~Kdvfa&;t& &dk;om;+yD; taomuf tpm;enf;aom olonf todynm ESHpyfolwa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? olpdwf0ifpm;onf rsm;udk zGifhcs rjyEdkifaomfvnf; olonf ta&S@ydkif;bmoma&;rsm;udk avhvmr_&Sd+yD;/ oufowfvGwfpm;ol wOD;jzpfovdk t,ltqaysmhajymif;ol wOD;vnf; jzpfonf? ppft&m&Sdi,fwa,muftjzpfESifhh rdcifbufursKd;&dk;trnfudk trnfemraemufwGif xnfhoHk;wwfaom rmwDeufonf yk*~vduqdkif&m aqmifyk'fwckudk udkifaqmifcJhonf? “vlwa,mufxuf yk&Gufqdwfwaumifowfjcif;onf ydktr_}uD;onf/ yk&Gufqdwfonf ao+yDqdkv#ifao+yD/ vlrsm;wGifom aocgeD;tajctaerS vdyfjymjyefvnfvmjcif;&Sdonf?” pmayESH@pyfr_&SdIom xdkodk@ azmfjyEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf? rmwDeuf. *k%foduQmonf pnf;urf;&Sdjcif;/ vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom ol@t&nftcsif;ESifhhtwl ol.&mxl;tqifh twef;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufvmygonf? olonf Circulo Militar officers' club ppfr_ xrf;rsm;toif;. yxrOD;qHk;OuUX jzpfcJh+yD; ppftr_xrf;wa,muftjzpf ESpftawmf=um=um tcsdefðzef;&ef uHZmwmygcJhyHk&Sdonf? xdk@aemuf rar#mfvifhxm;aomwck jzpfcJhonf? qmvfAm'dk&rf orwrsm;onf ol@wdk@ ae&mqufcH&rnfholrsm;udk acgif;acgufa&G;xm;onf? odk@aomf (1930) wGif orw yDtdk &kdrD&dk abmhpuD; (Pio Romero Bosque) onf ol@tarGqufcHrnffh tavmif;tvsmxJwGif b,folrS ol@udk r_avmufaom&dkusKd;r_ rjycJh[kqdkum pdwfaumuf+yD; orwa&G;aumufyGJudk jyifyvlrsm;zGifhay;+yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJh onf? vGwfvyfaom tawG;tac:&Sdol rmwDeufonf aiGa=u;csrf;omºuG,f0aom ajr&Sif (5) OD;ESifhhtwl orwa&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhonf? (1931) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv a&G;aumufyGJ usif;cgeD; vrsm;wGif =urf;wrf;cufxefr_rsm;ESifhh }uKHawG@cJh&onf? aumfzDwifydk@Edkifr_onf (1920) ckESpfrsm;wGif jrifhrm;cJhaomfvnf; }uD;rm;aom xkwfvkyfol}uD;rsm;qDrSm ajr,mrsm; ydkqHk;&_H;cJhaom urfyJqDEdk (Campesinos)vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom vlaer_b0udk rjzpfapcJhay? “tJ'Dwkef;u awmifapmif;awG[m ewforD;yHkjyifxJuvdk ESif;awGzkef;v$rf;aeovdkrsKd; aumfzDyGifhawGeJ@ zl;yGifhaecJh+yD; wdkif;jynftajctaeuawmh vlr_a&;b0rwnf+idrfr_awGeJ@ jynfhESufaew,f”[k owif;pm q&m 0DvD,H u&Jrf; (Willian Krehm) u a&;om;azmfjycJhzl;onf? aumfzDaps;vnf; urBmESifhhtESH@pdwfraumif;p&mjzpfavmufatmif xkd;usoGm;cJhonf? ajrydkif&Sifrsm;uvnf; aumfzDoD;rsm;udk tcif;rsm;wGif ykyfodk;ysufpD;atmifypfxm;cJhovdk/ aumfzDcl;olrsm;udkvnf; tvkyfrJh vkyfcrJhjzpfapcJhonf? vlOD;a& (8) aomif;cef@&Sdaom qENjyolrsm;udk or*~wckrS OD;aqmifcJh+yD; tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom uefx&dkufcsKyfqdkr_ESifhh tedrfhqHk;vpm owfrSwf&ef vrf;ay:xGuf awmif;qdkqENjycJhygonf? orwa&G;cs,fyGJyg0if,SOfòydifol tmwl&dk tma&mif;*sKd; (Arturo Araujo)onf edrfhusaom vlwef;pm;rsm; twGuf &yfwnfyHk zrf;xm;onf? oludk,fwdkif aumfzDt}uD;tus,f pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfol jzpfaomfvnf; tzdESdyfcHrsm;bufu &yfwnfvdkaom ol@cHpm;csufonf ol@tm; ol@vdka&ay:qDrsm;ESifhh uif;uGmapcJhonf? olu ol@tvkyform;rsm;udk vuf&Sdvkyfc. ESpfqwdk;ay;cJh+yD; qmvfAm'dkyHkpH +Adwdo#avbmygwDudk xlaxmif&ef pwifóud;yrf;cJhonf? toifhtwifhðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;vkyf&ef awmif;qdkcJh+yD; ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;udk vdkvm; a=umif;vnf; t&dyft¹rGuf azmfjycJhonf? pepfwck ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef awmif;qdkcJhovdk ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnf a0iSvdkaomqEN jyif;jyaom tma&mif;*sKd;udk rmhpfzm&efu todtrSwfðycJhonf? xdk@jyif AdkvfcsKyfrmwDeuftm; 'k-orwavmif;tjzpf olESifhhvufwGJ&ef zdwfac:cJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh ppfwyfaxmufcHr_udk&atmif ,lEdkifcJhonf? rmwDeufu vufcHvdkufonfhtwGuf wkefv_yfajcmufcsm;avmufatmif rJtEdkif&cJhonf? t,fvfqmvfAm'dk. yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDenf;usus a&G;cs,fcH&aom acgif;aqmifonf trsKd;om;a&; udpPjzifh tm%m&cJhonf? qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;u tma&mif;*sKd;onf xl;jcm;aom tajymif;tvJ wckck azmfaqmif Edkifvdrfhrnf/ xdk@tjyif "e&Sifrsm;onf xdkudpPrsm;a=umifh ol@udka=umuf&vdrfhrnff[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? odk@aomf olar#mfrSef;cJhaom ajr,mðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf a'otawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tuef@towfr#jzpfcJhonf? rmhpf zm&monf t=uyftwnf;ESifhh&ifqdkif&+yD; r=umcifwGif uGefjrLepfonf urfygpDEdk (Campersinos)rsm;udk tEdkif&oGm;onf? xdktawmtwGif; aumfzDpdkufolrsm;onf pDrHcef@cGJr_rS uif;vGwfae+yD; rdom;pkrsm;xJtxd csKd@wJhr_rsm;jzpfaponf? tpdk;&. tcGefawmfaiGonf ppftr_xrf;t&mxrf;rsm; tygt0if ol.tr_xrf;rsm;udk vpmay;ae&onfhtwGuf ukefcrf;vm+yD; t=uyftwnf;ESifhh&ifqdkif&onf? ppfwyfxJwGif ra=ueyfr_rsm; jzpfay:vm+yD; vli,fydkif;t&m&Sdwpku (1931) 'DZifbmwGif orwopfudk ðzwfcscJhonf? tma&mif;*sKd;onf wdkif;jynftm%mpGef@v$wfcJh&+yD; 'korw rmwDeufonf ol@ae&mtm; qufcHcJhonf?


rmwDeuftm; wifajr‡mufjcif;onf ppfwyftm; auseyfapcJhayr,fh vlxk rauseyfr_rsm; }uD;rm;aeqJjzpf+yD; tpdk;&. &efolvuf0J0g'Drsm;u v_H@aqmfr_rsm; vkyfcJhonf? oDwif;ywfrsm;xJwGifyif uGefjrLepfrsm;u awmifolv,form; tHkºuGr_wckjzpfay:vm&ef tajctae&ifhrSnfhae+yD[k ,Hk=unfae+yD; tpdk;&udkykefuef&ef }uHpnfcJhonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; odoGm;+yD; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhonf? Zefe0g&DvxJwGif wu,fhwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfvm[k wdkif;jynf. taemufydkif; tif'D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;. axmufcHr_ }uD;}uD;rm;rm; &,l xm;aom olykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef &uftenf;i,f,lcJh&onf? olykefrsm;onf vlw&mavmufom owfcJh aomfvnf; ppfwyfonf (8) axmifESifhh (3)aomif;=um;avmufowf+yD; a=umufruf zG,faumif;avmufatmif vufpm;acscJhonf? vm; rmwefZm (La Matanza)[k od=uaom qlyltHkºuGr_ESifhh tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkufowfjzwfr_ta=umif;rsm;udk pm=unfhwdkufrsm;qDrS azsmufzsufypf+yD; &ufpufaomuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifhh =urf;wrf;aom tif'D;,ef;rsm;qDrS qmvfAm'dkrsm;udk u,fwifoltjzpf rmwDeuf'¾m&Dudk tpm;xdk;cJhonf? “vltzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;wGif r&Sdrjzpf vlwef;pm;tv$m (2) ck tjrJ&Sdonf/ pdk;rdk;olESifhh pdk;rdk;cH&oljzpfonf”[k aumfzD vkyfief;&Sif}uD; (2) OD;u a&;om;azmfjycJhonf? atmf*ufpfwif; tmvfzm&dk rdk&ef ESifhh tJef&pf tmvfAm&wf (Enrique Alvarez)wdk@onf Tenf;jzifh olwdk@vkyfwmaumif;a=umif;jyo&ef óud;pm;cJh=uonf? aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;u xdkajrwGif bdk;pOfabmifqufvkyfudkifaeaom trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;rsm;. taumif;qHk; tusKd;tjrwf jzpfxGef;&ef *&kpdkufae=uygonf[k &Sif;jy=uonf? xdk@a=umifh qENjyr_onf wu,fhrauseyfr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfcJhwmr[kwf/ awmifolv,form;rsm;. &dk;om;aompdwfwGif tEW&m,f&Sdaom &l;oGyfr_rsKd; zefwD;ay;cJhaom uGefjrLepf rsm;a=umifh xdktHkºuGr_rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k qdkonf? vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;aee,fy,fESifhh pdrf;olwa,mufjzpfaom rmwDeufonf uGefjrLepfESifhh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;. olykefxr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;jzifh tausmftarmfvlwef;pm;rsm;. &dkaoav;pm;r_udk &&SdcJhonf? (1932) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (5) &ufae@wGif trsKd;om;Oya'ðyv$wfawmfu tma&mif;*sKd;. tkyfcsKyfr_oufwrf;rukefrcsif; orwtjzpfqufxm;&ef AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufudk twnfðycJhonf? tmvfzm&dkESifhhtwl xif&Sm;aom vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;u tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;jynftay:wGif ol.yk*~dKvfa&;tm%mudk wdk;csJ@oGm;onf? qHk;jzwfcsufcswmrsm;tm; olonf A[dkrS csKyfudkifxm;+yD; òrd@awmf0efrsm; cef@xm;cGifhtm%mvnf;,lcJh+yD; (Partido Nacional Pro-Patria) ac:aom wckwnf;aom w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifay;cJhonf? qlyltHkºuGr_rsm; jzpfaecsdefwGif ta&;ay:tajctae a=ujimcsufonf (12) ESpf=umcJhonf? axmufcHtm;ay; olrsm;udk w&m;pGJqdk&ef wdkif;jynfwGif txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_ESifhh qef@usifbuf t,l0g'rsm;udk jzpfaponfh Oya'topfwck ay:vmonf? pmayvGwfvyfcGifhudk wif;=uyfcJhonf? wuUodkvftm; tpdk;&u ol. wdkuf&dkuftkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGifxm;onf? yk*~vdu qufoG,fr_rsm;udk em;axmif&ef tca=u;aiG ay;+yD; owif;ay;rsm;udkxm;&Sdjcif;/ orw. v#Kd@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;ESifhh uGefjrLepfygwDESifhh awmifol v,form; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;rsm;vkyfonf? oabmuGJvGJolrsm;tm; vlwa,mufrS rodvdkufyJ aysmufoGm;jcif;rsm;tygt0if w&m;Oya' tjyifbufuae tjypfay;onf? tpdk;&. t"duOD;wnfcsufonf tvkyform;or*~0ifrsm; jzpfonf? *sKdap; *sD;quf 'Ggaw; (Jose Jesus Duarte) qdkol txnfcsKyfolwOD;vnf;jzpf qmvfAm'dk tvkyform;rsm;or*~. OuUXvnf;jzpfolonf tpdk;&.n‡if;yrf;cH&olxJrS wOD;jzpfonf? tma&mif;*sKd;udk axmufcHolvnf;jzpf/ rmhpfzm&mt,l0g'udk axmufcHolvnf;jzpfonhftwGuf AdkvfcsKyftm%m&vmcsdefwGif axmifxJudka&mufcJh&onf? olonf (9) }udrfwdkifwdkif qif;&Jom;rsm;ocsKõif;wGif uGyfrsuf&efydk@xm;aomvlrsm;ESifhhtwl aecJh&onf? odk@aomf t}udrfwdkif; wGif ta=umif;wpHkw&ma=umifh oltoufcsrf;omcJh&onf? olwdk@. vlcsrf;omazmufonfrsm;udk ol@udk,fpm; toem;cH&ef ol@ZeD;. óud;yrf;r_onfvnf; tcsnf;tESD;jzpfcJhonf? xdk@aemuf axmifxJwGif oDwif;ywf tenf;i,fae+yD; 'Ggaw;onf &kwfw&ufvGwfvmonf? [email protected] tjrJvdk&yfaewwfaom &Jrsm;a=umifh aps;0,folrsm;onf rvm=uawmhyJ/ ol.pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;vnf; a'0gvDcHa=umif; a=unmvdkuf&+yD; vkyfief;udk a&mif;ypfvdkuf&onf?


xdkodk@jzpfaomfvnf; rmwDeufonf ol@tkyfcsKyfr_oufwrf; (2) ckwGif vlxkaxmufcHr_ twdkif;twm wcktxd &cJhonf? olonf tvkyform;rsm;udk tcsdefrD aiG&Sif;ay;onf/ taumufcGefpnf;urf;usejcif;/ vmbfpm;r_ r&Sdjcif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? olonf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;onf/ ajrtaygifcHr_rsm;udk óudwifwm;qD; EdkifcJhonf/ vlr_zlvHka&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif vufawG@usus taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhonf? xdktcsufrsm;u (1932) ck qlyltHkºuGr_udk ESdrfeif;aomtcg aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;udk rxdcdkufavmufatmif aysmhajymif;onfhtwGuf ta&;ygcJhonf? tpdk;&u olwdk@tm; ta&;ay;vdkufovdk (Banco Hipotecario) ac:aom ajr*&rfxm;+yD; aiGacs;vkyfief;udk wnfaxmifay;+yD; pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;atmufrSmxm;&Sdonf? aumfzDaps;E_ef; wnf+idrfatmif aps;uGufxJwGif =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom ukr`%Dwckudk wnfaxmif ay;onf? “rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_awGudk pnf;urf;use+yD; jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh pepfwckeJ@ tpm;xdk;ay;cJhw,f”[k ol@.}uD;jrwfr_ ta=umif;udk axmufcH olwOD;u a&;om;azmfjycJhonf?

&efolrsm;jzpfatmifvkyfay;vdkufjcif; (1938) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif rmwDewfonf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& ol.'kwd,t}udrfoufwrf; ukefqHk; awmhrnfudk óudwifwGufxm;+yD;jzpfonf? olonf&mxl;u qif;ay;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; qif;ray;awmhbl;[k qHk;jzwf+yD;om;jzpfonf? tajccHOya'tm; jyif&ef t}uHðywifjy&mwGif [email protected]}uHay;yk*~Kdvf ESpfOD;jzpfaom xif&Sm;onfha&S@ae [mrdk*sD;euf tmvfAm&m'dk (Hermogenes Alvarado) ESifhh b¾ma&; vufaxmuf twGif;0ef &dkrDtdk azmfwdef; rm*gem (Romeo Fortin Magana) wdk@onf xdkt&mrSm;a=umif; ol@udk ,Hk=unfvufcHvmap&ef óud;pm;cJh=uonf? tmvffAm&m'dku owday;aomonf? xdkodk@vkyfv#if vlxkqENudkqef@usifaom &dkif;jyaom yk*~vdutm%mqkyfudkifxm;r_[k ol@òydifbufrsm;u wHqdyfuyf vmvdrfhrnf[k owday;cJhonf? qmvfAm'dkacgif;aqmiftcsKd@ tajccHOya'. wcsKd@tydkif;rsm;wGif ZDZma=umifr_&Sdonfqdkaomfvnf; ouf wrf;uef@owfr_rsm;udkawmh ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfpGJukdifxm;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh t&ifu orwtm; axmufcH cJholrsm;onf yJhxGufukef=uonf? rmwDeufonf ol@udk wwd,t}udrfoufwrf;twGuf raxmufcHEdkif awmhbl;[k odvmaomtcg umuG,fa&;vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfaom AdkvfrSL;}uD; *sKdap; tmqefpDtdk areef'wf (Jose Asencio Menendez) udk &mxl;uxkwfy,fcJhonf? xdk@aemuf t&m&Sdtawmfrsm;rsm; E_wfxGufcJh=uonf? pm&if;ppfcsKyf tm*ufpwif; tmvfzGefqdk rdk&rf E_wfxGufonf? xdk@aemuf b¾ma&;pm&if;ppf tmvfzdkqdk &dkcsuf E_wfxGufonf/ xdk@tjyif jynfol@!$ef=um;a&; vufaxmuftwGif;0ef/ b¾ma&;qdkif&mw&m;0ifr_0efxrf; t}uD;tuJ/ jynfol@vkyfief; vufaxmuf twGif;0ef/ b¾ma&; vufaxmuf twGif;0ef/ xdk@jyif onfrdk*sD;eufpf tmvfAm&m'dk wdk@ toD;oD; E_wfxGufcJh=uonf? rmwDeufonf twdkuftcHtopfwck. A[dkcsufrwckudk oludk,fwdkifrodvdkufbJ arGxkwfay;cJhrdonf? (1939) Zefe0g&DvwGif vuf!‡Kd;axmifacgif;+idrfh v$wfawmfu orwoufwrf; (6) ESpf&Sdaom Oya'opfudk twnfðyay;cJhonf? xdkOya't& orwrsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifonf? qufwdkufta&G;cHcGifhudk wm;jrpfaom jyXmef;csufudkvnf; w}udrfqdkif;iHhay;cJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh rmwDeufonf (1939) rwfv (1) &ufrS (1945) Zefe0g&D (1) &uftxd orwjzpf&ef t&nftcsif; jynfhrDvm+yD;/ v$wfawmfuvnf; ol@udkyJ csufcsif; a&G;aumufay;cJhonf? vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:&Sdaom uufbdeuf0ef}uD;rsm;. t}uH m%frsm;qHk;&_H;oGm;+yD; tajccH Oya'udkvnf; pdwfóudufjyifqif+yD;aemuf rmwDeufonf ol=um;csifwmomajymrnfh tem;jym azmfvHzm;rsm;yJ &Sdawmhonf? txufydkif;&mxl;rsm;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf&&Sdxm;aom orw.a&mif;&if;rsm;u ydwfqdk@xm;onfhtwGuf &nf rSef;csuf }uD;olrsm;. tqifhonf ydk+yD;edrfhusvmcJhonf? ppfwyfxJwGif tcGifhvrf;ESifhh vkyfydkifcGifh rsm;onf rmwDewf,Hk=unf&aom vufwGJazmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;. =unfvpfaeaom *dk%f;wckrSmom pkpnf;aecJhonf? vpm enf;enf;om&aom ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;uawmh 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;omjzpfonf? orwonf v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfaeaom t&m&Sdrsm;. tEW&m,fudk aumif;aumif;odonf? olu ppfwyfxJwGif oef@pif&Sif;vif;r_rsm;vkyfcJhonf? xdkvlrsm;a=umifh olcH&rnfudk b,fvdkrS rpOf;pm;rdcJhacs? xdkodk@vkyfonfhtwGuf t"du &mxl;rsm;wGif ol@tm; opPm&Sdolrsm;om &vmonf? ‚if;onf awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm;ESifhhtwl ta&; }uD;aom tqifhrsm;udk xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifEdkif&ef tjyif;txefvkyfaqmifonf? ol@vufudkif axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; u t&m&Sdrsm;. b¾ma&;qdkif&m azmufvGJazmufjyefr_rsm;udk tao;pdyfpkaqmif;ay;&+yD; xdkt&mrsm;udk orwxHay;ydk@&+yD; orwtm%mwnfatmif vkyfay;&onf? (1934) ESifhh (1939) ckESpftwGif; ppfwyf xJrS ol@tm; ðzwfcs&ef tenf;qHk; (5)


}udrfavmufóud;pm;cJhonfudk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf? ðzwfcscHvdkuf&aom AdkvfrSL;}uD; ref'ef'uf (Mendendez) OD;aqmifaom aemufqHk;}uHpnfr_onf t&m&Sd 28 OD;. axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf? wjcm; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom tpkav;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhh wuUodkvfXmersm;u tm%m&Sif rsm;. ynma&;qdkif&mcef@tyfr_rsm;ESifhh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vdkifpifrsm;tay: csKyfudkifxm;onfudk rD;xdk; v_H@aqmf=uonf? (1938) wGif wuUokdvf. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif tpdk;&bufrS wdkufcdkufr_ rsm;&Sdvmojzifh uef@uGufaomtaeESifhh ausmif;om;rsm;qENjycJh=uonf?) owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;vnf; yHkESdyfazmfjyr_rsm;wGif uef@owfr_rsm;&SdvmonfhtwGuf pdwfrausreyfjzpfaewm =umcJh+yD? aumfzDvkyfief; tausmftarmfrsm;xJrS oabmrusaom vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;ESifhh rausrcsrf;jzpfaeaom t&m&Sdrsm;onf twlwuG pk&Hk;vm=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;pwifjcif;ESifhhtwl r=umcifrSm twdkuftcHrsm;onf yl;aygif;rdoGm;onf?

pdwful;pHrsm;ESifhh jynfhaeaom b0 (1930) ckESpfrsm;wGif rmwDeufESifhh ol@&J@xdyfydkif;ppfr_xrf;rsm;onf [pfwvm. *smr%DEdkifiHESifhh rlqdkvdkeD&J@ tDwvDEdkifiHrSm&Sdaeaom tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk ydk;yef;cdkifvkyfEdkifzdk@ óud;pm;cJhonf? t,fvf qmvfAm'dk tkyfcsKyf olrsm;ESifhh Oa&myvuf,m0g'Drsm;=um; pdwf0ifpm;r_onf cdkifrmvmonf? ESpfbufvHk;onf vGwfvyf yGifhvif; vGef;aom vltzGJ@tpnf;. trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;yHkESifhh uarmufurjzpfaeyHkrsm;udk &GHrkef;ae=uonf? uGefjrLepf 0g'. +cdrf;acsmufr_onf oHvufoD;ESifhh wif;wif;=uyf=uyf tkyfcsKyfr_udk awmif;qdk aeonf[k ESpfbufvHk;u ,Hk=unf=uonf? (1936) wGif *smref ESifhh tDwvDrsm;u rmwDeuf. t&m&Sdrsm;udk oifwef;ay;&ef pwifulnDonf? tDwvDu aumfzD0,f,l&eftwGuf t,fvf qmvfAm'dkudk ppfav,mOfrsm; a&mif;onf? *smrefrsm;udk ac:aqmifvm+yD; ppftu,f'rDausmif;rsm;ESifhh aiGacs;b%frsm;wGif &mxl;}uD;}uD;rsm;ay;xm;onf? t,fvf qmvfAm'dka'oonfvnf; pydef&Sd AdkvfcsKyf z&efpDudk z&efudk (Francisco Franco)tpdk;& ESifhh refcsL;&D;,m;wGif&Sdaom *syef.&kyfao; refcsLultdk (Manchukuo) wdk@udk todtrSwfðyaom xdyfwef; EdkifiHrsm;xJrS wckjzpfonf? xdkodk@ zufqpfrsm;ESifhh yvl;jcif;udk qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd; tm;vHk;u óuduf=uonfr[kwf? tDwvD (1940) ZGefvwGif ppfxJ0ifwmudk atmifyGJcH+yD; &Syfeuf0wf vlaygif;rsm;pGm csDwufqENjy=uonfudk vrf;ay:u vlxku qJqdk atmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdkESpfaemufydkif; *smrefu yg&pfòrd@udk odrf;aomtcg wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u qENjycJh=uonf? ol.tkyfcsKyfr_udk OD;wnf+yD; qENjyol rsm;rsm;vmonfESifhhtr# rmwDeufonf r[mrdwfppfyGJrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk axmufcHwm &mZ0wfr_[k vkyfvdkufonf? odk@aomf 0if&dk;pGef;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhh wGJcJhjcif;onf bmtusKd;rS r&cJhay? ppf}uD;onf t,fvfqmvfAm'dk. aumfzDvkyfief;ESifhh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk jzwfawmufypfvdkufonf? tvkyfvufrJhrsm; aygrsm;vmonf? ppfaxmufyHha&;rsm; jywfawmufukefonf? orwonf r[mrdwfrsm;bufudk aygif;&ef,drf;vm&awmhonf? olonf Oa&mytm%m&Sif0g'udk a0zef&_H@csaom a=unmcsufwapmif xkwfcJh+yD; emZDrsm;tay: *&k%m oufaeaomoltrsm;tjym;udk tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;rS ðzwfxkwfcJhonf? (1941) ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH ppf}uD;xJodk@ 0ifvmaomtcsdefwGif t,fvf qmvfAm'dkonf tjcm; tar&dum;tv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhh yl;aygif; +yD; zufqpftiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;udk ppfa=unmcJhonf? tpdk;&. tar&duefESifhh qufqHa&;opfonf tusKd;&Sdonf? Oa&my&Sd aumfzDa&mif;csr_ t&_H;udk ajrmufydkif;uae &&Sdaom aiGa=u;jzifh jyeftpm;xdk;&onf? vrf;rsm;aqmuf&efESifhh vlxkusef;rma&; zGH@+zdK;r_ twGuf tar&duef. acs;aiGESifhh axmufyHhcJhonf? yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;ZHkwGif tvkyfoGm;vkyfaom qmvfAm 'dk&rfvlrsKd; waomif;ausmf &Sdvm+yD;/ [email protected];cwcsKd@udk tdrfodk@jyefydk@ay;onf? tar&duefwdkufwGif; aumfzDoabmwlnDr_pmcsKyfonf aumfzDaps;ESifhh vkyfcrsm;udk jrifhwufapcJhonf? odk@aomf xdkppfyGJ}uD;onf tpdk;&twGuf tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfapcJhonfqdkv#if EdkifiHa&;taESmuft,Sufvnf; jzpfapygonf? owif;pmrsm;onfvnf; ppfyGJowif;rsm;ESifhh +Adwdef (odk@r[kwf) ajrmuftar&du yifwdkif aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;. aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifhh jynfhaeonf? tar&duef avhvmolwOD;u qef qmvfAm'dk ae@pOfxkwfjzpfaom El Diaro Latino owif;pmonf &kpAJh (Roosevelt) ESifhh csmcsD (Churchill) wdk@. toHk;tE_ef;rsm;ESifhh


rmwDeufudkqef@usifaomv_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk wESpfygwfvHk;azmfjycJhonf? qef ADpifwD (San Vicente)òrd@&Sd vlESpfaxmifonf tar&duef. 0g'jzef@csda&;&kyf&Sifum;udk =unfhcJh=u+yD;/ owif;pm t,f'Dwm wOD;&J@ tajymaumif;aom 'Drdkua&pDaxmufcHyGJrdef@cGef;udk em;axmifcJhonf? av#mufzdk@vdk+yD[k ol@udk,fol odvmonf? odk@aomf ol@pum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;u bmyJjzpfjzpf vdk&if;awmh r&mufao;acs? 'Drdkua&pDqdk onfrSm aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@jcif;ESifhh aygif;pyfxm;aom ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;[k vlxktwGufawmh ol@udk txif}uD;zdk@aeaeomom [moyJ jzpfcJhonf? 'Drdku&ufwpfvrf;a=umif;opfay:wGif pkyf,lcH&aom tkyfpkwckuawmh ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm; jzpfonf? (1941) ckESpfwGif *smrefvlrsKd; ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; ae&mwGif ajrmuftar&du wdkufom;wOD;udk tpm;xdk;+yD; aemuf 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqonf t&m&Sdavmif;rsm;qDa&mufcJhonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk rESpfòrd@=uaom jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sdrsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkbufudk ,drf;=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (1944) cku twdkuftcHbufwGifygcJhaom t&m&Sdi,fwOD;jzpfaom qmvfAm'dk u&ufpfydk qef;csuf (Salvador Crespo Sanchez)u xdktcsdefudk ‘pdwful;pHrsm;ESifhh jynfhaeaomb0’[k trSwfw& ajymcJhonf? xdktcsdefonf ‘tm%m&SifpepfESifhh 'Drdkua&pD0g't=um; wdkufyGJ’. tjrifhqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf[k ajymcJhonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk avsmhayghap&ef trsm;jynfoludk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfESifhh yHkpHajymif;vdkufonf? olonf rnDr#aom "eOpPmcGJa0r_twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfa=umif;rdef@cGef;ac|+yD; qif;&Jom;rsm; bufrS &yfwnf rnf[k ajymonf? tpdk;&axmufyHhr_&aom Reconstruccion Social u zdeyfvkyfolrsm;twGuf yem;rm;wGif tvkyf&Smay;&ef ulnDcJh+yD;/ jzpfEdkifaom tvkyform;Oya'rsm;udk tvkyform;rsm;rS aqG;aEG; wifjyEdkif&ef tpnf;ta0;wckudk usif;yay;cJhonf? tpdk;&onf aumfzDwifydk@r_rsm;rS tpdk;&onf aumfzDwifydk@r_twGuf tcGefopfrsm; jyXmef;cJh+yD;/ ydkv#Haom tjrwftpGef;twGufvnf; tcGefaumufcH cJhonf? arG;jrLa&; +cHydkif&Sifrsm;tzGJ@/ aumfzDtpnf;t&Hk;/ taygifcHb%f ponfrsm; tay:vnf; xdef;csKyfr_rsm; ydkrdkwif;=uyfcJhonf? xdkt&mrsm;u bmwckrS rmwDewfudk taxmuftul rðycJhbl;? tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;onf ol. tapmydkif; pum;rsm;udk tawmfrsm;rsm; vpfvsL&_xm;cJh+yD;/ taESmuft,Sufrsm;=um;u tvkyform; or*~rsm; jyef@yGm;vmonf? aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf *%mr+idrfjzpfvmonf? tdk;uGJtif'D;,ef;av; (crackpot little Indian)[k pwifac:vm=uonf? orw. tla=umifa=umif vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk yxrqHk; &nf!$ef;onf? ol@tm; aeylrSmtcsdef=umjrifhatmifaevSef;xm;aom ta&mif&Sdaom ykvif;rsm;xJrS a&udk wdkufjcif;jzifh zsm;emoludkuko&ef óud;pm;ol[kodvm=uonf? ol@om;tm; rcGJpdyfcif rmwDeufonf xdka&rsm;ESifhh uko&efwdkufwGef;cJhonfhaemuf 0rf;azm0rf;a&mifa&m*gjzifh aoqHk;cJhonf? xdkudpPonfonf ol@ZeD;tm; ta&mif&Sdaomykvif;rsm;udkcGJypfatmif qGay;vdkufonf? tpdk;&tay:zHk;tkyfvmaom wdrfwdkufonf arSmifoxufarSmifvmonf? ppfa&;tultnDay;rvdk&SdcJhaom 0ef&dk;pGef; qef@usifa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u orw.&efolrsm;ESifhh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;udk twwfEdkifqHk; zHk;uG,f xm;onf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;rSm (1941)ck pufwifbmwGif wnfaxmifcJhaom Accion Democratica Salvadorena (ADS) jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@. OuUXonf t+idrf;pm;a&S@aewa,mufjzpf+yD; olonf aumfzD vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;. OuUXtjzpfESifhh aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifolrsm;xJwGif rmwDeuftpdk;&xJu [mrdk*sD;euf tmvfAm&m'dk/ &dkrDtdk azmfwif; rm*gemESifhh tjcm; ,ciftr_xrf; a[mif;rsm;tjyif vli,fq&m0ef tmwl&dk &dkrD&dk tygt0if xif&Sm;aom twwf ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; ygonf? at'Dtufpf tzGJ@onf ajray:wGif =um=umr&yfwnfEdkifcJhacs? pufwifbmvtukefwGif tpdk;&rS EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;y&ef &JXmerScGifhðycsufav#muf+yD;rS ðyvkyf&r,fqdkaom Oya'ESifhh &ifqdkif&onf? at'Dtuf taeESifhh vlxktpnf;ta0; (2) ck avmufyJvkyfEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf aemufxyf oufwrf; twGuf rmwDeufudk b,fvdkjiif;qdkuef@uG,fEdkifrvJqdkonfudk yk*~Kdvfa&;awG@qHkr_rsm;vkyf+yD; aqG;aEG;=uonf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf;wckay:vmv#if ol@rSmyef;wdkif&Sd+rJjzpfonf/ xdkt&monf orwudk ðzwfcs&efjzpfonf?


cs=updk@ twdkuftcHopfu tpdk;&udk qef@usif&mwGif ajAmifa&m v#Kd@0Sufyg vkyfudkifonf? at'Dtufpf tzGJ@0ifwcsKd@u rmwDeuftm;qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef ppfa&;jyifqifr_rsm;jyifqifzdk@ qHk;jzwfaomfvnf; wcsKd@u t=urf;rzufa&; vrf;pOfudk a&G;=uonf? (1943) aEGOD;tpydkif;ESifhh aEG&moDwGif v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;onf trnfazmfjyjcif; r&Sdaom pm&Gufpmwef;rsm;qufwdkufjzef@a0r_rsm;vkyf+yD; rmwDewftm; tpdk;&xJrS E_wfxGuf&ef awmif;qdk =uonf/ EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;awmif;qdkonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifhh tpdk;&tvkyform;rsm;udk tpdk;&ESifhhylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; rvkyf&efawmif;qdk=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk (1932) ckESpfwkef;u tpdkvdkuft+yKHvdkufowfjzwfr_rsm;tm; jyefvnfowd&ap+yD;/ vufurf;pmapmifav;rsm; jzef@a0jcif;jzifh tay:,Ha=um uwdpum;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifhh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifhh yl;aygif;olrsm;udk wm;qD;umuG,f&ef ajymqdkonf? Democratic Revolutionary Committee / Anti-Reelection Party . tvkyform;XmeuJhodk@ emrnfrsKd;rsm;jzifh tkyfpkvdkuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ay:wGif; qdkif;xdk;jcif;rsm; (1944) ckESpf tapmydkif;umvxd ay:aygufcJh=uonf? Oya't& awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;onf aemufxyfvufeufwckjzpfonf? (1943) ck atmufwdkbmwGif at'DtufpftzGJ@ wnfaxmifolrsm;tygt0if EdkifiHom; (236) a,mufrS EdkifiHa&;tpktzGJ@rsm;tm; uef@owfcsKyfcs,faom (1941) Oya'udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef w&m;&Hk;csKyfqDudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; toem;cHpm wifcJh=uonf? toem;cHpmudk w&m;&Hk;csKyfu y,fcscJhaomfvnf; orwudk xdkodk@&ifqdkifjcif;onf tvGef+iD;aiG@ p&maumif;ouJhodk@ vlxkxJwGif cHpm;vm&onf? tar&duef a&wyfqdkif&moHwrefwOD;tqdkt& toem;cHpm a=umifh =oZmt&Sdeft0g&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm; yGifhyGifhvif;vif;xGufay:vmonf/ olwdk@onf tkyfcsKyfr_ tydkif;tm; uef@uGufjcif; yxrt}udrftaeESifhh xGufay:vmonf[k ,lq&rnf? toem;cHpmudk El Diario Latino owif;pmwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJhaomtcg owif;pma&mif;aomae&mrsm;wGif &Jrsm; vmrodrf;cif tvkt,uf 0,f,l=uonf? owif;pmonfvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;udkwdkufcdkufaom ay:ay:xifxifr[kwfaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnfh oGif;azmfjyonf? *|efrmvfwef (John Malton) ESifhh qdkifrGefbdkvDAm (Simon Boliva) wdk@uJhodk@ emrnf}uD; rsm;qDrS rif;qdkrif;npftm; qef@usifaom tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh tm*sifwD;em;&Sd acgif;rmaomtpdk;& òyduGJ oGm;&aom aqmif;yg;rsKd;rsm;udk qifqmrwifyJ orwudk raxrJhjrifðyaomtaeESifhh a=u;eef; &dkufydk@=uonf? rmwDeufudk aemufxyftkyfcsKyfcGifhoufwrf;&atmifcGifhðyxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH jyifqif&ef a0zefr_eJ@ oGm;aevdk@rjzpfbl;qdkwmodvmwmESifhh owif;pmrsm;onf aemufxyf taumif;qHk;wck vkyfcJh=uonf? (1943) ck atmufwdkbmvwGif pdppfa&;pepf xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD;aemuf t,f'Dwmrsm;onf tpdk;&xJudk xdk;qG&ef enf;vrf;udkawG@cJhonf? 'DZifbmwGif tpdk;&.0g'jzef@csdr_rsm;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifaom Street-Cleaning in Capital Superb ESifhh Water So Plentiful in Villages That It Flows in Veritable Cascades wdk@uJhodk@ aqmif;yg;rsm; t,fvf 'Dtm&Dtdk vufwDEdk (El Diario Latino) owif;pm aemufausmzkH;wGif tjynfhazmfjyxGufay:vmonf? xdk@aemuf (1943) aemufydkif;wGif qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd; tenf;tusOf;onf twdkuftcHrsm;ESifhhtwl vrf;rrsm; ay: xGufvm+yD; ppf}uD;udk EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;tjzpf jyefvnfoHk;vmonf? 'DZifbmv 11 &ufrSm ausmif;om; (400) cef@ESifhh twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf r=umao;cifu r[mrdwfrsm; tqdkðycJh=uaom ukvor*~ xlaxmifjcif;jzifh axmufcHr_udk pk&Hk;cJh=uonf? &Jrsm;ESifhh trsKd;om;vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; qENjyolrsm;onf rmwDeufudk OD;wnf+yD; ‘tm%m&Sifrsm; usqHk;ap/ orw&mxl; vufrv$wfaomolrsm; usqHk;ygap’ paomaºuG;a=umfoHrsm; wdkifcJh=uonf? ausmif;om;wOD;. wdkufyGJ0if rdef@cGef;onfvnf; tvm;wl &Sif;vif;vSonf? “usaemfwdk@ cs=updk@/ 'grS tpdk;&qdkwm jynfol@qENudk a&mifjyef[yfEdkifrSm/ 'Dvdkenf;eJ@omv#if tckpwifae+yDjzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pD&mpkESpfxJ usaemfwdk@ aeEdkifrSm’[k ajymcJhonf? wcsdefxJwGif orwtm; qef@usifolrsm;u ol.ajrmuftar&dum; r[mrdwfrsm;tm; orwudk azsmif;zsay;&ef arwWm&yfcH=uonf? aiGpkaiGacs;b%fwck. t&m&SdwOD;jzpfaom tmvfzGefqdk &dkcsuf (Alfonso Rochac)u t,fvfqmvfAm'dk&Sd tar&duefoHtrwf a0:vfwmompwGef (Walter Thurston)xH AdkvfcsKyfudk zdtm;ay;zdk@ pmwapmifay;ydk@cJhonf? xdktxJwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tav;xm;&ef/ vGwfvyf aom a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&efESifhh twWvefwdwfoabmwlpmcsKyfudk av;pm;vdkufem&efrsm;yg&Sdonf? (1944) ck rwfvwGif aiGpkaiGacs;b%f


OuUX [ufwm [ma&;&m; (Hector Herrera)u e,fvfqif a&mfauzJvm; (Nelson Rockefeller)xH t}uHðycsufwckudk ay;ydk@cJhygonf? olonf tar&duefwdkufEdkifiHrsm;qdkif&mXme. wm0ef&Sdyk*~KdvfwOD;tjzpf xdka'oodk@ vma&muf vnfywfaecsdef jzpfonf? [ma&;&m;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ ruUpDudk/ udkvrfbD,m wdk@rS rmwDewfudk =um;0if azsmif;zsoifha=umif;ESifhh 'Drdku&ufwpf zGJ@pnf;yHkopfudk vufcH&efwdkufwGef;oifha=umif; ajymcJhonf? rmwDeufuvnf; }uD;xGm;vmaomtwdkuftcHrsm;udk wif;wif;rmrm jyefwdkufonf? tpdk;&u pmyHkESdyf vkyfief;rsm;udk ydk+yD;ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;vkyfvm+yD;/ &efol[k oHo,&Sdolrsm;udk pHkprf;axmufvSrf;vmonf? w&m; &Hk;csKyfxH toem;cHpm qdkif;xdk;wifaomvlrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyfapmifh=unfr_rsm; vkyfvmonf? 'DZifbmvwGif vl (20) cef@onf pufaoewfrsm;ESifhhtwl vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif xGufay:vm+yD;/ at'Dtufpf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhh El Diario Latino owif;pmt,f'Dwmwdk@yg0ifaom vl ta,muf (40)cef@ tzrf;cH&onf? wcsKd@udk orwtm; owfjzwf&ef}uHpnfr_jzifh w&m;pGJonf? aemufwOD;jzpfaom &Dum'dk tmbDZl; (Ricardo Arbizu) onf vufeufrcsbJ/ tdrfxJrSm wygwfausmf ykef;aecJhonf? xdk@aemuf atmf*ufpwif; t,fvm&dk rdk&rf; qdkol ol@xHa&mufvm+yD; ppfwyfxJrS twdkuftcHrsm;tm; axmufcHolpm&if;udk ol@ol@xHrS &oGm;awmhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;tm; ajcmufvSef@r_rsm;vkyfaeonfhtjyif/ tpdk;&onf tm%mquf&&ef rmwDewf. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk t&m;0ifjzpfatmifvkyfay;rnfh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf topfwcktwGuf axmufcHr_ rsm;&atmif óud;pm;aeonf? tm%m&Sifydkif owif;pmwckrS wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf ac:,l&ef EdkifiHom; wodef;ausmfausmfavmuf. vufrSwfrsm;&cJh+yD[k ajymcJhonf? tpdk;&}uD;rSL;vkyfaqmifaom tpnf;a0;rsm;&Sd qlnHaeaom vltkyfrsm;onf tvm;wlawmif;qdkcJhonf? (1944) ck nDvmcHusif;ycsdefwGif orwa&G;cs,fyGJonf ta,mifaqmifr#jzpf+yD;/ vlwdkif;xifxm;onfhtwdkif; rmwDeuf udkom orw&mxl;twGuf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? ol.oufwrf;topfonf (1949) ckESpfrSom ukefqHk;rnf? EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;udk xyfrHxdyg;wdkufpm;&ef zGJ@pnf;yHkudkvnf; pmom;rsm;xyfjznfhonf? wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk csKyfudkifEdkifaom =oZmtm%m udkvnf; ay;tyfvdkufonf? qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd;rsm;onf aemufxyf 6 ESpfcef@ tm%m&SifatmufwGif ae&rSm jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; uef@owfr_rsm;wdk;vmonf? at'DtufESifhh [email protected][mrddwfrsm;onf tpdk;&tm; ðzwfcs&ef t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_wck wdwfwpdwf }uHpnf aepOfwGif tjcm;enf;AsL[mwck &cJhonf? udkpwm&Duma'orS ta0;a&muf owif;axmufwOD;jzpfaom *sKdtmuGif; uufpfx&dk umeDZm;vwfpf (Joaquin Castro Canizales) u twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;qDudk ‘tm%mzDqefa&;odk@/ qmvfAm'dk jynfolrsm;xHodk@ u|Efkyf. trSmpum;’qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh t}uHðycsufwck ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdktxJwGif “tpdk;&tm; ðzwfcsonfhae&mwGif atmifjrif&ef oifhawmfaomenf;vrf;” ESifhh ‚if;tm; ‘iHk@cHrvm;/ tm%mzDqefrvm;’ [kac:a=umif; oluajymonf? “wdkif;jynf. tkyfcsKyfr_ydkif;ESifhh pD;yGm;a&;xdef;csKyfr_rsm;wGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHom;wdkif;” xdkvrf;pOfvdkuf&ef/ “yl;aygif;yg0if&ef &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif; vdktyfaeonf?” tjcm;awmhr[kwfygay/ xdkvrf;pOfudk zefwD;cJhaom *ENDonf }uD;us,faom atmifjrifr_rsm; &cJhonf? ‚if;udkxda&mufap&ef ydwfyif wm;qD;r_rsm; vkyf&efvdkonf? wyfom;rsm;/ &Jrsm;/ yk*~vdutvkyform;rsm;ay:wGif pnf;&Hk;Edkif&efvdktyfovdk/ t&Htwm;taeESifhh aiGa=u;/ypPnf;rsm; pkaqmif; xm;&efESifhh vdktyfvmv#if tcsdef=um=umqENjyr_rsm; jyvkyfEdkif&ef vdktyfonf? xdkt}uH m%frsm;onf rmwDewfqef@usifa&; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzef@a0 tpðycJhpOfuwnf;u tenf;tusOf;pGJusefcJhonf? odk@aomf at'DtufpftzGJ@onf t=urf;zufrS&rnff qdkaom ol@,Hk=unfcsufrS rajymif;vJvmacs? ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemuf t"duv_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm atmf*ufpwif; t,fvfzm&dk rdk&ef; ESifhh tmwl&dk &dkrD&dkwdk@ jzpfonf? t,fvfzm&dk. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_yg0ifcJhapjcif;rSm AdkvfcsKyf. tajccHOya' vSnfhuGufwGif rcHr&yfEdkifaom [email protected]'gou tpðyay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf &dkrD&dk. qef@usifr_uawmh rwlay? (1930) ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;u olonf yJ&pfòrd@&Sd ausmif;om;wOD;taejzifh vlodxif&Sm; wdkufyGJ0ifvdkaom pdwf"mwf jzpfcJhonf? aemuf t,fvfqmvfaA;'dk;odk@ jyefa&mufvmaomtcg tedrfhqHk;vpmowfrSwfcsufESifhh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;rsm; awmif;qdk&ef pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfcJhonf? xdkodk@ pdwful;,Of0g'onf aq;wuUodkdvfausmif;om;rsm;rS ol@tm; cspfcifvmapovdk/ qif;&Jom;rsm;=um;wGif tcrJhukoay;jcif; rsm;a=umifh vlcspfvlcifrsm;cJhonf?


tm%modrf;&ef}uHpDolrsm;onf udk,fykdift}uH&Sdaomppft&m&Sdrsm;ESifhh qufoG,f+yD;aomaemuf (1944) wGif t&yfbufESifhh ppfbuf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhh tmvfzm&dk. ajrae&mwGif nDvmcHusif;yonf/ aemufqHk; pDpOf!$ef=um;r_rsm;vkyfonf? olwdk@xJwGif (1932) awmifolv,form;ta&;awmfyHkwGif t"duyg0ifcJhaom *smreftm;axmufcHaom t&m&Sd (2) OD;/ AdkvfcsKyf tmzGefqdk rm&dkultif; ESifhh olESifhhnDtudkawmfpyfol AdkvfrSL;}uD; wD;wdk; umvfAdk wdk@ygonf? ppfwyfrsm; tDpwmppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS jyefvm+yD;aemuf olwdk@ onf {+yDv (2) &ufae@tm; ykefuefxºuG&ef &ufowfrSwfvdkufonf?

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xdktcsdefonf qENjyolrsm;twGufvnf; t=uyftwnf;rsm;ESifhh jynfhESufaeonf? arv (6) &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tcsKd@onf pwdk;qdkifrsm;odk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;=u+yD; qdkifrsm;twif;zGifhcdkif;aeonf[k tar&duefoH&Hk;u =um;od&onf? tcsKd@q&m0efrsm;onf b,folb,f0gurSef;rodyJ t+cdrf;ajcmufcHae&onf? awmifol v,form;rsm;onf "m;rsm;udkifaqmif+yD; òrd@udkwufoGm;onf[k aumv[vrsm; xGufaeonf? ppfwyfrS acsr_ef;ay;&ef[k todtrSwfðyay;aeouJhokd@ t=urf;zrfr_udk qGay;aeonf? odk@aomf aoG;xGufoH,kdr_rsm; jzpfvmaomtcgwGif ydkqdk;vmatmif tpdk;&u zefwD;vdkufjcif;r[kwfcJhay? arv (7) &ufae@ vrf;ray:wGif pk&Hk;aeaom vli,frsm;udk pdwfqwfaom &Jt&m&SdwOD;u ypfvdkufonfhtwGuf jzpf&onf? vl*k%fwef qmvfaA;'dk;vlrsKd; rdom;pkwckrS (17) ESpft&G,f *sKdaq; &dkuf (Jose Wright) yGJcsif;+yD; aoqHk;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom;wOD;vnf; tar&duefvlrsKd; ol@taza=umifh aocJh&onf? vl axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf ol@rdom;pkaetdrfwGif vma&mufOD;!$wf*k%fðy=u+yD; aemufae@ ol@ psmye tcrf;tem;udkvnf; wuf=uonf? xdka=uuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfonf qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;w&yfjzpfonf? qENjyyGJrsm; r+idrf oufcifwGif tpdk;&udk tm;udk;&rnfavm raorcsmjzpfaepOfwGif vrf;ray:udk vlrsm;xGufvmatmif vkyf+yD; tjzpftysuftrSefudk csjyvdkufonf? &dkufudk owfjzwfvdkufjcif;onf xdkodk@ jzpfaponf? psmye aemufydkif; qef qmvfAm'dkvlrsKd;rsm;onf trsKd;om;v$wfawmfESifhh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;aeaom &yfuGuf jyifyteD;tem;&Sd Plaza Barrios ajrae&mwGif jynfhv#Haeonf? olwdk@onf a'gotrsuf axmif;axmif;xGufae=u+yD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf r[efEdkifatmif jzpfaeaom vlrsm;udk vdkufvHxdef;ae&onf? aps;&HkxJodk@ 0ifvmaom tapmifhppfom;rsm;onf vlpkcGJ&ef bmwckrSrvkyfovdk t=urf;zufr_vnf; r&SdcJhacs? xdkudpPtm; pHkprf;+yD; ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef rmwDeuftm; awmif;qdkaomtcsdefwGif towfcH&aomvli,fav;. EdkifiHom;jzpfr_ESifhhywfouf+yD; tar&duefoHtrwfu oHo,&Sif;onf? tar&duefoHtrwfu rmwDeufESifhh awG@qHkpOf xdkowfjzwfr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk azmfxkwfta&;,l tjypfay;&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf? 0g&Sifweftpdk;&u xdkudpPudk 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;rS&rnf[k vltawmfrsm;rsm;udk ,Hk=unfvufcHaponf? xdktjzpf tysuftm; txl;wvnf razmfjyaomfvnf; ypfowfr_onf tpdk;&twGif; ajymif;vJr_twGuf peufwck jzpfcJhonf? orw.0ef}uD;trsm;pkonf arv (7) &ufae@naewGif tpnf;a0;xdkif+yD; olwdk@ E_wfxGuf&ef qHk;jzwf =uonf? olwdk@onf vrf;ray:&Sd vlpkvla0;rsm;rS t=urf;zufr_topfwck xyfjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drfae=uonf? trSefwu,fyif aemufwae@Y ppfwyf. t}uD;tuJrS [email protected];onf vrf;rrsm;udk &Sif;jypf&ef toifh jzpfae+yD[k rmwDeufudk owif;ydk@cJhonf? 0ef}uD;wOD;u uef@uGuf+yD; “vlxkudk qef@usif+yD; b,fvdkt=urf;zufr_rsKd;eJ@rS roGm;csifbl;/ jynfolawGu usaemhudk tem;,lapcsif+yDqdk&if usaemhtaeeJ@ tcuftcJr&Sd vkyfvdkwJhqEN&Sdw,f”[k orwtm; ajymonf?

xGufayguf arv (8) &ufae@ reufydkif;wGif rmwDeufonf ol@taeESifhh wckcku,fwifcsif&if xdktcsdefonf twdkuftcHESifhh aqG;aEG;zdk@jzpfonf[k olodcJhonf? trsKd;om; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; aumfrwD0if (5) OD;udk csufcsif; 0dkif;0ef; ac:,lum xdkae@ naewGifyif tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhh aqG;aEG;cJhonf? orwonf &mxl;u qif;ay;&rnfh tajctaejzpfvmonf? odk@aomf b,ftcsdefvJ/ b,ftajctaersKd; atmufrSmvJ raocsm? rmwDeufonf (3) ywft=um vukefavmufwGif E_wfxGufrnf[kajymonf? odk@aomf twdkuftcHrsm;u tjrefE_wfxGufay;&ef qef@usifajymqdkae=uonf? ol@tm%m =um&Snfaeor# qENjyjcif;rsm; qufvkyfaetHk;rnf[k olwdk@uajymonf? rmwDeufonf ol@=oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;aom trsKd;om;v$wfawmftwGuf ol@ae&mudk qufcHrnfhol a&G;&ef ajymonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;u vl (4) OD;pm&if;udkwifjy+yD; xdkxJrS wa,mufa&G;zdk@ wkef@jyefonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifhh aemufxyf (1) em&DavmufaqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf ppfbufqdkif&m 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ rmwDeuf. opPmcHjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf tef'&uf refeuf'uf (Andres Menendez) udk (5) a,mufajrmuftjzpf xyfxnfhonf? wu,fwGif ol@zmomol a&G;cs,fjcif;omjzpfonf? *k%foduQmESifhhtnD ajzmifrwfrSefuef odrfarG@+yD;/ tm%mirf;irf;wufr_ r&Sdaom xdkol@ta=umif;tm; acgif;rmaom tm%m&Sif. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfcsKyfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif odjrifvm &onf? aemufxyfwa,mufxnfhzdk@


awmif;qdkcH&aom xdkaumfrwDu orw wOD;udk a&G;rnf/ vGwf+idrf;csrf; omcGifh a=unmrnf/ ta0;a&mufaeaomolrsm;udk jyefac:rnfqdkaom uwdtwdkif;vnf; taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&Gufonf? rmwDeufonf vufrcHbJ arvukeftxd &mxl;rSm quf&Sdaernf[kcsnf; ajymonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf tm%mudk zufwG,fxm;&efvkyfaeonf/ ppftiftm;udk oHk;vdrfhrnf[k aumv[vrsm; xGufae onf? qENjyzdk@ awmif;qdkaeaom twdkuftcHbuf aumfrwDrS vlwOD;u naebufwGif orwESifhh awG@qHk pum;ajymonf[kod&+yD;/ csufcsif;rE_wfxGufay;bl;qdkv#if “aoG;xGufoH,dkr_rsm; tajrmuftrsm; jzpfvdrfhr,f” [kvnf; olu ajymonf? uufbdeuft&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; ol@tm; csufcsif; xGufay;&ef ajymqdkonf? ta=umif;a=umif;rsm;a=umifh oloabmwl&+yD; ol E_wfxGufrnfhta=umif; a=unm&ef nae (7) em&DwGif toHv$ifh&Hkodk@ oGm;cJhonf? aemufae@reufwGif trsKd;om;v$wfawmfrS orw&mxl;udk rmwDeufudk ay;+yD;/ rmwDeufu zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH ðyjyifa&;qGJa&;ESifhh a&G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk;vkyfay;rnf[k uwday;&onf? v$wfawmfuvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifhh qGJxm;olrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&ef twnfðyonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhh tjcm;tzGJ@ tawmfrsm;rsm; onf rmwDeuf &mxl;rS wu,frE_wfxGufrao;rcsif; qENjyr_rsm;udk &yfypf&ef vuQ%m r&Sdao;ay? olwdk@onf uufbdeuftopfudkvnf; pdwfysuf=uonf? xdktxJwGif rmwDeuf cef@tyfxm;aom ol@vlrsm;yg+yD; trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;aumfrwDrS [mrdk*sD;euf tmvfAm&m'dk (Hermo-genes Alverado) wa,mufomygonf? aemufwae@wGif tm%m&SiftjzpfrS E_wfxGufrnfqdkaom rmwDeufonf ºuGif;usefae aom qlylr_rsm;udk avsmhyg;atmifvkyfonf? wdkif;jynfonf tm;enf;csdeJ@ae+yD qdkonfudkod+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; onf oydwfvSefvdkuf=uonf? arv (11) &ufae@wGif bwfpfum;ESifhh rD;&xm;rsm; jyefvnfajy;qGJonf? pwdk;qdkifrsm;&Hk;rsm;jyefzGifhonf? vltrsm;tvkyfcGif jyef0if=uonf? xl;jcm;r_wckonf ae@cif;rwdkifcifwGif rmpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'wf rmwDewf (Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez)onf *GgwDrmvmEdkifiHbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD;/ rnfonfhtcgrSvnf; jyefrvmawmhacs? t,fvf qmvfAm'dkEdkifiH. ppftm%m&Siftay:atmifyGJcHjcif;onf tcsdefwdkwdkav;twGif;wGif +yD;oGm;onf? EdkifiHa&;jyLwif;aygufav; tenf;i,fyGifhvmonf? qlyltHkºuGr_jzpfatmif }udwf}uHolrsm;jzpfaom &dkrD&dkESifhh tmvfzm&dkwdk@onf (1945) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rwdkifcif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tcsKyftcsm wnfwHh cdkifrm&ef óud;pm;&if; OD;aqmifr_tydkif;u yg0ifvm=uonf? odk@aomf &dkrD&dkESifhh ol@tm; axmufcH olrsm;onf tppftrSefðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ajz&Sif;enf;onf rmwDeuftm; xkwfy,fvdkufaom !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@tm; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aponf? ppfwyfonf tm%m.tkyfcsKyfr_trdk;atmufwGif r&Sdawmhaom AdkvfcsKyfaemufodk@ vdkufvdkaom qENr&SdcJhay? aumfzDvkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf [email protected];tjrwfrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;. pdwful;wJh&m vkyf&yfrsm;qDodk@ xkwfazmfjy&ef rvdkvm;=uay? (1944) ck atmufwdkbmwGif trsKd;om;&JwyfzGJ@. acgif;aqmifjzpfaom AdkvfrSL;}uD;wa,mufuOD;pD;+yD; rmeef'wfqDrS tm%mvk,lvdkufonf? twdkuftcHtzGJ@ rsm;u oDwif;ywfaygif;rsm;pGm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyf=uonf? odk@aomf òrd@jyoydwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk ypfy,fxm;+yD; 'DZifbmwGif *GgwDrmvmEdkifiHrSwqifh vufeufudkifwkduf&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? vG,fvG,fululyif acsr_ef;cHcJh&onf? 'kwd,urBmtppf+yD;cgp q,fpkESpfrsm;wGifyif t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;EdkifiHonf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;topfwrsKd;ESifhh +idwG,f&jyefonf? AdkvfcsKyfwa,muf. }uD;rm;aomtrdef@ae&mudk tzGJ@tpnf; tpktpnf; csKyfudkifr_u tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&xJwGif nD!Gwfr_&Sdae+yD; aumfzDpD;yGm;a&;&eH@onfvnf; aumif;rGef aeqJjzpfonf? òrd@jyoydwf. EdkifiHa&;tarGonf pk+yHKvmcJh+yD; qmvfaA;'dk; vli,frsm;twGuf wnfaqmufqJ umv jzpfonf? (1960) wGif zmbDtdkumpwDvdkonf oufwrf;wdkaom ppftpdk;&. t&yfom;tzGJ@0ifwOD; jzpfonf? xdkaemuf (1963) rS (1967) txd t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk; wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? (1967) wGif Renovating Action Party . orwavmif;tjzpf 0ifòydifcJhonf? txufwef; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif *sKd;aq; eydkvD,ef 'Ggaw; (Jose Napoleon Duarte)u t,fvf qmvfAm'dk&Sd c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDudk zGJ@pnf;um vkyfudkifcJhonf? (1984) wGif EdkifiHawmforwtjzpf a&G;cs,f cH&onf? qmvfaA;'dk; u,fwif&Sifrsm; onf ppftm%mpdk;rdk;r_ESifhh EdkifiHa&;yÉdyuQrsm;.


r_ef0g;0g; q,fpkESpfxJwGifyif tm%mòydifqdkifae=uonf? odk@aomf 1990 ckESpfrsm; ra&mufcif jynfolrsm;. toHESifhh vGrf;rdk;Edkifr_onf (1944) ck aEGOD;rSmwkef;uuJhodk@ xGufay:vmchJonf?

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“vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfzdk@ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf/ rmwDeufeJ@ xdyfwdkufawG@zdk@r[kwfbl;/ 'grSom b,fol@udkrS typfrcH&rSm”[k umpwDvdku &Sif;jyzl;onf? xdkpum;wa=umif;uom ol@tm; yJhwif&dkufcwfaeonf[k aemufydkif;rSm aemifw&+yD; ajymcJhonf? “tJ'Duwnf;u bmudkypf&r,fqdkwm OD;wnfcsufudk a&G;vdk@ r&bl;”[kajymonf? aemufqHk;wGif t=urf;zufr_us&_H;cJhaomae&mwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfvmonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf t=urf;rzufr_onf twdkuftcHrsm;udk ydkrsm;apaoma=umifhjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufr_onf t"rRapcdkif;aom tpdk;&ESifh ol.enf;vrf;rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef enf;vrf;opfrsm;udk awG@&Sdaponf? t=urf;rzufr_onf AdkvfcsKyf. taygif;tygrsm;udk zdESdyfr_rsm;vkyf&ef ol&Jabma=umifaponf? t=urf;zufr_xuf ydk+yD;tiftm;}uD;onfhtwGuf rmwDeufudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf wnf+idrfaom t&yfom;rsm;ESifhh 'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&rsm;twGuf tajctaersm; tvdktavsmuf rzefwD;ay;Edkifay? xdyfqHk; wGif&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyftm; z,f&Sm;jcif;jzifh ppfwyf.tm%mudk rudkifwG,fEkdifay? t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;wGif trsm;jynfolESifhhqdkifaom tm%mtajccdkif&ef twdkuftcHrsm;wGif tcsdefr&cJhay? *ENDonf tdENd,EdkifiHwGif qGm&mh*sf ac: udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpH ESifhh wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhhtwl tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;tm; vef;qef; apcJhonf? ydkvefwGif qENjyorm;rsm;ESifhh tvkyform;or*~rsm;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtm%mudk us,fjyef@ apcJhonf? tu,fIom xdkuJhodk@ vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhrnfqdkv#if xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf jrefjrefqefqefESifhh jyefaumif; vmcsifaumif;vmr,f/ odk@r[kwf qef@usifbuf jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ yrmtm;jzifh &nf&G,f csuf}uD;aom tpDtpOfwcka=umifh ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ t&ifu rmwDeuftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhh wcsdefu *&k%m oufcJhaom aumfzDvkyfief;&Sifrsm; paom ðyjyifajymif;vJvdkolrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_u uif;uGmaumif; uif;uGm apEdkifonf? qmvfaA;'dk; oydwfonf acgif;aqmifwOD;udkom &nf&G,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pepfwckudk r[kwf? xdkol E_wfxGuf oGm;onfESifhh 'Drdkua&pDudk wrf;wcJhaom olrsm;onf tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;udk olwdk@zmomolwdk@awG@vmcJhonf? odk@aomf r[mrdwfaumif;rsm; ray:awmhacs? t=urf;rzufr_onf jynfol. oabmwlnDcsufqENudk qHk;&_H;oGm; onfh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk wGef;xkwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomf t=urf;rzufr_ESifhh enf;AsL[monf xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;aom tm%m.tajccHtkyfjrpftm; rajymif;vJypfEdkifbl;qdkv#if yÉdyuQrsm;udk ausmfv$m;+yD; vlxka&;&mtwGuf armif;ESifay;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs? t,fvf qmvfaA;'dk;wGif (1944) ckESpfrSom t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh atmifEdkifcJh&onf? xdkwdkif;jynftwGuf xdktcsdefonf atmifjrifr_ topfwckjzpfonf?


tcef; (7)

tm*sifwD;em;ESifh csDvD - zdESdyfr_udk awmfvSefjcif;

tm*sifwD;em;-rdcifowWd

“vJrusoa&G@ qufav#mufaer,f” yxrae@awmfvSefonfh tiftm;pkxJwGif (14)OD;om&Sdonf/ rjzpfEdkifavmufonfh touftv,ftvwf&Sd trsKd;orD;wyfzGJ@jzpfonf? trnfazmfjyr_r&SdbJ omrefr#jzpfonf/ pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_vnf; &SdcJh=uonf? tm%mydkif rsm;. rD;cdk;a&mifpGJaeonfh vufrsm;u olwdk@tm; acsrGoGm;rnfavm/ odk@r[kwf azsmufzsufypfvdkuf rnfavm qdkonfudk rodEdkifay? aqmif;OD;&moDnaecif;. tDauGwmaea&mifjcnfudkausmfjzwf+yD; wyfpdyfw0ufpmcef@&Sd xdktzGJ@onf ò[email protected];0if ajruGufvyf&Sd ausmufvrf;rsm;ay:wGif pDwef;vrf;av#muf+yD;/ (19) &mpkESpfu pydeftkyfpdk;r_a=umifh tqufjzwfcHxm;cJhonfudktxdrf;trSwfðy&ef pdkufxlxm;onfh ausmufwdkifteD;em;wGif pk&Hk;=uonf? olwdk@onf tjcm;vGwfvyfr_wck&SmazG&ef AsLEdkat;&D;pf (Buenos Aires) òrd@v,facgif&Sd ar,dkukefwdkufa&S@ Plaza de Mayo &ifjyifudkoGm;=uonf? a=uuGJjcif;xufydkonfh ajcmufvSef@r_rS vGwfajrmufr_&Sm&ef jzpfonf? olwdk@&vmonfh tawG@t}uHKrsm;onf omrefxuf xl;jcm;aevdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uonf? olwdk@ vkyfEdkifonfxufvnf; ar#mfvifhae=uonf/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm;. A[kokw&Sdoavmufom jzpfEdkifonf? xdkt&monf qHk;&H_;oGm;onfudk ajymjy&ef/ xdkaemuf tpdk;&. ulnDr_udk tEl;t!Gwfawmif;cH&ef jzpfonf? (1977) ck {+yDv. aemufqHk;ae@rsm;wGif umqm &dkqm'g (Casa Rosada) tjyifbuf ajruGufvyfwGif olwdk@ ay:xGufvmonf? “usrwdk@awG wae&mqDua&mufvmw,f/ usrwdk@[m a'gufrygwJhzdeyfawG0wfw,f/ olwdk@awG usrwdk@aemuf vkdufvm&if &,fp&mjzpfatmifvkyfEdkifw,f/ tpdk;&tdrfawmfa&S@rSm qENjyzdk@qdkwm odyftEW&m,f &Sdw,f”[k trsKd;orD;xJrS wOD;jzpfaom Maria del Rosario de Cerruti u ajymonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf olwdk@ jrifzl;aeustwdkif; awmifpGef;ay:u awmifwuform;rsm;vdk óud;jzifhvHkðcHr_&Sd&ef wa,mufESifh wa,muf csdwfqufxm;onf? tm;vHk;onf rdcifrsm;/ olwdk@wGif aysmufqHk;oGm;aom uav;rsm;&Sdonf? yxrae@wGif olwdk@tm; b,folrS taESmuft,Sufrvkyfay? paeae@w&ufu jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tpDtpOfawG tysufcH+yD; xdkrdcifrsm;onf b%frsm;ESifh tpdk;&&Hk;wHcg;rsm;/ yef;a&mif orweef;awmf. wHcg;rsm; ydwfcsdefudk trSwfwrJh a&G;cs,fcJhonf? “usrwdk@ &Hk;zGifh&ufw&uf&ufudk jyefvmzdk@ oabmwlcJhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm orwqdk+yD; ae&m,lcJhwJh tm*sifwDem; AdkvfcsKyf AD'Jvm; (Videla)qDydk@zdk@ pmwapmifudk twlwl jyifqif=u w,f”[k od&onf? olwdk@ tcsdefudkufvkyfcJhonf/ aemuf aom=umae@ 3 em&DcGJ vrf;rrsm; vlpnfum; csdefwGif vkyfonf? xdk@aemuf rdcifrsm;xJrSwOD;u aom=umae@udk ‘pHk;rrsm;.ae@’[kac:&ef E_d;aqmfonf? xdk@aemuf =umoyaw;ae@wGif vlpk=uonf? vlOD;a&wdk;wdk;vmonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf atmufajcwGif bm&Sdonfqdkwmrodaomfvnf; tay:,Hausm avmuf prf;oyf=unfhaeonfqdkonfudk olwdk@zmom odvm=uonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;vufatmufwGifae&aom urBmhtjcm; a'orS vlrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; atmufajcwGif bm&Sdonfudk ajymjycJhrSmjzpfonf? tm%m ydkifrsm;ESifhqdkifaom tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tvdrftnmrsm;udk jzpfonf? oef@&Sif;aomavxkxJwGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH&Sd vlaer_ b0tajctaeonf e*dk&Sd&if;pGJtwdkif; jrif&onf? omreftaetxm; rsufESmpmudkom jyxm;onfh twGuf tpkd;&rS &efðywmrsKd; r&Sd[kxif&onf? xdkuJhodk@ xif&mvkyfonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;rSwyg; xdkt&mudk azmfxkwf&ef rnfolr# ay:xGufrvmcJhacs? tywfpOf qENjyr_rsm;+yD;aemuf/ aemuf (2) v rwdkifcGifwGif aysmufqHk;oGm;aom vlrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm; ol@xHwGif&Sdonfqdkaom AdkvfcsKyfwa,mufvnf;jzpfonfh tpdk;&twGif;ydkif;0ef}uD;tm;awG@&ef rdcif (3) OD;udk cGifhðycJhonf? xdkpm&if;wGifvnf; ol@rdwfaqG rdom;pk0ifrsm;. trnfavmufomygonf? odk@aomf rnfolawGu ac:oGm;cJhonfudkvnf; olroday? “tJ'DbufrSm b,folrS xdef;csKyfuGyfuJvdk@r&wJh avxD;ppfom;tzGJ@ awG&Sdw,f”[k &dkqm&Dtdk (Rosario)u ajymjyzl;onf[k olajymjyonf? “ol@taeeJ@ tjcm;vlawGudk tcGifhtvrf;awG ay;cJhw,f? aemuf+yD;


usrwdk@&J@om;awG[m rdef;uav; wa,mufa,mufeJ@ cdk;ajy;wm jzpfEdkifw,f/ usrwdk@orD;awG[mvnf; wjcm;wae&mrSm jynfhwefqm vkyfae=uwmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkif w,f”[k oluajymjyonf? xdktcsdefwGifyif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@r_rSwqifh a'goxGufvmonf? “usrwdk@ ol@udk ajym+yD;+yDyJ/ olwdk@[m owWdr&Sd=ubl;/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh z&efudk (Franco)vdk &ufpufwJh tm%m&Sifwa,mufuawmifrS ao'%fay;zdk@ ol@vufeJ@ udk,fwdkifqdkif;xdk;cJhao;wmyJ? usrwdk@&J@ cHpm;r_awGtm;vHk;udk ol@udk ajymjyw,f/ +yDawmh olwdk@ usrwdk@udk tajzray;rcsif; tywfwdkif;jyefvmr,fvdk@ ol@udk ajymjyw,f? usrwdk@bufu vJrusoa&G@ aom=umae@wdkif; 'DajruGufvyfrSm vrf;av#mufr,f”[k ajymonf? xdkAdkvfcsKyfu olwdk@tm; ajymaomtcsdefonf vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;aomtcsdef jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@tm; tajzwckck ray;rcsif; qufaernf[k ajymcJh=uonf? olwdk@ xdktajctaeudk rodcJhaomfvnf; a=uuGJaeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;u ppfausnmcJhonf?

tm%modrf;jcif;/ jyefay;qGJjcif; ESifh 0&kef;okef;umjzpfjcif; xdkrdcifrsm;. &efolonf ESpfaygif;ig;q,favmufuwnf;u t&_yftaxG;rsm;ESifhtajcðycJhaom ppftpdk;&w&yf jzpfonf? (1930) pkESpfrsm;ESifh (1940) pkESpfrsm;udk twef=umjzwfausmf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm; arS;rSdef,drf;,kdif vmcJh+yD; vufwiftar&dum;EkdifiHrsm;xH jyefvnfEdk;=um;apcJhonf? xdkaemufydkif; tmvf qmaA;'dk;EdkifiH. rufpDrDvD,mEdk [meef'wf rmwDeuf ðywfuscJhaom tcsdefavmufwGif tcsdef=um=um tm%m&,lxm;onfh tm%m&Sifya'o&mZfudk ðzwfcscJhonf? tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; ppft&m&Sdrsm;rS &mxl;}uD;}uD;ae&m,lxm;+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif rwlnDaom tawG;tac:rsm;rS 0&kef;okef;um;tajctaersm;qD a&mufcJhonf? tm*sifwD;em;onf (1930) ESifh (1973) =um;umvwGif ppftm%modrf;r_ (8) }udrf}uKHcJh+yD;/ (1946) ESifh (1951) wGif vGwfvyfonfha&G;aumufyGJ (2) }udrfomvkyfEdkifcJhonf? &,fp&maumif;onfrSm orwa&G;cs,fyGJtwGuf rJay;rnffhvlrsm;u wifvdkufonfh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;onf *sLtef 'dkrif*dk yD&Gef (Juan Domingo Peron) qdkol aemufAdkvfcsKyfwa,muf jzpfaeonf? ol. vlxktay:tajccHonfh0g'ESifh Edkufuvyf,Ofaus;r_ a&maESmaer_onf tm*sifwD;em;jynfolwdk@. ADZESifh qef@usifbufjzpfaeygonf? ol@ZeD; tJADom (Evita) tm; awmufawmufajymifajymif 0wfpm;qif,ifap+yD; twlaysmfyg;aejcif;onf vufwifEdkifiHa&;,Ofaus;r_wGif topfwckvdk jzpfaeonf? ol. ykcHk;ay:&mxl;wHqdyfrsm;ESifhwl awmufawmufajymifajymif r,m;vnf;jzpfonf? ol@. yD&GefepPwmppfwyfwGif EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_ wckudkvnf; jzpfapcJhonf? toH0g0g}uD;ESifhtwl wif;rmonfh rsufESmxm;a=umifh tkyfcsKyfI r&Edkifatmif jzpfcJhonf? ppfat;wdkufyGJ. t&Sdefu a&avmif;ay;+yD; olysKd;axmif cJhaom tm%m.o¿mefonf t=urf;zufr_toGifjzifh tudkif;,Sufjzm}uD;xGm;vmonf? (1955) wGif tm%mukefqHk;r_udk óudqdkonfhtaejzifh yD&Gef (Peron) tm; AdkvfcsKyfaemufwOD;u pydefbufodk@ armif;xkwf vdkuf+yD;/ r=umcifrSmvnf; xdkoltm; aemufwa,mufu òydvJap+yD;/ ol@udkvnf; aemufwa,mufjzifh ðzwfcs cJhonf? (1966) ckwGif AdkvfcsKyf [Grf um;vdk@pf tGef*geD,m (Juan Carlos Ongania) OD;aqmifaom tm%m&Sif tpdk;& onf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;udkwm;jrpf&rnf[k azmfxkwfjcif;/ vufudkifwyfrsm;jzifh wefjyefwdkufcdkuf jcif; ESifh wuUodkvf. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tqHk;owfapjcif;rsm;ESifhtwl ae&m&vmonf? xdktm;vHk;onf t"du&k%f;rsm;ESifh taESmuft,Sufrsm;udk zdwfac:cJh+yD;/ wcsdefxJwGif v#Kd@0Suf jynfol@ppfrsm;xJodk@ vuf0Jorm; rsm; yg0ifvm=uonf? zdESdyfaom yD&dkepfwm (Peronistas) wyfrsm;qDrS cGJxGufvmaom rGefwdkeD&dkrsm; (Montoneros)onf òrd@rsm;wGif jyefay;qGJjcif;rsm;/ um;AHk;axmifjcif;rsm;udk vkyfvmonf? xdk@jyif Ejercito Revolucionario del Purblo (ERP) ac:onfh jynfol@ awmfvSefa&;wyfrS aus;vufa'o wlulref (Tucuman)wGif 'kuQa&mufaponf? xdkwyfonf ol. tawG;tac:t,l0g'udk acs (Che) .aemufydkif; *GD;Am;&pf (Guevarist) 0g'tjzpf azmfxkwfcJhonf? ,cif orwa[mif;wa,muftm; rmwdkeD&dkwyfrsm;u jyefay;qGJowfjzwf+yD;aemuf (1970) ckESpfwGif tGef*geD,m (Ongania) tm; AdkvfcsKyfaemufwOD;u ESifxkwf cJhonf? ol@tvSnfhwGif tmav*sef'&dk atmf*ufpwif; vmEl;ap (Alejandro Agustin Lanusse) qdkol aemufwOD;jzifh jyeftpm;xdk;cJhonf? odk@aomf b,f,leDazmif;0wfrsm;rS pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrfr_udk


rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh ay? wenf;tm;jzifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifhom xm;&pfcJh=uonf? vmEl;ap;udk a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;y&ef zdtm;ay; cJh+yD; tusKd;quftjzpf [Grf yD&Gef (Juan Peron) jyefvm&eftwGuf vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_rsm;[m yD&Gef. obm0tdk;tdrfjzpfonf? (1973) ckwGif tpPbJvf (Isbel) [kac:aom ol@. wwd,ZeD; rm&d,m tufpw,fvm rmwDeuf 'D yD&Gef (Maria Estela Martinez de Peron) ESifhtwl 'korwtjzpf tm%mjyef&vmonf? tpdk;&opfonf vuf0Jrsm;tay:wGif jcaoFhwaumifuJhodk@ ajymif;vJcJh+yD; pD;yGm;a&;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef óud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; tm*sifwD;em; tpGef;a&mufrsm;u olwdk@. rdom;pk0iftcsif;csif; owfonfhppfyGJtm; rpGef@ypfcsif=uay? xdkaemuf yD&Gef aoqHk;cJhonf? (1974) wGif ol@ESvHk;cHk&yfwef@oGm;+yD;/ tawG@t}uHKr&Sdaom ol@ZeD; rkqdk;rtm; tkyfcsKyfr_tydkif;wGif xm;&pfcJhonf? orwtopfonf (1976) ckESpfavmufwGif urBmESifht0Srf; qDaps;wufr_rsm;a=umifh wESpfv#if &mcdkifE_ef; (3) axmifcef@ aiGazmif;yGr_ rsm;ESifhtwl tcuftcJrsm;udk udk;,dk;um;,m; udkifwG,fxdef;odrf;cJh&onf? xdktawmtwGif; ysufpD;jcif;omjzpfapaom trsKd;rwl owW0grsm;t=um;qufqHr_rsKd;jzpfonfh oabmxm; wif;rmol vuf0J ESifh vuf,m acgif;aqmifrsm;=um;wGif jzpfay:vmonf? rGefwdkeD&dkrsm;onf azmfrdkpmòrd@&Sd ppfwef;vsm;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf? tD;tmyD jynfol@awmfvSefa&;wyfu wlulref (Tucuman)udk zrf;qD;&ef jyifqifv_yf&Sm;onf? (1974) twGif;wGif The Alianza Anticomunista Argentina tm*sifwD;em; uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@u todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh a&S@aersm; 70 avmufudk owfcJhonf? (xdk@jyif (1975) uvnf; wywfv#if ta,muf 50 cef@txdowfcJhonf?) ESpfbufpvHk;onf jyefay;qGJjcif;rsm;/ "m;jr wdkufjcif;rsm;ESifh t"rRaiGn‡pfjcif;rsm;udk ydkvkyfvm=uonf? (1974) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tpPbJvf yD&Gef onf ppfwyf.vufrsm;udk óud;ajzay;vdkufonf? wyfom;ig;aomif;onf tiftm; w&mcef@&Sdaom tD;tmyD olykefrsm;udk acsr_ef;&ef wlulrefòrd@odk@ csDwufvmonf? olv#Kdrsm;/ avxD;wyfrsm;ESifhtwl ppfwyftm; v#Kd@0SufonfhvufeufudkifwyftoGifjzifh vdktyfv#if bmrqdkvkyfEdkifa=umif; cGifhðycJhonf? vtenf;i,f twGif;yif tm*sifwD;em;&Sd t=urf;zufr_rsm;tm; +idrf;owfypfvdkufonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfonf cHwyfodk@ jyefvm&ef aESmifhaES;aecJhonf? (1975-76) wGif wdkif;jynfonf t=urf;zuf rwnf+idrfr_rsm;qDodk@ jyefa&muf oGm;aomtcsdefwGif ppfwyfonf tpPbJvftm; E_wfxGuf&ef t}uHðycJhonf? olrae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkufonfh wyfrrSL; AdkvfcsKyf a*smh &mzJvf AD'Jvm; (Jorge Rafael Videla)u tpdk;&tm; OD;aqmifcJh&onfhtwGuf a=umufrufzG,f&m bmawGrsm;xyfjzpfvdrfhOD;rvJ[k jzpfae&onf?

wdkif;jynf ya'o&mZfpHepfodk@ jyefa&mufjcif; AGD'Jvm;onf “wdkif;jynf. twGif;oabmESifh yHk&dyf”udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom “udk,fusifh w&m;/ tpGrf;tpESifh xda&mufr_rsm;” jyefvnfxdef;odrf;&rnf[k uwday;&if; tm*sifwD;em;trsKd;om; jyefvnf pkpnf;a&;rl (The Proceso) tm; wcrf;wem;xkwfazmfvdkufonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@jrifhrm;onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef y&dkpdqdkrlonf edrfhusaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;cJhonf? uGef*&ufv$wfawmf/ wdkif;tvdkuf tpdk;& rsm;ESifh A[dkw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ESifh tvkyform;or*~ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk ydwfyifvdkufonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; ppfcHk&Hk;rsm;rS tcsdefra&G; ppfaq;Edkif&ef pDpOfcJhonf? y&ufpDqdkrl. t"du OD;wnfcsufonf tzsuftarSmufrsm;udk zkef;uG,fxm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@jyif xdkrlonf rnfonhftiftm;rSoHk;p&mrvdkaom npfywfatmufwef;usonfh bmrqdktukefvkyfrnfh rljzpfonf? rnfol onf &efolenf;? “t=urf;zuform;wa,mufvm;/ aoewfrsm;AHk;rsm; rygwJh vlwa,mufvm;” tzsuf tarSmifhqdk&mwGif “tm*sifwD;em; vlrsKd;wdk@&J@ vlaer_b0udk qef@usifwJh b,fol@udkrqdk”[kqdk+yD; orw AGD'Jvm;u &Sif;jycJhonf? a'owdkif;wGif y&ufpDqdkrS ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;xdwf;odrf;a&;pcrf;rsm; pdkufxl+yD;/ oHo, &Sdolrsm;udk zrf;qD;&efESifh ppfaq;&ef txl;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk oifwef;ay;onf? “wdkif;jynfzsufqD;oltm;vHk;udk igwdk@owf&r,f”[k ppfzufqdkif&m AsLEdkat;&D;pf (Buenos Aires) òrd@awmf0efu &Sif;jyonf? “tJ'DaemufrSm olwkd@eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufolawGudk owfr,f/ tJ'Daemuf olwdk@udk axmufcHolawG/ tJ'Daemuf tzufrvkyf olawG/ aemufqHk;rSm a=umufwwfolawGudk igwdk@ owfypfr,f”[k ajymonf?


odk@aomf xdkodk@owfjzwfjcif;onf rvHkavmufay? teuftm;jzifh aysmufusm;qdk&mwGif yifv,fxJrSig;rsm;uJhodk@ vlOD;a&wdk;wufr_ESifhtwl a&G@&Sm;aeonf? olwdk@tm;&Sif;ypf&ef yifv,fxJrSa&rsm;tm; cwfxkwfypfIr&ouJhodk@/ yifv,fxJ tqdyfcwfIvnf; r&Edkifay? tm%m&Sifa&G;cs,faom tqdyfonf tpdk;&rSzefwD;aom t=urf;zuf v_H@aqmfr_rsm;yifjzpfonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf jyefay;qGJjcif;/ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh v#Kd@0SufpGm tusOf;csxm;jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? tGef*geD,m tm%m&vmonfhae@rsm;rSpI vltrsm;tjym; aysmufuG,f oGm;=u+yD; awmxJodk@tcsKd@/ The Rio de la Plata odk@tcsKd@/ [,fvDaumfywmjzifh ork'N&mxJodk@ tcsKd@ a&mufoGm;=u+yD; vuf0JESifh vuf,m0g'Drsm;. tESpfoufqHk;vufeufrsm;tjzpf a&mufoGm;=uonf? aysmuf uG,foGm;=uonfh ta&twGufonf (1971) wGif vufwqkyfpmcef@rS (1975) wGif &mESifhcsDI tenf;i,f jrifhwufcJhonf? xdkaemufwGif &kwfcsnf;axmifESifhcsD jrifhwufoGm;onf? xdktcsdefwGif tm*sifwD;em;vlrsKd; (3) aomif;cef@ aysmufoGm;zG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; aysmufqHk;r_toD;oD;udk zkef;uG,fcJhonf/ jiif;qdkcJhonf? usef&pf olrsm;vnf; bmrSr&Sdaom ajruGufvyfav;ESifhtwl usef&pf+yD;/ olwdk@tay: arwWmxm;Edkifol wOD;wa,mufrS ray:aygufcJhyHkrsKd; jzpfcJh&onf? yrmtm;jzifh [email protected];jzpfvmaom tjyma&mif zdk@'f z,fvfuGef (Ford Falcons) um;rsm;jzifh a&mufvmaom t&yf0wft&yfpm;ESifh vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;u tzrf;cH&olrsm;udk ac:oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? ueOD;wGif nOfheufrSom v_yf&Sm;cJhonf/ odk@aomf olwdk@0ef;usifwGif pdk;&drfr_tajctae }uD;rm;vmv#if ae@cif;a=umifawmifwGifvnf; zrf;awmhonf? aysmufoGm;aomvlrsm;xJrS tcsKd@xHrS &Edkifrnfhowif; &,l&ef xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;odk@ ydk@jcif;jzpf+yD;/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_a=umifh jrefjreftoufxGufroGm;&efvnf; tem;wGif q&m0eftcsKd@udk toifhjyifcdkif;xm;onf? xdkodk@ðyrl&if; aemufxyf&ufpufr_ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfqufr_rsm;ESifh oDwif; ygwfaygif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGm =umoGm;wwfonf? aemuf 10 ESpft=um tm*sifwD;em;owif;azmfjycsufwckt& xdkcH&olwdkif;onf vl@*k%foduQmrSefor# aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm tprusefvkyfcJhjcif;udk cHEdkif&nf&SdcJh=uonf? zdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfay:vmonfhtwGuf a=umuf&GH@r_onf vl@toufwacsmif;tay:wGif ae&m,lvmonf? aysmuf uG,foGm;aomolrsm;onf tjcm;aysmufuG,foGm;=uaomvlrsm;ESifh rqdkoavmufav; uGmjcm;Ivnf;jzpf onf? xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;toD;oD;onf ol@Oya'ESifholjzpfonf/ ol@om;aumifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef ol@udk,fydkif xifovdkpHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyonf? “tJ'D&ufawG[m tm%m&Sif ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfr_ atmufa&muf cJh+yD;/ tJ'DwkH;u yxrwyfawmfu bGJ@wHqdyf&,lcJholawG&Sdonf/ 'kwd,wyfawmfrSm jyefay;qGJw,f/ wwd,wyf awmfrSm owfw,f/ yÌravmufrSm vufpvuferusefatmifvkyfw,f”[k EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;wa,mufu jyefajymjyonf? xdkt=urf;zufr_onf toD;oD;tay:wGif wajy;wnf;wnDwnf; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf&onf? owif;pmq&m/ a&S@ae/ wuUodkvfq&mrsm; ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ay:wGif oufn‡mr_&Sdonf[k xif&aomfvnf; omrefa,mufsm;/ rdef;rESifh uav;rsm;udk vlom;rqefonfh qefcgay: tavsmhtaygh tajymif;tvJr&Sd ypfwifvdkuf=uonf?

ppfwyfu igwdk@uav;awGudk ac:oGm;+yD ueOD;wGif aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm;. rdcifrsm;onf cyfxHkxHkcHpm;&onf? tcsKd@rSm pm;r0if tdyfraysmf/ odk@r[kwf tdrf&mxJvJaeonftxd a=uuGJae&onf? odk@aomf olwdk@qDrS tqef;wus,f aysmufqHk;oGm;jcif;rsm;udk b,folrS vmajz&Sif;ay;rnfr[kwfqdkonfudk oabmaygufI olwdk@onf rdom;pkESifh tdk;tdrfrsm;udkypf+yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdaom tm*sifwD;em;. at;pufpufvGifjyifrsm;rS 0rf;enf;yufvuf ajymif;a&$@oGm; =uonf? ueOD;wGif olwdk@onf olwdk@uav;rsm;udk b,fudkac:oGm;onf/ b,ftcsdefwGif jyefawG@&rnfudk wOD;csif; ar;=uonf? wcgw&HwGif olwdk@onf w&m;pGJqdk&efvkyfonf/ olwdk@r=umcifodvmonfh omrefOya'rsm;/ tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;jzifh w&m;qGJ&efvkyfvkyfaomfvnf; aysmufqHk;oGm;onfh olwdk@om;rsm;ESifhtwl ygoGm;cJh &onf? aysmufqHk;r_owif;rsm; jyef@ESH@vmonfhtwGuf rdom;pkrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;onf usef&pfolrsm;xHrS cyfvSrf;vSrf;aevm=u+yD;/ ty,fcHb0ESifh tpdk;&.0uFygrsm;xJwGif av#mufae&onf? odk@aomf rdcifrsm;onf olwdk@wOD;csif;oufouf r[kwfjcif;udk od=uonf? wjcm;ulnDrnfholr&Sdaomfvnf; wOD;ESifh wOD;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdae=uonf?


&,fp&maumif;atmifyif [email protected]_onf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme&Sd tcef;wckxJwGif xdkifaecJhpOfrSm jzpfcJhonf? udk,fcsif;pmr_&Sdaom &JarwOD;onf olwdk@. emrnf/ ae&yfvdyfpm/ olwdk@aysmufoGm;aom uav; rsm;.trnf/ [email protected]@tpnf;trnfrsm;udk rSwfxm;vdrfhrnfudk todaemufuscJh=uonf? xdktcsif;t&m onf t=urf;zuftr_H@}udwfonfhxJrS tusKd;tjrwfyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;XmerS olwdk@ xGufrvmcifwGif olwdk@}udwfcHpm;ae&onfrsm; aygufuGJxGufay:vm+yD; olwdk@ajymjycGifhr&aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk wOD;ESifhwOD; ajym=uonf? xdktjzpftysufrsm;tm; vHk;vHk;rodcJhaomfvnf; r=umcifwGif olwdk@onfh tdrfrsm;wGifawG@qHk =u+yD;/ a=uuGJcHpm;r_rSwqifh tiftm;w&yftjzpf tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfvm&ef olwdk@tm; pkpnf;ay;vdkufonf? omreftajctae. uef@vef@umaemufuG,ftm; rjzpfraevSyf=unfh&if; rdcifrsm;onf olwdk@. yk*~vdu qHk;&_H;r_rsm;xuf}uD;rm;onfh a=umufrufzG,f&mudk awG@vm&onf? aoqHk;r_ESifhqdkifaom trsKd;om;pnf;&Hk; v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk Oya'pdk;rdk;r_tm%m/ tdrfeD;csif;jynfe,frsm;ESifh uufodkvpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;. oabmwlnDr_ rsm;jzifh vkyf=uonf? EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;=uaomfvnf; olwdk@onf tvdktavsmuf odaewwfaom rdcifpdwfrsm;&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf a=umufI+idrfaejcif;xuf pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;onf tpdk;&.&kyfydkif; qdkif&mzdESdyfr_rsm;udk avsmhenf;aponf[kodonf? xdk@a=umifh xdk&efoltm;qef@usif&ef vufeufudk&Sm&if; olwdk@ bmtvdkvm;qHk;onfudk tpdk;&rodap&ef zHk;zdcJhonf/ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfaevdkuf=uonf? “yxrOD;qHk; usrwdk@&J@jy\emu usrwdk@ wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf rodbl;qdk&if tpnf;a0;awG b,fvdkvkyfac:rSmvJ”[k 'dk&m a'; bwfaZ; (Dora de Bazze) u ajymonf? “&Sifwdk@ab;em;rSm b,fol &Sdaew,fqdkwm &Sifwdk@vHk;0rodwJhae&mwdkif;rSm &JawG/ vHk+cKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifawG trsm;}uD;&Sdaew,f/ odyftEW&m,f &Sdw,f? usrwdk@csif; wa,mufudkwa,mufodatmif wa,mufwrsKd;udkifvm=u&w,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh wa,mufu ol@vufxJrSm opfcufwckudk udkifxm;csifukdifwm;/ wOD;u [ef;buftdwfwvHk;tpm; ydkufqH tdyfav;udk udkifxm;csifudkifxm;/ wOD;u aumfvHay:rSm opf&Gufwckxdk;xm;csifxdk;xm;&w,f/ rdcifwa,mufjzpfw,fqdkwmudk odatmifvdk@”[k oluajymjyonf? rdcifrsm;onf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; yHkESdyf+yD;/ olwdk@b,fudkoGm;awmhrnfudk vlxkxHajym=um;onf/ xdk@jyif “usrwdk@&J@aysmufoGm;wJh uav;awG b,fae&mrSvJ”qdk+yD; qdkif;xdk;xm;=uonf[k 'dk&m a'; bwfaZ;u olrSwfrdwmudk jyefajymjyonf? “olwdk@awG[m bwfpfum;awGeJ@ ajratmuf&xm;awGrSmuyfzdk@ nbufrSm xGuf=uw,f/ +yD;awmh vltrsm;tjym; =unfhEdkifatmif yDqdkaiGawGay:rSm pmawGa&;w,f? b,fowif;pm xJrSawmh rygbl;? owif;pmq&mwOD;u owif;ay;&if olvnf; aysmufoGm;wmyJ? &kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ a&'D,dkawGvnf; ppfwyf&J@tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSm vHk;0a&mufaew,f? tJ'ga=umifh vlxku owdrxm;rdcJhbl;”[k oluajymonf? tmZlap;em; a'; AGDvmzavm a'; a'; Aifpefaw; (Azucena de Villaflor de De Vincente) onf rdcifrsm;xJrS yxOD;qHk;xGufvmaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? olronf tawG@t}uKH vHk;0r&Sdolawmh r[kwf/ [email protected];onf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ay&GefepPwmrsm; (Peronistas) vnf; jzpfonf? wcsdefu tdrfaxmifuscJh+yD; tdrfr_tvkyfrsm;ESifhomaecJhaom olronf olr.ay&Gefepf om;jzpfol eufpwm (Nestor) ESifh ol@ZeD; &multJvf (Raquel) wdk@ aysmufoGm;onfhtcsdef (1976) ckESpftxd ol@ywf0ef;usifudk wcgrS vSnfhr=unfhcJholjzpfonf? xdktcsdefrSpI olronf avayGwckjzpfcJhonf/ rdcifrsm;udk pkpnf;onf/ ol@rtdrf tm; tpnf;ta0;ae&mtjzpfay;onf/ EdkifiHwum vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@}uD;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duefwdkufwGif;aumfr&SifxH pma&;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;vkyf&ef pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifonf? xdktcsufrsm;onf ol@azmfjycsuft& [email protected]=uuGJr_rS The Plaza de Mayo &ifjyif. awmufyonfhtvif;a&mifrsm; jzpfcJh&onf[k od&onf? “yxrwHk;u 'D&ifjyifrSm twlwl wGJrav#mufcJh=ubl;/ usrwdk@awG[m cHkwef;awGay:rSm odkar$;xdk;vdk@jzpfap/ tpkvdkufav;awGjzpfap xdkifaecJh=uw,f? usrwdk@wawG[m avoHwdk;wdk;eJ@ oGufoGuf pum;ajym=uonf/ tJ'Dvdkqdkawmh usrwdk@ tpnf;a0;vkyfaew,fqdkwmudk rodomawmhbl;? &JawGu usrwdk@udk aoewfeJ@ axmuf+yD; vrf;av#mufzdk@ajymw,f/ tJ'D&ifjyifudk (2) ywf ywf&w,f? usrwdk@xJu wcsKd@ cufcufcJcJ ywfcJh&wmudk owdxm;rdcJhw,f? aemuf+yD; usrwdk@&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk vlxkodatmifvkyf&w,f? usrwdk@udk vlawG =unfhapcsifw,f/


tJvdk=unfhwJhtcg usrwdk@[m ajruGufvyf tv,facgifrSm txdef;trSwf ausmufwdkifudk ywf+yD;vrf;av#mufw,f”[k rm&D,m 'Jvf &dkpm&Dtdk (Maria del Rosario)u ajymonf? xdk&ifjyifwGif olwdk@vSnfhywfonfhtcgwGif rdcifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;jyZmwfvkyf&ef todpdwf 0ifvmcJhonf? wcgw&HwGif olwdk@onfh aysmufqHk;oGm;onhf uav;rsm;twGuf olwdk@. yk*~vdua0'emrsm;udk pkyHkzGifhcs=u+yD;/ bk&m;ocif.r,fawmfESifhtwl [email protected];vHk;r_udkjyo&ef tdrf&dkufoHrsm;udk r=umc%,laqmifcJh=uonf? r,fawmf.om;vnf; xdef;odrf;cH&+yD; aoonftxd ESdyfpufcHcJh&onf? (1977) ck pufwifbmvwGif AsLEdktdkif;&D;pf (Buenos Aires)òrd@tjyifbuf rdkif (30) cef@tuGm&Sd vl*sef; (Lujan)òrd@wGif tysKdpif r,fawmfrm&D,mtm; *g&0ðy&ef/ ESpfywfvnfbk&m;zl;c&D;wGifyg0if&ef/ xdkrSwqifh vrf;av#mufpOftwGif; olpdrf; {nfhonfrsm;udk [email protected]=umif;rsm;udk ajymjy&ef tcGifhtvrf;&vdrfhr,f[k tmZlap;em; (Azucena) u awG;rd+yD; qHk;jzwfcJhonf? odk@aomf bk&m;zl;axmifaygif;wGif;pGmxJwGif olwdk@tm; owdxm;rd&ef cufcJvSonf? “tmZlap;em;&J@ t}uH[m usrwdk@uav;awG&J@ tESD;ydwfpudk acgif;pnf;tjzpf 0wfzdk@jzpfw,f/ bma=umifhvJ qdkawmh rdcifwdkif;u olwdk@ydkifqdkifwJh uav;awGi,fi,fu tJ'DvdkrsKd;0wfqifwwf=uw,f? tJ'Dvdk0wfqif jcif;[m vltkyfawGxJrSm acgif;pnf;awGudk txift&Sm;jrifapw,f? tJ'Duaep+yD; wjcm; tpnf;a0;awG rSmvnf; acgif;pnf;awGudk oHk;vmw,f/ aemuf Plaza de Mayo &ifjyifudk oGm;wdkif;pnf;=uw,f? +yD;awmh usrwdk@ uav;rsm;. emrnfawGudk a&;xkd;=uw,f? tJ'Daemuf tJ'DemrnfawGay:rSm ‘Apricion con Vida’ qdk+yD;a&;w,f/ t"dy`g,fuawmh touf&Sif&uf jyefay:vmjcif;jzpfw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@[m uav;wa,mufxJtwGuf &Smaep&mrvdkbl;/ aysmufoGm;wJh uav;rsm;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfw,f”[k tmtD;'g; a'; qGm&uf (Aida de Suarez)u ajymonf?

“usrwdk@ bmrS rvkyfEdkifbl;[k xifcJhonf” (1977) ck aemufqHk;vrsm;wGif Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo (yvmZm a'; rm&dk; u rdcifrsm;)[k vlodrsm;vmonfh t&ifuodyfpdwfrygcJhaom tdrfaxmif&Sifr (14) a,mufcef@rS qENjyrdcif (150) txd jzpfvm aom rdcifrsm;onf aemufxyf&mESifhcsDonfh rcifrsm;ESifh tmEl; xdawG@+yD; uav;aysmuf&Sm&ef &nf&G,fcJh =uonf? “olwdk@udk b,frSm zrf;xm;w,f qdkwmudk usrwdk@ tawmfodvmw,f/ b,fvdk n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuf cHae&w,f/ b,fvdkypPnf;awGoHk;w,f/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufolawG&J@ emrnfawG/ olwdk@aewJ@ae&mawG odvmw,f? 'gawGtm;vHk;u cifAsm;udkajymif;vJay;vdkufw,f/ tJ'g[m odyfcufvdrfhr,fvdk@ usrwdk@odw,f/ 'gayr,fh trSefw&m;udk&Smzdk@ tpyJ&Sdao;wmrdk@ &yfypfvdk@r&bl;qdkwmvnf; odw,f? xdkyxrESpf atmufwdkbmv (5) &ufae@wGif olwdk@onf La Prensa owif;pmwGif pmrsufESm w0ufcef@&Sd rdcifrsm;ae@ a=umfjimxnfh&ef pDpOfcJhonf? A[dkw&m;&Hk;csKyf OuUX/ wyfrrSL;rsm;/ tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;xH pma&;onf? “rdcifwa,mufudk t&ufpufqHk; ESdyfpufjcif;[m olwdk@uav;awG&J@ uH=urRmeJ@ywfouf+yD; raocsmr_ygbJ/ olwdk@rSm tjypf&Sdovm;/ r&Sdovm;qdkwm ppfaq;zdk@ w&m;0ifawmif;qdk vdkufw,f”qdk+yD; ygonf? &ufowWygwf tenf;i,f=umonfhtcg olwdk@onf uav;aysmuf (537) OD;. trnfESifh vufrSwfaygif; (2) aomif; (4) axmifxdk;+yD; toem;cHpmwapmifwifonf? urBmw0Srf;vHk;rS owif;Xmersm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u odvm=uonf? n‡if;yrf;r_rsm;ESifh aysmufqHk;r_rsm;onf vltcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;=um;wGif jyef@ESHoGm;onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif topfa&G;cs,fcH&onfh umwmtpdk;&u ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd oHudk,fpm;vS,f ygx&DpD,m 'g&D,ef (Particia Derian)udk =unfh&_ppfaq;&ef apv$wfonf? rdcifrsm;onf tm*sifwD;em;wGif bmjzpfaeonfudk tcsufjycJhI tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; vG,fvG,f ululESifh OD;wnfwdkufcdkufvmEdkifcJhonf? tultnDrJ@aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf txD;usefjzpfaepOfu tpdk;& onf [email protected];ESufcsufrsm;udk &yfqkdif;xm;onf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif &JtzGJ@wzGJ@u rdcifrsm;tay: =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; ðyrlqufqHavonf/ okd@[kwf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufonf? okd@aomf wa,mufudkrS ta0;udk ac:aqmifoGm;wm rcH&ay? tJ'DtcsdefrSm onf;cHEdkifr_vnf; ukefcrf;oGm;onf?


“olwdk@awGu usrwdk@udk ‘las locas’ t&l;rawGvdk@ ac:vm=uw,f? EdkifiHjcm;oH&Hk;awGu ar;cGef;awG ar;vmwJhtcgrSm/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufawGu usrwdk@ta=umif;awG ar;vmwJhtcgrSm olwdk@awG tJ'Dvdk oHk;E_H;wwfw,f? [kwfygw,f/ olwdk@[m usrwdk@udk t&l;awGvdk@ac:w,f/ wu,fyJ usrwdk@[m t&l;awGjzpfygapOD;/ 'Doufvufykdif;t&G,f trsKd;orD;awGa=umifh olwdk@b,fvdkpdk;&drfae&w,fqdkwmudk vufeufudkifxm;wJh wyfawGu b,fvdk0efcH EdkifrSmvJ? wa,mufcsif; t=urf;zufcH&whJtcsdefrSmvnf; usrwdk@[m tdrfrSm idkraeygbl;/ olwdk@awGeJ@ wdkuf&dkuf&ifqdkifzdk@ vrf;rawGay:udk xGuf=uonf? usrwdk@[m &l;oGyfae=uw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvkyf&yf[m razmufjyefwJhenf;vrf;ygyJ”vdk@ tdkif;'g; a'; qltm&wf (Aida de Suarez) u ajymjyonf? rm&Dem a'; ul&D,m (Marina de Curia) tqdkt& tpdk;&[m olwdk@tm; pdk;&drfw}uD;ESifhqGJ&ef apmifh=unfhaeonfrSm =um+yD[k od&onf? “olwdk@awG[m usrwdk@udk csufcsif; rESdrfeif;cJhbl;/ bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh usrwdk@ bmrSvkyfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;vdk@ olwdk@awG;xm;cJh=uvdk@yJ/ ol wu,fvkyfawmhrnf qdkwJh tcgusawmh awmfawmf aemufusoGm;+yDav/ usrwdk@vnf; pkpnf;rdoGm;=u+yD/ yxrwHk;u olwdk@awG usrwdk@udk y&d,m,feJ@ vSnfhpm;zdk@ óud;pm;cJhw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSm zrf;r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufw,f/ towfcH& r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufw,f”vdk@ ajymonf 'gayr,fh olr[m olr&J@ &efolta=umif;udkodonf? “ppfwyf[m usrwdk@udk ajcmufvSef@aewm omjzpfw,f/ olwdk@wu,f wckck vkyfawmhrnfqdk&if óudwiftod ay;wmrsKd; wcgrS rvkyfzl;bl;” [k jyefajymjyonf? olwdk@udk wm0ef,l+yD;ulnDaewJholawG=um;xJwGif vli,fwa,mufygonf/ olonf qHyifa&$0ga&mif&Sd+yD;/ aysmufoGm;aom nDwa,muf&Sdonf[k ajymzl;onf? tmZlap;em;tqdkt& ol[m ewfom;wr# rsufESmaygufrsKd;eJ@ ol@udk,fol *lpfwmAkd eDEdk (Gustavo Nino) vdk@ac:+yD; ,ifwaumifudkawmifrS xdcdkufemusifatmif rvkyfzl;bl;[k od&onf? &ifjyifay:rSm rdcifawG[m ol@udk &JawGeJ@ reD;&atmif ol@udk 0ef;&Hxm;=uonf? wae@rSm rdcifawG[m Santa Cruz Church bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcgrSm 'kwd,t}udrf a=umfjimtwGuf t+yD;owfvkyfae=uonfh tcsdefrSm eDEdk;[m a=umfjimtwGuf aumufcH&&Sdonfh aiGrsm;udk yHkcsvdkufonf/ rdcifawGudk tuJcwf+yD; xGufoGm;onf? c%r#=umaomtcg b,furSef;rodaom vlrsm;a&mufvm+yD; rdcifrsm;udk &dkuf+yD; qGJac:oGm; =uonf? “usrwdk@[m usrwdk@rdwfaqGawGudk xyfrawG@&awmhbl;”vdk@ rwfwyf&yfaewJh vltkyfawG =um;xJrSm ykef;aecJh&wJh rm&D,m a';vf &dkqm&Dtdk u ajymonf? *lpfwmAdk eDEdkvnf; wcgrS ay:rvmawmhbl;/ aemufydkif;usrS ol@udk ta0;a&muftm*sifwD;em;awGudk pHkprf;axmufvSrf;zdk@ jyifopfudk ydk@vdkufonf[k od&onf/ tJ'Daemufydkif; awmiftmz&duudkvnf; tJ'DvdkrsKd;yJ apv$wf cH&jyefonf? “ESpf&ufavmufaeawmh tmZlap;em;udk ac:oGm;w,f? oHk;&uftwGif;rSm aoG;tºuGqHk;rdcif (3) OD;tygt0if (14) a,mufudk qGJoGm;w,f”[k r&dkif,m a';vf &dkqm&D,dk u ajymjyonf? “rdcif (14) a,mufudk jyefay;qGJvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdk@[m usrwdk@&J@v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ tm%mydkifawGu xifcJhw,f? tJvdkvkyfwm[m usrwdk@&J@ pdwfqHk;jzwfcsufudk ydk+yD;cdkifrmatmifvkyfay;vdkufw,f qdkwmudk olwdk@oabm raygufcJhbl;/ usrwdk@uvnf;ajymygw,f/ r[kwfbl; olwdk@[m usrwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;vdk@r&bl;/ usrwdk@ ydk+yD; ckdifcdkifrmrmeJ@ qufvkyf&rSmyJ/ xdk&ifjyifudk jyefroGm;&Jatmif usrwdk@ odyfa=umufaevdrfhr,fvdk@ olwdk@xifaew,f? jyefoGm;zdk@ cufaeayr,fh usrwdk@ jyefoGm;cJhw,f”[k tmtD;'g; a'; qltm&ufZf (Aida de Suarez)u ajymjyonf?

“usrwdk@ uav;awGudk touf&Sifvsuf jyefvdkcsifonf” yvmZm'Dar,dk&ifjyifudk jyefvm+yD; aoa&;&Sifa&;ESifhywfoufaom &dk;&m"avhxHk;pHudkvkyf=uonf? rdcifrsm;u [email protected]_H@aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf taESmuft,Sufvkyf&yfrsKd;jzpfonf[k odvmcJh=uonf? olwdk@. wcgwav pdwfqENtavsmufqENjyjcif;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&tm; xdxdrdrd +cdrf;ajcmufEkdifcJhonf? xdktcg AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u tpdk;&. jypfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;tay:wGif Oya'pdk;rdk;r_udk ypfy,f=uaomfvnf; rdcifrsm;rSm Oya'a=umif;t& aqmif&Gufonf? olwdk@xJrStcsKd@ +cdrf;acsmufcH&onf/ aysmufoGm;cJhv#ifvnf; olwdk@onf tavsmhray;vdk=uay? olwdk@onf tpdk;&u zdESdyfwdkufcdkufI r&Edkifavmufatmif olwdk@vrf;twdkif;qufoGm;+yD; olwdk@tm; qef@usifI r& qdkonfhrsufESmxm;jzifh &J0HhaomowWdudkjy=uonf?


(1978) wGif tif*sifwD;em;EdkifiHonf urBmhzvm;abmvHk;yGJudk vufcHusif;y&onf? ueOD;wGif xdkolwdk@onf pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJY rdcifrsm;tm; owdrðyrd=uay? olwdk@onf urBmudk ajymjy&eftcGifhta&;&+yD[k oabm ayguf=uonf? abmvHk;yGJowif;,l&efvmaom owif;pmq&mrsm;udk acgif;pnf;tjzLrsm;ESifhrdcifrsm;. pk&yfjzpf aom urf;em;odk@ ac:aqmifoGm;=uonf? aoG;pnf;r_udkjyonfhtaejzifh Oa&mytm;upm;orm;rsm; xdk&ifjyif odk@ vm=uonf? tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrS urBmhzvm;yGJwGif tEdkif&onfhtcgwGif y&dowfrsm;=um;rS AdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk jynfwGif;&kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;rSwqifh jyoonf? 'wfcsf &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif las madres trsKd;orD;rsm;udk jyonf? xdkESpfwGifyif abGEdk;at;&D;pf (Buenos Aires) òrd@wGif EdkifiHwum usef;rma&;nDvmcHusif;yonfhtcg EdkifiHjcm; owif;axmufrsm;ESifhtwl rdcifrsm;vnf; wuf=uonf? olwdk@rsm; rdcifrsm;. aºuG;a=umfoHtopfudk jrif=u &onf? “olwdk@awG[m uav;awGudk t&Sifvwfvwf ac:oGm;w,f/ usrwdk@ olwdk@udk touf&Sif&uf jyefvdkcsifw,f”[lI jzpfonf? yxr EdkifiHwGif;uae tpdk;&. w&m;r0ifr_udk pdefac:&mrS EdkifiH&yfjcm;xd odukefatmifvkyf=uonf? rdcifxJrS (3) OD;onf urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; =um;xJ0if+yD; xdk&Sif;vif;aom a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyonf? “usrwdk@[m tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH abGEdk;tkdif;&D;pfòrd@u aysmufoGm;wJholawG&J@ rdcifawGjzpfw,f/ usrwdk@[m vl@tcGifhta&; twGuf aqG;aEG;zdk@vmaeygw,f”[k azmfjyyg&Sdonf? olwdk@onf tumtuG,fay;Edkifaom yk*~Kdvfxl;udk &Smaejcif;jzpfonf? olwdk@a&m/ tpkd;&a&m em;vnfEdkifonfh xif&Smolrsm;onf vG,fvG,fululESifh ykef;a&SmifaeI r&acs? tm*sifwD;em;&Sd wjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;ol rsm;. rdcifrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m c&pf,mbmoma&;*kd%faygif;pHktzGJ@/ vl@tcGifhta&; tjrJwrf;v$wfawmf ponfrsm;onf rdcifrsm;ESifhtwl Ekd;=um;r_udk E_d;qGay;vdkufonf? w&m;Oya'ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif;&m A[dkokawoe Xmeu EdkifiHawmft=urf;zufr_tm; aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fa&S@aersm;ESifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;udk apv$wfcJhonf? las madres rdcifrsm;. t}uHay;yk*~Kdvf tm'dkvfzdk yD&uf tufpfuGD;AJvf (Adolfo Perez Esquivel) u ol@.+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;r#wa&;c&pf,meftoif;. tvkyfrsm;ESifhtwl xdkowif;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyonf? xdktcsif;t&monf aemufydkif;wGif ol@tm; EdkbJvfqk&apcJhonf? xdk@jyif yvmZm'Dar,kd; &ifjyif. tzGm;rsm;vnf; aysmufqHk;aeaom ajr;rsm;&Sm&ef ay:vm=uonf? (1979) =o*kwfvwGif yvmZm 'D ar,dk; (Plaza de Mayo) qdkonfhrdciftoif;}uD;udk tzGJ@tpnf;tjzpf rSwfyHk wifcH&onf? xdktcsdefup+yD; rdcifrsm;[m tm*sifwD;em;wEdkifiHvHk;ESifhqufpyfaom tcef;u¾ESifhtwl &mESifhcsD wdk;yGm;vmonf? wESpfxJwGif vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duefwdkufwGif;uefaumfr&Sifonf tm*sifwD;em;odk@ oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; w&m;r0ifzrf;qD;jcif;/ ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh aysmufqHk;aer_owif;rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;cJh=uonf? ol. (374) rsufESmygaom rSwfwrf;wGif tm*sifwD;em;udk ydwfqdk@=u/ tpdk;&udk &_H@cs=u/ aysmufqHk;aer_rsm; avsmhyg;atmif ulnD=u[k yg&Sdonf? odk@aomf wjcm;ae&ma'orsm;wGif tenf;usOf;om v_H@aqmfEdkifonf? xdk@aemuf rdcifrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_rsm;vnf; jyif;xefvmonf? olwdk@qENjyonhfae@rsm;udk &Jtapmifht=uyfrsm;ESifh txrajrmufatmif r=umc%ajymif;vJap+yD; olwdk@tm; yvmZm'D;ar,kd;&ifjyifudk acwWr# pGef@v$wfxm;atmif zdtm;ay;avonf? odk@aomf (1980) wGif olwdk@jyefa&mufvm+yD; xdkodk@vkyfv#if touftEW&m,f&Sdonf qdkonfudk odaomfvnf; olwdk@.&ifjyiftm; jyef&,l&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? ueOD;wGif azazmf0g&Dv =uoyaw;ae@wGif xdk&ifjyifY pk&Hk;onf/ tv,fwGif&Sdaom oHk;ajr‡mifc|ef;udk ajz;ajz;ywf=uonf/ &ufowWygwfcef@&Sdaomtcg &Jrsm;u rdcifrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;/ acG;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;onf/ tawmfrsm;rsm; tzrf;cH&onf? odk@aomf xdktcsdefup+yD; olwdk@onf =umoyaw;ae@wdkif; xdk&ifjyifodk@ oGm;=uonf? ppfwyfrS vlpkcGJIr&Edkifonftxd jzpf&onf? aemufqHk;wGif avwyfrawmfonf ukef;wyfESifh a&wyfrS cGJxGufoGm;onfhtwGuf tufa=umif;rsm;rSwqifh tpdk;&. twGif;ydkif;udk jrifEdkifaomtajctaejzpfvmonf? wif;rmr_onf npfnrf;aomppfudk aqmifusOf; ay;+yD;/ t"dy`g,frJhaom wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;onf olwdk@tm; ysufpD;aponf/ pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;jcif;onf vnf; ydkqdk;0g;apjyefonf? (1981) ckESpf rwfvwGif AGDa';vm; (Videla) tm; orwtjzpf jyefvnftpm; xdk;onf? odk@aomf tm*sifwD;em; yDqdkaiGwefzdk; xdk;usoGm;+yD;/ b%frsm; zsufodrf;vdkuf&onf/ t&if;tESD;rsm; wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&mufukefonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfonf


wif;rmaom yD&Gefepfpwmqef@usifa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyf vD,kdydk'dk; *gvfwDat;&D; (Leopoldo Galtieri) tm; aumufwif+yD; tm%modrf;jyefonf? ol@. ppftpdk;&onf v#rf;v#rf;awmuf emrnfaumif;&&ef }uHzefjyefonf? (1982) ck rwfvwGif tm*sifwD;em; urf;wufwyfrsm;onf azmfuvefu|ef;wGif ajccscJh+yD;/ +Adwdo#ydkifu|ef;udk olwdk@u rmvfAD;em; (Malvina) [kac:+yD; olwdk@ydkif[k awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? usL;ausmfjcif;onf ysufqD;apaom wGufcsufr_trSm;wckjzpfonf? av;vcef@r&SdcifwGif tm*sifwD;em;wyfrsm;tm; awmiftwWvefwdwf ork'N&modk@ 0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsm apv$wfvdkufonf +Adwdo# a&wyfoabFmrsm;u upOfhuvsm; armif;xkwfypfvdkufonf? rdcifrsm;tay: opPmazmufcJhaom *lpwmAdk eDEdk (Gustavo Nino) [k od=uonfh Adkvf}uD; tmvfza&'dk tmpfwdZf (Alfredo Astiz)vnf; vufeufcsonfh olrsm;xJwGifygonf? aemufqHk;awmh tm%m&Siftpdk;&. xif&mjrif&mvkyf&yf onf ol@tm; ðywfusapcJhonf? aemufwESpfrukefcifwGif tm*sifwD;em;. tkyfcsKyfr_onf &mpkESpfw0ufwGif wwd,t}udrfr#jzpfaom tajccHOya't& a&G;cs,fcH&aom tpdk;&xH v$Jay;&onf? yvmZm'Dar,dk rdcifrsm;twGuf xdkjzpf&yfonf a0'em =um&SnfcHpm;cJh&+yD;/ wcgw&H txD;usefcHpm;cJh&+yD;rS tqHk;owfcJh&onf[k qdkEdkifygonf? trSefpOfppf xdkjzpf&yfonf c&D;opfwckom jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&; tul;tajymif;umvtwGif; olwdk@onf &Jrsm;tay: &efvdkrkef;xm;jzpf=u&onf? aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm;twGuf qENjy&rnfhtpm; npfnrf;aomppfESifh r[kwfr[wfvkyfcJholrsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&ef ppfwyf. jyifqif aer_rsm;udkvnf; wdkufcdkufae=uonf? [email protected];wdkifonf }uD;rm;aomwm0eftjzpf ajymif;vJvmonfhtwGuf aooGm;olrsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfae&efr[kwfawmhaomfvnf; [email protected];rsm;tm; owfolrsm;udk w&m;Oya' t& tjypfay;&efjzpfonf? &mpkESpfwck ukefoGm;wJhtcg (1977) ckESpfu tm*sifwD;em; yxrqHk; t=urf;zufykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifcJhaom &J&ifhonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;xJrS usef&pfolrsm;onf touftm;jzifh 60/ 70/ 80 rsm;jzpfukefonf? vltawmf rsm;rsm;u tpdk;&0ef}uD;Xmersm;qD csDwufyGJrsm;/ wef;pDqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh ae@a&mnmyg 'kuQcHae=uwkef;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppfwyfonf tm*sifwD;em; EdkifiHa&;wnfjrJapzdk@ vkyfaqmifae&onf? tm*sifwD;em; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh vufwiftar&dum;&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;rS emusnf;aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf acgif;pnf; yk0grsm; pnf;=uonf? 20 &mpkacwf a=umuf&G@Hr_udk trSefw&m;jzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf yxrtqifhjzpfonfqdkjcif;avmuf rnfonfht&mrS ydkaumif;wJhvuQ%m r&SdEdkifacs?

*smr%D/ tm*sifwD;em;/ csDvD owWdqdkonfrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. wpdwfwydkif; jzpfonf? las madres rdcifrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rwdkifcif ESpfaygif; (30) avmufwGif *sL; trsKd;om;rsm;. *sL;vlrsKd;r[kwfaom ZeD;rsm;onf rD;avmifwdkufoGif;jcif; (Holocaust) twGuf pka0;+yD; Rosenstrasse (orweef;awmfteD;&ifjyif)ay:wGif wywfcef@ rwfwyf&yfae cJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@ vifa,mufsm;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? udk,fhudk,fudk,f a,mufsm;yDool [k armfºuGm;aeaom *smref ESifh tm*sifwD;em;tpdk;&rsm;tm; [efaqmifr_uif;aom trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;u tav#mhray;jcif;onf ra0cGJEdkifavmufatmif jzpf=u&onf? twdkuftcHrsm;. ydk+yD;xif&Sm;aom pkpnf;r_rsm; tygt0if t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; =um&Snfjzpfay:aejcif;onf wkE_dif;p&mr&Sd jzpf&onf? cufxefaom ppfom;rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_udk oHk;onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif vufeufyifryg=uacs? (1943) ck bmvifòrd@wGif Rosenstrasse ZeD;onfrsm;u emZDt=urf;zufr_udk tm;ay;aom *smrefrsm;tm; aESmuf,SuftEW&m,fðyonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; prf;oyf&m wGef@qkwfoGm;&onf? (1977) ck AsLEdkat;&D;pfòrd@wGif las madres rdcifrsm;u tm*sifwD;em; t=urf;zufr_ta=umif; wdwfqdwfae&mrS +zKdcGJvdkuf+yD; urBmxd onf;rcHEdkifatmif E_d;qGay;vdkufonf? tzGJ@ESpfckvHk;onf ao;i,faomfvnf; &Sifoef aeaom ae&mav;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkae&mwGif tpdk;&. t+iKd;taw;onf jiLql&Hkwifru &_H@cs uef@uGuf vmawmhonf?


(1976) ckwGif ADa';vm; (Videla) tm*sifwD;em;wGif tm%m&vmonfhtcg ol pHerlemxm;onfhtxJrS tcsif;t&monf ol@xuf (3) ESpfcefapm+yD; csDvDEdkifiHwGif tm%modrf;cJhaomtpdk;& jzpfonf? odk@aomf csDvDEdkifiHonf ppftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufodk@ a&mufoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif ADa';vm;. wdkif;jynfonf 'Drdkua&pDudk tenf;i,f =um;zl;em;0&Sdonf? tm*sifwD;em;wGifvnf; aysmufqHk;r_rsm;onf aomif;*%ef; jzpfaeonf? om;owf orm;rsm; vufcsufa=umifh csDvDEdkifiHwGif jzpfcJhjcif;xuf twdkif;twm }uD;rm;aeonf? odk@aomf npfnrf;aomppfpwif+yD; wESpfavmufwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfESifhaoGzDaom tm*sifwD;em;wGif xdkjzpf&yfrsKd; jzpfcJhonf/ xdkxJwGifwGif tvnftvwf tdrf&Sifr (14) OD;u yvmZm'Dar,dk; &ifjyifwGif vrf;av#muf=uonf/ raumif;qdk;0g;udk &ifqdkif&ef ol@wdk@udk,folwdk@ owWdarG;cJh=uonf? jcm;em;csufrSm xdktcsdefu 'Drdku&ufwpf csDvDEdkifiHonf ol@tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk (10) ESpfcef@ +idrfouf+yD; onf;cHcJhonf/ qifwD,m*dkòrd@. orweef;awmf tjyifbufajruGufvyfwGif b,facgif;pnf;tjzLESifh rdcifrsm;rS ray:cJhay? odk@aomf (1983) ckwGif owWdrsm; jyefay:vm&onfh vuQ%mrsm; &SdcJhonf?

csDvD - a=umuf&GH@r_udk pGef@v$wfjcif; ar 11/ 1983

pifwD,m*dkòrd@onf xdkreufu EHk;tDtDESifh Edk;xpjzpfonf? vltenf;i,fom vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; av#mufoGm; ae=uonf? vrf;r}uD;rsm;wGif tjrJwrf;uif;vSnfhaewwfaom 'DZ,f ppfbwfpfum;wyfcGJrsm;vnf; aysmuf uG,foGm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? ausmif;tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; ydwfxm;=u+yD; naeapmif;avmufqdk&if &Hk;taqmufttHk rsm;wGif vl&Sif;vmonf? wdusa&&mr_ vrf;r&Sdaom xdkòrd@onf csDvDEdkifiHudk 10 ESpfavmuftkyfpdk;cJhonfh ppftpdk;&tm; pdefac:&ef trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ae@ awmif;qdk&ef aqmif&Gufae=uonf? ae0ifqnf;qmcsdef avmufwGif aES;auG;r_rsm;ESifhtwl wckwnf;aom ywf0ef;usifwif;rmrlrsm;jyo&if; qENjyr_tenf;i,f &SdyHk &onf? xdknae (8) em&Dcef@wGif xdkòrd@onf b0.tcsKd;tauG@wckudk a&mufcJhonf? &yfuGufwckrS wckqDodk@ a&G@vmaom cyfrSdefrSdef oHacsmif;rsm;jrnfoH pwif=um;&+yD; vlrsm;onf tdk;rsm;/ ',f'dk;rsm;ay:wGif xk&dkufoouJh odk@ toHrsm; wjznf;jznf; us,fvmonf? òrd@. qif;&Jom;t&yfrsm;rS vli,frsm;onf rD;rsm;zdkxm;=uonf/ vrf;rsm;ydwfxm;=uonf/ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;u um;[Gef;rsm;wD;+yD; auG@0dkufarmif;oGm;=u&onf? “tJ'g tHh=op&myJ/ tJ'g[m vlwa,mufawG;xifEdkifwJh jzpfEdkifacsxufvGefoGm;+yD”[k vmau; qm*g&pf (Lake Sagaris) uajymonf? “arv (11) &ufae@[m aysmf&$ifr_ pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. aygufuGJr_wck jzpfw,f/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh jynfolawG[m olwdk@ zGifhcsjywJh olwdk@&J@toHawGudk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjzpfaevdk@ tHh=oae =uw,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysuf[m csDvDEdkifiH urBmhzvm;yGJrSm tEdkif&oGm;ovdkrsKd;eJ@qifw,f”[k ajymonf? r=umcifwGif carabineros [kac:aom jynfol@&Jrsm;u aysmf&$ifaeaom tajctaeudk av#mhcs&ef rsuf&nf,dkAHk; ypfv$wfvdkufonf? EdkifiHom; (2) a,muf aoqHk;cJh&onf/ t&yf0wf 0wfxm;aom&JtzGJ@rsm;rS ypfvdkufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? um;armif;orm;rsm;udk olwdk@um;rsm;xJrS qGJxkwf+yD; &dkuf=uonf? qENjyr_ pwifcJhonfh a=u;eD owWKwGif;wl;azmfa&;or*~ acgif;aqmif &dk'dkvfzdk aq*ltJvf (Rodolfo Seguel) tygt0if vl (600) ausmftzrf;cH&+yD; xdkaemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGif vufwkef@jyefr_rsm;vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; jzpfcJhonf? ol@udk,fydkiftawG@@t}uHKavmufom cHEdkif&nf&SdonfhtwGuf csDvDppftm%m&Sif atmf*ufpwdk yDEdka&S; (Augusto Pinochet) onf qENjyr_rsm;a=umifh &Sufa'go jzpf&onf? =urf=urf;wrf;wrf; ESdrfeif;onf/ txl;ojzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;udk jzpfonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&udk axmufcHtm;ay;aom t,fvf rmusL&Dtdk (El Mercurio) owif;pmu ºuGufºuGufnHaeaom atmufajcrS ydk+yD;rwnfr+idrfjzpfaeonfh owif;udk =um;odcJhonf? “'DqEN jyr_[m tpdk;&&J@ (10) ESpfwmumvxJrSm tpdk;&udk tjyif;xefqHk; pdefac:vdkufwmjzpfw,f”[k xdk owif;pm wGif azmfjycJhonf? a0;a0;udk=unfhv#if yDEdka&S;onf (1973) wGif tm%modrf;um &uf&ufpufpuftkyfpdk;cJhjcif; jzpf&rnf? teD; jrifuGif;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_wdk@ wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;vm+yD; tpdk;&twGif; ajy;p&majrr&Sdawmhavmufatmif jrifuGif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf arv. xdkae@wGifyif “qENjyr_rsm;[m tvkyfjzpfr,fvdk


b,folrS r,Hkbl;”[k c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwpfacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfaom *Dem&dk tm&D,m*g'dk (Genaro Artiagado) uajymcJhao;onf? odk@aomf xdktcsif;t&monf vlxkxHrSaygufzGm; vmjcif;jzpf+yD; ppftpdk;&tm;qef@usifaom jynfol@tHk@ºuGr_jzpfonf? csDvDEdkifiH. pdwf"mwfonf 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ajcwvSrf;pvSrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

“q,fhwpf&ufae@” (1973) ck pufwifbmv (11) &ufae@wGif orw qmvfAm'dk&f tm,ef;a'; a*ghqef; (Salvadoe Allende Gossens). qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&onf cyfjrefjref ppftm%modrf;+yD; &Sif;ypfvdkufonf? ol@tpdk;& acgif;aqmifrsm; u vufwiftar&dum;. oufwrf;t&ifhqHk;ESifh twnf+idrfqHk; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;xJrS wckjzpfaom csDvDEdkifiHudk vrf;jyay;rnfh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;tjzpfESifh xdef;csKyfay;onf? zD'Jvf uufpfx&dk . usL;bm;EdkifiHu ,ljyay;cJhaom vrf;ay:uae aoGzDoGm;onf? tm,ef;a'; tpdk;&. aumif;rGefapvdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf prf;oyf csufwckonf rSm;oGm;rnfvm;/ rmhufpf0g' twGuf ydk@aqmifay;ovdk jzpfoGm;rnfvm;qdkonfudk rodEdkif jzpf&onf/ csDvDEdkifiHonf 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfr_/ pD;yGm;a&;ysuf,Gif;r_rsm;udk }uKHcJh&onf? csDvDvlrsKd;tawmfrsm;rsm; onf tm,ef;a';tm; (1971) ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ol&cJhonf odyfrrsm;aom rJ 36 &mckdifE_ef;udk ay;cJhrdI aemifw&cJhonf? twdkuftcHudk qdk;qdk;0g;0g; òyduGJapcJhovdk csDvDorw eef;awmfjzpfaom vm; rGefae;'g (La Moneda)wGif ol ae&m&atmif vkyfay;cJhrd=uonf? aemufvmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJwGif ol Edkifvdrfhr,f[k rnfolr# r,Hk=uacs? ppfwyftm; tapmifhcsxm;&ef rjyifxm;cJhrday? xdkaewGif The Eleventh “q,fhw&ufae@”qdk+yD csDvD pum;qef;wckay:vmcJhonf? a[mum [ef;wm; (Hawker Hunter) av,mOf (2) pif;u wdkufcdkufcJh+yD;/ tajrmufrsm; vuffeufi,frsm;jzifh pk+yKHypfcwfr_onf orweef;awmftm; rD;avmifwdkuf jzpfapcJhonf? tm,ef;a'; aooGm;onf/ udk,fhudk,fukd,f tqHk;pD&if oGm;yHk&onf? ae0ifqnf;qmtcsdefwGif wdkif;jynfonf (24) em&D=um ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@atmuf a&mufcJhonf? aemufxyf acgif;aqmifopfrsm; olwdk@zmomolwdk@ wufvm=uonf? avwyfAdkvfcsKyf wOD;/ a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf wOD;/ um&mbifae;&dk; jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@rS AdkvfcsKyfwa,muf ESifh AdkvfcsKyf atmf*ufpwdk yDEdka&S; tl*gaw; xuf wvavmufapm+yD; ppfaoemywdtjzpf ol@udk,folay;xm;onfh tmvfvef a'; qdkolwdk@ jzpf=uonf? AdkvfcsKyf yDEdka&S;onf tm%modrf;r_wGif aemufrSygvmjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; t}uD;qHk;ppfwyf. acgif;aqmifjzpfonfhtwGuf ppftpdk;&. yxrqHk; orw jzpfvmonf? 'g[m tm%modrf;wmr[kwfbl;/ wdkif;jynfu,fwifr_wck jzpfonf[k tpdk;&opfu &Sif;vif;onf? ukefoG,fa&; qdkif&m/ tvkyform;qdkif&mESifh tm;vHk;twGuf wOD;csif;tcGifha&;rsm;udk (1925) ck zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' atmufwGif tav;xm;rnf jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppftm%modrf;+yD;onfhae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfwck vHk;tm; ta&;ay:tajctaeausnm+yD; ppftm%modrf;vdkufonf? EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owfonf/ ppftiftm;udk cdkifrmatmifvkyfonf? pdwfcs&+yDqdkonfhaemuf jrif;ukef;ESD;ay:rS xdkvlrsm;onf u,fq,fa&; twGuf uqkefaygufxGuf=uonf? (1930) ckESpf uwnf;u csDvDEdkifiHonf pkpkaygif; (13) vavmufom ppftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif a&mufcJhonf? vufeufudkif wyfrsm;onf t+rJwrf; u|rf;usifaom ynm&Sifrsm; jzpfoGm;+yD;/ pm&dwWcspm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdacs? a=umufrufzG,faumif;aom yDEdka&S;onf “wdkif;jynf emvefx vmwmeJ@wòydifeuf ppftpdk;&u vlxkvdkvm;olrsm;xH tpdk;&tm%mudk v$JtyfrSmjzpfw,f”[k tcdkiftrm xyfajymonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufqHk; yÉdyuQrsm; +idrf;at;oGm;onfhtcsdefwGif olwdk@onf olwdk@. 0wfaumif; pm;vSrsm; 0wfqif+yD; rJqENay;onfhpm;yGJodk@ csDwufrnf[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? tjcm;bmrS rpOf;pm;rdcJh=uacs? odk@aomf rpOf;pm;cJhjcif;rsm;onf ykÀm;uG,fxJrS apmifhqdkif;aecJhonf? vufeufudkifwyfrsm;onf wdkufyGJtwGuf 0wfqifxm;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkuf&ef wa,mufrS rawG@oavmuf jzpf&onf? oHo,&Sdol axmifaygif; rsm;pGm tm; ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;/ &dkufESufjcif;/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf armif;xkwfypf&ef zrf;qD;pkaqmif;onf? ppfom;rsm;.tjrifwGif uGefjrLepf0g'tm; wdkuf&efqifhac:cH&+yD;/ rESpfòrd@zG,f ajcvSrf;rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJrS oef@&Sif;pif=u,fatmifvkyf&ef txl;vdktyfaeonf[k xifaponf? qifwD,m*dkòrd@. qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJhonf? topfzGJ@pnf;vdkufaom Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;Xme. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yD&l;rS yefw*dk;eD;,m;odk@oGm;aom &Snfarsmarsm


usOf;ajrmif;onfhe,fajrwGif oGm;vmae=u+yD; trsm;jynfoludk a=umuf&GH@aponf? tpdk;&opf. ta0;a&muf a0zefa&;orm;rsm;udk E_wfydwf&ef xdk tdkiftJefat u a=umufrufzG,f vufrsm;udk qef@xkwfcJhonf? yDEdka&S; t&dkuft&mudk qufcHaom t,fvHa';. ppftmodrf;+yD;aemufwESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf um;vdk@pf y&ufpf (Carlos Prats) ESifh ol@ZeD;wdk@onf AsLEdkat;&D;pfòrd@&Sd olwdk@aetdrf tjyifbufwGif towfcHvdkuf&onf? (1976) ckESpf pufwifbmwGif tm,ef;a';. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;ESifh tar&duefqdkif&m ,cifoHtrwfa[mif; atmfvef'dk vufoDvD,m (Orlando Letelier) onf 0g&Sifwef 'D pD wGif um;AHk;wvHk;jzifh towfcHcJh&onf? EdkifiHwGif;xJwGifvnf; ppfacgif;aqmifonf tusifhp&dkufESifh ,Hk=unfr_wGif cufxefonfhrsufESmxm;&Sdol/ apvdk &mapEdkifol jzpf+yD;/ [email protected],fydkift&nftcsif;a=umifh ,Hk=unfcH&aom t&nftaoG;&Sdolwa,mufjzpfonf? (1974) ck ZGefvwGif ol@tpdk;&u ol@tm; A[dktvkyfr_aqmifvl}uD;tjzpf vkyfay;rnfh Oya'w&yfudk vufrSwf a&;xdk;zdk@ pGJaqmifcJhonf? xdkrS wdkif;jynf. OD;ao#miftjzpfudk wcsufxJESifh&,lcJhonf/ xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmforw tjzpfvnf; &,lcJhonf? ppftpdk;&xJwGif yDEdka&S;onf cGJjcm;+yD; v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh orwtm; apmfum;jcif;[k avwyfrawmfrS ppftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifwa,mufudk ol@. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerS xkwfvdkufonf/ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom &mxl;qufcHEdkifolrsm; pm&if;xJrS eHygwf (9) jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf zmeef'dk rufao;tD; (Fernando Matthei)ESifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? ol@&Jabmf&Jbuf wyfrSL;rsm;udk &mxl;tenf;tusOf;avmufom wdk;ay;+yD;/ yDEdka&S;onf tpdk;& jzpfvmonf? csDvD. jynfaxmifpk e,fajrrsm;onf ol@e,fajrrsm;jzpf+yD;/ csDvD. &efolonf ol@&efoljzpfonf? csDvDEdkifiHa&; orm;wOD;ajymouJ@odk@yif “ol[m touf&Sif&yfwnfzdk@oufouf &efoludk ae@pOf &SmazGaeol jzpfw,f/ olwdk@r&SdbJeJ@ ol b,folb,f0gqdkwm ol@udkolrodEdkifbl;”[lI jzpfonf? ol@tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynf. owif;pm (4) ckxJu (3) ckudk ydwfvdkufonf/ wuUokdvfrsm;udk ppfwyf. }uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif xm;vdkufonf/ jynfolrsm;=um;wGif aw;oDcsif;oDqdkr_rsm; ydwfyifxm;+yD; *pfwmwD;jcif;udkyif rwD;&bl;[k ydwfyifcJhonf? qifqmvl}uD; wOD;onf ukApfZifrfyef;csD (cubism)ESifhywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;tm;vHk;udk xdkt&mrsm;onf usL;bm;ta=umif;rsm; jzpfonf[kqdk+yD; rD;&_d@ypf&ef trdef@yif ay;cJhzl;onf? w}udrfwcg tm,ef;a';udk ðzwfcs&mwGif axmufcHtm;ay;cJhzl;aoma=umifh uufodkvpfbk&m;ausmif; twGuf vnf; n‡mwmr_wckrS r&ay? yGJOD;xGufuwnf;u bk&m;ausmif;onf t}urf;zufr_ v_dif;xydk;rsm;rS ykyfwif vdkufaomt&mrsm;udk odrfodrfarG@arG@ v#Kd@v#Kd@0Suf0Suf tultnD ay;cJhonf/ xdk@tjyif tm;vyfcsdefwGif w&m;0if ydwfyifrxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGufvnf; tpnfta0;vkyf&efae&m ay;cJhonf? yDEdka&S; tkyfpdk;pOf av;ESpf=umonfhtcgwGif bkef;awmf}uD; a&mvf qDvfAm [ef&DuGuf (Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez) ESifh qefwD,m*dkòrd@. *dk%fcsKyfbkef;awmf}uD; tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd a'oonf zdESdyfn‡if;qJcH&aom 'kuQonfrsm;tm; ulnD&ef pnf;vHk;aom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tzJG@ (Vicaria de la Solidaridad) udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdktzGJ@u aysmufqHk;r_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;+yD; touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf tultnDrsm;/ cdkv_H&mrsm;ESifh aq;0g;rsm; udk axmufyHhay;onf? “w&m;0ifajym&&if igwdk@&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m[m vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfw,f/ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_0g' r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh tJ'gu igwdk@udk tpdk;&eJ@qef@usifbufjzpfatmif vkyfaew,f”[k bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tzGJ@ t}uD;tuJ zmom c&pf&Sef y&ufcsf (Father Christian Precht)u &Sif;jyonf? “vl@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;[m vufawG@tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk jr‡ifhwifjcif; jzpfw,f/ tJ'gawG[m '*Fg;jym;wjym;&J@ acgif;ESifhyef;vdkygyJ/ igwdk@wwfEdkifwJh enf;vrf;awGeJ@ igwdk@ulnDw,f/ +yD;awmh tEW&m,f wpHkw&mvnf;&Sdw,f/ igwdk@bkef;}uD;awGeJ@ oDv&SifawG tpdk;&&J@ wdkufcdkufjcif;udk cH&w,f”[k qufajymonf? tm*sifwD;em;&Sd las madres rdcifrsm;. tajctaersKd; r[kwfaomfvnf; bkef;awmf}uD;tzGJ@onf wlnDaomyef;wdkifodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef vkyfaqmifonf? tpdk;&. jypfr_rsm;udk a0;a0;vHvH us,fus,fjyef@jyef@txd odatmif taotcsmaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? ol@[m olawmh tm%m&Sif ðywfusoGm;rnfr[kwf/ odk@aomf olr&SdyJ tiftm;ygaom twdkuftcHrsm;udk v_H@aqmf EdkifzG,fr&Sd [lIjzpfonf? (1977) ck 'DZifbmvwGif ukvor*~onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf csDvDtpdk;&tm; jypfwif &_H@csvdkufonf? orw epfqif vufxufwGif orw tm,ef;a';udk ðzwfcs&ef tm;ay;cJhaomfvnf; *sifrD umwm vufxufa&mufaomtcg raxmufcHawmhay? EdkifiHwumacs;aiG ray;&ef =um;aerJay;+yD; csDvD ppfwyfxH tar&duefvufeufrsm; rpD;qif;ap&ef ydwfyifonf? ,if;udk tm%m&Sifu ol@tpdk;&. ykHo¿mefudk


vljrifaumif;atmifvkyfjcif;jzifh wHk@jyefonf? tajymtqdkcHae&aom 'Dtdkiftefat axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk w&m;0ifzsufodrf;vdkufonf? odk@aomf ,if;. ,EW&m;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk &SdaeqJjzpfonf? [email protected]&mwGif A[dk trsKd;om;jyef=um;a&;Xme (The Central Nacional de Informaciones - CNI) jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? wcsdefxJwGifyif yDEdka&S;. csDum*dkcsmwdwfrsm; (Chicago Boys)[kac:aom/ csDum*dkwuUodkvf. ausmf=um; aom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfh rDvfwef z&dkif;rif; (Milton Friedman) ESifh tmEdk; [mbm*g (Arnold Harberger) wdk@. aemufvdkufrsm;jzpf=uaom t}uHay;rsm;onf csDvDEdkifiH. aygufuGJaeaom pD;yGm;a&; twGuf olwdk@. aps;uGufvGwfvyfcGifh aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfa&; ay:vpDudk toHkðycJhonf? odk@aomf urBmhpD;yGm;a&; usqif;r_u wGef;tm;ay;cJh+yD; a=umufrufzG,f pD;yGm;a&; usqif;oGm;jcif;udkjrif&onf? aemufydkif;wGif wurBm vHk; pnf;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rS jyefvnfoufomjcif;ESifhtwl csDvDonf jyefckefwufvmonf? ydk,drf;,dkifr_&Sd+yD; tòydiftqdkif ydkrsm;vmonf? xdkaemuf ydk+yD;aEG;axG;aom pD;yGm;a&;aea&mifatmufwGif aev_H&if; yDEdka&S;onf [email protected]%mvdkvm;r_tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef vkyfaqmifonf? vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh csDvDEdkifiH. touf&Sif&Sdaeao;aom orwa[mif; (3) a,mufwdk@. a'gorsm;udk vpfvsL&_+yD; (1978) ck Zefe0g&DvwGif qENcH,lyGJusif;ycJhonf? rJyHk;ay:wGif csDvD. &Snfarsmarsm=u,ftvH trSwfom;onf ‘axmufcHonf’[k t"dy`g,f&a=umif; ausnmcsufwGif azmfjy xm;+yD;/ wenf;tm;jzifh “csDvDEdkifiH. *k%foduQmtm; xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef usaemfusrwdk@ orw yDEdka&S;tm; axmufcHygonf/ tpdk;&. w&m;0ifr_udk xyfavmif;twnfðyygonf”qdkaom oabmyifjzpfonf? teufa&mif rJrsm;udk axmufcHrJrsm;tjzpf a&wGufcJh+yD;/ r#wovm;qdkjcif;udk b,folrS rpOf;pm;cJhay? odk@aomf tm%m &Sifonf ol@ atmifjrifr_udk vufa0S@&rf;jycJhonf? yDEdka&S;onf pdwf"mwfusaeaom ol@EdkifiHom; &efolawGudk “udka&$ EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;cifAsm;/ 'g[m cifAsm;wdk@&J@vrf;qHk;ygyJ/ 'Duae@csDvD[m csDvDEdkifiHopfjzpfoGm;+yD”[k ajym=um;cJhonf? ppftm%modrf;aom (7) ESpfajrmufae@wGif rmhpf0g'DtzGJ@rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef tajccHOya'opfudk &dk;&dk;axmufcH jcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;jzifh awmif;qdkaom 'kwd,t}udrf qENcH,lyGJrS pDrHcef@cGJa&;tm%mtwGuf wGef;tm;ay;onf? uGef*&ufv$wfawmfudk wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh wm0efay;&ef vkyfaqmifonf? yDEdka&S;onf aemufxyf (8) ESpf tm%m,l&rnf/ xdkaemuf qENcH,lyGJrS ppftpdk;&wifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftm; axmufcH. uef@uGuf. ajym &rnf? tpdk;&onf oltqdkðyaomtwdkif;twmrsKd; wcsKd@ae&mrsm;ESifh vlOD;a&vsmxm;csufxufydkaeaom qENrJay;olrsm;xHwGif r&Edkifaomfvnf; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif EdkifoGm;onf? tpdk;&onf ol@atmifjrifr_udk qufvufzdESdyfzdk@twGuf cGifhjycsuf&vdkifpifwckvdk toHk;ðycJhonf? xdk@jyif tjcm;tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf owif;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? 0g&Sifwefòrd@wGif orw a&mfe,fa&*if. uGefqmaA;wpfygwD tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m& vmonf/ csDvDEdkifiH. cdkifcdkifrmrm uGefjrLepftay:qef@usifonfh tpdk;&ESifhtwl yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufygrnf[k vuQ%mrsKd;pHkudk jycJhonf?

qENjyaomae@rsm;

yDEdka&S;onf vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda) orweef;awmfudk jyefvnftoufoGif;onf/ +yD;v#if (1981) ckwGif qefwD,m*dk ta&S@awmifydkif;/ The Peach Tree [kac:aom t,fvf r,fvdkudkwef+rdK@ yk*~vdu tdrfawmf}uD; wckudkvnf; wnfaqmufonf/ ol@tm%m. tjrpfonf ydk+yD;eufeuf&_dif;&_dif; yGm;rsm;aeonf? odk@aomf ol.tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh [email protected]'ESifhywfouf+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJESpfck[m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; owdrðyrdaom qifhyGm;tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;rwdkifcifwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf rD;yHkyGJwck. rD;usD;cJrsm; uJhodk@ jyef@usJoGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif tqHk;r&Sdaom oufOD;qHydkiftkyfcsKyfr_tm; uef@uGufqENjyjcif;jzifh &efpcJhonf? wdkif;jynfwGif rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfaeaom 'Drdku&ufwpf rD;}uD;cJonfvnf; jyefvnfvef;qef;vmonf? pD;yGm;a&;aumif;wck. t&nftaoG;onf pwifajcmuf aoG@vmouJhodk@&Sdonf? (1982) ckwGif a=u;eDaps;rsm; xdk;usoGm;onf? EdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;qD ukefusp&dwfonf jrifhwufoGm;+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk b%fwdk; E_ef;xm; ckefwufr_wcka=umifh awmifydkif;tm; *,uf&dkufaponf? csDvDEdkifiH. b%fwdk;E_ef;udk 16 &mcdkifE_ef;txd jrifhwufoGm;apcJhonf? vlOD;a& (11) oef;&Sd wdkif;jynfwGif (5) oef;onf tvkyfvufrJh jzpfcJhonf?


(1973) ck tm%modrf;jcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;. pnf;vHk;r_udk ysufjym;aponf/ odk@aomf odyfrsm;rsm; pm;pm;awmh r[kwfay? tvkyfXmersm;&Sd a'gorsm; tqHk;owfoGm;jcif;onf óudqdkvdkufaom tajymif;tvJ wckjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tpkd;&twdkuftcHrsm;udk tiftm;jzpfapaom tvkyform;rsm;. pGrf;aqmifcsufonf vlpdwf0ifpm;atmifvkyfjcif;om jzpfonfqdk+yD; vlwdkif;awmh pdwfrylyef=uacs? csDvD. }uD;us,f+yD; tajccHus aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf tajymif;tvJtwGuf ta&;ygonfh tm;wck jzpfonfqdkaom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk rv_yfcgEdkifacs? xdktcsdefrSp+yD; xdktiftm;udk E_d;qG=uonf? (1978) ckESpfwGif ajrmufydkif;oJuEWm&&Sd }uD;rm;aom a=u;eDowWKwGif;jzpfonfh csLuGDumrmwm (Chuquicamata) owWKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyfcwdk;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcsuf &_H;edrfh+yD;onfhaemuf olwdk@. xrif;pm;aqmifrsm;tm; oydwfarSmuf&ef óud;pm;=uonfhtcsdefwGif tpdk;&u olwdk@udk tvG,fwul zdESdyfcJh onf? &kwfw&uf a'owckxJrS tHkºuGr_wckonf uGefjrLepfrsm;tjzpf jynfESif'g%fxkwfcH&aom qENjy acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl tqHk;owfoGm;onf? ESpftenf;i,f=um+yD;aemufydkif; ydk+yD;tajccHusaom tvkyform; wufºuGolrsm;onf trsKd;om;tzGJ@tpnf;wckudk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; pnf;&Hk;jcif;u udpPwck/ xda&mufr_ &Sdovm;r&Sdbl;vm;qdkonfu aemufudpP jzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif&Sdaom AFL-CIO ukr`%D csDvDukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufaom +cdrf; ajcmufr_wcka=umifh tpdk;&onf xdef;n‡dr_wcsKd@ ðyvkyf&onf? (1978) ck atmufwdkbmwGif wdkif;jynf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;vkyf&ef tpdk;&rS ausnmonf? xdkxJwGif oef;w0ufcef@&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;onf ‘q,fhw&ufae@’ uwnf;u yxrOD;qHk;taeESifh cdkifrmaomtvkyform; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&G;xkwfEdkifcJh =uonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap a&G;cs,fcHr,fhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tpdk;&todtrSwfðy jzpf&rnf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwGif rygygbl;[k usdefqdk&rnf? vtenf;i,f=um+yD;onfhtcg tpdk;&onf oydwfrsm;ESifh oloabmrusaom tpnf;a0;rsm; usif;y&ef w&m;0ifcGifhðyonf? odk@aomf aESmifóud;ygonf/ oydwfarSmuf+yD; &uf (30) wGif tvkyform; wa,mufudk jyefcef@Edkif+yD;/ &ufaygif; (60) xuf=um=um oydwfarSmufv#if xkwfy,f+yD; jzpf&rnf? vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;&Sdonf/ odyfvGefoGm;v#if tjypf'g%fxdrnf? tvkyform;acgif;aqmif (2) OD;.vkyf&yfonf yDEdka&S;ESifhtwl wdkif;jynf. om;acsmhaw;udk &yfypf&ef tcGifh tvrf; ta&;}uD;a=umif; tcsufjycJhonf? xdkodk@vkyfv#if tEW&m,fvnf; &Sdjyefonf? ESdrfhcsaom pm&if;udkif wOD;jzpfol wlumy,f *sifref;eufZf (Tucapel Jimenez) onf 0efxrf;or*~wGif twef=umyg0ifcJhaom wufºuGolwa,mufjzpfonf? odk@aomf yDEdka&S; ay:vpDudk wdkufcdkuf+yD;onfhaemuf jy\emaumifwa,muf tjzpf tvkyfxkwfcH&onf? wkefv_yfr_r&SdyJ olonf tpdk;&. *&krpdkufr_udk v_yfcgzdk@ tvkyform;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&if; tpdk;&tm; qufvuf}udrf;armif;onf? (1982) ck azazmf0g&Dv wreufwGif 'Gefwlum (Don Tuca) onf tjcm; tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHk&ef tpnf;ta0;wckodk@oGm;pOf vrf;wGif aysmufoGm;onf? em&Dydkif;t=umwGif vnfyif;udk tvSD;cHxm;&+yD; ol@tavmif;tm; toGm;tvm &Sif;aom vrf;ay:rS ol@um;xJwGifawG@&onf? “igaorSyJ tvkyform;tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk&yfr,f”[k 'Gefwlum u ajymzl;onf? tpdk;&u ol@pum;twdkif; vkyfcJhonf? tjcm;or*~0ifuawmh csDvDEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk;or*~jzpfwJh a=u;eD;owWKwGif; tvkyform;wGif; uGefz,f'a&;&Sif;rS touf (29) ESpft&G,f tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfonf? &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*lt,fvf (Rodolfo Seguel) onf owWKwGif; tvkyform;awmif r[kwfay/ t,fvf w,feDtefaw; (El Teniente) owWKwGif;rS tr_xrf;vpm pma&; wa,mufjzpfonf? xdkowWKwGif;onf qifwD,m*dk ta&S@awmifbuf rdkif (50) cef@&Sd yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif rDwm (2100) cef@jrifhaom tef;'ufpf awmifatmuf wl;ajrmif;rsm;&Sd }uD;rm;aom a=u;eDowWKwGif;jzpfonf? ajrmufydkif; rif;ae;&dk; (mineros) oJuEWm&rS xGif;xkvdkufaom wGif;rsm;qDrS owWK&dkif; ukAuDvdkrDwm aygif;rsm;pGmudk ,ufxkwf&if; acgif;r!$wfcJhonfh vlrsm;onf a,bHk,stm;jzifh em=unf;csufwckESifhtwl a&S@qufwuf&ef jzpfonf? xdkodk@r[kwfv#if olwdk@. &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom pdwf"mwfrsm;onf vufawG@ usaomt&mrsm;jzpfonfh vpmay;a&;/ tdk;tdrfaqmufay;a&;/ usef;rma&; odk@r[kwf tvkyfcsdefponfh udpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;=um;xJwGif txufv$mjzpfonf? xdk@jyif a=u;eDonf csDvDEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;ygqHk;jzpfonfhtwGuf tvkyform;ol&Jaumif;rsm; xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifae onfhtcsdefwGif tpdk;&onf tm&Hk pkdufvm&onf?


(1981) ckwGif aq;*lt,fvfu (59) &uf=umaom oydwfwckudk t,fvf w,feDtefaw; (El Teniente) òrd@wGif OD;aqmifcJhonf? EdkifiHawmforwa&G;cs,f&ef oltEdkif&cJhaom (1982) ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv or*~ a&G;aumufyGJwGif trsm;;vufcHEdkifaom udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvm&ef xdkqENjyyGJu ol@tm; *k%fowif;}uD;apcJhonf? wcsefwcgu wdkif;jynf. t}uD;qHk;toif;}uD;udk wdkif;jynf. t}uD;qHk;EdkifiHa&;ygwDESifh xdxda&mufa&muf qufpyfay;+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufwa,mufjzpfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpf {+yDvwGif topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufaom Commando Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT) trsKd;om; tvkyform;rsm; aumfrwD. acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ v_H@aqmfwJht}uHwckudk axmufcHtm;ay;oltjzpfvnf;aumif; oludk,fol &yfwnfcJhonf? qENjyjcif;onf owWKwGif;tvkyform;csnf; r[kwfay/ jynfol tm;vHk;yg+yD; tpdk;&a&S@wGif csjy&ef oHvufoD;wckjzpfonf? “oydwfudk usaemfwdk@ a=unmwJhtcg usaemfwdk@&J@owWKwGif;awGudk wifhum;awGeJ@ wyfzGJ@awG 0dkif;xm;wm awG@&w,f/ ppf&[wf,Ofuvnf; tay:uae 0Jaew,f? aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfawmhr,f qdkwmudk usaemfwdk@ oabmaygufoGm;w,f/ usaemf tJ'DtwGuf raqmif&Gufcsifbl;/ tJ'ga=umifh oydwfrarSmufcif (4) &uf avmufrSm tpDtpOfqGJcJhw,f/ tJ'gudk trsKd;om;oydwfae@tjzpfeJ@ usaemfwdk@ ajymif;ypfvdkufw,f/ usaemfwdk@ wEdkifiHvHk;xd jyef@ESH@oGm;zdk@ óud;pm;w,f/ pD;yGm;a&; =uyfwnf;r_wcktwGuf oydwfarSmufzdk@ r[kwfbl;/ vl@tcGifh ta&;csKd;azmufr_vnf;ygw,f/ pepfwckvHk;ygw,f? wpHkwa,mufaomolu ol[m tm%m&Sifjzpfw,f/ tJ'g[m tm%m&Siftpdk;&jzpfw,f/ usaemfwdk@ tajymif;tvJwck vdkcsifw,fqdkwmudk tm%m&Sifudk ajym0Hhvmw,f”[k aq;*l;t,fvfu aemufydkif;wGif ajymjyonf? xdktcg twdkuftcHrsm;onf wyfOD;rSor*~rsm;ESifhtwl vpOf tpdk;&udkqef@usifaom qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkuf vkyfvmrnf? 'kwd,t}udrfqENjyr_onf ZGefv (14) &uf t*Fgae@jzpfonf/ Tt}udrfwGif pDwef; vSnfhvnfr_ rsm;. toHrsm; qifwD,m*dkò[email protected]&Hrsm;udk rjzwfausmfEdkifyJ yJhwif&kdufcwfoGm;onf? csDvDEdkifiH. &dk;wHwav#muf &dkufcwfoGm;onf? t&G,faygif;pHkEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh tqifhtwef;toD;oD;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ xdk@tjyif olwdk@onf wrift}urf;rzufvkyfjcif;om jzpfonf? xdkaemufwGif twdkuftcHrsm; uGJoGm;onf? tzGJ@wcku oydwfrsm;udk olykefx&ef a&S@ajy;edrdwftjzpf oHk;oyfcJhonf? tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;u oydwfrsm; qufvkyf&ef t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm; r_rsm;jzpf&rnf[k wdkufwGef;onf? “'DqENjyyGJawGu 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; umvwckeJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmwlzdk@ tpdk;&udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm xdkifvmatmifvdk@ wGef;tm;ay;wmom jzpfwJhta=umif; usaemfeJ@ wjcm;vlawG jiif;ckHcJh&w,f”[k qENjywJhae@rsm;xJrS w&uftm; pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifcJhaom a*em&dk tm&D,m*g'g (Genaro Arriagada) u ajymonf? odk@aomf ZGefv oydwfwGif EdkifiHom; (3) OD;aocJh+yD;/ &mESifhcsD tzrf;cHcJh&onf? tzrf;cH&onfhxJwGif &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*lt,fvf vnf;ygonf? eHeuf (1) em&DcGJcef@wGif tm%mydkifrsm;u ol@wHcg;udkcsKd;zsuf0if+yD; ol@tm; tdyf,mxJrSqGJxkwfoGm;onf/ +yD;awmh ol@tm;armif;xkwfvdkufonf[k aq;*lt,fvf u aemufrS jyefajym jyonf? oltowfcHrvm;/ EdkifiHuESifxkwfcHrvm;qdk+yD; olpOfpm;cJh&yHkudkvnf; jyefajymjyonf? qD;*l;t,fvf tzrf;cH&jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; pdefac:zdk@ or*~rsm;u taxGaxGoydwfwckudk awmif;qdkjyefonf? xdxda&muf a&muf rjzpfvdkufay/ oydwfonf taumiftxnfray:vdkuf? cufcJaomtcsdefrsm;wGif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;. wu,fhtajctae[m n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ tusOf;csjcif;/ ESifxkwfcH&jcif; ponfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;xuf ydk+yD;qGJaqmifr_tm;}uD;aeonf? jrifomonfh ppfwyfwnf&Sdr_ taetxm;ESifh xdktcsif;t&mrsm;u a=u;eD owWKwGif; tvkyform;rsm;udk tvkyfjyef0ifapcJhonf? “tvkyform;or*~awGudk udk,fpm;ðywJh us&H_;oGm;wJh 'Doydwf[m oydwfarSmufr_rsm;rSm OD;aqmifr_tydkif; &,lzdk@ yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;óud;pm;jcif;omjzpfw,f? trsKd;om;oydwfwcku vufawG@rjzpfEdkifr_udk jyocJh ayr,fh tJ'DvdkoydwfrsKd;&J@ t}uHtpnf[m }uD;rm;wJhtm%mudk jyefxdef;odrf;Edkifw,f/ wcsKd@awGtwGuf ,kwWd&SdwJh xifjrif,lqcsufxuf pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_tydkif;udk ydk+yD;jzpfaponfqdkaom ,Hk=unf csufrsKd;eJ@qdkifvdrfh r,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g (Arriagada) u ajymjyonf? xdkodk@ aygufwwfu& pdwful;,Ofr_udk ydkvefaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@uvnf; olwdk@ajratmufa&mufoGm;+yD;aemuf vdkufvkyf=uonf? olwdk@. acgif;aqmif *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufpf (Gabriel Valdes) tygt0if xif&Sm;aom c&pf,mef 'Drdk u&ufrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJhjcif;udk &_H@csa0zef&ef wwd,t}udrf oydwfarSmufwJhae@udk Zlvdkifv (12) &ufae@wGif ac:vdkufonf? a=u;eDowWKwGif; tvkyform;rsm;. rauseyfjcif;ESifhtwl pwifcJhjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m us,fjyef@r_rsm;


jzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomf &Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif rxGufvmcJhay? qENjyr_rsm;onf qdk;qdk;0g;0g; }uD;xGm;vm+yD; olwdk@csnf;tm%m&Sifudk ðzwfcsEdkifvdrfhrnf[k tawmfrsm;rsm;u EHkEHkcsmcsm awG;xifxm;cJhonf? vrf;ay:qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh bmrSydkrxl;jcm;aom ydwfqdk@r_avmufESifh uavmxkwf r&avmuf atmif yDEdka&S. csKyfudkifr_u =urf;wrf;vGef;w,f? “,HkrSmawmifr[kwfbl;/ tvkyfvufrJhawG&J@ axmufcHr_&cJhwJh v_yf&Sm;r_[m qENjyyGJtao;av;awGeJ@ rwwfomvdk@&yfqdkif;cJh&ayr,fh/ tJ'gawG[m pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& bmrS ajymp&mr&Sdbl;/ ppftpdk;&udk wGef;vSefzdk@ vHkavmufwJhtaetxm; jzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g u ajymjy onf? v_yf&Sm;r_rSm vufeufudk oHk;rnfvm;/ 'grS[kwf vHk;0t=urf;rzufwJhenf;oHk;rnfvm;qdkjcif;ESifhywfoufI tcsdef=um=um pum;tajctwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD/;tzGJ@rsm;wGif jzpfonf? ppfwyftm; atmifEdkif&ef vHkavmufaom vufeufudkifaqmifEdkifr_ r&Sdbl;qdkonfudk tawmfrsm;rsm;uodonf? yDEdka&S;wufvm+yD;r=umcif ol@taztm; n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufcHcJh&onf owif;pmq&m yufx&Dv#m Am'l*dk (Patricia Verdugo)u qENjytrsKd;orD;rsm; ajymonfudk jyefajymjyonf? &Jrsm;a&mufvmwJhtcg olwdk@onf =urf;jyifay:wGif 'l;axmufrnf/ vufoD;rsm;udk ajr‡mufxm;rnf/ xdktcsdefwGif “+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyonfhyHkpHrsKd;” &Sdaev#if wdkufcdkwfr_rsm; aemufqkwfoGm;rnf jzpfonf? xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@onf “um;wm&mrsm; rD;&_d@/ r&_d@v#if vrf;rsm;ay:wGiftwm;tqD;rsm;vkyf/ rvkyfv#if ausmufcJrsm;jzifhypfwwfaom vli,frsm;ESifh jcm;em;onf”udk jyo&ma&mufrnf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifaomfvnf; tpdk;&ESifh vuf0Jrsm; bufqDrS t=urf;zuf +cdrf;acsmufr_rsm; a=umifh t=urf;rzufa&;twGuf vdkufygolrsm;udk owWdenf;ap+yD; oydwftiftm;udk avsmhapcJhonf?

pnf;&Hk;&efavm zsufpD;&efavm (1983) ckESpf =o*kwfv tapmydkif;wGif qefwD,m*dkòrd@wGif csDvD. EdkifiHa&;e,fy,f trsm;pkudk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; tzGJ@ wzGJ@ pk&Hk;cJhonf? vuf,m0g'Drsm;qDrS orwpepfvufcHolrsm;/ tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;/ vlr_a&;qdkif&mrsm;/ A[dkrS c&pf,mef'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifh vuf0J0g'Drsm;qDrS qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;rsm;ygonf? xdkygwDtm;vHk;onf ydwfyifcHxm; &aom ygwDrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf wnf&Sdae=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@onf tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwDum (Alianza Democratica – AD) tzGJ@udk wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufZf (Gavriel Valdes) u OD;aqmifonf? [email protected];qdkcsufrsm;onf ta=umif;t&m wckwnf;odk@ avsmh usoGm;onf? “rwlnD=uwJh EdkifiHa&;/ tawG;tac:/ bmoma&;taetxm;rsm;ESifh wOD;csif;pDawGjzpf=ur,fh usaemfwdk@awG[m 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifzdk@ wcsKd@aom vl@usifh0wfqdkif&m ed,mrawGeJ@ wefbdk;awGudk av;pm;zdk@/ jr‡ifhwifzdk@ oabmwl+yD; pkpnf;vdkufwmjzpfw,f? tJ'gawGr&SdyJeJ@ vGwfvyf+yD;wefzdk;&SdwJh/ wnfwHhcdkifjrJwJh vlr_b0[m rjzpfEdkifygbl;”[lIjzpfonf? &mpkESpftapmydkif;u &k&Sm;vGwfajrmufa&;0g'Drsm;uJhodk@ at'DtzGJ@onf tqifhtwef;ESifh tawG;tac:ykdif;qdkif&m uGJjym;r_rsm;udk ausmfjzwf+yD; tajcus,fjyef@onfh twdkuftcHwckudk wnfaqmufonf/ vG,fvG,fawmhr[kwfacs? =o*kwfv (10) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf uufbdeuf0ef}uD;rsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;+yD;/ twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;r_pwif&ef ,cif vuf,m*dk%f; trsKd;om;ygwDacgif;aqmifa[mif; qm*Dtdk tGefEdkza&; *sm&yg; (Onofre Jarpa) tm; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;topftjzpf tm%may;onfhta=umif; ausnm&ef trsKd;om; &kyfjrifoH=um; Xmeodk@ oGm;onf? odk@aomf xdkae@aemufydkif;ae@rsm;wGuf pDpOfaom qENjyr_rsm;twGuf wyfom; (1) aomif; (8) axmifudkvnf; vrf;rrsm;ay:wGifcsxm;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? xdktcsif;t&monf uwWDygvuftdyfpGyfxm; aom oHvufoD;jzpfonf? aemufae@reufwGif ppfom;rsm;udk rmydkcsKdjrpf (Mapocho River). uGef*&pf urf;yg;wav#mufwGif csxm;onf? xdkjrpfonf qifwD,m*dk òrd@v,facgif. wzufwcsufudk jcm;xm;onf? aemufqufwGJjzpfvmaom ypfcwfr_wGif uav;oli,f (3) OD;tygt0if (26) OD;aoqHk;cJhonf? (tpdk;&. xkwfjyefcsuft& (17) OD; jzpfonf?) tpdk;&onf [email protected]&H_;ray;onfhpdwf"mwfudk xyfrHjyo&if; aqG;aEG;&eftqifoifhjzpfaeonf? qifwD,m *dkòrd@. bkef;awmf}uD;opf [Grf z&efqpPudk z&ufpEdk (Juan Francisco Fresno). =um;0ifjzefajzr_ESifhtwl *sm&yg; ESifh tmvD,efZmtzGJ@wdk@t=um; tquftpyf&oGm;onf? yxr tpnf;ta0;wGif Am;vf'ufpf ESifh ol@taygif;tygrsm;u yDEdka&S; E_wfxGufa&;ESifhpwifonfh awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk wifjy=uonf? *sm&yg;u taxmuftxm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk


vufcH&efyif jiif;qdkcJhonf? *sm&yg;a=umifh olwdk@ ESpfcgxyfawG@=u&onf/ odk@aomf bmwdk;wufajymif;vJr_rS rjzpfvmay/ tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf twdkuftcHu tpdk;&qif;ay;&efom vdkonf[k oljrifxm;onf? tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;r_rsm; qufjzpfae+yD; *sm&yg;u (3) ckudk avsmhay;&ef oabm wlonf? ta0;a&mufaeolrsm; jyefvm&efvufcHonf/ ay:ay:xifxif&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDwcsKd@udk cGifhðyonf/ pmtkyfxkwfolrsm;udk óudwifoabmwlnDr_&,l&efrvdkyJ acgif;pOfrsm;ay;cGifhðyonf? twdkuftcHxJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;u xdkwdk;wufr_onf yDEdka&S;udk tdk;rsm; ',fjym;rsm; ydkwD;cwfjcif;jzifh qENjyr_rsm; xyfvkyfv#if aemufqHk;wGif ðzwfcsEdkifrnfqdkonfudk jyoaeonf[k awG;xif=uonf? odk@aomf qENjyr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonfh wu,fhjcm;em;csufrSm ydk+yD;odrfarG@onf? *sm&yg; pum;ajym+yD;aemuf tzGifhpum;onf tm%m&Sif tm; r+cdrf;ajcmufEdkifcJhay? odk@aomf xdkn‡dE_dif;r_onf 'Drdku&ufwpf twdkuftcHrsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfh us,fjyef@ onfh ae&mvGwfjzpfapcJhonf? xdkrSom tem*wfvkyfaqmifr_twGuf jzef@usufxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtopfrsm; jzpfvmrnf? tpdk;&w&yfESifhtwl v_yf&Sm;&kef;uefwnfaqmuf&if; yDEdka&S;tm; qef@usifaom 'Drdku&ufwpf wyfrsm;tm; &SmIr&ao;aomfvnf; atmifyGJavm &H_;edrfhyGJavm qdkjcif;udk rod&ao;onfh tpHkvdkuf aphpyf n‡dE_dif;r_rsm;. qufwdkufjzpfaer_ tawmftoifh rjzpfcJhacs? odk@aomf tjyeftvSeftusKd;ðyr_wckonf twdkuf tcHwcktm; ol@AsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmifr_rsm;tjzpf vdkvm;onfudk jyaeonf? tmvD,HZmzGJ@onf jynfwGif;ppfxufqdk;onfht&m bmrSr&Sdqdkaom csDvDvlrsKd;trsm;pk. xifjrifcsuftm; a&mifjyef[yfapaom twdkuftcHwdk@. t=urf;rzufaomrsufESmpmjzpfonf? odk@aomf 20 &mpk tapmydkif; yÉdyuQrsm;rSmuJhodk@ vlxk. axmufcHr_tm; pkpnf;&ef aqmif&GufcJhaom t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf csDvDEdkifiHwGif vuf0JESifh vuf,m tpGef;a&mufrsm;u atmifjrifaom tm%mqdkonfrSm udk,fhvrf;a=umif; ay:wGif ydwfaeonfh olrsm;udk owfjcif;jzpfonfqdkonfh olwdk@. ,Hk=unfcsufudk rpGef@v$wfcsif=uacs? abmf&SdApfu (1905) ckESpf ratmifjrifcJhaom qENjyr_udk rD;pysKd;cJhjcif; ESifh *smrefzufqpfrsm;u (1932) ckESpf jyifopfusL;ausmfolrsm; qef@usifonfh jyif;xefaom tzsufvkyfief;rsm;uJhodk@/ tm%monf aoewfaysmif;0rS vmonfqdkjcif;udk oufaojy&ef csDvDEdkifiH&Sd tajccHvuf0J0g'Drsm;u ydkif;jzwfxm;onf? (1980) wGif tm%m&Sifonf ol@. tajccHOya'opfrSwqifh wGef;wifay;vdkufouJhodk@ uGefjrLepfrsm;u vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csDvD. (19) &mpkwdkufyGJ aysmuf=um;acgif;aqmif wOD;twGuf emrnfay;cJhaom csDvDEdkifiH. Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front – FPMR udk ay:aygufaponf? tjcm;wzGJ@. ta0;a&muf tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf The Revolutionary Left Movement awmfvSefaom vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@/ wenf;tm;jzifh MIR tzGJ@udk jzpfaponf? olwdk@xJuwcsKd@udk eDum&m*Gg/ usL;bm;/ t,fvfa*;&D;,m; ESifh ta&S@Oa&my wdk@wGif aysmuf=um;ppftwGuf avhusifhay;+yD; q,fpkESpftapmydkif;uyif csDvDEdkifiHodk@ jyefydk@cJhonf? *sm&yg;ESifh aqG;aEG;a&;wGif ºuGif;usefcJhaom wif;rmonfhvuf0J0g'Drsm;onf MIR tzGJ@ESifh qdk&S,fvpfvlpkrsm;udk aygif;pnf;+yD; Popular Democratic Front jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;/ wenf;tm;jzifh MDP ac: wjcm;r[mrdwfwckudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? tmvD,efZm ac: tm*sifwD;em; 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@ ESifh trf'DyD ac: jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;wdk@. AsL[mrsm;onf yDEdka&S;. twdkuftcHrsm;=um;wGif tajccHuGJ+yJr_udk jzpfaponf? “tmvD,efZmudk qENjyr_awGrSm tpdk;&udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_awGvkyfvmatmif ,laqmifay;EdkifwJh vlr_qdkif&m zdtm;taeeJ@ &_jrif=uw,f”[k tm&D,m*g'g u a&;om;cJhonf? odk@aomf trf'DyDuawmh olwdk@udk vlxkqlyltHkºuGr_twGuf eif;cHkwcktjzpfjrifcJhonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u avsmhay;r_rsm; vkyfvmonfhtwGuf trf'DyD (jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;) u ysuf&,fðy+yD;/ trftdkiftm (awmfvSefaom vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@) u ppfyGJqifawmhonf? =o*kwfv wreufcif;wGif qifwD,m*dk. ppfbufqdkif&mòrd@0efonf tem;ujzwfoGm;onfh ukefwifum;ay:rS aoeyform;rsm;. ypfcwfr_jzifh}uKHcJh&+yD; olESifhtwl ol@tul&Jabmf (2) OD;vnf; ypfowfcHcJh&onf? vkyf}uH owfjzwfr_onf t&ifu olwdk@wGif ukefwifum;rsm;&SdcJhzl;I trftdkiftm tzGJ@uvkyfonf[k ,lq=uonf? (1973) ck ppftm%modrf;onfh atmufarhzG,ftcrf;tem;rS tapmifhwOD;tm; (1980) ckwGif ypfowfcH&onf? odk@aomf tm%m. A[dktcsuftcsmESifh b,fwHk;urS reD;uyfcJhay? tpdk;&onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@xkwf&ef ol@aoG;wdk;udkprf;onf? odk@aomf wywfcef@=umaomf pDtJeftdkif (A[dktrsKd;om; jyef=um;a&;Xme)rS wyfzGJ@rsm;u trftdkiftm . ykef;tdrf (2) vHk;udk pufaoewfjzifh ypfcJhI tvkyform; (5) OD; aoqHk;cJhonf?


t=urf;zufr_wckESifh pwifzGifhvSpfcJh+yD; vuf0Jaysmufusm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&wyfrsm;u csDvdDEdkifiHwGif tajymif;tvJ t&dyft¹rGufjyvdkonfh enf;vrf;tjzpf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;tpm; wdkufyGJrsm;ESifhtm;yg;w& tpm;xdk;cJhonf? i,f&G,faom qef@usifolrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tufzfyDtrftm (rsKd;cspfwyfOD;) ESifh trftdkiftm wdk@qDudk OD;wnfoGm;cJh+yD; tmvD,efZmESifh tawG@tóud&ifhusufr_udk odrfodrfarG@arG@&,lcJh&mrS a0;oGm;=uonf? “uGefjrLepfrsm;&J@tjrift& vufo,rf;zsufqD;jcif;/ vk,ufzsufqD;jcif;awGrS vufeuf udkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&SdwJh vlrsm;u vHk+cKHa&;wyfom;awGudk cJeJ@ypfaygufjcif; pwJh b,ftusifhp&dkufrsKd;rqdk vufcHEdkifw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ vuf0JtpGef;a&muf0g'DawG em;vnfzdk@cufaewmu tJ'DvdkrsKd; t=urf;zufr_[m tpkd;&udk qef@usifv_yf&Sm;wJ@ae&mrSm vHk;0xda&mufr_r&Sdovdk/ qENjy v_yf&Sm;r_udk zsufqD;zdk@ txda&mufqHk;enf;vrf; jzpfw,f”[k tm&D,m*g'gu jyefajymjyonf? t=urf;zufr_onf vpOfqENjyr_rsm;. yHkpHopfvdk jzpfvmwJh twGuf tv,ftvwfESifh txufwef;v$mrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;=uonf? csDvDvlrsKd;rsm;. a'gifvdkuf jzwfydkif;wckudk wcgxJqGJcsEdkifonfht&monf tcktcgwGif csDvDqif;&Jom;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrS xGufaygufwck jzpfvmcJhonf? (5) }udrfajrmufqENjyyGJudk pufwifbmv (8) &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif ac:vdkufonf? ppftm%modrf;r_. q,fESpfajrmufESpfywfvnfjzpfonhf &SufzG,f (3) &ufjzpfonf? ygwDESpfckvHk;onf xdkqENjyr_onf +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sd&rnf[k oabmwlcJhonf/ trSefwu,f tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@ESifh *sm&yg;wdk@t=um; pum;pjrnf onf wdk;wufajymif;vJaeonf? xdkxJwGif ppfom;rsm; r&Sd&/ +idrf0wfydjym;a&;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef um&mbDae;&dk;rsm; carabineros jynfol@&Jrsm;yJ &Sd&rnf? odk@aomf qENjyr_ pwifwmESifhwòydifeuf &Jrsm;tm; rD;owfydkufrsm;/ rsuf&nf,kdAHk;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkif;onf? tm&d,m*g'gonf eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh &dkufcH&aom vlrsm; xJwGif ygonf? atmufwdkbmv (11) &uf (6) }udrfajrmufoydwfarSmufr_wckudk 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfrsm;u vkyfwmr[kwfbJ/ trf'DyD jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;u vkyfonf? tv,ftvwfwef;pm;rsm; xdkqENjyyGJodk@ rwufEdkifcJhay? (6) a,muf towfcH&+yD;/ tm;vHk;onf qif;&Jom;t&yfrsm;rS jzpfonf? xdktcsdefavmufwGif Edk0ifbmv vlxkqENjyyGJwckudk arv (11) &uf qENjyr_onf =umcJh+yD[kxifrSwfaeaom tmvD,efZm 'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@u ðyvkyfcJhonf? w&dyf&dyfwufvmaom ukefaps;E_ef;onf t&Sdefjrifhwufvm+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfuJhodk@ atmifjrifaomt&mwckcktwGuf tcGifhtvrf;onf ydk+yD;a0;uGmvmonf? “EdkifiHa&; orm;awG/ todynm&SifawG/ ausmif;q&mawG/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifawG/ or*~acgif;aqmifawG twwfynm&SifawGeJ@ tEkynm&SifawG&J@ vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;&Hk;r_udk zefwD;zdk@ igwdk@&J@ tJ'Denf;AsL[mudk uGefjrLepf0g'D tpGef;a&mufarGu xdef;csKyfvmrSmudk wu,fpdk;&drfrdw,f”[k *gb&Dt,fvf Am;vf'ufpf u ajymonf? jzpfwJhenf;ESifh aysmuf=um;ppfudka&Smifzdk@ olvdkvm;onf? “usaemfoabmaygufw,f/ usaemfwdk@ 'Dvrf;a=umif;ay:u qufroGm;Edkifbl;/ bmvdk@vJqdkawmh t=urf;zufr_[m odyf=urf;wrf;w,f yGifhvif;vGwfvyf wJh qENjyr_wGudk vpfvsL&_xm;jcif;jzifh tmvD,efZmtzGJ@u vlowfr_eJ@qdkifwJh ykefuefr_ay: !$wfvmwJh olawGudk owfuGif;tjzpfay;vdkuf&w,f”[k oluqufajymonf? (1984) rwfvwGif jyefpaom qENjyr_rsm;aemufodk@ ajratmuf&xm;vrf; AHk;axmifjcif;/ um&mbDae;&dk; jynfol@&Jrsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;/ v#yfppfwm0gwdkifrsm;udk 'dkif;erdkufESifhazmufcGJjcif; paom qef@usifbuf t=urf; zufr_u vdkufygvmonf? tufzfyDtrftm rsKd;cspfwyfOD;. rl0g'a=unmpmwrf;wcku “tm%m&Sif. wyfrsm;udk +zKdzsufrnfh wGef;tm;rsm;udk wGef;wif&ef jynfol@ppfwyfwck wnfaxmif&r,f”[k a=unmonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u csDvDwEdkifiHvHk; rv_yf&Sm;Edkifatmif trsKd;om;oydwfwck azmfaqmif&ef ar#mfvifhxm;onf? vlOD;a&wpHkvHk;. ykefuefxºuGr_ vdkufygvm&rnf/ vufeufudkifwyfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf;ygvm&rnf? trftdkiftm (awmfvSefaom vuf0Jv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@) tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh tjcm;jynfol@ppfrsm;onf (1984) ckESpfwGif csDvDEdkifiH. pHkcsnfqefcsnftESH@ AHk;aygufuGJr_ (700) ausmf&Sdonfudk ay:vGifap&ef a=umufrufzG,f v_H@aqmfr_ wckudk wGef;wifcJhonf? Edk0ifbmvwGif yDEdka&S;u pD;eif;wkef@jyef+yD; ppftm%modrf;jcif;. tpydkif;ae@rsm;uJhodk@yif qif;&Jom;rsm;udk axmifESifhcsD+yD; zrf;qD;pkaqmif;jcif;rsm; pwifonf? &maygif;wGif;pGmtm; jynfwGif;&Sd rJZm&yfrsm;odk@ ydk@cH&+yD;/ (8) axmifausmfausmf xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufonf? t=urf;zufaom vuf0Jrsm;ESifh t=uifemrJhaom tpdk;&=um; xdkokd@ tjyeftvSefjzpfr_rsm;onf =unfhrSef. yHkwl tcsKd;nDr_rsKd;uJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf? xdkxJwGif wzuf.vkyfaqmifjcif;udk wjcm;wzuf.wkef@jyefr_u raoGzDyJ yHk&dyfxif


[yfaponf? “'Dtpdk;&eJ@ aysmuf=um;awGrSm aumif;rGefwJh tjyeftvSef tusKd;ðyr_ qufpyfr_wG&Sdw,f”[k oHwrefwOD;u xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhonf? yDEdka&S;. &mxl;oufwrf;onf ta0;a&mufvuf0Jrsm;qDrS a=umuf&GH@r_udk aocsmap+yD;/ t=urf;zufr_onf xdkoufwrf;tm; wGef;tm;ay;&ef qifajcjzpfonf?

t&Sdeft[kefopf/ t=urf;zufr_topf twdkuftcH. yxrqHk;xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;t+yD; (2) ESpft=um (1985) ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif t"du acgif;aqmifrsm;u qifwD,m*dk&Sd cef;em;aom Spanish Circle club wGif tpnf;ta0;wck jyefvkyfonf? bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpEdk (Fresno) ESifh yDEdka&S;tm%mr&cifwkef;u 0ef}uD;a[mif;wOD;jzpfaom qm*sDtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina) wdk@u E_dif;,SOfr&aom upm;orm;rsm;udk yg;yg;eyfeyf xdk;wifay;jcif;jzifh vaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdefukefvGefcJhonf? vwfwavmtajctaewGif tpOftvma[mif;udk t&dk;pGJaeonf t,fvefa';acwf qdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;qDuae/ vli,ft&if;&SiftpktzGJ@wckjzpfonf vGwfvyfaom 'Drdku&ufwpf or*~ (The Union Democrattica Independiente – UDI) ESifh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufcJhaom *sm&yg; zefwD;vdkufonfh trsKd;om;or*~ (Union Nacional) uJhodk@ tpGef;ra&mufaomtzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh vwfwavm ay:vmygwDrsm;txd (11) ygwD&Sdonf? uGefjrLepfESifh tpdk;&rygyJ vlwdkif;udk udk,fpm;ðyonf? uGJjym;r_rsm;tpm; xdktzGJ@onf AsL[mwcktay:wGif oabmwl+yD;/ olwdk@ac:qdkaeaom The Natioal Accord for Full Transition to Democracy (Acuerda Nacional) 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ vHk;0ajymif;vJa&; trsKd;om; oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@ qdkonfudk taumiftxnfazmfonf? trsKd;om;oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@onf cdkifrmaom t&mwckudkcsrSwfonf/ odk@r[kwf yDEdka&S;.wjznf;jznf;csif; axmufcHcJh&aom ay:vpDudk ,kwWd&Sd&Sd pdefac:&efr[kwfay? tcsKd@u 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef at;pufpuf Edkifonf[k ajymEkdifonf? xdktzGJ@onf tm%m&SifE_wfxGuf&ef awmif;qdkr_ESifh t&m&mudk pGef@pGef@pm;pm; vkyfudkif &r_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;onf/ yDEdka&S;udk [email protected];ae@rsm;twGuf xdyfqHk;udk ydk@ay;EkdifcJhaom w&m;0if ,EW&m;}uD;jzpfonfh (1980) ckESpf tajccHOya'udk vufcHonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh xdktzGJ@onf (1988) ckESpftwGuf axmufcHonf/ uef@uGufavmufom vkyf&aom vlxkqENcH,lyGJudk vGwfvyf+yD; òydifqdkifr_&SdwJh a&G;aumufyGJESifh tpm;xdk;Ekdif&efESifh urf;vSrf;cJhonf/ xdk@tjyif wdkif;jynftm; ta&;ay: tkyfcsKyfa&;rS &yfqdkif;ay;&ef/ a&G;aumufyGJpepfopfwckvkyf&ef/ EdkifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifrsm;apmifhxdef;&ef ESifh jynfolrsm;udk aemufxyfta0;odk@rydk@&ef jzpfonf? trsKd;om; oabmwlnDr_tcsdefusrS wdk;wufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; wdk;wufvmonf? yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaom qENjyr_rsm; jyefvnftm;aumif;vm&ef wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh taxmuftulðyonf? qENjyr_rsm;ESifh rmausmvmaom csDvDEkdifiHom;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;qDodk@ olwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk ,lvm jcif;jzifh carabineros jynfol@&J/ ppfom;rsm;. n‡yfyl;n‡yfydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ESifh xyf&ifqdkif&ef qEN&SdyHk&onf? 0g&Sifwefòrd@wGifyif pdwf"mwfrsm;onf rwl=uacs? “a&*iftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfwJh yxrESpftwGif; csDvDEdkifiHtay: jyowJh udk,fcsif;pmr_[m oabmrusr_udk }uD;xGm;apzdk@ vrf;a=umif;ay;vdkufw,f”[k tm&d,m*g'gu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&onf =um;od&aom a'gotenf;i,fESifhtwl jynfwGif;ESifh jynfy rauseyfr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;udk oludk,fwdkif E_d;qGay;vdkufonf? (1985) ck rwfvwGif tpdk;&vHk+cKHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u qifwD,m*dkwGif&Sdaom uufodkvpf vl@tcGifhta&;&Hk;rS vl (2) OD;udk qGJcJhonf? ausmif;q&mrsm;or*~ acgif;aqmifESifh bk&m;ausmif;tzGJ@wckESifh vkyfudkifaeaom vlr_a&;&m pDrHcef@cGJr_ynm&Sifwa,muf wdk@jzpfonf? =um;0ifjzefajz&efóud;pm;onfh ausmif;q&mwa,mufonf AdkufwGif aoewfESpfcsuf ypfcH&onf? aemufwae@wGif t&yfom;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u wwd,vludk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;onf? (3) a,mufvHk;udk uGefjrLepfaomif;=urf;olrsm; jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&onf? oDwif;ywftukef xdkvrf;wav#muf&Sd ajrmif;xJwGif acgif;jzwfxm;onfh tavmif;rsm;udk awG@&onf? xdkae&mwGif vGefcJhonfh (3) ESpf tapmydkif;u wlumy,fvf *sif;rufeuf towfcH&zl;onf? *sif;rufeuf towfcH&r_[m t"dutm;jzifh pdwfysufr_udk jzpfcJhaomfvnf; vnffvSD;cH&wJh vloHk;OD;. uH=urRm onf a=umuf&GH@r_udk z,f&Sm;ay;vdkufaom vlxkwckrS tv#iftjref ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_udk jzpfaponf? ppftm%modrf;jcif; (5) v=umcJhaomfvnf; vGrf;qGwfol (1) aomif; (5) axmifcef@onf uufoD'&,f bk&m;ausmif;rS ocsõKif;qDodk@


tokbvSnfh vdkufydk@=uonf? w&m;pD&ifr_tm%muvnf; zdESdyfxm;onf? (4) v =um pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;wcka=umifh carabinero jynfol@&Jt&m&Sd (14) OD;udk pGJcsufwifEdkifcJh+yD; trsKd;om;&JwyfzGJ@. t}uD;tuJudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhonf? orw.xdef;csKyfudkifwG,fr_udk tm;aysmhapjcif;jzifh ol@ae&mtm;qufcHol &dk'dkvfzdk pwefa*; udk yDEdka&S;. &kyfao;&kyfrjzpfatmif ajymif;vJaponf? vufwiftar&du tm%m&Sifrsm;tay: 0g&Sifweftpdk;&. pdwf&Snfr_onf xdktcgwGif ododomom arS;rSdef vmonf? arvwGif tar&dueftwGif;a&;udpPrsm;twGuf wkdif;jynf. wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfrS yDEdka&S; tpdk;&tay: us,fus,favmifavmif axmufcHolwa,mufjzpfonfh vef[Gef; armhwav (Langhorn Motley)udk xkwfy,f+yD; vltcGifhta&;ESifh vlom;a&;&mXmerS ,cif twGif;a&;rSL; tJvD;a,mh atb&rf (Elliott Abrams)ESifh jyefvnf tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf (1982) ckESpfuwnf;u wm0efxrf;aqmif aeaom qifwD,m*dk&Sd yDEdka&S;bufrS umuG,f ajymqdkol tar&duefoHtrwfae&mtm; oHwrefwOD;jzpfonfh [m&D *sD bm;eufpf *sLeD,m (Harry G. Barnes, Jr.) ESifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? ol@t&nftcsif;awGudk orwxH wifjyjcif;jzifh “'Drdkua&&J@ qdk;0g;r_awGudk ydk+yD;'Drdkua&pDuswJh pepfeJ@om taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif ukoEdkifw,f”qdk+yD; bm;eufpfu ol@udk ajymcJhonf[k od&onf? pyvdefwckuJhodk@ aysmhajymif;r_ jzpfawmhrnf[k,lq&onf? tm%modrf;r_onf ZGefvwGif jzpfcJh+yD;/ tm&Dum (Arica) rS awmifbufpGef;&Sd yGefwm t&D;em;pf (Punta Arenas)odk@k jyef@oGm;aom pufwifbm (4) &uf qENjyr_wckonf ppfwyfESifh carabineros jynfol@&Jrsm;. cgwdkif;vdk }uD;rm;wJh wyfcsxm;r_udk rjzpfapcJhay? tcsKd@u xdkodk@ csKyfwnf;xm;jcif;udk yDEdka&S;tpdk;&. taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;rsm;u *emr+idrfjzpfaevdrfhrnf/ ol@ae&mudk csufcsif;jyeftpm;xdk;&rnf/ 'grS tem*gwfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ydkjrif&rnfqdkonfh vuQ%mwcktjzpf jrifonf? jynfh0+yD; vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJvkyf&ef t}uHtpnfudk pGef@v$wf &rnf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap yDEdka&S;twGufrSmawmh xdktcsif;t&monf EdkifiHa&;orm;awGqDrSm jzpfwwfaom jzpfcsifwmudktajccHaom pOfpm;r_wck jzpfonf? “wcsKd@EdkifiHa&;orm;awG oGwfoGif;vdkufwJh or&dk;us bmrSrygwJh 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHvdkufr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@[m csDvDjynfolawGudk opPmazmuf&musr,f”[k ol ausnmcJhonf? csDvDjynfolrsm;onf vufrcHEdkifbl;[k awmif;cHcJhonf? The Vicariate of Solidarity bkef;awmf}uD;wGif; ESifh bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpfudk. wnf+idrfaumif;rGefonfh &Hk;Xmersm;rSuwqifh &SifoefwufºuGaeaom bk&m;ausmif; onf twdkuftcHrsm;. aemufxyfjr‡m;wpif;twGuf }uD;rm;aomwkefv_yfr_udk jzpfaponf? bkef;}uD;rsm;ESifh oDvS&Sifrsm;. tzGJ@wckonf vlodrsm;aom w&m;0ifn‡if;yrf;ESdyfpuf&mae&ma&S@wGif qENjyodrf;ykdufvdkufonfh twGufjzpfonf? wcsdefxJwGifyif &dk'dkvfzdk aq;*l;t,fvf ESifh ol@taygif;tygrsm;onf avmuDae&mXemwckrS v_H@aqmfr_topfwckudk &,lcJhonf? “&kyf&Sifjyaew,fvdk@ usaemfxifaewm/ *E<D aygh/ (1983) ckESpfu jynfol@&kyf&Sif&HkawGrSm jyaewm/ Zmwfum;pwifwJhtcsdefavmufrSm/ +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ tJ'gudk (2) }udrfavmufawmh tenf;qHk;=unfh&w,f”[k ol ajymjyonf? qD;*l;t,fvfu *E<DESifh ydkvefu vufbm0ifqm (Lech Walesa) wdk@t=um; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk ,SOf+yD;jrif&a=umif;/ “vl (2) OD;vHk;[m vufeufeJ@ ajz&Sif;wmxuf ydk+yD;tusKd;jzpfxGef;apwJh t=urf;rzufjcif;eJ@ wdkufyGJawG 0if=uw,f”[k oluajymonf? qENjyolrsm;[m taºuG;a=umfoHtopfudkvnf; awG@cJhonf? Tenemos las manos limpias! “igwdk@rSm oef@&Sif;wJhvufawG&Sdw,f” csDvDEdkifiH&Sd òrd@rsm;.vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf [email protected];udk ajr‡mufxm;onf/ vuf0g;rsm;udk jzef@xm;onf? o&kyfaqmifolrsm;[m jyZmwfwck+yD;oGm;wJhtcg y&dowfudk vufz0g;rsm;axmif+yD; E_wfquf=uonf? y&dowfuvnf; toHwdwf todrSwfðywJhtaejzifh o&kyfaqmifolrsm; udk vufz0g;rsm;axmifjy+yD; wkef@jyefonf? owif;tcsuftvufonf &dk;&dk;r[kwfay/ twdkuftcHrsm;u t=urf;zufr_udk tm;rudk;awmhay/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&. enf;AsL[mudk vdkufoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD r&Edkif[kqdkjcif;jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_onf olwdk@.&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifESifh worwfxJ jzpfae&rnf? xkd@a=umifh twdkuftcHrsm;u tpdk;&ESifhomru vuf0Jrsm;. t=urf;zuf qlylaomif;=urf;r_ rsm;ESifhvnf; uif;atmifaeonf? odk@aomf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ajymufusm;rsm;onf xdkodk@ wdusa&&mr_rsm;udk r=um;ovdkaeonf/ [efaqmif+yD; tpdk;&. ro'Dp&m enf;vrf;rsm;udkcGifhv$wfonf? The degolados v#yfppfrD;0efxrf;rsm;. tokb tcrf;tem;[m wdkif;jynf. av;yHkoHk;yHkxufreJudk tarSmifxJodk@ydk@vdkufaom csDvDEdkifiH. t"du v#yfppfrD;tm;puf&HkwGif


aygufyGJr_wcka=umifhjzpfcJh&onf? tajymif;tvJonf vufxJwGif&Sd&rnfqdkonfh !$efjy csufwdkif;twGuf aemufxyfoufao wck&Sdonf/ ,if;u twdkuftcH ppfwyfESpfckonf owfuGif;xJwGif a&mufaeonf? tu,fI olwdk@ aemufqHk;rSm &ifqdkifrnfqdkv#if csDvDEdkifiHonf jynfwGif;ppf 0J*,ufxJodk@ a&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? 'Drdku&ufwpf twdkuftcHrsm;u t=urf;zufr_wGif xdk}uH&mygrsm;=um;xJ axmif acsmufrdoGm;rnfudk jrifa,mifaeonf? ESpftukef c&pPrmwf. pdwf"mwfonf orwtm; aysmhajymif; apvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;+yD; bkef;awmf}uD; z&ufpEdkonf trsKd;om;a&; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfxdk;olrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef yDEdka&S;udk yk*~Kdvfa&;t& awmif;qdkr_wck vkyfcJhonf? “tJ'g ydkaumif;vdrfhr,f/ wu,fvdk@ aemufpmrsufESmudk vSefvdkuf&HkeJ@ pmrsufESmopfudk rD;awG/ aoG;awG/ pdwfysufr_awGeJ@ a&;ae&vdrfhr,f”[k yDEdka&S;u jyefajymcJhonf? (1986) ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tar&duef txufv$wfawmftrwf tuf'0gh'f uae'D csDvDEdkifiHodk@ tvnf tywfvmcJhonf? tpdk;&udk,fwdkif}uD;rSL;onfh =uufOESifhypfaygufjcif;rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&; a0zefr_rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;udk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;vdktyfaeaom wufºuGapaompdwf"mwf ol ay;cJhonf? azazmf0g&D[m (yDEdka&S;vdk t,lonf;ol wa,mufa,muftwGuf) aumif;usKd;ray;wJh edrdwfvuQ%mrsm;ESifh wu,fhudk jrnf[def;cJhonf? tm%m&SifESpfOD;jzpfaom a[wD rS *,efuavmh 'l;aA;vD;,m (Jean Claude Duvalier) ESifh zdvpfykdif u zm'Deef rm;udk@pf (Ferdinan Marcos) wdk@udk jynfESif'g%fay;vdkufonf? rm;udk@pf E_wfxGufoGm;jcif;[m a0g[m&topfwck urBmudkay;cJhonf? csDvDwGifvnf; rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfudk &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; jzpfapcJhonf? vlxk tm%momjzpfonf? odyfr=umcifwGifyif tar&duef orw. txufwef; t&m&Sd a':e,fa&*ifudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpku yDEdka&S;tpdk;&udk tajc,kdifatmif v_dufpm;aevm;qdk+yD; ar;=unfhawmh oluvnf; “r[kwfygbl;/ tckcsdefwGif r[kwfygbl;”qdk+yD; aemufrSvmrnfqdkonfhoabm xm;&pfcJh+yD; taysmftysufr[kwf tckdiftrmajz=um;cJhonf? tar&duef axmufcHr_ESifhtwl ukvor*~uvnf; vl@cGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf csDvDudk xyfrH&_H@cs vdkufjyefonf? odk@aomf [email protected] urBm.xifjrif,lqcsuf avt[kefESifhtwl twdkuftcHonf wdk;wufr_ rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rjzpfEdkif[k ol@[mol awG@vmonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_twGuf yDEdka&S;. jiif;qdkr_ESifh tpGef;a&muf vuf0Jrsm;. jrifhwufaeaom a=umufrufzG,f&m t&Sdeft[kefudk &ifqdkif&if; the Acuerdistas trsKd;om; oabmwlnDr_tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tjyifa&mufoGm;ouJhodk@ cHpm;&onf? xdk@aemuf olwdk@onf aemufxyf qENjyr_rsm;twGuf enf;y&d,m,frsm; uGJvGJukef=uonf? qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh c&pf,mef'Drdku&uf wcsKd@u qENjyr_rsm;udk xdef;xm;zdk@ jiif;qef=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif uGefqmaA;wpf a&S;&dk;pGJrsm;u tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcHr_ qHk;&_H;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? tvGeftu|Hrjzpfap&ef jiif;qdk=uonf? xdk@aemuf tzGJ@topfwck ay:vmonf? the Asamblea de la Civilidad (assembly of civility) ,Ofaus;odrfarG@olrsm;tzGJ@ jzpf+yD; ukefwifum;armif;olrsm;/ aps;onfrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh wjcm;twef; tpm;rsm;yg0ifonfh r[mrdwftzGJ@wck jzpfonf? tm,ef;a';acwfwGif xdkuJhodk@ r[mrdwftzGJ@wcku taESmuf t,Sufjzpfr_rsm; &SdcJhonf? ukefum;armif;olrsm;. oydwfonf ukefoG,fr_udk ysufpD;apvdrfhrnf/ aps;onfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;udk &yfqdkif;apvdrfhrnf/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf aq;&Hk/ wuUodkvfrsm;ESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufvdrfhrnf[k csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;u odonf? The Asamblea (,Ofaus;odrfarG@ olrsm;tzGJ@) u Zlvdkifv (2) &ufae@rSp+yD; trsKd;om;oydwfrsm; qufwdkufvkyf&ef awmif;qdkonf? twdkuf tcHxJrS tcsKd@ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; tm;vHk;vdkvdk aocsmayguf tdrfxJwGifomae=uvdrfhrnf/ ta0;a&muf vuf0Jrsm;uvnf;yg=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfqdkonfudkod+yD; aemufwGef@onf? xdktcsdefwGif wjznf;jznfatmifjrif vmaomoydwfonf a=umufrufzG,faumif;aom &ufpuf,kwfrmr_ topfwckatmufwGif usqHk;oGm;onf? Zlvdkifv (2) &ufae@wGif avmhpf Edk*gvufpf (Los Nogales) qif;&Jom;&yfuGufwGif r*~Zif;wcktwGuf tvGwf"mwfyHkowif;axmufwa,muftjzpf vkyfaeaomfvnf; owif;pmorm;wa,muf. t&nftaoG; r&Sdao;aom (19) ESpft&G,f &dk'&D*dk &dk*sufpf a'; ae*&D (Rodrigo Rojas de Negri) &Sdonf? olonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif }uD;jyif;cJholjzpfonf? olonf tm%modrf;r_a=umifh Edk;=um;vmr_wGif tESdyfpufcH&+yD;aemuf ta0;a&mufcJhaom csDvDrdcifwOD;. om;wOD; jzpfonf? olonf vrf;ydwfqdk@&ef oGm;&if; vli,f (2) a,mufqDodk@ um;wm,mtqkwfrsm;/ "mwfqDyHk;wck ESifh vufvkyfAHk; (Molotov Cocktails)twGuf ykvif;wcsKd@udk vufxJwGifukdif+yD; ajy;oGm;onf? r=umcifwGif umref *avmf&D,m uGifwmem (Carmen Gloria Quintana) qdkol (18) ESpft&G,f ausmif;olwOD;onf avmhpf Edk*gvufpf&yfuGuf tjyifbuf olav#mufrnfhvrf;tm; avhvm&efóud;pm;&if; olwdk@ESifhvmaygif;onf? csDvDEdkifiHom; (4) OD;tzGJ@ onf qENjy&efOD;aqmifonf/ uGifwmemESifh &dk*sufpfwdk@onf tapmydkif;


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ylazmif;rsm;uJhodk@ csDvDpD;yGm;a&;òyduGJoGm;jcif;udk jrifvdk=uonf? 0rf;enf;zG,fwckyif jzpfonf/ odk@aomf urBmqHk;wdkifawmh r[kwfacs? xdktcsdefESifra0;vSaom ppfat;wdkufyGJonf rD;pGJavmifr_+yD;aemuf ajcmufvcef@wGif aemufxyf 0ifa&mufvm jyefonf? tar&duef A[dkaxmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD (pDtkdifat)rS axmufvSrf;a&;ò*dvfwk. "mwfyHkrsm;rSwqifh csDvD&Sd v#Kd@0Sufvufeufxm;&Sd&mae&mrsm;udk&&Sd+yD; qifwD,m*dkòrd@wGif&Sdaom axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDudk owif;ay;onf? xdkudpPonf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; tdyfrufjzpfonf? qifwD,m*dk teD;em; (3) ae&mESifh ajrmufykdif;oJuEWm&&Sd (7) ae&m pkpkaygif; (10) ae&mu trf-16 &kdifz,f (3) axmif/ 'Hk;ypfavmifcsm &maygif;rsm;pGmESifh azmufcGJa&;ypPnf; wefcsdef&maygif;rsm;pGmESifh vufypfAHk;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf wefcsdeftawmf rsm;rsm; xGufvmonf? tpdk;&onf csDvD. uGefjrLepfaomif;=urf;r_tay: rD;cJjymzHk; a=umufvef@aer_udk udkifwG,fvmonfhtwGuf twdkuftcHrsm; a=umufvef@wkefv_yfvmonf? ta0;a&mufvuf0Jrsm;u EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ b0tajctaersm;tay: topfjzpfvmonfh yDEdka&S;. Zufóud;udkifr_udk qef@usif=uonf? pufwifbmv (4) &uf aom=umae@wGif trf'DyD jynfol@'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; u aemufxyf EdkifiHtESH@ oydwfarSmuf&ef óud;pm;onf? xHk;pHtwdkif; rD;owfydkufESifh rsuf&nf,kdAHk;rsm;. qufwdkufypfr_rsm;udkausmf+yD; bmwckrSrjzpfcJhovdk vk,ufr_wcsKd@ESifh vl (2) OD;aoqHk;r_om jzpfcJhonf? “twdkuftcHwdk@&J@ tm;enf;csuf awG[m yDEdka&S; udk,fydkiftiftm;xufydkjcif;a=umifh ol@udk ydkt"Gef@&Snfapw,f”[k trf'DyD t}uD;tuJu 0efcHajym=um;onf? xdkt"Gef@&Snfjcif;[m r=umcifrSm wefcdk;&Sifavmuf jzpfaponf? xdkwe*FaEGae@ naeapmapmwGif orw. ,mOfwef;onf tef'ufpf (the Andes) awmifwef;. jrLESif;rsm;=um;wGif auG@aumufarmif;ESifvmonf? xdktzGJ@onf t,fvf r,fvdkudkwGef (El Melocoton) rS qifwD,m*dkodk@ jyefvmaom armfawmfqdkifu,fpD; a&S@ajy; carabinero jynfol@&J (2) a,mufESifh twef;vdkufarmif;vmaom qD'ifum; (5) pD;wdk@jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@onf xdk;xGufaeaom urf;yg;wckESifh udkvdk&m'dkjrpfudk jzwfoGm;aom wHwm;teD;&Sd acsmufurf;yg;wdk@t=um;rS xGufay:vm+yD; vrf;v,facgifwGif &yfxm;aom ukefwifwGJqDodk@ jznf;jznf;armif;vmonf? *i,fauG@wck. tv,facgifavmufwGif &yfvdkuf ouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;onf? &kwfw&ufyif xdktzGJ@onf vrf;.ab; ESpfzufrS w&pyf ypfcwfr_udk cH&onf? 'Hk;usnf wcku tdky,fum;rsm;a&S@rS armif;vmaom armfawmfqdkifu,fa&S@ajy;tzGJ@udk rD;vHk;}uD;wckESifhtwl vdrfhoGm; aponf? aemuf'Hk;usnf wcku 'kwd,ae&mwGif&Sdaom xHk;acsmufa&mif zdk@'f *&efem'g (Ford Granada)um;udk zsufqD;vdkufonf? wwd,um;jzpfaom oHcsyfumwyfxm;onf rmqD'D;qD'ifum;udk rGpmusJatmif usnfqHrdk;&Gmcsvdkuf+yD; 'Hk;usnfjzifhypfcwf zsufqD;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf w&pyf ypfcwfr_onf pwkwˆESifh yOPrum;rsm;qDodk@ a&G@oGm;+yD; olwdk@vrf;udkvnf; ,mOfwef;aemufuaeygvmaom 'kwd, paw&Sif0uf*Gef;um;ESifh ydwfqdk@xm;+yD; jzpfonf? ypfcwfr_onf txufESifhatmuf ab;wzufwcsufrsm;qDrS ae&m,lxm;onftwGuf yOPrum;armif;orm; onf [email protected];udk twif;aemufjyefarmif;/ aemufjyefvSnfh+yD; vHk+cKHr_twGuf q,frdkif cef@a0;aom t,fvf rDvdkudkwGef bufodk@ w[kefxdk;armif;ajy;onf? qD'ifum;onf usnfqHrsm;ESifhtwl qefcgaygufrsm;jzpfukefonf? um;wHcg;rsm; tpdwfpdwftr$mr$muGJukefonf? 'Hk;usnfwcku raygufuGJyJ um;acgifrdk;udk ydefcsKdifhoGm;aponf? wdkufcdkufolrsm;onf &Gmrsm;bufodk@ xGufajy; aysmufuG,foGm;=uonf? tcsKd@u pDteftdkif trsKd;om; owif;axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uJhodk@ 0wfqifxm;olrsm;u vrf;ydwfqdk@jcif;rsm; vkyfcJhonf[k ajymonf? em&Daygif;twef=umonftxd aysmufoGmaom um;ay:ygolrsm;. =urRmqdk;udk b,folrSrodvdkufay? um;armif;orm;/ vufaxmufwa,muf/ &dk'&D*dk (Rodrigo) [kac:aom q,fESpft&G,f aumifav;ESifh [email protected]; atmf*ufpwdk yDEdka&S; (Augusto Pinochet)wdk@ jzpfonfudk b,folrS rovdkufacs? xdknwGif trsKd;om;&kyfjrifoH=um;rS AdkvfcsKyfay:vm+yD; aoewf&mrsm;ESifh aygufaeaom ol@. rmpDwD;um;ESifh twl ywfwD;pD;xm;onfh ol@. b,fbufvufudk ol@jynfolrsm;xH jyonf? yxrwkef;u ol. pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfvdkpdwfu um;udkpGef@ajy;zdk@jzpfonf/ xdkaemufwGif ol@ajr;av; b,favmuf tumtuG,frJhaernfudk oabmayguf+yD;/ qD'ifum;rSm usnfqefxdrSef+yD; pOfxGufaeaom oHprsm;/ rSefprsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeonhftwGuf aumifav;tm;


ol@udk,fvHk;ESifh uG,fay;xm;cJhonf? vlwdkif;u touf (70) &Sd+yDjzpfaom tzdk;}uDtay: b,fvdkyJpOf;pm;pOf;pm;/ b,folrS ol@udk o&Jabma=umifol[kawmh ajymEdkifrnf r[kwfygacs? xdktcgwGif csDvDonf aemufxyftm%modrf;r_atmufwGif &Sdaewkef;yifjzpfonf? aemufxyf umzsL;trdef@wck xkwfxm;onf? tarSmifacwf. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u qifwD,m*dkòrd@xJudk nbufwGif0ifvmonf? pwif bmv (8) &ufae@ reufapmapmwGif t&yf0wfESifhvlwpkonf uGefjrLepfwa,mufESifh trftdkiftm (awmfvSef aom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tzGJ@)ESifh qufoG,fol (2) OD;udk zrf;ac:vmonf? pwkwˆajrmufwOD;udk xdknbufwGif ac:vmjyefonf? olwdk@rsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;wGif usnfqefrsm;xdrSefxm;onfudk &yfuGuftoD;oD;u aemufydkif; wGif odoGm;cJhonf? &Dum'dk vm*dk@pf (Ricardo Lagos) tygt0if twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif (8) a,muf tzrf;cH &onf? c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; csDvDrS armif;xkwfcH&onf? oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;. yHkrSeftvkyftudkifrsm;udk tydwfcH&onf? AkdvfcsKyf. tHh=ozG,f aowGif;xJuae vGwfarmufvmjcif;. wzefEdk;x r_wGif pufwifbmv (9) &ufae@twGuf pDpOf+yD;jzpfaom ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;onf xl;jcm;aom tm;& auseyfr_ESifhtwl qufvkyfjzpfonf? tm%m&Sifonf wyfppfaq;yGJwGif tjrefav#muf csDwufvmaom ol@ppfom;rsm;udk tm;&0rf;om vufa0S@ ,rf;jyonf? uGefjrLepfaysmufusm;rsm;. vkyf&yfrsKd;jzpf+yD; vl (25) OD;tzGJ@ wdkufcdkufcJhonf[k abGEdk;at;&D;pfpfòrd@ owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif tufzfyDtrftm rsKd;cspfwyfOD; u azmfjycJhonf? xdkwdkufcdkufr_onf oufOD;qHydkif. ppfat;wdkufyGJ tmp&Smpudk cdkifrmapcJhonf? ydkqdk;onfrSm xdkwdkufyGJonf ol@tm; rausmfv$mEdkifawmhaom =oZmt&Sdeft0gudk ay;vdkufonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf aoeyfrsm; 'Hk;usnfrsm;. ,ef;aiG@rsm;=um;wGif oGm;&rnfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;tjyefvrf;rsKd;udk óudwifjrifcJhonf? &kwfw&ufyif olwdk@onf ab;'kuQqdk; ESpfckudk wck+yD;wck &ifqdkifcJh&onf? olwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&; tdyfrufonf vef;qef; wufºuGaeaom ppftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif a=urGysufpD;oGm;+yD;/ tm,ef;a';tpdk;&. t=urf;zufacsr_ef;r_atmufwGif jymuscJh &onf? odk@aomf t,fvf r,fvdkudkwGefòrd@ (El Melocoton) rStvm vrf;ray:rSjzpfysufr_rsm;onf pdwfvSnfhpm;r_udk aygufyGm;aponf? ao&mrS ol.vGwfajrmufvmjcif;onf yDEdka&S;udk ol. *k%foduQmydkif;wGif cdkifrmap+yD;/ olonf tajccHOya'ujyXmef;xm;aom (1989) jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif ,SOfEdkifolr&Sdaom ukd,fpm;vS,favmif; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; jzpfaponf? ol@tm; qef@usifaom t=urf;rzufolwGbufuawmh xdkwdkufckdufr_onf jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif yg0ifrnfh wOD;wnf;aomol@udk olwdk@. a&G;cs,fr_uae avsmhus aponf/ xdkqENcH,lyGJudk olwdk@u tusKd;r&Sdbl;[k jrifonf? xdk@tjyif olwdk@,Hk=unfxm;jcif;onf rsKdrusEdkifavmufatmif &_H;vdrfhrnf? wzef vuf0Jaysmuf usm;rsm;onfvnf; olwdk@vlrsm;tm;ac:&ef tcsdefwdk twGif; a&mufvm+yD;/ jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;. tm&HkOD;udkjrifae&+yD[k vHk;0xifxm;onf? xdkt&mtm;vHk;onf pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzpfonf/ vlwdkif;rSm;=uonf?

tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh upm;jcif; ratmifjrifaom vkyf}uHr_rS (1989) ckwGif pDpOfxm;aom rJqENay;r_tpDtpOfxd (aemufydkif;wGif (1988) ck atmufwdkbmvodk@ ajymif;oGm;cJhonf) tpdk;&rdk;aumif;uifxJrS vrf;jy=u,fonf tEdkifydkif;rnfh eD;uyfvmaom jynfol@qENcH,lyGJjzpfonf? rJrsm;udk tay:yJxnfhxnfh atmufyJxnfhxnfh/ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ydk@vdkufaom tpdk;&. ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;ESifh yg0if,SOfðydifrnfholr&Sdjcif;t=um; a&G;cs,fr_onf wckxJom vkdtyfonf? ta&twGufonf yDEdka&S; bufqDudk yHkusaeonf? odk@aomf olqHk;&_H;oGm;aomf rjzpfxdkufonfh tjzpftysufxJwGif olonf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; rvkyfao;rcsif; aemufxyf (17) v orwtjzpf wnf&Sdae& OD;rnf? ol@bufu &_H;&ifvnf; ol[m ppfwyf. ppfaoemywdtjzpf aemufxyf (8) ESpf &SdaeOD;rnf? xdk@tjyif ol@ppfr_xrf;ouf +yD;oGm;jyef&ifvnf; &moufyefv$wfawmftrwfwOD; qufjzpfaeOD;rnf? yDEdka&S;. tawG@@t}uKHopfonf tHh=ozG,ftaetxm;yHkpHrsm;udk ,lvmonf? wdkif;jynfudk ppftm%m odrf;xm;r_ESifh =o*kwfvwGif ae0ifrD;+idrf;trdef@xkwfxm;jcif;onf ESpfopful;wGif tqHk;owfoGm;onf? ta0; a&muf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; jyefvmcGif@ay;onf? a&S;&dk;pGJorm;rsm;. vufeufcszsufodrf;r_udk vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda)òrd@wGif ae@vnfpmjzifh óudqdkonf? xdk@tjyif 'kwd,ajrmuf ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; ykyf*|efaygvf vmvnfwJh {+yDvwae@wGif csDvDodk@jyefvmaom umrefuGifwm;em;udk ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;rS zuf&rf;erf;&H_@jcif;rSwyg; "gwfyHk &dkuf&ef wu,fhtcGifhta&;}uD;yifjzpfonf?


qif;&Jom;&yfuGufwGif aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;aom awmiftmz&du enf;udkoHk;+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif twdkuftcHudk wyef;om&ef qENcH,lyGJwGif tpkd;&wckvHk;.,EW,m;rsm;onf aus;vufòrd@awmf0efrsm;ESifh òrd@apmihfwyfwyfrSL;rsm;xd pD;qif;ouffoGm;+yD; axmufcHrJ&a&;twGuf aemufuG,frS pnf;&Hk;=uonf? rsufESma=umwif;aom AdkvfcsKyfonf odrfarG@vmonf? cufxef+yD; ,leDazmif;tjynfhtpHkESifh ,Ofyg;aeus jzpfaom yHk&dyfonf ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aom qif,ifr_rsKd;jzifh aysmhajymif;vmonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;u owWKwGif; wl;azmfa&;orm;wa,muf. OD;xkyfaqmif;xm;+yD; uav;aygufprsm;udk ðyH;ðyH;&$if&$ifESifh vufqGJE_wfquf aeonfh ol@tm; jrif=u&onf? tpdk;& csKyfudkifxm;aom &kyfjrifoH=um;XmerS ol. xGufaygufydwfaeaom EdkifiHom;rsm;udk }uD;yGm;aejcif;/ wnf+idrfaejcif;rsm;jyonf? yDEdka&S;onf oludk,fpm;vS,fjzpfEdkifacs&Sdvmaomtcg ol@twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk oa&mfavSmifajymif+yD; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk tcuftcJr&Sd qufwdkuf vkyfonf? xdkodk@ =oZm}uD;rm;aom tiftm;udkqef@usif&if; twdkuftcHrsm;onf ar#mfvifhcsufrJh ajcvSrf;rSm;[k ,lq onf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;onf a&S;&dk;pGJ0g'Drsm; ab;xGufukefjcif;/ qENjyr_rsm;&yfqdkif;&ef twdkuftcHrsm;udk zdtm;ay;jcif;rsm;a=umifh qdk;qdk;0g;0g; òyduGJoGm;onf? olwdk@onf tjcm;rnfr#yif +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifygap/ tpdk;&udk b,fawmhrS ðzwfrcsEdkifawmhay? [email protected]\emrsm;udk jznfhpGuf&if; wif;rmaom vuf0Jrsm;u qifwD,m*dkESifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aemufwenf;onf owfjzwfjcif;ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfonfqdkaom jrifuGif;udk yHkazmfay;+yD; &Hzef&efcg t=urf;zufr_rsm;vkyfonf? (1989) wGif qENcH,lyGJrvkyfoifhyJ a&G;aumuf yGJom vkyfoifhonf[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ,Hk=unfaeaom twdkuftcHrsm;=um;wGif aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;onf trSefwu,f atmifjrifyghrnfvm;/ tajzxGufyghrnfvm;[k oHo,rsm;jzpfvm=uonf? ueOD;u atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[kxifxm;aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;onf (1980) tajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef vdktyfaeonf? avwyfESifh a&wyftpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;rS xdkajymif;vJr_udk vufcHa=umif; ajymonf? jzpfEdkifacsudk vdkuf&if; qm*sDtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina) onf (1986) ESpfukefydkif;wGif vGwfvyf+yD;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvkyfonf? vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfu the Peace commission of the Catholic Church wGifvkyfudkifcJhaom rdkeDum *sif;rufeuf (Monica Jimenez)tm; OD;aqmif&ef zdwfac:cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif tar&dueftpdk;&XemrS}uD;rSL;+yD; *sif;rufeufudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk@ zdwfac:onf? xdktcg v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk pnf;&Hk;&efvkdtyfonf[k olrtm; t}uHay;onf? tar&duef vlrsKd;rsm;onf vlxkyg0ifvmatmifpkpnf;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@csKyf rJqEN&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;or*~rsm;rsKd; OyrmtpDtpOfrsm;udk csjyonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHom;rsm;yg0ifaom ppfyGJ (Crusade for Citizen Participation)[k ac:onf? aemufydkif; wGif vG,fvG,fululygvm=u+yD; r=umcifwGif apwemh0efxrf; ta,muf (7) axmifudk qENrJay;olrsm;xH pm&if;aumuf,l&ef apv$wf+yD;pnf;&Hk;cJhonf? csDvDEdkifiHwGif jynfol (12) oef;&Sdonf/ olwdk@xJrS (4) yHk (3) yHkausmfonf òrd@aevlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfonf? (8) oef;cef@onf t&nftcsif;jynfrDaom rJqEN&Sifrsm; jzpfonf? odk@aomf 3 oef;cef@udkom pm&if;oGif;EdkifcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@ vHk;0vGwfvyfwJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ pw,f/ tJ'DrSm vlwdkif;udk OD;wnfcsufxm; v_yf&Sm;w,f/ tJ'Daemuf cdkifrmwJh tuGuftuGif;awGudk OD;wnfcsufxm;wG,f? usaemfwdk@ a&mhcf azsmfajzyGJawGudk uruxvkyfw,f/ tJ'DrSm wm;jrpfxm;wJh aw;oDcsif;awGudk wD;r_wf azsmfajzonf? 0ifcGifhtwGuf ydkufqHrvdkbl;/ 'gayr,fh rJay;u'fjym;vm,lwJh olrsm;udkyJ 0ifcGifhðyw,f? wdkufwGef;cH&wJh vli,fawG pm&if;ay;zdk@vm=uw,f” [k *sif;rufeufu &Sif;jyonf? qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;rS tcdkifrmqHk; oufaojyonf[k *sif;rufeuf (Jimenez) u ajymonf? “bmvdk@vJ qdkawmh uGefjrLepfeJ@ qdk&S,fvpftpGJu txl;ojzifh 'Da'oawGrSm cdkifrmwJhtwGuf/ tJ'DrSm zdESdyfr_rsm;uvnf; ydkrsm;wJ@twGuf jzpfw,f/ aumvm[vrsm;vnf; jyeff@vGifhaew,f/ rJray;=ueJ@/ v#Kd@0SufwJhpuf,EW&m;awGu ighrJudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;vdrfhr,fqdkwJh aumvm[vyJ”[k *sif;rufeufu ajymjyonf? pnf;urf;u rSwfyHkwif u'f &Sd&rnf[kqdkonfhtwGuf tcsdefESifh aiG tenf;i,f tukeftuscH&efvdktyfaeI qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfaeonf? qENcH,lyGJrwdkifcif (2) vavmuftvdkwGif pm&if;aumuf,lr_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;&rnf jzpfonfhtwGuf tvkyfrsm;r+yD;cifwGif csDvDEdkifiHom; (4) oef;avmufudk rJqENay;&ef pm&if;oGif;EdkifcJhonf?


odk@aomf qENrJay;ol pm&if;oGif;r_onf wdk;wufvmaomfvnf; ESpfvnfydkif;ra&mufcifwGif vGwfvyfyGifhvif; aom a&G;aumufyGJjzpf&ef tcGifhtvrf;onf ysufpD;oGm;onf? xdkt&mtm;vHk;+yD;oGm;csdefwGif (1980) ckESpf tajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef enf;vrf;vHk;0r&SdcJhouJhodk@ jynfol@qENcH,lyGJtm; a&SmifvGJEdkifzdk@vnf; r&Sdawmhacs? tcsdefESifh óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_onf epfjrKyfoGm;cJh+yD; xdktcsdefwGif rJtEdkif&&ef }uD;rm;aom taESmuft,Sufrsm; &SdvmcJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;u jynfolrsm;udk yDEdka&S;. tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tEdkif,lr_rsm;udk 0ifa&mufupm;&ef jzpfEdkifonf? r#w+yD; &dk;om;aom qENrJay;r_rsm; &Sdvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdonf[k vufcH,Hk=unfaponf? olwdk@onf &kyfjrifoH=um;rS rJqG,fcGifh &zdk@vnf;vdkonf? vlxk. tjrifESifhrwlyJ twdkuftcHrsm;onf tpdk;&ESifhywfouf+yD; ,cifurvkyfEdkifcJhaom cHpm;r_tppftrSef rsm;udk xkwfazmfjyoonf? “usaemfwdk@ vlxkoabmxm;qENrJaumufcHr_awGudk vkyfcJhw,f/ yDEdka&S; tpdk;&[m aumif;w,fvdk@ ,lqolawG[m vlOD;a&&J@ (20) &mcdkifE_ef;uae (30) &mckdifE_ef;avmufom &Sdw,f? 'Dtpdk;&raumif;bl;vdk@ xljrifaeolawG[m vlOD;a&&J@ (70) &mcdkifE_ef;uae (80) &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf &Sdaew,f/ 'gayr,fh avhvmr_rsm;t& vlxk&J@ (80) &mcdkife_ef;[m yDEdka&S;r&_H;Edkifbl;vdk@ xifjrifae=uw,f”[k acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfaom a*em&dk tm&d,m*g'g (Genaro Arriagada)u ajymonf? twdkuftcHrsm; bufwGifvnf; vlxk&Sdonf/ tEdkif&&rnfqdkwm olwdk@udkjyzdk@vdkonf? twdkuftcHrsm;u rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;a&;rsm;twGuf tm&D,m*g'g acgif;aqmifaom ygwD (16) ckaygif;xm;onfh the Commando Para El No tzGJ@udk pwifwnfaxmifv_yf&Sm;onf? xdktzGJ@onf b¾ma&;tm;jzifh rjynfhpHkaomfvnf;/ (15) ESpfcef@vkyfvm=uaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;uJhodk@ u|rf;usifaom avhusifh ay;xm;aomolrsm;. tzGJ@wck jzpfonf? olwdk@onf xdktcsdefwGif olwdk@. csDvDjynfolrsm;. =oZmtm%m vnfywfonfhpepfjzpfaom zkH;tkyfaeonfh uGef,ufozG,f vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk jyefvnfvef;qef;vm&ef vkyfaqmifonf? r=umcifwGif olwdk@. tmabmfjzpfaom “Chile, la alegria ya viene (aysmf&$ifr_[m ol@vrf;ay:wGif &Sdw,f)”qdkonf aw;oDcsif;oHrsm;onf ae&mwdkif;wGif =um;ae&onf? No (uef@uGufonf) qdkaom pmvHk;wvHk;omygaom oufwef@yHk [email protected] vlxk.pdwfxJodk@ pdrfh0ifoGm;onf? xdktawmtwGif; av;pm;zG,f qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif &Dum'dk vm*dk@pf (Ricado Lagos) qENrJay;olrsm; t=um; xGufay:vmonf? olwdk@. ay;vdkaomowif;pum;onf jynfolrsm; uef@uGufrJay;rS olwdk@. pGrf;tm; ESifh csDvDEdkifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDbuf jyefa&muf&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? c&pf,mef'Drdku&uf acgif;aqmif Am;vf'ufpf (Valdes) ae&mtm; ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; (Patricio Aylwin) tpm;xdk;jcif;jzifh uef@uGufrJay;r_twGufvdktyfaeaom vltiftm;twGuf jyefjznfh&ef aqmif&GufEkdifrnf jzpfonf? ta&;}uD;qHk; rSm twdkuftcHygwDrsm;=um;wGif tu,fI axmufcHygonfqdkwJholrsm;bufu EdkifoGm;&ifudk em;vnf+yD; uawmufuqwf jzpfr_rsm;enf;yg;oGm;onf? tajccHqdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;awmifrS raxmufcHbl;qdkonfhbuf pkpnf;&ef t=urf;zufr_udk pGef@v$wf=uonf? aemufqHk;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;yif ajy;0ifvm=uonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;onfvnf; ta&;ygonf? *|efv aqG;aEG;cef;wGif &Dum'dk vm*dk;'f ygcJhonf/ yDEdka&S;udk vufnSdK;aigufaigufxdk; uifr&mudk wnfhwnfh=unfh+yD; wJhxdk;pum;ajymcJhonf? “cifAsm;[m wdkif;jynfudk ESdyfpuf!Sif;yrf;r_/ owfjzwfr_/ vl@tcGifha&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ aemufxyf (8) ESpftkyfcsKyfzdk@ uwdðyw,f/ csDvDEdkifiHom;wa,muf tm%mudk (25) ESpfavmuf vSnfjzm;udkifaqmifxm;zdk@twGuf &nf&G,fcsuf }uD;vGef;aewmudk usaemhtaeeJ@ vufrcHEdkifbl;”[k ajymcJhonf? aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tjcm;yg0ifolrsm;u cyfrqdwf aeapzdk@ }udK;pm;jcif;udk vufrcHbJ “usaemfhudk cGifhv$wfyg/ (15) ESpfvHk;vHk; yg;pyfydwfaecJh&wmawGtwGuf tckawmh ajymyg&ap”[k qufajymoGm;onf? xdktjzpftysufonf ol@udk emrnfausmfwa,mufjzpfatmif vkyfay;onf? &kyfjrifoH=um;wGif b,fvdk pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfudk olrodcJh[k aemufrS jyefajymjyonf? xdktjzpftysufonf *E<DawmifrS tdyfrufrrufcJhzl;aom vlxkaxmufcHr_&,l&ef pifjrifhwckjzpfcJhonf? =o*kwfvwGif tpdk;&onf jynfol@qENcH,lyGJusif;yrnfhae@udk (1988) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (5) &ufae@tjzpf owfrSwfay;vdkuf+yD; yDEdka&S;udk axmufcH&rnfhudk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf owfrSwfay;vdkufonftwGuf tcsKd@u r,Hk=unfEdkifavmufatmif jzpfoGm;onf? csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;. trSwfonmxJwGif yxrqHk; t}udrf tjzpf rJqENwck[m ydkufqHaphwckuJhodk@ &Sif;&Sif;av;jzpfonf? wzufwGif yDEdka&S;yHk ygonf/ wjcm;wzufwGif


pnf;vHk;aomtwdkuftcHrsm;ygonf? xdk@aemuf tpdk;&. owif;Xmersm;u pdk;&drfp&m aumif;avmufatmif ,HkrSm;vGefjzpfapatmif tjcm;tajymif;tvJonf 0&kef;okef;um;r_ jzpfEdkifonf[k tjyif;txef owday;r_rsm; vkyfonf? xdkcufxefaom0g'jzef@r_rsm;u twdkuftcHrsm;. ydk+yD;&kd;om;r_ESifh vlom;qefr_udkjzpfponf? tvkyform;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ vl}uD;vli,frsm; cspfcspfcifcif pkpnf;rdvmonfESifh ododomom xif&Sm;aeonf? v_yf&Sm;r_. uef@uGufrJ&&Sda&; aemufqHk;wGef;tm;ay;r_u &dk;om;aomrJa&wGufr_ wckudk awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfonf? (1988) ck jynfol@qENcH,lyGJonf yifudk,ftm;jzifh =unfvifonf? (1980) ckESpf qENrJay;r_ vkyfpOfuxuf ukvm;zefxdk;r_rsm; enf;onf? vlwdkif; tHh=o&avmufatmif tajccHOya' cHk&Hk;tzGJ@wcku jyif;jyif;xefxef wm0ef,l+yD; rJ&HktoD;oD;wGif tuJcwfrsm;udk pDpOfay;onf? xdkrSwqifh vkyfudkifr_tqifhqifhudk t,Hkt=unf&Sd vmatmif vkyfaqmifonf? twdkuftcHrsm;bufuvnf; rJvdrfIr&atmif udk,fwdkiftòydiftqdkif rJa&wGuf r_rsm; vkyfonf? csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;onf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rJay;Edkif=uonf? pkpkaygif; rJ&Hk (2) aomif; &Sdonfhteuf erlemrJ&Hk (10) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif tuJcwfrsm; csxm;cGifhðyonf? qefwD,m*dk&Sd uGefjyLwmA[dkXmeodk@ owif;rsm; xyfqifhydk@&efjzpfonf? TpHerlemonf &v'ftrSefxGufa&;twGuf tm;xm;avmufaom cef@rSef; csufudkay;onf? atmifjrifrnf[k ,Hk=unfxm;&if; yDEdka&S;onfvnf; [email protected]_udk ¹cGif;csufr&Sdtm;ay;aom rJqENwckudk &csifaeaomta=umif;&Sdonf? ol &mxl;ay;xm;aom ol@&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;uvnf; twdkuftcHrsm;udk pdwfysuf atmif aESmuf,Suf&+yD; olwdk@vufvSrf;rD&mrsm;wGif t[ef@twm;rsm;vkyf&onf? odk@aomf olonf r&dk;om;rrSefuefaom a&G;aumufyGJa=umifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrS xGufoGm;&aom zm'Deef rm;udk@pf. erlemudk vdkuf&ef qENvHk;vHk;r&Sday? yDEdka&S;onf ol@atmifjrifr_udk ay;Edkifrnfh qENrJudk vdkovdkcs,fvS,f&efvnf; tpDtpOfrsm; &SdcJhonf[k tcsKd@u awG;=uonf? xdkt&mudk vufOD;r_,l&ef v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;axmufcHolrsm;qDodk@ vSnfhoGm;onf? jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ rwdkifcif wvavmufwGif rdkeDum *sif;rufeuf (Monica Jimenez) ESifh ol@tazmfwa,mufonf òrd@awmf vHk+cKHa&;t}uD;tuJxH {nfhonfawmf EdkifiHwumtuJcwf ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@twGuf cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef oGm;awG@onf? jynfol@&Jrsm;u z&dkz&Jjzpfaeaom aumvm[vrsm;udk =um;ae&+yD; tqdk;qHk; tajctae rjzpfvm&ef jyifqifaeonf[k xdkt&m&Sdu ajymonf? “txl;ojzifh olwdk@awG[m vrf;rawGay:rSm ppfom;awG trsm;tjym;csxm;awmhr,fvdk@ oluajymjyw,f/ olwdk@awG[m tiftm;eJ@ qENrJcdk;zdk@ ta=umif;&Same =uw,f”[k *sif;reufZfu ajymjyonf? csDvDEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwa,mufu olrtm; a&Smif&Sm;aezdk@ESifh tar&duefoHtrwfudk oGm;awG@@zdk@ t}uHay;onf? xdkaemuf eHeuf (2) em&Dcef@wGif *sif;rufeuf wae&modk@ xGufcGmoGm;onf? tar&dueftpkd;&Xmeudk ydk@vdkufaom owif;wckudk =um;&+yD;aemuf oHtrwf bm;eufpf tdyf,mrS Edk;oGm;onf? xdkeHeufaemufydkif;wGif tar&dueftpdk;&XmerS csDvDEdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeodk@ a=u;eef;wck ydk@vdkufonf? xdkxJwGif *sif;rufeuf owif;ydk@csuft& xdkodk@ jzpfvmrnfqdkv#if tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaejzifh xdkqENcH,lyGJ &vm'fudk todtrSwfrðy[k yg&Sdonf?

twdwfqDudk r[kwf oef@&Sif;vwfqwfonfavrsm;u csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;. òrd@awmfudkv$rf;+cKHxm;aom c&rf;a&mif rD;cdk;jrLr_Htv$mudk wdkufxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh aEGOD;ayguf&moD. 'DAk'<[l;ae@ tm&HkOD;[m rdk;+cdrf;oHvdk =um;&+yD;/ aumf'Dav;&m; (The cordillera). ta&S@bufwGif v#yfpD;rsm; vufaeonf/ aEG;axG;+yD;oef@&Sif;aom avrSwqifh qifwD,m*dkòrd@udk ta&mifwifxdefxdefvif;vmzdk@ oef@pifay;vdkufonf? xdkae@onf (1988) ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (5) &uf/ csDvDEdkifiH. qENrJa&wGufaomae@ jzpfonf? “usaemf tjyifxGuf+yD; av#muf=unfhw,f/ olwdk@&J@ 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG0wfqif+yD; vlwdkif; wef;pDae=uw,f/ tvGefwdwfqdwf+yD; pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ@ rJay;zdk@ apmifhqdkif;ae=uw,f? vlwdkif;[m wcsdefcsdefrSm zsufodrf;oGm;rSm/ 'grSr[kwf ysufpD;oGm;rSmudk pdk;&drf=uwJhtwGuf reufykdif;}uD;rm;&Snfvsm;wJh vlwef;}uD;awG[m naeydkif;rSm wa,mufrS r&Sdawmhrvdk jzpfaew,f”[k vmau qm*&Dpf (Lake Sagaris)u ajymjyonf? ppfx&yfum; rsm;ESifh jynfol@&J teufa&mif ywfwa&mifum;rsm;onf òrd@tESH@ ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf? wdkufyGJ0if ,leDazmif; rsm;ESifh ESdyfeif;a&;wyfom;rsm;onf olwdk@ESifhtwl&Sdaeonf? yDEdka&S;uvnf; owif;axmufrsm;udk ol@wGif wyfom;tiftm; (2)


aomif; (5) axmif toifh&Sdonfqdk+yD; today;onf? qifwD,m*dkòrd@tESH@wGif ykef;atmif;aeaom a&cJjyifav#mpD;rsufESmzHk;rsm;ESifh wap>o&Jvdkvlrsm;vnf; &Sdaew,f[k vlxku ajymae=u onf? xdkae@tjzpftysuftwdkif; qm*Dtdk rdkvDem (Sergio Molina)u [email protected]; ausmif;om;rsm;,lvmaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwl ol@uGefysLwmxJ tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;onf? xdknaeapmif; (9) em&Dcef@wGif ola&wGuf=unfoavmufonf uef@uGufrJu ta&S@uajy;aeonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&uawmh axmufcHrJu EdkifoGm;onf[k ajymonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@0if (2) a,mufjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf zmeef'dk rufoJtD; (Fernando Matthei) ESifh a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; *sKdaq; rm&DEdk (Jose Merino) wdk@u a&wGufr_ (2) ckvHk;tm; apmifh=unfh+yD; uef@uGufrJta&twGufu vHk;0Edkifonfudk r=umcif odoGm;onf? orw eef;awmfwGif òrd@v,facgif aysmf&$ifr_ udk t&Sdefavsmh&ef jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@udk rSmonf? jynfol@qENcH,lyGJudk zsufodrf;ypf&ef &r,f&Smawmhonf? odk@aomf olwdk@u jiif;qdkonf? tm&D,m*g'gu tòydifrJ ta&twGufudk qufvufxkwfjyefonf/ odk@aomf rxl;jcm;ay? EdkifiHawmf&kwfjrifoH=um;XmerS axmufcHrJta&twGufu a&S@uajy;aeonf[k ajymonf? xdk@aemuf a&G; aumufyGJowif;rsm;udk &yfvdkuf+yD; umwGef;um;rsm;ESifh tar&duef[mojyZmwfrsm; v$ifhaeonf? nv,fwGif aemufxyf rJta&twGuftopfrsm;udk rausnmawmhonfhtcgwGif xm0&òydifbufrsm;jzpfaeaom qm*Dtdk tGefEdkza&; *sm&yg; (Sergio Onofre Jarpa) ESifh ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; (Patricio Aylwin) wdk@ uufodkvpf wuUodkvf &kyfjrifoH=um;vdkif;rS twlay:vm+yD; uef@uGufrJuEdkifawmhrnf[k a=unmcJhonf? xdk@aemufodyfr=umcifwGif yDEdka&S;u ol@0ef}uD;tzGJ@udkac:+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJwGif ol &_H;oGm;+yD[k ajymonf? xdk@jyif olwdk@tm; csufcsif;E_wfxGuf=uzdk@ ajymonf? acgif;ajcmufoGm;aom 0ef}uD;rsm; xGufoGm;wmESifh wòydifeuf aemufxyf ppftpdk;&. wyfrrSL; (3) ODudk ac:onf? olwdk@onf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerS vm; rGefae;'g; (La Moneda)udkoGm;aom &ifjyifudk jzwfvm=uonf? vrf;ay:wGif AdkvfcsKyf rufao;tD; (Matthei) u owif;pmq&mrsm;udk ajym=um;&ef&yfvdkuf+yD; uef@uGufrJu EdkifoGm;a=umif;udk ajymonf? ol@rSwfcsufpum; onf òrd@xJodk@ jyef@oGm;+yD; twdkuftcHrsm;u wzufapmif;eif;jzpfr_udkqef@usif+yD; olwdk@EdkifoGm;+yD[k rSwf,lvdkuf =uonf? wyfrrSL; (3) OD;tm; apmifhaeaom txJrSvlonf a'gojzpf+yD; pm;yGJcHkudk vufoD;jzifhxk+yD; opPm azmufwmyJ[k atmf[pfvdkufawmhonf? olwdk@ pD;yGm;a&;udk pwifaZmufcsvkyfawmhrnftcsdefwGif yDEdka&S;u ol@udkaxmufcH&ef ol@taygif;tygrsm;udk wGufaeonf[k ajymonf? olwdk@tm; ppfOya'xkwfzdk@ wyfrsm;udkapv$wf&ef a&mufae=u+yDqdkwJh oabmrsKd; oG,f0dkufajymvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf *k%foduQm&Sdaom xdkt&m&SdoHk;OD;vHk;onf oGm;&efjiif;qefcJhonf? yDEdka&S;u &GHrkef;pGmjzifh “aumif;+yD/ ppfwyfuyJ qufvkyfawmhr,f/ igwdk@ rif;wdk@tultnD rvkdawmhbl;”[k ajymvdkufonf? xdkaemuf olwdk@tm; rSwfwrf;wckudk vufrSwfxdk;&ef ajymonf? “bmrSwfwrf;vJ”[k olwdk@u ar;onf? ol@vufaxmufrsm;u pm&GufwcsKd@udk ,lvm+yD t&m&Sdrsm;u zwfjyonf? tpkdk;&. wjcm;tzGJ@0if rsm;u olwdk@. tm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk yDEdka&S;udk v$Jajymif;ay;ygonfqdkaom xkwfjyefcsufwckjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyf wa,mufu orwa&S@wGif csufjcif; qkwfjzJypfvdkuf+yD; ajr}uD;ay:odk@ v$ifhypfvdkufonf? xdktcsdefwGif yDEdka&S;udkqef@usifolrsm;u ol@udk ol@[email protected];tjzpf xnfhoGif;owfrSwfvdkufonf? xdkwGifyif +yD;qHk;oGm;awmhonf? Commando de No (uef@uGufrJwyfom;rsm;). atmifyGJonf jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pD.tp vHk;0 r[kwfovdk/ atmf*ufpfwdk yDEdka&S;ESifhywfouf+yD; wdkif;jynf. cHpm;ae&aoma0'em tqHk;owfoGm;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf; csDvDEdkifiH.ordkif;wGif yÉdyuQrsm;trsm;qHk; zdpD;aeaom tcsdefumvudk tqHk;owfoGm;aponf? wESpfcef@ =umaomtcg ygx&DqDtdk t,fvf0if; u qENrJ (6) oef;eD;yg;. (55) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf+yD; tpdk;&bufu udk,fpm;vS,favmif;xuf (2) q tomjzifh tEdkif&+yD; orw jzpfoGm;onf? olonf EdkifiHudk trdef@ay;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiH.vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udkawmh trdef@ay;Ir&ay? tpdk;&opf.txufwGif yDEdka&S;onf Vif;w}uD;waumifuJhodk@ em;aewkef;yif? tjcm;tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; olwdk@vdkvm;&if (1977) ESpf rwdkifciftxd qufaeEdkifonf? odk@aomf atmifyGJcH+yD;+yD;csif;wGif csDvDjynfolrsm;onf wdkif;jynf. 0rf;enf;zG,ftajctae tqHk;owfudk usif;y&ef cGifhðyvdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJnwGif qifwD,m*dk. vrf;rrsm;onf tvHrsm;/ uef@uGufrJ ezl;pnf;pmwef;rsm;udk a0S@&rf;aeaom csDvDEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeonf? trsKd;om;&Jrsm;u tem;wGif a0'emudk}uH@}uH@cH rwfwyf&yfaeonfhtcsdefwGif pDwef;vSnfhvnfolrsm;onf vGefcJhwJh (5) ESpf arvwkef;u olwdk@wGif&SdcJhaom OD;csKdrsm;udk


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tar&duef awmifykdif; jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_

“rjrifEkdifaom tiftm;rsm;”

tmz&duef-tar&duef0ef}uD; a'gufwm [kd;0g'f om;&fref; (Dr. Howard Thurman) onf

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ ta=umif; ESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif jzpfay:aeaom vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf rnfuJhokd@ vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfukd tdENd,EkdifiH&Sd rkd[ef'wfpf *END (Mohandas Gandhi) tm; ar;jref;vkdonftwGuf rwfv 1936 ckESpfwGif oGm;a&mufawG@qkHcJhygonf? tdENd,acgif;aqmifrsm;. (1920) ESifh (1930) v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;ukdvnf; xdyfwef; tar&duefvlrnf; owif;pmESifh *sme,f}uD;rsm;rSm owd}uD;pGmESifh az:jyaecJhonf? rm;uyfpf *gAD; (Marcus Garvey) ESifh 'AvsL tD; bD 'lbkd;tpf(p) (W. E. B. DuBois) uJhokd@aom vlrnf; EkdifiHa&; ESifh ynmwwf acgif;aqmifykdif;rsm;rSvnf; tdENd,&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd tar&du&Sd tmz&duefrsm;twGuf pHerlemwcktjzpfxm;=uonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh a'gufwm om;&fref;. c&D;onf bk&m;zl;c&D;wpfck[kyif qkdEkdifygonf? vlrnf;0ef}uD;u t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ (non-violance) ukd aphpyfa&;jzifh r[kwfyJ oydwfarSmufjcif;/ qENjyjcif; ponfjzifh wkduf&dkufv_yf&Sm;r_ (Direct Action) ykHpHwcktjzpfowfrSwfygovm;[k ar;jref;aomtcgwGif *ENDu “'g[m urBmay:rSm t}uD;us,fqkH;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_tiftm;” tjzpf av;eufjywfom;pGmajzqkdcJhonf? +yD;awmh olu xkdtiftm;ukd pdef@aygvf&Jh cspfjcif;arwWmESifh E_dif;,SOfcJhygonf? vufatmufcHjzpfae&jcif;b0wGif }uHh}uHhcHEkdif &eftwGuf ukd;uG,fr_bmomw&m;ukd vkdtyfonfh cGeftm;tjzpf t+rJwrf;=unfhwwfaom tar&duefvlrnf;rsm;tzdk@ TudpPonf tvGefpdwf0if;pm;zG,f&maumif;aomt&m wcktjzpf jyefajymif;ajymqkdygao;onf? vlrnf;owif;pmq&m a*g'Gef [efuGwfu 1932 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom The Norfolk Jounal and Guide txJwGif “*END&Jh pGrf;tm;[m ausmrGJemZm&if;awG&Jh b0eJ@ tqkH;trrSm pdwf"gwfukd wdrf;!Gwfatmif vkyfEkdifwmu/ tiftm; tm%meJ@ tEkdif,lwmxuf/ ykdaumif;onf” [k jznfhqD;ay;cJhonf?

okd@aomf tcsKd@aom vlrnf;avhvma&;orm;rsm;u *END}uD;. vufawG@oifcef;pm tvkyfrsm;ukd a=ueyfESpfouf tm;&=uonf? tdENd,wGif (1921) ESifh (1922) yl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfaecsdefwGif onf csDum*dk 'Dzef;'g The Chicago Defender owif;pmrS owif;pmq&mwpfa,mufu tar&dum;wGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_rsm;udkusifhoHk; ae=uonfh ukef;vrf;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;um;rsm;udk qef@usifuef@uGufonfhoydwfrsm;ukd óudwifjrifcJhygonf? “usaemfwkd@ . ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh vrf;av#mufxGufwJhtcg temw& apmfum;cH&wJhtcg wae@ae@rSm awmifykdif;òrd@}uD;rsm;&Sd csrf;omºuG,f0onfh "mwf&xm;um;ykdif&Sif}uD;rsm;. um;rsm; tvGwfjzpfaernfukd usaemfwkd@,kH=unfygw,f?” [kd;0g'f om;&fref;eJ@awG@+yD; wESpfcef@t=umwGif *END}uD;u tjcm;xif&Sm;aom tmz&duef-tar&duef vlrnf; ESpfa,mufjzpfonfh a'gufwm csefeif; wkdbd,ufpf (Dr. Channing Tobias) eJ@ a'gufwm bif*srif ar;pf (Dr. Benjamin Mays) wkd@ukd t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI Tokd@ajymcJhygonf “E_wfjzifh ajymjy&kHjzifh r&Ekdifygbl;/ vufawG@vkyfaqmif&rSm jzpfygw,f/ +yD;awmh wpfOD; wpfa,mufcsif;pD&Jh &JpGrf;owWd eJ@ wpfa,mufwnf; vkyf&wm r[kwfygbl; - 'g[m vlxktiftm;eJ@om vkyfaqmifEkdifygw,f?” olu Todk@ajymqdkcJhonf? t=urf;zufenf; tokH;ðyjcif;ukd qef@usifonfESifh ywfoufI [pfwvm/ rlqkdvkdeD ESihf pwmvifwkd@. t=urf;zufjcif;. vufiif;tusKd;jzpfxGef;r_&Sda=umif;ukd *ENDtaejzifh 0efcHaomfvnf;/ ol@taejzifh ,kH=unfpGm edrdwfzwfcJh onfrSm “'g[m *sif*pfcef owfjzwfr_rsm;vkd tcsdefykdif;r#om cHygvdrfhr,f”/ a&S;a[mif; rGef*kd ppfbk&ifukd &nf!ïef;ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf? ol. tifykdif,m oJjyif}uD;.atmufukd jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onfrSm =umcJhyg+yD? t=urf; rzufv_yf&Sm;r_[m &kd;pif;aomfvnf;yJ aemufqkH;wGif thHrcef;t&mwcktjzpf urBm}uD;wckvkH;rSm twm;tqD;r&SdwnfwHh&yfwnfaerSmukd *END}uD;u jrifonf? rjrifEkdifaom tiftm;w&yf. wdwfqdwf+yD;/ xda&mufaom vkyfief;w&yftjzpf ,kH=unfaecJhygonf? olajymcJhonfhtwkdif; tar&dum;wGif jrifawG@cJh&onfrSm aemufxyf ESpfaygif; 30 wdkif vlom;wrsKd;vkH;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd pHepfwus/ wcgw&H t=urf;zufIjiif;qkdr_rsm; ajymifuspGmqufvuf&SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttcsuf onf thHrcef;zG,f&mudpPr[kwfyJ pufqkufzG,f&momjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl *ENDajymcJhaom tiftm;rsm;rSm us,fjyef@aom twkdif;twmESifhtwl tm;vkH;ukd ajymif;vJapEdkifcJhygonf?


o=u*[ awmifykdif;okd@0ifvmjcif; tawG;tac:&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;

1959 ckESpf tukefykdif;tcsdefwGif jzpfonf? csDum*kdawmifbufykdif;&Sd 'kdif,if; emh&Sf (Diane Nash) trnf&Sd

tmz&duef-tar&duef trsKd;orD;i,f wOD;onf wefeufpDjynfe,f (Tennessee) òrd@awmf&Sd vlrnf;rsm;}uD;pkd;aeaom zpfuf wuUokdvf (Fisk University) 0ifcGifhtwGuf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? urBm}uD;ukd atmifEkdif&ef&nf&G,fI olr aumvdyfausmif;ukdoGm;cJhonf/ odk@aomfvnf; emh&SfAD;vf (Nashville) òrd@rSmawmh olrukd rjrif&aom wHwkdif;rsm;. aemufuG,fwGif xm;rnfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk olr awG@vkduf&onf? tcsdeftm;&Sdwkdif; òrd@av;xJodk@ olrpGef@pm;I oGm;vmcJhonf? olrukd 'kwd,wef;pm;vlwOD;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfqkdwm owday;aomolrsm;/ vljzLrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh &onf? yxrqkH;t}udrfuawmh wefeufqDjynfe,f zGH@òzd;om,ma&;tzGJ@eJ@awG@qkH&ef olr oGm;aomt}udrfjzpfonf? tom;a&mif uGJjym;olrsm;twGuf oD;oef@xm;aom a&tdrfukd tokH;ðycJh&onf? TtajctaersKd;udk ajrmufykdif;a'orsm; wGif aexdkifpOfu olr rawG@óuHcJh&? òrd@xJukd aps;0,foGm;onf? 0l;vf0kd@of (Woolworth's store) pwkd;qkdifwGif ae@vnfpm pm;zkd@0ifxkdifaomtcg “usaemfwkd@ epf*g (Nigger) awGukd {nfhrcHygbl;”[k tajymcHcJh&onf? olrtaejzifh qif;'0pftom;n‡yfaygifrkef@ukdpm;csifygu tjyifukd,loGm;+yD; pm;&rnfjzpfonf? tjcm;aom vlrnf;rsm; xkdtwkdif; pm;aomufae=uonfukdvnf; olrawG@&ygonf? “'g[m vl@*k%foduQmudkcsKd;azmufr_yJ/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_tay: usr&Jh rkef;wD;r_[m }uD;xGm;cJhygw,f?” olru jyefajymjyonf? emh&Sfu zpfufrSm&Sdaom tjcm;aomausmif;om;rsm;ukd vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh wkdufyGJrsm; ‚if;wkd@od/ rod ta=umif;ukd ar;jref;=unhfonf? xdkolrsm;u “at;at;aeyg/ rif;taeeJ@ bmrS ajymif;vJEkdifvdrfhr,f r[kwfbl;/ rif;taeeJ@ 'kuQa&mufzkd@yJ&Sdw,f? rif;taeeJ@ ausmif;oGm;+yD; pmoifcef;xJrSm tcsdefawGudk bmjzpfvkd@tokH;rcswmvJ/ ausmif;tm;&ufqkd&ifvnf; ygwDyGJawGqDukd bmvkd@roGm;wmvJ” [komtajz&&SdcJhonf? aemufqkH;rSm olru aygvmy&'f (Paul La Prad) trnf&Sdaom zpfufwuUokdvfu vljzLausmif;om;wa,mufukd ar;jref;cJhygonf? xdkausmif;om;u ol 0ef}uD;wa,mufukdodonf/ xdk0ef}uD;[m t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ygwfoufaom tvkyf&kH aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk wufa&mufEdkifrnfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk &Smaeonff[k owif;ay;onf? emh&Sfu olr TuJhodk@aqG;aEG;yGJrsKd;udkwufrnf/ óud;pm;r,f[k qkH;jzwfcJhonf? tvkyf&kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd tygwfpOf t*Fgae@naewkdif; rufo'pf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;i,fav;wpfckwGif ðyvkyfonf? vljzLausmif;om;rsm; tenf;i,fygaomfvnf;/ wwfa&mufaomausmif;om;trsm;pku vlrnf;e,fajrrsm;rSm&Sdaom vlrnf;wuUokdvfrsm;rS ausmif;om;trsm;pk jzpfonf? olwkd@onf rkd[ef'ghpf *END (Mohandas Gandhi) ta=umif;ESifh ol. o=u*[udk avhvm=uonf? zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tqkH;owfEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifae=uaom jynfolvlxk. trsuf a'goonf trSefw&m;ykHpHwckjzpfonf/ Todk@v_yf&Sm;r_jzifhom zdESdyfolrsm;. ESvkH;om;ESifh pdwfxm;ukd ajymif;vJypfEdkif apvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? vufawG@o&kyfjyavhusifhcef;rSmwGif olwkd@onf ukd,fxdvufa&mufaomfvnf;aumif;/ E_wftm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif; apmfum;r_rsm;ukd jyefvnfrwkef@jyefyJ/ tu,fI wkdufckdufcJhvmcJhv#ifaomfrS ‚if;[email protected]<mukd,fukd rxdcdkuf&avatmif rnfokd@umuG,f&rnf/ tp&Sdonfwkd@ukd avhusifhavhvm=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@tkyfpki,fav;rSty jyify vlrsm;u rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;r_ rjy=uay? odk@aomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u tar&duefawmifykdif;&Sd xkH;wrf;pOfvm ozG,fjzpfaeaom vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ pepfukd pepfwus&ifqkdifwkdufckduf&eftwGuf jyifqifae=uygonf? rufo'pf0ef}uD; *sdrf;pf avmffqif (James Lawson) ESifh Aef'gbvfwf bmoma&;ausmif;rS (Vanderbilt School of Divinity) bGJ@&ausmif;om;wOD;wkd@onf olwkd@. q&mrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? rsufrSefwyfxm;aomT tmz&duef-tar&duef vli,fav;onf (1958) emh&SfAD;vf (Nashville) ukdoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif touf (30) r#om &Sdygao;onf? okd@aomfvnf; t=urf;zufr_tay: ol. &GH@vsmrkef;wD;r_ESifh vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_}uD;xJwGif *k%foduQm&SdpGm aexkdifcJh& aom tkd[kdif;,kdjynfe,f i,fb0u ol@udkaphaqmfcJhonf? tJonf i,fumvrsm;wkef;u olonf rdcif/ zcifwkd@. =uifem El;nHhaom apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif }uD;jyif;cJh&onf? ol}uD;jyif;vmwJhtcg i,fb0uoif=um;cJh&aom &efukd&efcsif; rwkef@ESif;&ef/ onf;cHcGifhvïwfr_ tp&Sdonfh bmoma&;tqkH;trrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_rsm;. a0zefwkdufckdufr_rsm;ESifh awG@óuHvm&awmhonf? ol.zl;yGifhump t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_0g'onf tdENd,&Sd *END}uD;.atmifjrifr_ owif;aumif; rsm;. qGJaqmifr_jzifh ykdrkdtm;aumif;vm+yD;/ xkdowif;rsm;ukd vlrnf;owif;pmrsm;wGif tm;óud;rmefwuf a&;om;awmh onf? tkd[kdif,kd jynfe,f&Sd rufo'pfausmif;wckjzpfaom abmf'Gif a0gavhpf (Baldwin-Wallace College) aumvdyfwGif avmffqifu *END. tawG;tac:rsm;ukd yxrOD;qkH;tjzpf av;av;eufeufavhvmcJhygonf? ausmif;0if;xJ oGm;vnfaom wae@wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh w&m;r#wr_twGuf tjyeftvSef ,kH=unfa&; tkyfpkwck jzpfaom Fellowship


of Reconciliation (FOR) rSat-a*s rwfpfwD (A.J. Muste) ESifhavmffqif rdwfaqGjzpfcJh&+yD; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u *smr%Dudk ckcH qef@usifcJhaom 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;. ckcHr_tygt0if/ *END. a&;om;r_rsm;ESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ orkdif;a=umif;rsm;ukd rdwfqufay;cJhygonf? avmffqiftm; ab;,'f &yfpwif (Bayard Rustin) ESifh *sdrf;pf zmrm; (James Farmer) uJhokd@aom tjcm;aom vlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,f&efajymqkdcJhygonf? avmffqifonf r*~Zif;ukdvnf; vpOfa=u;ay;oGif;+yD; (1936) ckESpfwGif *ENDESifh oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhaom 0ef}uD; [kd;0g'f om;&fref; ta=umif;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhygonf? tapmykdif;uwnf;uyif avmffqifonf wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;pepfrsm;udk tawG@tóuH&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf? xkd tawG@tóuHrsm;ukdyif emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfa0iSoifay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? txufwef;ausmif;wGif &SdpOf uwnf;uyif olESifh tjcm;aomoli,fcsif;wOD;wkd@onf tom;n‡yfaygifrkef@qkdifwckwGif tjcm;aomvlrnf;rsm;uJhodk@ qkdifjyifyrpm;yJ/ qkdiftwGif;Y 0ifa&mufpm;aomufcGifh&&ef awmif;qkdcJhzl;onf? aumvdyfausmif;wGif &SdpOf taemuf tv,fykdif;w0kduf&Sd vli,ftpnf;ta0;rsm;twGuf c&D;oGm;vmaomtcgrsm;wGifvnf; xkdcGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;twGuf wukd,fawmfwkdufyGJqifr_rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ‚if;. &J0Hhaom tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf vlrsKd; cGJjcm;r_0g'twGuf &nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfyJ/ ppfyGJqef@usifa&;twGufjzpfcJhonf? xdktcsdefu tar&duefwyfzGJ@rsm; ukd&D;,m; ppfyGJwGif yg0ifaepOfjzpfonf? (,if;ukd avmffqifu rSm;,Gif;aom vkyf&yf[k ,kH=unfcJhonf?) 0ef}uD;Xmem. ppfr_xrf; qkdif;iHhcGifh/ usifh0wfta=umif;jycsufjzifh ppfr_xrf;&ef jiif;qkdol tqifhtwef;wkd@ukd awmif;cH&efxuf/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&; bkwftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ olu jiif;qefvkdufonf? xkdjiif;qkdr_twGuf tar&duef tpdk;&tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y wESpfausmf=umaexkdifcJh&avonf? abmf'Gif a0gavhpf (Baldwin-Wallace College) aumvdyfrS bGJ@&&Sd+yD;aemuf avmffqif tdENd,okd@ xGufvmcJhonf? tdENd,&Sd em*fyl;òrd@ aumvdyfwckwGif omoemðywOD;tjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? avmffqif. tvkyfonf pmoifay;&eftwGufomjzpfaomfvnf;/ tdENd,EkdifiHw0Srf;vkH;okd@vSnfhvnfI avhvmcJhonf? okH;ESpfr#=umjrifh+yD;aemuf *END}uD;ESifhywfoufI wpkdufrwfrwfpkHprf;avhvmr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJh+yD; r[wWr*END. aemufvkdufwynfhaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@ESifhvnf; awG@qkHcJhonf? tjcm;aom tdENd,acgif;aqmif}uD;ESifhywfoufI tvGefenf;yg;vSonfh A[kokwrsm;&Sdonfh tmz&duef-tar&duef rsm;pGmwkd@uJhokd@yif/ c&pfawmf.pdwf0dnmOfrsm;onf *END}uD;. oif=um;r_rsm;ESifh b0ay:wGif xif[yfaeonf [k ,kH=unfvmcJhonf? *ENDaemufvkdufwOD;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ c&pfawmf aemufvkdufwOD;tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; avmffqiftwGuf cgwkdif;xufykdI bmr#xl;jcm;rvmcJhay? 1955 ckESpf 'DZifbmv - avmffqiftdENd,wGif &SdaepOf wae@Y emh*fyl;wkdif;rf owif;pmukd aumuf,lzwf=unfh vkdufrdonfhtcg armif*kdrm&D ESifh tvmbm;rm;òrd@rsm;wGif vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;xm;onfh òrd@wGif; "gwf&xm;/ um;rsm;ukd oydwfarSmufaeonfukdawG@vkduf&avonf? yxrOD;qkH;t}udrftjzpfvnf; ‚if;ESifh oufwl&G,fwl bkef;awmf}uD; rmwif vlomuif; *sLeD,m (Martin Luther King, Jr.) . ta=umif;ukd =um;vkduf&onf? tdENd,okd@ rxGufcGmcifu avmffqifonf *END.tawG;tac:rsm;ukd awmifykdif;&Sd vljzL/ vlrnf;cGJjcm;r_ wkdufyGJrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;tokH;ðy&v#if aumif;rnf[k pOf;pm;cJhao;onf? ,cktcg armif*kdrm&D tjzpftysufjzpfyGg+yD;aemuf omrefvlrnf; jynfolrsm;onfvnf; xkdv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif yl;aygif;yg0if&ef toifhjzpfae+yD[k ,lqvmcJhonf? yxrurBmppft+yD; tdENd,rSmuJhokd@ t=urf;rzuf vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf awmifykdif;onfvnf; tcsdefus &ifhrSnfhvm+yD[k jrifvmonf?

1956 ckESpfwGif avmffqif tar&dum;ukd jyefoGm;cJhonf? tkd[kdif;,kd; ukdoGm;+yD;aemuf tkdbmvif aumvdyfwGif r[mbJG@twGuf ausmif;qufwufcJhygonf? ol.yef;wkdifrSm oDtkdvkd*sD bmoma&;avhvma&;ynmwGif yDtdwfcsf'D (yg&*l bGJ@) &atmif,l+yD;aemuf vlom;tm;vkH;nDr#a&;twGuf tvkyfqufvkyf&efjzpfonf? okd@aomf (1957) ckESpf azaz:0g&D vwGif tkdbmvifaumvdyfokd@ rmwifvlomuif;tvnftywfa&muf&Sdvm+yD;aemuf ol. yxrOD;pm;ay;xm;r_rS vrf;vGJ vmcJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif trsm;.acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHxm;&onfh uif;onf tkdbmvifwGif rdef@cGef;ajym&ef twGuf oGm;a&mufcJhonf? xkd@jyif olonf ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh awG@qkH&eftwGuf ae@vnfpm pm;yGJi,fav;wckukdvnf; pDrHxm;ygonf? avmffqifonf uif;xkdifaeaom pm;yGJ. a&S@wnfhwnfhwGif ae&m,l vkdufygonf? xkd@aemuf ol. axmifwGif;tcuftcJrsm;/ jy\emrsm;/ tdENd,wGif aexkdifpOfESpfrsm; ESifh ol. tcsdwftqufrsm;/ xkdolrsm;rS uif;tm;t}uHay;ykHrsm;ESifh vuf&Sd pmoif=um;r_ +yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf awmifykdif;okd@ qif;&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfrsm;ukdyg ajymjyonf? xkdtcg uif;rS ol@tm; jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS avmffqiftm; ta&;w}uD; vkdtyfaea=umif;ESifh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef;wGif vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd trSefwu,fem;vnfaom tjcm;vlrnf; acgif;aqmifrsm; r&Sda=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh xkdtcsdeftxd rapmifh&ef ajymygawmhonf? uif;. arwWm&yfcHcsufu usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonfudk awG@&aomtcg avmffqifvnf; awmifykdif;qif;&ef oabmwlvkdufawmhonf?


avmffqifonf FOR ESifh qufpyfxm;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;cJhygonf? r=umrDrSmyif awmifykdif;wGif vufawG@ vkyfief;cGifxJYvkyf&eftwGuf twGif;a&;rSL;wa,mufukd &SmazGaeonfqkdaom owif;ukd =um;&awmhonf? tvkyfonf olESifh txl;oifhavsmfaomtvkyfwckjzpfonf? aemufqkH;wGif emh&SfAD;vfY tajcpkduf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf? emh&SfAD;vf&Sd Aef'gbvfwfwGif (Vanderbilt School of Divinity) olonf pmoif,lEkdifonf? xkdausmif;onf bGJ@&vlrnf;rsm; twGuf 0ifcGifhukd r=umrDurS vufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (1958) ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif ol. Zmwdòrd@jzpfaom tkd[kdif;,kdjynfe,f rwfqDvGef (Masillon) ®r@av;wGif tar&duef vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh tqkH; owf&eftwGuf bwfpfum;wpD;ukdwufpD;cJhygonf? Tokd@jzifh wap>ajcmufcHae&aom tar&duefvlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ukd t=urf;rzuf wkdufyGJESifh ydwfqkd@wkdufckduftEkdif,lrnfh c&D;ukd pwifcJhygawmhonf?

“wcJeuf tkHºuGtHwkr_”

*sdrf;pfavmffqif emh&SfAD;vfokd@ a&mufoGm;aomtcgwGif awmifykdif;wGif jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwif&efwmpl ae+yDjzpfonf? vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_rsm;ESifh vlrnf;rsm;tm; tjynfht0EkdifiHom;tjzpfray;yJ z,fxkwfxm;r_rsm;twGuf ra=ureyfjzpfr_rsm;onf zufaygif;pkHrS0ifvm+yD; avmifu|rf;awmhrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf (1950) ck ESpfukefykdif;txd vlr_ taqmufttkHwckvkH;wGif }uD;}uD;rm;rm;ajymif;vJr_ jzpfrvmao;acs? jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf vlwef;pm; cGJjcm;r_Oya'rsm;ESifh/ xkH;wrf;tpOftvmrsm;ukd wkdufzsuf&ef taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf oabmwlnDr_vnf; r&&Sd =uao;acs? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;u¾onfvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&Sdao;ay?

tom;ta&mif&Sdolrsm; zGH@òzd;a&;qkdif&m EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t&kH; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) onf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJhavonf? xkdtzGJ@udk todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;rS OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@. vrf;jy=u,f}uD;rSm tar&duef jynfwGif;ppf}uD; +yD;aemuf (14) }udrfESifh (15) }udrfajrmuf jyefvnfjyifqif a&;qGJxm;aom tajccHzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'. tydk'frsm; jzpfonf? xkdtajccHOya'jyifqifr_wGif Oya'. umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_udk vlom;wkdif; tnDtr#cH,lykdifcGifh&Sdjcif;/ rJay;ykdif cGifhwkd@ukd xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? okd@aomf awmifykdif;url t+rJwrf;vkdvkd TtcGGifhta&;rsm;ukd vpfvsL&_xm;cJhonf? qG,fw&m; a[mjcif;rsm;/ tr_tcif;&ifqkdifjcif;rsm;jzifh NAACP onf A[dktpkd;&tm; xkdtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tmrcHr_&&ef/ wif;wif;=uyf=uyfvkyfaqmif&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? Tenf;onf txkduftavsmuf tm;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf? orw [,f&D x&l;rif; (Harry Turman) vufxufwGif vufeufukdifwyfrsm;twGif; tom;a&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd tqkH;owf apEdkifcJhonf? xkd@jyif (1954) ba&mif;ESifh ynma&;bkwftzGJ@ (Brown v. Borad of Education case) wkd@jzpfyGg; aomtr_wGifvnf; \. a&S@aerS A[kdw&m;&kH;wGif tEkdif&atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonf? ,if;tr_rSm tpkd;&ynma&;ausmif; rsm;Y vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_rsm;onf (14) }udrfajrmuf tajccHOya'jyifqifcsufukd csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf [kqHk;jzwfay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? Todk@ESifh tcsdefumvwckokd@a&mufvmaomtcg NAACP . OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ rsm;ukd wEdkifiHvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@wkdufckduf&ef tpysKd;ay;vkdufouJhokd@ jzpfvm+yD; A[dktpkd;&tm; csKyfukdifvmEkdif[ef&Sdvmonf?

okd@aomf ba&mif;tr_onf awmifykdif;&Sd vljzLrsm;tm; }uD;rm;aomtHwkr_udk wGef;tm;ay;cJhavonf? A[dk tpkd;&rS vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd umuG,f&efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_onf jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udk csKd;azmufr_jzpfcJhonfqkdaomfvnf;/ t"du OD;wnfcsufrSm woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd us,fus,favmifavmif atmfae aom vlrnf;rsm;udk qufESdyfuGyfxm;Edkifa&; jzpfonf? A[dktpdk;&w&m;&kH;rsm;wGif ausmif;rsm;Y tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ rsm;ukd zsufodrf;&ef tr_zGifhjcif;/ toem;cHv$mwifjcif; ðyvkyfaom vlrnf;rdbrsm;ukd xdckduftemw& jzpfonftxd wkdufckdufrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ tvkyfrS xkwfypfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; ponfenf;rsm;jzifh wkH@jyefcHae&onf? jynfe,f tpkd;&rsm;rSvnf; NAACP tm; taESmuft,Sufrsm;ay;&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; pkdif;jyif;a&;qGJvm=uonf? (1957) ckESpfwGif t,fvmbm;rm;Y tzGJ@&Hk;rsm;tm;vkH;wòydifeuf ydwfypfcHcJh&onf? (1950) aemufykdif;rsm;wGifrl tzGJ@tpnf;onf &mESifhcsDaom a'oEW&tzGJ@cGJrsm;ESifh tzGJ@0if ig;odef;cef@txd qHk;&_H;cJh&onf?

NAACP a&S@aersm;rS w&m;&kH;rsm;twGif; “cGJjcm;xm;rnf okd@aomf wlnD&rnf” [laom ynma&;ukd qef@usif wkdufyGJ0ifaepOfwGif awmifykdif;òrd@rsm;&Sd omrefvlrnf;jynfolrsm;rSmvnf; vltrsm;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;qdkif&m/ vlrnf; vkyfief;rsm;wGiftom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;tm; qef@usifonfhpD;yGg;a&;ppfyGJrsm;ukd qifE$Jae=uonf? vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm; onf òrd@wGif;bwfpfum;rsm;.aemufykdif;&Sd owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm;wGifom pD;Ekdif=uonf? tu,fI vlrnf;rsm; twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm;jynfhaeygu vljzLrsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom a&S@ykdif;&Sd xkdifckHrsm; vGwfaeaomf


vnf; xkdifcGifhr&SdbJ rwfwyf&yf&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;onf vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm;twGuf *k%foduQmESdrfhcsaom pHepfjzpfonf? okd@aomf ,if;onf ypfrSwftjzpftoHk;ðyEdkifaom aysmhuGufwckjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bwfpfvkdif;rsm;. t"du0ifaiGonf vlrnf;rsm;ay:wGif rDSwnfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vl0DqD,m;em;rS bmwGef a&mh*f/ t,fvmbm;rm;rS armifh*kdrm&DESifh zavm&D'g&Sd w,fvm[wfqD; òrd@}uD; (3) ®r@wGif&Sdaom vlrnf;tm;vkH;onf bwfpfrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf=u avonf? vlrnf;bkef;awmf}uD;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;rsm;rSaeI !ïef=um;csufrsm;ay;jcif;/ vlxktpnf; ta0;yGJrsm;Y pdwf"gwfrsm;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ &HykHaiGaumufcHay;jcif;ESifh oydwfarSmufolrsm;twGuf tvkyfoGm;/ tvkyfjyef um;rsm;pDpOfay;jcif;wkd@ ðyvkyfay;=uonf? xkdòrd@tm;vkH;wGif oydwfarSmufr_onf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&onfhtqifh a&mufonf txd wif;xm;EkdifcJhonf?

,if;onf bwfpfum;oydwfarSmufr_ yxrqkH; r[kwfay? armif*kdrm&D®r@onf oydwfarSmufr_ trsm;qkH;jzpfaom òrd@ jzpfonf? oydwfarSmufr_pwifaomtcg touf (26) ESpfom&Sdao;aom rmwifvlomuif;onf xkdòrd@wGif (2) ESpf r#omaexkdif&ao;onf? ,if;oydwfonf ‚if;. pdwful;pdwfoef;vnf; r[kwfcJhovkd ol@a=umifh pwifcJhjcif;vnf; r[kwfay? t"du pwifv_H@aqmfolrsm;rSm armif*kdrm&D NAACP twGif;a&;rSL; &kdpm yghuf (Rosa Park) tvkyform;pnf;&kH;a&;rSL; wOD;jzpfonfh tD; 'D epfqif (E. D. Nixon) ESifh t,fvmbm;rm; jynfe,f aumvdyfrS ausmif;q&m wOD;jzpfonfh *sKdtef; &kdbifqef (Jo Ann Robinson) wkd@jzpf=uonf? yghuf onf vljzLrsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHwGif xdkifrdonfhtwGuf tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;aemuf epfqif ESifh &kdbifqefwkd@rS oydwfarSmuf&ef pDrHcJhjcif; jzpfonf? bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;rS vlrnf;jynfolvlxkukd taumif;qkH;pnf;&kH;Ekdifvdrfhrnf qkdonfukd olwkd@ aumif;pGm oabm aygufcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;. xif&Sm;aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh touft&G,f}uD;/ tawG@tóuHrsm;r_rsm; a=umifhjzpfonf? uif;rS OD;aqmifr_u¾ukd qufvufwm0ef,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

i,f&G,faom w&m;a[mq&m uif;tm; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif OD;aqmifolwOD;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf tcsdeftm;jzifh odyfr=umjrifhcJhacs? uif;onf ol. touftEW&,ftm;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ aetdrftm; AkH;jzifh ypfcGJjcif;rsm; ponfh aorif;ESifh &ifqkdif&eftwGuf owWdpGrf;tm;rsm;&Sdoljzpfonfhtjyif/ pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;aumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ol.rdef@cGef;ukd em;axmif rdolrsm;tm; bwfpfum; xkdifckHwGif xkdifcGifh&&eftwGufr#omr[kwfawmhyJ/ trSefw&m;twGuf &ifqkdifwkdufckduf&ef pdwf"gwfrsm;ukdyg wzGm;zGm;arG;zGg; ay;Ekdifaom pum;ajymaumif;oljzpfonf? olonf &kyf&nfoef@jyef@aom/ Xmefu&kd%f; usus ajymqkdEkdifaom/ ynmwwfaom/ c&pf,mefwOD; jzpfonf? xkdt&nftcsif;rsm; tm;vkH;onf ol@tm; tar&duef vljzLrsm;tm; qef@usifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_ukd qufvufo,faqmif&eftwGuf pHjywOD; jzpfapcJhonf? qENjyoydwfarSmufr_ rsm; qufvufjzpfyGg;ae+yD; (1956) ckESpfwkdifatmif tm;avsmhoGm;jcif; r&Sdonfh vuQ%mukd jrifae&aomtcg EkdifiHw0Srf; &Sd owif;pm q&mrsm;ESifh urBmuyg armif*kdrm&D®r@ukd tm&kHpl;pkdufvmap+yD; uif;tm; xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom acgif;aqmif wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðyvmapcJhonf?

tjcm;aom uif;. {nfhonfwa,mufrSm *&if;0pf &GmrSoufvwfykdif;t&G,f&Sd vlrnf; tEkynmonfwOD; jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;onf uGefjrLepfa[mif;wOD;jzpfonfhtjyif vdifwlqufqHol wa,mufvnf;jzpfonf? ‚if;.trnfrSm ab;,'f &yfpwif (Bayard Rustin) jzpfonf? (1956) ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif uif;ESifhawG@&ef qif;vmcJhonf? xkdolonf tawG@tóuH&Sdonfh pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;wOD;jzpf+yD; tvkyform;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&; tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufwGJI vkyfukdifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? t&kduftESufcH&jcif;/ axmifwGif;tusOf;cscH&jcif;wkd@ukdvnf; óuHawG@cJhzl;oljzpfonf? xkd@tjyif olonf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wkdufyGJrsm;ukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ,kH=unfol wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdta=umif;rsm;a=umifh oydwf wkdufyGJrsm;/ uif; ESifh ol. vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd rnfokd@pwifaqmif&Gufrnf/ vnfywfrnfukd odonf? uif;ESifh ol.vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk =um;od&aom tcgwGif olonf armif*kdrm&Dokd@ tajy; tv$m;a&muf&SdcJhavonf? FOR rS *vef; prkdifav; (Glenn Smiley) u &yfpwif. tvkyfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfudkif&eftpm;xdk; a&mufvmaomtcg olòrd@rSxGufcGgvmcJhawmhonf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ enf;vrf;ukd ESpfoufaom tjcm;aomtar&duefrsm;uJhokd@yif/ uif;onf c&pf,mef orRmusrf;pmwGif t=urf;zufvkyfief;awGukd jyif;jyif;xefxefa&Smif=uOfzkd@ !ïefjyxm;onfukd awG@&ygonf? xkd@tjyif bmoma&;pl;prf;avhvmol &D[kd;vf eDbl[m; (Reinhold Niebuhr) . tvkyfrsm;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhygonf? ‚if;rS t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tajymxuf vufawG@ususvkyfaqmifzkd@ wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? tmz&duef-tar&duef trsm;pk onf nDr#r_tcGifhta&;udk t=urf;zuftiftm;jzifh atmifjrif&&Sdvdrfhrnfvkd@ rar#mfvifhcJh=uay? tu,fI olwkd@t=urf; zufenf;ukd prf;oyf=unhfcJhrnfqkdv#ifvnf;/ awmifykdif;a'otm%mykdifrsm;. jyif;xefaomwkef@jyefzdESdyfr_rsm;udk óuHawG@&rnf rvGJay? xkd@jyif A[dktpkd;&. =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;r_rsm;/ ‚if;wkd@bufrS axmufcH&yfwnfay;r_rsm;ukdvnf; &&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? &yfpwifESifh prkdifav;wkd@onf vufawG@tokH;usonfh t}uHay;pum;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;ay;onfhtjyif/ jyifyurBmukdvnf; yËdyuQESifh ywfoufonfh tawG;tac:rsm;/ t=urf;zufjcif;. tjcm;aom


enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmEdkifap&ef wHcg;zGifhay;avonf? ,if;onf avmffqifwa,muf/ abmvf'Gif a0gavhpf wGif aexkdifpOf ESpfrsm;twGif;u zGifhrdcJhaom wHcg;yifjzpfonf? oydwftwGif; ol. tawG@tóuHrsm;ESifh xkdvkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd ol aus;Zl;wifygonf? uif;onf yDyDjyifjyif&kyfvkH;ray:ao;onfh rESpfòrd@zG,f&maumif;aom t=urf;zufr_rSonf &Sif;vif; jywfom;onfh/ oEMdXmefcdkif=unfonfh t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tm; jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;!ïeftajccHoabm w&m;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufygawmhonf?

bmwGef a&mh*f ESihf w,fvm[wfqD;rSmuJhokd@ armifh*kdrm&D oydwfwGifjzpfay:aeaom owif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf aocsmaom atmifyGJwcktwGuf tmrcHcsuf r[kwfay? xkdokH;®r@pvkH;&Sd oydwfarSmufolrsm;onf bwfpfum;rsm;ay:wGif cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf oydwfpcJhjcif; r[kwfyJ/ tu,fI vlrnf;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom xkdifckHrsm; jynfhaeygu a&S@wef;&Sd xkdifckHrsm;wGif ae&mvGwf&Sdaeygu 0ifa&mufxkdifcGifh&&Sda&;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyf&ef twGufom awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf? bmwGefa&mh*frS ®r@tm%mykdifrsm;onf bwfpfum;rsm;tay:wGif “t&ifvmol t&ifxkdif” pepf udk oydwfarSmufr_rsm; &yfwef@oGm;&eftwGuf wywftwGif; pDrHEkdifcJh=uonf? vlrnf;c&D;onfrsm;onf aemufwef;rSaeI pwifxkdifvm+yD; a&S@okd@qufvufxkdifoGm;&efESifh vljzLc&D;onfrsm;onf a&S@qkH;wef;rSaeI pwifxkdifvmu aemufokd@ wjznf;jznf; qufxkdifoGm;&ef [lIqHk;jzwfcsufðyay;cJhonf? armif*kdrm&D&Sd oydwform;rsm;onfvnf; tqkdyg oabmwl nDr_ukdyif &&SdcJh=uonf? okd@aomf vljzLt&m&Sdrsm;onf wESpfausmf=umwif;cHxm;+yD; oydwfrsm;qufarSmufaecJh&onf? aemufqkH;wGif w&m;&kH;okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; A[kdw&m;&kH;csKyfrS bwfpfum;rsm;ay:wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufonfh trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefay;aomtcgrSyif tqkH;owfoGm;avonf? w,fvm[wfqD v_yf&Sm;r_wGifrl a'obwfpfum; vkdif;rsm;ukd 0efaqmifr_rS tm;vkH;&yfqkdif;xm;&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? okd@aomf ‚if;wGifvnf; A[dkw&m;&kH; 0ifvmrSyif tqkH;owfoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf?

bwfpfum;oydwfwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tiftm;wckjzpfonf qkdonfukd oufaojyEkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ awmifykdif;wcGifvkH;okd@ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ykdrkdv_yf&Sm;r_ul;pufoGm;ap&eftwGufudkrl rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? awmifykdif;&Sd òrd@}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;/ Oya'jzifh pdefac:r_rsm;ukd óudwifwm;qD; &ef ‚if;wkd@ bwfpfum;rsm;ukd zufaygif;pkHrS aygif;pnf;xm;cJhonf? twWvefwm/ rrfzD;pf ESifh e,l;atmfvef ponfh acgif;rmaomòrd@}uD;rsm;onf ao;i,faomqENjyr_rsm;onf tr_tcif;rsm;jzpfoGm;+yD; xkdrSwqifh w&m;&kH;okd@a&muf&SdoGm; um w&m;&kH;rS tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd zsufodrf;onfh trdef@Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefcJh&avonf? xkd@jyif oydwfrsm;onf vlrnf;tenf;i,fom&Sdaom ae&mrsm;wGif pkpnf;Ekdifr_tiftm;enf;yg;ojzifh aumif;pGmrvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? vlrnf;rsm; xHrS &&Sdrnfh 0ifaiGa':vmrSmvnf; rjzpfpavmufom jzpfonfhtwGuf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; rxdckdufapEdkifcJhay? tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sd&eftwGuf tiftm;}uD;rm;aom vlxkyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_vkdtyfonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh oydwfrsm; rSm tiftm;awmifhwif;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh us,fjyef@aom tpnf;t&kH;rsm; r&Sdygu vkyfaqmif&ef roifhavsmfay?

(1957) ckESpfwGif rmwifvlom uif; ESifh tjcm;aom i,f&G,fonfh vlrnf; bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;onf awmifykdif;&Sd a'oEW&acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd pkaqmif;&efESifh vlrnf;tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;t=um; tcsif;csif; csdwfqufr_&Sd&ef awmifykdif; c&pf,ef acgif;aqmifr_ uGefz&ifh Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) udkwnfaxmifcJhonf? uif;. yJhukdifr_ESifh ab;,'f &yfpwif ay;aomt}uHrsm;uJhokd@ ajrmufykdif; enf;AsL[mrsm;jzifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; twGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ wkdufyGJukd jr‡ifhwifoGm;rnf[k SCLC rS a=unmcJhonf? vlxktm; &J0Hhaom vkyfaqmifr_ rsm; pnf;&kH;&eftwGuf csDwkHcswkHjzpfaepOf tpykdif;Y rJqEN&SifrSwfykHwifonfhudpPukd t"duxm;vkyfcJh&m tuef@towfESifh atmifjrifcJhonf? xkdpOftwGif; awmifykdif;&Sd rsm;pGmaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm; ESifh rodrom wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;. enf;AsL[mrsm;t=um;wGif pdwfr&SnfEkdifjzpfaeaomfvnf;/ NAACP acgif;aqmifrsm; onf w&m;a&;qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tvkyf&_yfaecJhonf?

tu,fI jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1950) ukefESifh (1950) vGefESpfrsm;txd t&Sdeft[kefjr‡ifhwif&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhyguvnf;/ ysufokOf;oGm;&ef ta0;}uD; jzpfygonf? SCLC bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;onf twWvefwm/ bmrif[efESifh emh&SfAD;vf tp&Sdaom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;ae=uonf? ajrmufykdif;tajcpkduf v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onfvnf; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf oifwef;rsm; tultnDay;ae=uonf? tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd; cGJjcm;xm;aom pwkd;qkdif rsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGifvnf; tpm;taomufaumifwmrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufxkdifum ae&mrz,fay;yJ xkdifoydwf qifEGJonfhenf;uJhokd@aom wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf enf;vrf;opfrsm;udkvnf; rdwfqufoif=um;ay;ae=uonf? awmifykdif;e,fpGef e,fzsm;&Sd òrd@}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh rD,mrD/ uef;qufpDwD;/ pdef@vl0pf/ vl;0pfAD;vf ESifh tkduvm[kd;rm; tp&Sdonfh ®r@}uD; w'gZifausmfausmfokd@ oydwfqifEGJ&ef vltrsm;u oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf? tqkdyge,frsm;okd@ xkdv_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd pwif&eftwGuf vSnfhvnfc&D;oGm;vmaeaom vlwa,mufrSm toufi,f&G,faom bkefawmf}uD; wyg;jzpfonfh *sdrf;pf avmfqifyifjzpfonf?


emh&SfAD;vf xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm; atoifawmifykdif;

(1957) ckESpfwGif awmifykdif;okd@oGm;&ef avmfqif qkH;jzwfvkdufaomtcg OD;pGm twWvefwmokd@t&ifoGm;&ef

qEN&Sdonf? twWvefwmonf a'o. ®r@jywkd;wufzGH@®z;r_ tjrefqkH;aomjzpfonf? okd@aomf *vef prkdifav; (Glenn Smiley) rS ol@ukd emh&SfAD;vfokd@ oGm;&ef pnf;&kH;avonf? emh&SfAD;vfonf wefeufqDjynfe,ftv,fykdif;&Sd ykdao;i,f+yD; odyfvnf; rpnfum;aom ®r@jzpfonf? xkd®r@wGif wkd;wufaom txufwef;v$m vlrnf;wa,muf&Sdavonf? t"du tOD;wnfcsufrSm u,fvD rDvm prpf (Kelly Miller Smith) qkdoljzpfonf? t&nftcsif;&Sdaom bkef;awmf}uD; wyg;jzpf+yD; SCLC wnfaxmifolwOD; vnf;jzpfonfhtjyif wGJzufxm;onfh a'otzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh euf&SfAD;vf c&pf ,mefacgif;aqmifr_ uGefz&ifhudk Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC) pwifwnfaxmifol wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif tvm;tvm&Sdaom v_yf&Sm;ol ausmif;om; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd+yD; ‚if;wkd@onf ®r@. vlrnf;rsm;}uD;pkd;aom aumvdyfav;ckwGif ynmoif=um;cJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? emrnf}uD;aumvdyfrsm;jzpfonf zpfuf wuUokdvf/ r[m&D aq;aumvdyf (Meharry Medical College) rSonf emrnfr}uD;onfh wefeufqD pkdufysKd;a&; ESifh pufr_aumvdyf Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial (A&I) / The American Baptist Theological Seminary (ABT) wkd@yg0ifonf? vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r_ ywf0ef;usifonfvnf; awmifzuftzsm;ykdif;usonfh a*smf*sD,m/ tvmbm;rm; ESifh rpPpyD tp&Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;xufenf;yg;avonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif vlrnf;rsm;onf tqkdygjynfe,frsm;avmuf/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ rcH&acs? ®r@. vljzLrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@udk,f‚if;wdk@ ,Ofaus;aom ®r@}uD;om;rsm;tjzpfcH,l=u+yD; wkd;wufaom tjrif&Sdolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf=uonf? ®r@ukdvnf; atoifawmifykdif;®r@tjzpfwifpm;=uonf? vlrnf;rsm; tm; a'oEW&EkdifiHa&;pepfwGif ryg0if&[k rwm;jrpfxm;ay? vlcGefOya'ESifh ®[email protected]&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif awmifzufykdif;wGif usifhokH;onfh vlrnf;rsm; rJxnfhcGifhr&Sd[laom &kd;&mtpOftvmukdvnf; t}udrfrsm;pGm y,fzsuf=uonf? emh&SfAD;vf. ®r@awmfaumifpD0if a&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf; vlrnf;rsm;tEkdif&onfh t}udrfrsm;vnf;&Sdavonf? ®r@awmf0ef bef0ufpf (Ben West) onfvnf; tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;a&;udpPrsm;wGif tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sdoljzpfonf? ®[email protected]}uD; owif;pmwapmifjzpfonfh The Nashville Tennessean t,f'Dwmonfvnf; vlwef;pm; vpfb&,ftjrif&Sdaomol jzpfonf? xkdowif;pmwGif vlcGefawmfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukdvnf; tm;wufoa&m axmufcHa&;om;oljzpfonf? xkduJhokd@aom ,Ofaus;odrfarG@r_rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; emh&SfAD;vfonf awmifykdif;&Sd tjcm;aom ajAmifuspGm tom; ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;onfh w,loef ®r@}uD;rsm;xuf enf;yg;onfqkd&kHomjzpfonf? vlrnf;rsm;rSm pm;aomufqkdiftrsm;pk wGif 0ifa&mufpm;aomufcGifh r&Sd=uacs? &kyf&Sif&kHrsm;twGif;okd@ ‚if;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@vkyfxm;aom 0ifaygufrsm;ukdom tokH;ðy&onfhtjyif 0&efwmrsm;wGifom xkdif&onf? a&ul;uefrsm;ESifh a*gufoD;uGif;rsm;ukdvnf; tokH;ðycGifh r&&Sd=uay? blwm&kHrsm;wGifvnf; &xm;apmifh&eftwGuf oD;jcm;tcef;rsm;cGJxm;onf? ukefwkdufrsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;/ pwkd;qkdif rsm;ESifh b%frsm;wGifvnf; vlrnf;jzpfv#if tapmifh (okd@r[kwf) yef;uefaq;tvkyfukdom &&Sd=uonf? xkdtvkyfrsm; r[kwfyJ wjcm;aomtvkyfrsm;jzpfyguvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; vljrifuGif;wGif rxm;&Sday? (1957) ckESpfwGif A[dkw&m;&kH;rS ausmif;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;vnf; twlwuG pmoif=um;cGifh trdef@xkwfjyef aomtcg ®r@tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;onf tjcm;aom awmifykdif;®r@rsm;twGuf pHerlemtjzpf pDrHudef;wckukda&;qGJ=uonf? ,if;rSm w&m;&kH;. trdef@xkwfjyefcsufukd vkdufemaomtm;jzifh rjzpfpavmufaom ajymif;vJr_tenf;i,fukd ðyvkyf=uonf? yxrtqifh&&Sdaomolukdom wESpfv#if wa,mufcGifhðyjcif;jzpfonf? “cifAsm;&Jh orD;i,fukd igwkd@ aoatmif&kduf+yD;awmh ajcaxmufuae óud;eJ@ aZmufxkd;csdwfqGJxm;r,f” [k trnfrazmfyJ w,fvDzkH;xJrSaeI ausmif; wufcGifh&onfholukd +cdrf;ajcmuf=uonf? ausmufcJrsm;jzifh ypfcwfjcif;/ vltkyftwGif; wkwfrsm;ukdifaqmifvmjcif;wkd@udk ðyvkyf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh vlrnf;rdbtrsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@. om;/ orD;rsm;ukd xkdyxrESpfwGif 0ifa&mufwufjcif;rS xkwfz,fxm;vkduf=uonf? ®r@. (1400) xJrS yxrtqifh vlrnf; (19) a,mufom ,cif vljzLausmif;rsm;okd@ 0ifa&mufcGifh&=uonf? ,if;onf awmifykdif;vljzLtrsm;pk vlrnf;rsm;ESifh twlwuGaexkdifcGifh ay;vkdufonfh vlrsKd;a&; cGJjcm;xm;r_rS wkd;wufr_trsKd;tpm;wckjzpfcJhonf? *sdrf;pfavmfqifa&muf&SdoGm;aomtcg emh&SfAD;vfY ZmwfcGJjcm;r_&Sdae+yD;jzpfonf? rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif/ pm;aomuf/ upm; &rnfh ae&mrsm;/ xkdolwkd@ vkyfEkdifaom tvkyfrsm;/ vrf;ay:/ pwkd;qkdifrsm;wGif wOD;ESifh wOD;


awG@aomtcg rnfuJhokd@ ðyrlqufqH&rnf qkdonfrsm;wkd@jzpfonf? okd@aomf xkdcGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd pdefac:&ef pdwfxufoef aeaom vlrnf;acgif;aqmif rsm;vnf;&Sdonfh tjyif xkdvlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vkdvkdvm;axmufcHrnfh pdwfrygaom vljzLrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? emh&SfAD;vf&Sd *sifrfu&kd; (Jim Crow) rSm ‚if;. wGef@qkwfaom aemufajcaxmufrsm;ay:wGifom &yfwnfaeojzifh avmfqifrSm xkd wGef@qkwfonfh ajcaxmufrsm;ukd atmufajcrS jzwfawmhrnfomjzpfonf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ twwfoifausmif; wefeufqDokd@a&ï@ajymif;+yD;aemuf FOR twGuf avmfqifonf tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm;tm; qef@usif wkdufckduf&eftwGuf oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;ESifh t=urf;rzufenf;vrf;rsm;twGuf t}uHay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif&efawmifykdif; òrd@rsm;okd@ c&D;xGufcJhonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif òrd@wGif;Y jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef jyifqifcsdefa&muf+yD[k avmfqif qkH;jzwfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf u,fvD prpfESifh tjcm;aom vlrnf;bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;rsm;rSwqifh ausmif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufyg0if aqmif&Guf&ef ol@taejzifh vkdtyfaeonfqkdaom pum;rsm; xkwfjyef&ef ckdif;apcJhonf? wkef@jyefr_rSm tm;&p&modyfraumif;ay? a'owGif; vlrnf;ausmif;rsm;rSm jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; twGuf pdwftm;xufoefr_ odyfr&Sd=uacs? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; aexkdif&ef zdtm;rsm; ay;cHxm;&onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf aemufqkH;wGif i,f&G,faom bGJ@&vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@rwkdifrD aemifawmf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfr#yif rul;zl;aom tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf; tmrcHcsuf uwdrsm;ukd &&Sdxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkdzdtm;rsm;rSm tjcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;xuf qif;&Jaom rdom;pkrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tjyif;xefqkH; jzpf[ef &Sdonf? (1959) tukefykdif;avmufwGif uvyftrSwfw& nD!Gwfaom ruf''pfausmif;awmf Clark Memorial United Methodist Church wGifðyvkyfaom avmfqif.aqG;aEG;yGJokd@ wufa&mufvmaomausmif;om;rsm;onf vuf&Sd ykdae+rJ usm;ae+rJtajctaeukd a=ueyfESpfodrfh raeEkdifaomolrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS wcsKd@rSm 'kdif;ae emh&SfuJhokd@ ajrmufykdif;a'oom;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; tqifhtwef; edrfhusonfh awmifykdif;pepfukd pufqkyf&GH&Smaom olrsm;jzpf=uonf? tjcm;aomolrsm;rSm awmifykdif;om;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; wpkHwckaomta=umif;jzifh olwkd@. rdbrsm;ukd a&ikHE_wfydwfraeEkdif[k qkH;jzwfxm;aom olrsm;jzpf=uonf? rm&D,Gefbm&D (Marion Bary) onf zpfuf (Fisk) rS aumvdyfausmif;olwOD; jzpfonf? olronf rrfzD;pf (Memphis) &Sd vDrdGKif;aumvdyf (LeMoyne College) rS vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;r_ xkwfjyefa=u nmcsufukd &_H@csaoma=umifh aumvdyfrS xkwfcHxm;&oljzpfonf? tqkdyg aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@ wufa&mufaom pdwf"gwf tjyif;xefqkH;ol ESpfOD;rSm (ABT) rS jzpfonf? ®r@. emrnfr}uD;qkH;ESifh tqif;&JqkH; ausmif;jzpfonf? bmemh'f vaz,wf (Bernard Lafayette) rSm awmifykdif;wGif arG;zGm;+yD; ajrmufykdif;okd@ ‚if;. rdbrsm;ESifhtwl emh&SfAD;vfokd@ roGm;rD a&ï@ajymif;oGm;ol wOD;jzpfonf? olonf tjcm;aom atbDwDausmif;om; wOD;. wkdufwGef;r_jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@ wufa&mufcJholjzpfonf? *|ef vl;0pf (John Lewis) rSm t,fvmbm;rm; &Sd 0g*Grf;xGufaom a'orSoD;pm;v,form; rdom;pkrS jzpf+yD; &Sufwwfaom vli,fwa,mufjzpfonf? olonf ,cifESpfuwnf;u aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;okd@ wufa&mufcJhol wOD;jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@txJwGif ayg vmy&'f (Paul LaPrad) uJhokd@aom tawG;tac:0g'D vljzLausmif;om; tenf;i,fvnf; yg0ifonf? avmfqifonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wkd@. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif orkdif;bmom ESifh '\eaA' wkd@. ausmaxmufaemufcHðyr_rsm; ta=umif;ukd oif=um;ay;onf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Dwkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;/ (1940) vGef ESpfrsm;wGif csDum*kdY vlrsKd;a&;nDr#r_ uGef*&uf (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE) rS ðyvkyfonfh ae&mrz,f ay;aom xkdifoydwform;rsm;/ armif*kdrm&D bwfpfum;oydwf/ ESifh *END}uD; OD;aqmifonfh tdENd, ESifh awmiftmz&du&Sd v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif; wkd@jzpfonf? t"du A[kdðyaom pHerlemrsm;rSm *END ESifh c&pfawmf wkd@jzpfonf? w&mrr#wr_rsm;ukd o=u*[ (avmfqifu ,if;ukd 0dnm%f cGeftm; [kac:qkdonf) rS rnfokd@ wkH@jyefwkdufckdufonf qkdonfudk ausmif;om; rsm;tm; em;vnfapcsifonf? eif;jym;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tay: zdESdyfolrsm;tm; &_H;edrfhatmifvkyfrnfr[kwf/ olwkd@a=umifh xkdeif;jym;rsm; b,fvkdcHpm;ae=u&onfukd odapjcif;jzifhom vlom;csif; pmempdwfay:vmaprnfjzpfonf? avmfqiftwGuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;emrsm;xuf ykdrkdonf? ,if;onf cGeftm;rsm;twGuf ykdrkd tajccHusaom &if;jrpfrsm;ukd &SmazGonfhenf;jzpfonf? ol. wnf+idrfr_/ vufawG@qefr_wkd@onf i,f&G,faom wynfhrsm;twGuf tHtm;oifh txif}uD;r_wck jzpfap cJhonf? ol@ukd,fol acgif;aqmifwa,muftaejzifh r[kwfyJ/ oif=um;jyool q&mwa,muftaejzifh qufqHcJhonf?


vl;0pfESifh emh&Sf tygt0if tcsKd@wynfhrsm;onf v#ifjrefpGm wwfajrmufcJh=uonf? tjcm;olrsm;rSm avmfqifajymjy onfrsm;ukd vufcHem;vnf&ef cufcJcJh=uonf? “cifAsm;taeeJ@ tvG,fwul jyefvnf &kef;xzkd@eJ@ jyefvnftm;arG;+yD; jyefvnfwkdufckdufzkd@ 'Denf;eJ@om jzpfEkdifayvdrfhr,f” [k jyefajym=uonf? ol. enf;vrf;rsm;onf bmoma&; ,kH=unfr_rsm;ESifh rnfokd@qufEG,faeonfukd &Sif;jy+yD; ‚if;wkd@. pdwf"gwfukd jrifhwufapcJhonf? olwkd@. tcsKd@aom oHo, rsm;ukd avmfqiftaejzifh tvG,fwulyif acszsufypfEkdifcJhonf? avmfqifonf wpkHwckukd taumiftxnf az:&ef}uHpnfaeaoma=umifh usefaomolrsm;onf qufvufyg0ifae=uonf? 'kdif;ae emh&Sf rS “t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ [m tvkyfrjzpfbl;vkd@ usrxifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm usrqufvufyg0ifae&wJh ta=umif;wckuawmh 'D®r@rSm vkyfp&m tJ'Denf; wrsKd;yJ&Sdvkd@jzpfygw,f” [k jyefajymcJhygonf? tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf avmfqifonf ®r@v,facgif&Sd emh&SfAD;vf aps;xJrSm v_yf&Sm;r_ wckukd pwif&eftwGuf rsufpda'gufaxmuf tuGuf=unfhaecJhonf? avmfqiftyg0if ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm ®r@av;. tjyifyrS jzpf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@onf emh&SfAD;vf vlrnf;&yfuGuf. axmufcHr_ukd&&Sd&ef tEkdif&Ekdifaom ypfrSwfwck a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfonf? okd@r[kwfygu vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;olrsm;rS olwkd@tm; jyifyrS jy\em&Sm&ef vmolrsm; tjzpf wHqdyfuyf+yD; tvG,fwul txD;wnf;jzpfapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? bkef;awmf=uD;prpfausmif;awmf Reverend Smith's church rS rdef;r wcsKd@onf aqG;aEG;yGJwckokd@ oGm;a&mufcJh=u+yD; ®r@v,frSqkdiftrsm;pkonf vljzLrsm;om xkdifIae@vnfpm pm;aomufEkdifaom qkdifrsm;jzpfaeonfhtwGuf olwkd@taejzifh rsm;pGm pdwftaESmuf t,Suf jzpf&onf[k &Sif;jy=uonf? ukefwkduf}uD;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufukefypPnf;rsm;rS qifajczkH;&yfrsm;okd@ rjyef@ESH@rD/ (1970) vGefESpfrsm;txd ®r@wGif;&Sd ukefwkduf}uD;rsm;/ qkdif}uD;rsm;rSm òrd@}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd tqifhtwef;rDaom qkdifrsm;jzpfonf? vlrnf;trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm xkdqkdifrsm;wGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm aps;0,fEkdif=uaomfvnf; xkdifckHaumifwmrsm;wGif acwWc% tem;,l&eftwGuf ajccscGifh/ xkdifcGifh r&&Sd=uay? qkdifwGif;&Sd tnpfta=u;pGef@/ oef@pifa&;tcef;rsm;ukdvnf; tokH;ðycGifh r&&Sd=uay? TtajctaersKd;onf ‚if;wkd@ yifyef;EGrf;e,faeaomtcsdefrsm; ESifh qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaomuav;i,frsm; ygvmaomtcgwGif ykdqdk;avonf? tu,fI ausmif;om;rsm; taejzifh xkd jy\emukd ajz&Sif;&efóud;yrf;rnfqkdygu tqkdyg trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm;vnf; 0ifa&mufyg0if qifEïJrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfayonf? rkd;&moD ukefqkH;I aqmif;a&mufvmaomtcg/ avmfqifonf ‚if;. oDtkd&D tqifhrsm;ukd ausmfum ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jzpfvmawmhrnfh ta&;rsm;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfum vufawG@oifwef;rsm; ay;av awmhonf? *|efvl;0pfu Tokd@jyefajymjyonfrSm vlr_a&;Zmwfvrf;i,frsm;ukd ZmwfwdkufonfhozG,f vufawG@ðy vkyf=u+yD;/ xkd@aemuf qENjyonfhykHpHi,frsm;ESifh &efrlcH&jcif;rsm;ukd o&kyfaqmif=uonf? usaemfwkd@xJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd acgufukvm;xkdifrsm;wGif pDwef;I xkdifap+yD; ae&mrz,fay;bJ pDwef;I xkdifoydwf usif;yykHrsKd; zefwD;=uonf? usefae ao;aom tcsKd@olrsm;ukd aumifwmpm;yGJxkd;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ab;rS &yf=unfhaeonfh pdwfqkd;aeaom y&d\wfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xkdifaeolrsm;ukd epf*g (niggers) [laom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh rsufESmrsm;ukd =unfhI qJa&;wkdif;xGmaeykHrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xkdifaeolrsm;ukd =urf;jyifay:okd@ wGef;xkd;vJScsI =urf;wrf;pGmðyrlqufqHae onfh ykHpHrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; toD;oD; o&kyfaqmifapygonf? *sifrf avmfqifonf t+rJwrf; xdkodk@Zmwfwdkufavhusifh onfhae&mwGif twl&Sdae+yD; o&kyfaqmifaeolrsm;tay:wGif vSnfhvnfI wGef;xkd;jcif;/ wkdufwGef;jcif;/ E_d;qGjcif;/ oif=um; ajymjyjcif;/ ukd,fwkdif o&kyfaqmifjyjcif;ESihf acsmharmhajr‡mufyifh em;csjcif; ponfhjzifh trsKd;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;ygonf? olwkd@[m wkdufckdufcH vm&onfhtcgwGif rdrdukd,fukd rnfokd@ckcHumuG,frnfqkdonfwkd@ukd avhvm&ygonf? cE<mukd,f. ta&;}uD;aom ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd rnfokd@umuG,frnf/ rdrdwkd@xJrS tazmfwa,mufa,mufu t&kduftESuf cH&ygu tultnDay;aomtaejzifh usefaomolrsm;vnf; 0kdif;tkHvmygu &kdufESufr_rsm;onf wa,mufxJay:wGif tm&kH rpkdufEkdifawmhbJ tjcm;olrsm;ukdyg &kdufESuf&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh rnfokd@jyef@usJoGm;rnf tp&Sdonfwkd@ukdvnf; oif=um; jyoygonf? avmfqifonf rdrdwkd@tm; &efrlrnfht&dyfvuQ%mrsm;ukdvnf; xkdolwkd@. rsufpdukd tcsdefwkdif; =unfhjcif;jzifh odem;vnfEkdifykHukdvnf; oifjyay;onf? ,if;onf wkdufckdufrnfhol. a'gorkefwkdif; tqifhukdvnf; tawG@tóuHtm;jzifh odEkdifonf? xkd@jyif rnfokd@ jyefvnfckHcHumuG,fjcif;jzifh &efðyolwkd@. pdwfukd ykdrkdE_d;qGrvmEkdifykH ukdvnf;oif,l&onf? avmfqif. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t=urf;rzuf wkduf&kdufv_yf&Sm;r_ (nonviolent direct action) - qENjyjcif;/ oydwfarSmufjcif; - rsm;ukd jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ (Civil Rights Movement) . t"du tpdwftykdif;r[kwfaomfvnf;yJ oif,l&avonf? ,if;onf bwfpfum;oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;xuf rsm;pGm xdyfwkduf &ifqkdif awG@r_rsm; yg0ifavonf? vlrnf;rsm;onf vljzLrsm;om xkdifIpm;aomufcGifh&Sdaom ae@vnfpm aumifwmrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufxkdif+yD; ‚if;wkd@twGuf pm;yGJxkd;ay;&efawmif;qkdjcif;jzifh awmifykdif;. vlr_a&;xkH;wrf; ESifh Oya'ukd ukd,fxd vufa&muf csKd;azmufvkdufjcif;vnf;jzpfonf? xkd@twGufa=umifh avmfqifrS tav;teufajymonfrSm “wif;=uyfaom pnf;urf;vkdufemr_rsm;/ jyif;xefaom oifwef;rsm;/ &_yfaxG;aom enf;AsL[mrsm; ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;/ vlopfxyfrH


pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh vlopfrsm; oifvkyfaqmifaom trsKd;tpm;twkdif; v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:vmatmif vkyfaqmifEkdif&ef r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfykHrsm;” jzpfonf? “'gawG[m tvkdtavsmuf jzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? pepfwus pDrH taumiftxnfazmfrSom jzpfvmEkdifwmyg? wpkHw&m vkdtyfoGm;wmESifh wòydifeuf qef@usifbufawG&Jh tiftm;atmufrSm ysufpD;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ” oluajymonf? ae@vnfpmaumifwmrsm;/ pwkd;qkdiftvkyform;rsm; ESifh tu|rf;w0ifjzpfap&eftwGuf pae (2) ywfqufwkduf c%wðzwf csOf;eif;0ifa&muf owif;axmufjcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyf=u&ygonf? t}udrfwkdif;Y aooyfusepGm 0wfqifxm; aom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif;rS vljzL/ vlrnf;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifonfh tkyfpk wpkukd pwkd;qkdifrsm;twGif;rS wckckukd 0,f,lI ‚if;wkd@. xkdifckHrsm;ukd ,l+yD; aumifwmwGif xkdif=uum pm;yGJxkd;. 0efaqmifr_ukd apmifhaeapygonf? vlrnf;rsm;jzpfaeI 0efaqmifr_vkyfay;&ef jiif;qkdjcif;cH&ygu pwkd;qkdif refae*smtm; ,Ofaus;jyLiSgpGm ajymqkdqufqH+yD;/ refae*sm. pwkd;qkdifay:vpDrsm; &Sif;jyonfukd ,Ofaus;pGmem;axmifI jyefvm&ef ckdif;avonf? xkd@aemuf bk&m;ausmif;okd@ jyefvmap+yD; ‚if;wkd@ tawG@tóuHrsm;udk avmfqiftm; jyefajymjyavonf? c&pfprwftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;tdrfokd@ rjyefrD vljzLrsm;om xkdifcGifh&&Sdaom qkdifrsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufxkdifI rz,fay;aom oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd (1960) azaz:0g&DvwGifpwif&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? emh&SfAD;vfokd@ ZEM0g&DvwGif olwkd@jyefa&mufvmaomtcg ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf a&;qGJxm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;ukd a'owGif;&Sd vlrnf;rsm;om wufaom ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif pwifvnfywfae+yD qkdaom owif;ukd awG@&Sd&awmhonf? xkd@a=umifh wywfv#if ESpf}udrf uvmuf bk&m;&Sdacgif;ausmif; (Clark Church) Y awG@qkH =uonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wkd@ emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_ (Nashville Student Movement) [k trnfwyf =uonf? tm;vkH;. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh A[kd aumfrwD wckukdzGJ@pnf;+yD; wOD;wnf;tay:Y tvGeftu|H rDSckdr_rsm; rjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf tvSnhfus acgif;aqmifr_tjzpf OD;aqmifoGm;&ef qkH;jzwfEkdifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onf pkpnf;uspfvpfaom ,lepfwckjzpfvm+yD; pOfqufrjywf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ac:,lI ykdrkdcdkifrmvmatmif wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uonf? aemufykdif;wGif atbDwDausmif;om;wOD; jzpfol bme'f vaz,wf (Bernard Lafayette) rS “0ufpfydGKifh ppfwuUokdvfESifh tqifh nDr#aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ twwfoifausmif; (a nonviolent academy, equivalent to West Point) [kac:qkdcJhonf? olwkd@rSm tqkdyg tu,f'rDausmif;rS bGJ@&=uawmhrnfh ausmif;om;rsm;[k bme'f vaz,wf rS ajymqkdcJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (3) &ufae@wGif *|efvl;0pfonf wefeufqD,ef; (Tennessean) owif;pmwapmifukd ol. ausmif;aqmifodk@ ,laqmifvm+yD; zwfjyavonf? owif;rSm/ vGefcJhaom ESpf&ufu u,f&kdvkdif;em; ajrmufykdif; attef wD (North Carolina A&T) rS vlopfav;a,mufwkd@onf *&if;pfbkd&kd (Greensboro) &Sd 0l;vf0kdof (Woolworth) qkdif ae@vnfpmaumifwmwGif 0ifa&mufxkdif=u+yD; qkdifrS 0efaqmifr_vkyfief; vkyfray;Ekdifyg[k jiif;qkdonfhwkdifatmif xray;bJ qufxkdifae=uonf? xkdae@wGifyif avmfqif. oli,fcsif; wOD;jzpfaom u,f&kdvkdif;em; ajrmufykdif; rS bkef;}uD; a'guf*vyfpf rkd; (Douglas Moore) u avmfqifukd w,fvDzkH;rSwqifh xkdifckHwkdufyGJrsm;rSm wae@wjcm; ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vm aea=umif; ta=umif;=um;avonf? xkd@jyif olukd,fwkdifvnf; xkduJhokd@aom xkdifckHrz,fay;a&;wkdufyGJrsm; ol.jynfe,fw0kdufwGif taumiftxnfazmf&ef óud;pm;aea=umif;ESifh urBmw0Srf;vkH;ESifh awmifykdif;&Sd wufºuGpGm v_yf&Sm;ae=uaom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; tqkdygowif;ukd jzef@a0ay;yg&ef tultnDawmif;cH+yD;/ avmfqiftm;vnf; t&Sdeft[kefqufvufjrifhwufvmap&eftwGuf ‚if;. emh&SfAD;vfwGifvnf; cyfjrefjref taumiftxnfazmf&ef wkdufwGef; avonf? tqkdyg nwGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf avmfqif. azaz:0g&Dv (13) &ufae@wGif emh&SfAD;vf&Sd pwkd;ukefwkdufrsm;wGif pwifrnfh xkdifckHoydwfwkdufyGJa=unmcsufukd em;axmif&eftwGuf zpfuf wuUokdvf&Sd pum;ajym crf;rokd@ pka0;a&muf&Sd vm=uonf? xkd qENjy wkdufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifrnfholrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkifpdwfvdkvuf&yg0ifaomol rsm; jzpf&rnf? aemufwywfwGif qENjywkdufyGJrsm;onf u,f&kdvkdif;em;ajrmufykdif; ESifh tdrfeD;csif; jynfe,frsm;okd@yg ysH@ESH@oGm;avawmhonf? avmfqifESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ 0g&ifh vla[mif;}uD;rsm;onf oifwef;om;opfrsm;tm; oif=um;ay;jcif; ESifh ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmif&rnfh tvkyfrsm;ukd ae@pOf oif=um;ay;avonf? “usaemfwkd@[m usaemfwkd@&Jh pDrHudef;awGudk t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif ae=uw,f/ [kwfw,f/ usaemfwkd@[m 'Dvkyf&yfawG[m rSefuefw,fqkdwmukd oHEMdXmef csxm;zkd@vnf; vkdao;w,f” [k aemufykdif;wGif vl;0pfpfrS jyefajymjyygonf? “usaemfwkd@[m vlxk&maygif;rsm;pGm&Jh a'goawGudk ajzvïwf ay;zkd@eJ@ pdwfcHpm;r_ rsm;wJh ausmif;om;awGukd 'D tHwkr_oydwfvrf;a=umif;xJrSm aumif;pGm jyifqifavhusifhray;yJeJ@ vïwfay;zkd@ usaemfwkd@ tvkdr&Sd=ubl;”? “oifwef;q&mrsm;[m ausmif;om;opfrsm;ukd rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifrqkd vufwkef@jyef*vJhpm;racszkd@ xyfcgxyfcg wkdufwGef;=u&w,f? olwkd@[m oyf&yfpGm 0wfqif&r,f/ nifompGm ajymqkd&r,f/ aumifwmrsm; em&Daygif; rsm;pGm pdwf&Snf onf;cH+yD; apmifhqkdif;=u&r,f/ +yD;awmh olwkd@[m vkdtyfv#if axmifxJukd 0ifzkd@vnf; qEN&SdolawG jzpf&r,f? ”


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vGefcJhaom (55) ESpfausmfu pdef@yDwmpbwf®r@&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aqmif;&moD eef;awmfokd@ csDwuf&mc&D;wGif vkyfaqmifcJhonfhtwkdif; emh&SfAD;vf&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@xGuf+yD; nDr#aom EkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;ukd awmif;qkd=uawmhrnfjzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;rSm wlnDaom qGJaqmifr_ wpfck&Sd=uonf? ,if;rSm bmoma&;,kH=unfr_yifjzpfonf? ESpfckpvkH;wGif tpOftvm orm;&kd;us r[kwfaom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; OD;aqmifjcif;jzpf+yD; vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_ukdatmifjrif&eftwGuf t=urf;zufenf;vrf;tokH;ðy&ef a=ujim =uonf? okd@aomfxkdwlnDr_rsm;rSm aemufqkH;wGif tqkH;owfoGm;avonf? &k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;onf jym,mcwf pdwfv_yf&Sm;aeonfhtajctaersKd;ukd jyifqifxm;+yD; Zmbk&ifonf tajccHðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef olwkd@. toem; cHcsufrsm;ukd =um;vdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfxm;cJh=u+yD; pwkd;qkdifrsm;twGif;Y bmawG&Sdaeonfqkdonfukd olwkd@rod=uay? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm olwkd@. pdwfv_yf&Sm;cHpm;r_rsm;twGufrl oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday? olwkd@. pdwfcHpm;r_rsm;ukd =umjrifhpGm &ifY odrf;qnf;xm;cJh=u&+yD; vkyfief;cGifrsm;okd@ at;at;aq;aq;jzifh pepfwus oGm;cJh=u&olrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ta=umif;ukd aocsmusepGm oifjyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? olwkd@wGif ar#mfvifhxm;aom t}uHaumif;rsm; &Sd+yD;jzpfonf?

xkdoabmwlnDr_rSm bkef;awmf}uD; a*sm*sD; a*yGef (Georgii Gapon) ESifh *sdrf;pfavmfqif (James Lawson) wkd@ESpfOD;=um; uGJvGJr_rsm;rS oufa&mufvmonfh tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfonf? a*yGefrSm pdwfv_yf&Sm;vG,fol/ pdwfjrefol wOD;jzpf+yD; olonf tjcm;olrsm;. cHpm;r_rsm;ukd E_d;qGay;jcif;jzifh OD;aqmifwwfonf? tjcm;wzufwGifrl avmfqifonf E_dif;E_dif;csdefcsdef at;at;rSefrSefESifh tvGef pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfwwfoljzpfonf? olonf ol.vlrsm;tm; v_H@aqmfr_ukd a&Smif&Sm;onf? olonf ol@vlrsm;tm; rdrdwkd@vkyfrnfhtvkyfrsm;/ &ifqkdif&rnfht&mrsm;ukd rvkyfrDt&if pOf;pm; apvkdoljzpfonf? xkd@jyif avmfqifYom&Sd+yD; a*yGefYr&Sdaomt&mrSm t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ rnfokd@tvkyfjzpfcJhonf ESifh q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuwnf;u urBmay:wGif rnfokd@ zGH@®z;wkd;wufvmonf qkdonfh A[kokwjzpfonf? olonf xkd A[kokwrsm;ukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf tokH;cscJhol jzpfonf? olonf a*yGefxuf ravsmhenf;aom ,kH=unfwwfol wOD;jzpf+yD;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ yËdyuQrsm;. wm0efrsm;udk odyHorm;wa,mufuJhokd@ csOf;uyfoljzpfonf?

“igwkd@tckbmvkyf=urvJ” xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;rpwifrD (3) &ufr#tvkdwGif bkef;awmf}uD; prpf. bk&m;ausmif; (Reverend Smith's First Baptist Church) wGif tpnf;ta0;}uD; wpfck&Sdavonf? prpfESifh tjcm;aom NCLC tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tu,fI ausmif;om;rsm;tzrf;tqD;cH&ygu tmrcHaiGay;&ef (wOD;v#if a':vm wpf&mxufenf;aomaiGukd aumufcH &&SdcJhonf?) aiGaumufcHr&&SdrDtxd qENjyyGJukd a&ï@qkdif;&ef óud;pm;=uao;onf? okd@aomf avmfqif. tiftm;pkrsm;rSm


tcsdefxyfrH apmifhqkdif;&ef tvkdr&Sd=uawmhay? ‚if;wkd@rSm txl;ojzifh *&if;pfbkd&kd &Sdausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ®r@rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? rnfokd@aom }uD;rm;onfhtEW&m,frsm;&Sdaeapumrl trSefw&m;onf a&muf&Sdvm cJhonf? azaz:0g&D (13) &uf/ we*FaEGae@wGif ajcw0ufr# epfðryfaom ESif;rsm;usaeonfh reufwGif Ekd;vm=uonf? trsKd;om;rsm;rSm ukwftuôs/ vnfpnf;rsm;0wfIvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm a'gufzdeyfrsm;pD;Ivnf;aumif;/ First Baptist Church wGif csay;rnfh olwkd@pD;&rnfhum;ukd apmifhae=uavonf? pkpkaygif; ta,mufwpf&mausmfcef@&Sd vltm;vkH;pkHnDaomtcg/ (25) a,mufpDyg0ifaom tkyfpkrsm; cGJvkduf=uavonf? wtkyfpkwkdif;wGif tenf;qkH; A[kdaumfrwD0if ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wOD;yg0ifavonf? xkd@aemuf ESpfa,mufwwGJ &ifabmifwef;I OD;aESmufajcmufum =unhfaeaomolrsm;ukd jzwfausmfum emh&SfAD;vf òrd@xJokd@ vrf;av#mufoGm;=uavonf? &yfuGufaygif;rsm;pGmukd jzwfausmf+yD;aemuf òrd@. aps;wef;vrf; jzpfaom yÌrajrmuf&dyfomvrf; (Fifth Avenue) okd@ a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? xkd@aemuf tkyfpkwkdif;onf pwkd;qkdifwckpDokd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;=uavonf? vl;0pf. tkyfpkrSm 0l;vf0kdof (Woolworth's) okd@0ifoGm;=uavonf? ta,mufpDwkdif;onf aps;0,folrsm;tjzpf ,kH=unfap&eftwGuf ypPnf; wefzkd;ao;ao;wpfckukd0,f=uonf? xkd@aemuf 'kwd,txyfokd@ avSum;twkdif;wufoGm;+yD; xkdifckHqGJ,lum ae@vnfpm aumifwmwGif 0ifa&mufxkdifvkduf=uonf? pm;yGJxkd;rSm tHhtm;oihfaeavonf? vl;0pfu tpm;taomuf rSm&efjyifaomtcg/ ‚if;rS usaemfwkd@taeESifh epf*g (niggers) rsm;ukd Tae&mwGif xkdifcGifhray;ygbl;[k jyefajymavonf? aps;0,folrsm;onfvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; 0kdif;tkHai;=unfhae=uavonf? “olwkd@t=unfhu olwkd@xJrS wa,mufa,mufu 'DaumifawG[m òrd@xJukd usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmwJh ESHaumift}uD;pm; awGyJ vkd@ ajymaeovkdygyJ?” i,f&G,faomvljzLwpkonf avSum;twkdif;wufvm=u+yD; atmf[pf}udrf;armif; apmfum; =uygawmhonf? okd@aomf rnfokd@r# rwkef@jyefaomtcg v#ifjrefpGm jyefxGufoGm;=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjcm; aom pm;aomufolrsm; jyefoGm;=uonfhwkdif at;aq;pGm qufvufxkdifae=uavonf? pm;yGJxkd;rSm wkH@qkdif;pGmjzifh “aumifwmydwfyg+yD” [laom qkdif;bkwfjym;av;ukd qGJ,lvmavonf? rD;rsm;ydwf+yD;aemuf pm;yGJxkd;rsm;jyefoGm; =uonfhwkdif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm xkdtwkdif; qufvufxkdifae=uavonf? obm0tvif;a&mifjzifh pmzwfjcif;/ ausmif;pmrsm;vkyfjcif;wkd@udk qufvkyfae=uavonf? ajcmufem&Dcef@avmufwGif bk&m;ausmif; rS qufom;wpfa,muf a&mufvm+yD; xGufcgG&ef tcsdefoifh+yD[k ta=umif;=um;ygonf? bk&m;ausmif;okd@ olwkd@jyefa&muf=uaomtcg aysmfjrL;ae =uavonf? “'g[m ESpfopful;tóudnvkdygbJ - atmf=u/ [pf=u/ aumif;csD;ay;=u/ ayG@zuf=u/ &D=u/ oDcsif;qkd=uw,f” olwdk@. 0rf;ajrmufaer_udk wOD;ujyefajymjyonf? emh&SfAD;vf&Sd vljzLrsm;rSm bmawGjzpfysufaeonfukd pOf;pm;Ir&ay? tdrfwGif;Y ukd,fhukd,fukd avSmifydwfrdae ouJhokd@/ tcsKd@ vljzLrsm;rSm vGefcJhonfh oDwif;ywf wywf/ ESpfywf uwnf;u }uD;rm;aom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;udk owdrrlrdcJh=uay? w®r@vkH;wGif pwkd;qkdif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh refae*smrsm;rSm pdwf&_yfaxG;ae=uavonf? olwkd@taejzifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd {nfh0wfrðyEkdifay? urBm}uD;onf a&S;,cifuwnf;u &Sdvmaom "avhxkH;pHukd csKd;azmufvkdufouJhokd@ jzpfaeavonf? tcsKd@jy\emrsm;wGif pwkd;qkdifay:vpDrsm;ukd jynfhpkH&Sif;vif;pGmaz:jyxm;avonf? okd@aomf ausmif;om; rsm;rS xGufroGm;=uay? olwkd@vkyfEkdifonfrSm aumifwmrsm;ukd ydwf+yD; xkdvli,frsm;ukd xkdtwkdif;xm;I xGufoGm;&ef omjzpfonf? xkdae@Y rnfonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfyGg;cJhay? xkd@jyif pwkd;qkdifykdif&Sifrsm;bufrSvnf; ‚if;wkd@. pnf;urf;rsm;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifvkdonfh t&dyfvuQ%mrsm;ukd rawG@&ay? *|ef pvkef; (John Sloan) uJhokd@ tcsKd@aom olrsm;rSm vlrsKd;cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;onf rSefuef+yD;/ jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufonf[k &kd;om;pGm ,kH=unfxm;=uavonf? vlrsKd;tom; ta&mifcGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;udk vufrcHaomolrsm;udkvnf; pvkef; ESifh *sdrf;pf pwmrefwkd@. a0zefr_ukdcH&avonf? *sdrf;pf pwmref (James Stahlman) rSm emh&SfAD;vf acgif;pD; (The Nashville Banner) owif;pm. =oZmtm%m&Sdaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;rSm jyif;xefaom tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ owif;pmorm; jzpfonf? qkdifykdif&Sifrsm; rSmvnf; tu,fI vlrnf;rsm;ukd aumifwmwGifxkdifI pm;aomufcGifhay;vkdufygu vljzLrsm; pm;aomufr_rðyawmhv#if pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; qkH;&_H;rSmukd a=umuf&GH@=uonf? xkdw}udrfwnf;jzifh *sifrf u&kd;tm; (Jim Crow) ajymif;vJoGm;&ef rvkHavmufonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? qufvufI =umoyaw;ESifh paeae@rsm;wGif ðyvkyfaom 'kwd,t}udrfESifh wwd,t}udrfrsm;wGif ðyvkyfaom tmcHwkdufyGJrsm;wGifvnf; ‚if;wkd@tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufolykdrsm;vmaomfvnf; yxrt}udrfuJhokd@yifjzpfavonf? okefr_HaeaomrsufESmrsm;ESifh vljzLwtkyfpkonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rcHcsifatmif xduyg; &duyg; ajymao;aomfvnf; ykvdyfrsm; tem;wGif&Sdaeojzifh rnfokd@r# rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhay? ausmif;om;rsm;rSvnf; rnfonfh Oay'udkr# rcsKd;


azmufcJhay/ tcsdefudkyif rcsKd;azmufcJh=uay? odk@aomf aumifwmrsm;wGif rnfonfh {nfh0wfcHr_ukdr#vnf; r&&SdcJhay? òrd@. ukefonf}uD;rsm;onf xkdqENjyr_rsm;ukd rnfokd@ udkifwG,f&rnfukd rodEkdifyJjzpfaeavonf? azaz:0g&D (27) &uf/ paeae@onf aemufw}udrf qENjy&eftwGufowfrSwfxm;aomae@jzpfonf? xkdae@rwkdifrD wpf&uf/ ESpf&uftvkduyif ®r@. vlrnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tqkdygae@wGif xl;jcm;aom tjzpftysufrsm;óuHawG@ &rnf[laom pum;rsm;ukd &&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfonf? vpfb&,fvljzLbkef;}uD; 0Dvf urfhbJvf (Will Campbell) onf avmfqif/ prpf wkd@ESifh &if;ESD;aomoljzpf+yD; *sdrf;pf pwmref (James Stahlman) ESifh tjcm;aom tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;a&; 0g'D pD;yGg;a&;orm;rsm;onf ®r@awmf0ef 0ufpf (Mayor West) tm; xkd;azmufxm;onf[laom ‚if;=um;cJh&onfh owif; rsm;ukd jyefajymjyavonf? ausmif;om;rsm; paeae@wGif xkdifckHwGif 0ifxkdif=uaomtcg ykvdyfrsm;onf ®r@tjyifokd@ xGufoGm;+yD;/ vljzL qkd;oGrf;olrsm;tm; qENjyaeolrsm;xHokd@oGm;jcif;ukd cGifhðyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xkd@aemuf ykvdyfrsm;onf jyef0ifvm+yD; qufvufxkdifaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ukd zrf;qD;rnfjzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vf. tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif udk,fxdvufa&muf +cdrf;ajcmufr_ AsL[mwpfckukd a&;qGJvkduf=uonf? axmifxJokd@0if&jcif;xuf t&kduftESufcH&rnfh tvm;tvmrsm;ukd pOf;pm;rdaomtcg emh&Sf/ vl;0pf ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;tm; xdwfvef@wkefv_yfr_ukd jzpfaponf? awmifykdif;axmif rsm;twGif; vlrnf;rsm; rnfuJhokd@ cHcJh& onfqkdonfh =uufoD;xzG,f&m tjzpfrsm;ukd =um;od&jcif;/ xkdolwkd@. usef&pfaom rdom;pkrsm;tm; t&SufwuGJ tusKd;eJ apaom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd =um;od&aomtcg a=umuf&GH@vm=uonf? okd@wkdifatmif avmfqiftaejzifh tpueOD; uwnf;uyif jzpfvmrnfh tEW&m,frsm;ukd óudwifodjrif+yD;jzpfonf? xkdab;tEW&m,frsm;rSm ,cktcg vufwurf;wGif a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfonf? paeae@eHeufwGif/ pdwfvdkvuf& yg0ifv_yf&Sm;=uol aAmfvHwD,mrsm;onf First Baptist Church okd@ pka0; a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? avmfqifESifh A[kdaumfrwD0ifwkd@onf ajrnDxyfwGif awG@qkH=uavonf? tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh ®rt&m&Sdrsm;tm; vufeuftiftm;okH;aom enf;jzifh ‚if;wkd@tm; r[ef@wm;Ekdifqkdonfukd jyo&ef enf;vrf;wckukd &SmazGae=uavonf? &JrS qENjyolwa,muftm;zrf;oGm;I vGwfoGm;aom xkdifckHwkdif;wGif aemufwa,mufrS 0ifa&mufI jznfhxkdif&efjzpfonf? xkdtwGuf aumif;rGefaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&; wkd@vkdtyfonf? xkdtwGuf aemufxyfjznfhrnfh qENjyolrsm; vkdtyfaom ae&mrsm;wGif &Sdae&efvkdtyfonf? aemufxyf vmrnfh aAmfvHwD,mrsm;rSm tzrf;tqD;ESifh ywfoufonfh aumv[mvrsm; ESifh ausmif; y&0k%frsm;w0kdufwGif jzpfvmrnfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; ukd a=umufvef@ vdrfhrnf r[kwf[k acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ar#mfvifh,kHom wwfEkdifawmhav onf?

acgif;aqmifrsm; avSum;twkdif; jyefwwfoGm;aomtcg okH;&mausmfaom aAmfvHwD,mrsm;ukd awG@&avonf? ,cktcgwGif cgwkdif;xufykdI qENjyolrsm;taejzifh/ txl;ojzifh tawG@tóuH r&Sdao;olrsm;wGif/ pdwfwnfwnf+idrf+idrfxm; &efESifh vkH;axG;owfykwfjcif;rsm;ukd vkH;0a&SmifusOf&ef vkdtyfonf? ckduf&efjzpfr_rsm;onf ykdrdk ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;qDokd@ OD;wnfoGm;rnfjzpfonf? avmfqifESifh vaz,wfwkd@onf atbDwDausmif;rSxkwfa0xm;onfh pm&Gufrsm;ukd ,refae@nu aumfyDrsm;ul;xm;+yD; vlopfrsm;tm; a0xm;aom aqmif&ef/ a&Smif&ef pm&Gufi,frsm;tm; ajymjyaeavonf?

“a&Smif&ef” 1? qJqkd/ apmfum;vmygu vufjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ E_wfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; wkH@jyefjcif;? 2? us,favmifpGm&D (&,f)armjcif;/ 3? vrf;av#mufaeolrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkdjcif;/ 4? acgif;aqmifrS cGifhðycsuf ray;rD rdrdxkdifckHrS xoGm;jcif;/ 5? pwkd;qkdif0ifaygufrsm;ESifh rif;vrf;ray:wGif ydwfqkd@xm;jcif;/

“aqmif&ef” 1? tcsdefwkdif;Y rdwfzGJ@vkdr_/ ,Ofaus;jyLiSgr_ukd jyoyg? 2? wnfhwnfhxkdifyg? aumifwmukd t+rJwrf; rsufESmrlxm;yg? 3? jyif;xefaom xdckduf'%f&m&r_rsm;ukd acgif;aqmifxHta=umif;=um;yg? 4? owif;vma&muf,lolrsm;ukd oif. acgif;aqmifxHokd@ csKdom ,Ofaus;pGm v$Jajymif;yg? 5? c&pfawmf/ r[wWr*END ESifh rmwifvlomuif;wkd@. oGefoifr_rsm;ukd owd&yg?


cspfjcif;arwWmESifh t[d Ho wkd@onfh av#muf&rnfhvrf;jzpfonf? “bk&m;ocif oifwkd@ta,mufpDwkdif;tm; aumif;csD;ay;ygap”

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(50) ay;aqmif&rnf[k trdef@csrSwfaomtcg/ ‚if;wkd@rS ay;aqmif&ef xyfrHjiif;qkd=uonfhtwGuf tvkyf ESifh axmif'%f (30) &uf uscHcJh=u&onf? okd@aomf 2 - &ufr#=umaomftcg 0ufpfrS olwkd@tm; v$wfay;&ef trdef@xkwfvkdufavonf? tqkdawmf [,f&D bJvfvmazgifhwf (Harry Belafonte) ESifh orRwuawmfa[mif; tDvDem &kpbJhvfwf (Eleanor Roosevelt) wkd@uJhokd@ xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vlodrsm;aom olrsm;rS csD;usL;o0%fv$mwGif Tokd@az:jyxm;avonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf emh&SfAD;vf ®r@v,fwGifxuf tcsKyfoHwkdifrsm;.aemufuG,f&Sd ‚if;wkd@. &J&ifhr_rsm;onf ®r@awmf. ESvkH;om;ukd ykdrkdxdckdufaponfukd oabmayguf&eftwGuf wkdif;jynftESH@rS ‚if;wkd@xHokd@ a&muf&Sdvmaom a=u;eef;rsm;rS rsm;pGm ulnDay;cJhavonf? xkd@aemuf ®r@awmf0efonf ‚if;. 0SufzJukd xkwfupm;avonf? vljzL/ vlrnf; ESpfrsKd;pvkH; yg0ifaom aumfrwDukdzGJ@pnf;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmavonf? ,if;aumfrwDwGif zpfufwuUokdvf ESifh wefeufqD A&I wuUokdvfrS OuUÏ (2) a,mufpvkH;yg0if+yD; ae@vnfpmaumifwmrsm;Y tom;ta&mif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_rsm;ukd avhvmI t}uHðy tpD&ifcH pm wpfapmifukd a&;om;&efjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vnf; aemufxyf xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd tqkdyg aumfrwDrS tpD&ifcHpm rwifoGif;rDtcsdeftxd w&m;0ifqkdif;iHhxm;a=umif; a=unmay;&ef urf;vSrf;avonf? ,if;onf enf;y&d,m,fwpfckxuf bmr#ykdrnf r[kwfa=umif;ukd odaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;rS 0ufpf. urf;vSrf;csufukd vufcHcJh avonf? aumfrwDrS vkyfukdifaepOftwGif; rwfv (5) &ufae@rS pI xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd pae (3) ywfqufwkduf &yfqkdif;vkdufa=umif; a=unmavonf? okd@aomf t}uHðytpD&ifcHpmonf vljzLrsm;twGuf aumifwmwpfckESifh vlrnf; rsm;twGuf aumifwmoufoufcGJjcm;&ef/ t}uHðyonfukd od&aomtcg/ aemuf paeae@wGif aumifwmrsm;okd@ ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmavawmhonf? xkdpOftwGif; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;olrsm;. acgifjzpfaom (tcsKyfjzpfaom) *sdrf;pf pw,fvfref;onf qef@usifbufvrf;a=umif;ukd wGef;ykd@aeavonf? 0ufpf ESifh wjcm;aom pwkd;qkdifykdif&Sifrsm; uJhokd@r[kwfyJ vlrsKd;tom; ta&mifcGJjcm;r_udk awmifykdif;vlaer_b0. tajccHrltjzpf ,kH=unfvufcHxm;oljzpfonf? ol@taejzifh pDyGg;a&; tcsuftjcmusaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif at;csrf;+idrfoufr_ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&kHr#twGufjzifh ol. pdwfukd csKyfwnf; &ef pdwfr0ifpm;ay? vufwkH@jyefa&; t,f'DwmrSvnf; tajctaeukd oloabmaygufem;vnfxm;onfhtwkdif; ‚if;ukd,fwkdifESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ausmif;om;rsm;rS t=urf;zufwkdufckdufvmygu rdrdukd,fukd ckcHumuG,f&ef vufeufrsm; wyfqifxm;avonf? xkdifckHoydwfqENjyr_rsm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf pw,fvfref;rS avmfqiftm; jyifyrS vma&mufI aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmfoltjzifh ,lqxm;avonf? avmfqifrS wnf+idrfaer_rsm; &_yfaxG;atmif vkyfaqmifae+yD; ‚if;r&Sdygu tajctaersm; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmrnf[k ,kH=unfaeonf? Aef'gbvfwf bmoma&;ausmif;rS (Vanderbilt School of Divinity) wGif pw,fvfref;rSm wpkHw&m =oZm&Sdavonf? avmfqif. t&nftcsif;rsm;ukd xkdausmif;rS tcsKd@aom q&mrsm;rSm em;vnfr_vGJum róudufaomolrsm;&Sd=uonf? tqufrjywf zdtm;ay;r_rsm;atmufwGif avmfqiftm; rwfv (3) &ufae@wGif ausmif;rS xkwfypfvkdufavonf? (2) &ufr#=um+yD;aemuf avmfqifvnf; tzrf;cH&avonf?

oydwf/ AkH; ESifh csDwufr_

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(1960) aEGOD;ayguf&moD twGif; pdwftm;i,fr_jzpf&onfh t}udrfrsm;pGmukd 'kdif;ae emh&Sf rSwfrdaeao;onf? xkdtcsdefu olronf (22) ESpfom &Sdao;onfh ausmif;ol wa,mufjzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu olronf jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;/ ponfwkd@ESifh qef@usif twkduftcHðyaecJh&onf? olr. pdwf"gwfcGeftm;ukd jr‡ifhwifay;cJhaom t&mwpfckrSm awmifykdif;&Sd ®r@}uD;/ ®r@i,frsm; tm;vkH;wGif tjcm;aom ausmif;om; rsm;onf xkdifoydwfrsm; qifE$Jae=uonf qkdonfh a&'D,kd owif;wyk'fyifjzpfonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ vlxk urfydef; rsm;onf a'otawmfrsm;rsm;wGif trSefwu,fyif taumiftxnf ay:ae+yDjzpfonf? {+yDv ukefqkH;aomtcg xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;ukd ®r@}uD; (78) ®r@wGif qifE$Jae+yDjzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uonf? (1960) ckESpfrsm;twGif;&Sd tcsKd@aom qENjyyGJrsm;wGif vl ckESpfaomif;cef@ yg0ifqifE$J=u+yD;/ okH;axmifausmf axmifxJokd@a&mufcJh=uonf? a'oEW& NAACP okd@r[kwf SCLC v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm r=umc% qkdovkd v_yf&Sm;r_. txlxyfqkH;ae&mwGif a&muf&SdaecJh=uonf? okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wnfaqmufxm;+yD;om; trmcHtzGJ@rsm;ukd ypfuGif;rsm;twGif;okd@ a&mufroGm;apcsif=uay? {+yDvwGif awmifykdif; wcGifvkH;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf u,f&kdvdkfif;em; ajrmufykdif;/ &,fav;®r@ (Raleigh) wGif nDvmcH wpfcktwGuf pka0;cJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; ausmif;om;rsm; aumfrwD (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - SNCC) ukd zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? avmfqifESifh emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;pOf wnf;uyif yg0ifcJh=uonf? rm&D,Gef bm&D (Marion Barry) ukd obmywd tjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif olonf 0g&Sifwef 'D pD ®r@awmf0ef jzpfvmcJhonf? xkdifoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifr_a=umifh v#ifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? wefeufqD/ ajrmufu,f&kd vkdif;em; ESifh wufqufpf tp&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;&Sd e,fpGef e,fzsm;rsm;txda&muf&SdcJhonf? wef;wlnDr#pGm qufqHa&; twGuf jrifhrm;aom awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd &J0HhpGm awmif;qkdcJhonf? vlrnf;uGefjrLewDrsm;twGif;Y us,fjyef@aom qENjyr_rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;rS v_H@aqmfay;cJhonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlrnf;rsm;tm; aps;r0,f&ef twm;tqD;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif; ESifh wcgw&H pm;okH;oloydwfwkdufyGJrsm; zefwD;jcif;jzifh ukefonfrsm;tm; pD;ygG;a&; xdckdufepfem rnfh zdtm;rsm; ay;cJhonf? remvkd0efwkdjzpfaeaom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;tm;vnf; rdrdbmom rdrdauseyfa&mifh&Jaeaom vljzLvlOD;a&. wpdwfwykdif;tm; wkdufckduf&efajr‡mufay;avonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh (1961) ESpfukefykdif;wGif awmifykdif;&Sd ®r@i,f wpf&meD;yg;rS pD;ygG;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; pkpnf;EkdifcJhonf? awmifbuftpGefqkH;ykdif;wGif xkdifoydwfrsm; trsm;tjym; ray:aygufcJhaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_tenf;ukdrl &&SdcJhonf? a*smf*sD,m/ t,fvmbm;rm;/ rpfppPyD ESifhh vl0pfqD;em;jynfe,frsm;wGif vljzLuGefjrLewD trsm;pkrSm tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;ukd qufvufpGJukdif&ef qkH;jzwfxm;=uonf? xkdjynfe,f&Sd owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; emh&SfAD;vf&Sd wefeufqD,ef; owif;pmuJhokd@ nDr#r_rsm;twGuf a&;om;azmfjyjcif; r&Sd=uacs? '%fcwfr_rsm;rSmvnf; jyif;xef/ v#ifjrefvSavonf? tpkvkduf/ tòyHvdkuf zrf;qD;r_rsm;tjyif/ vljzLtrsKd;om;a&;tpGef;a&muf uluvyfuveftzGJ@ (Ku Klux Klan) tm; qENjyolrsm;tay: &ufpufpGm vufwkH@jyef&eftwGuf tcGifhtm%m ay;xm;avonf? axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom qENjyausmif;om;rsm;ukdvnf; ausmif;rsm;rS xkwfypf=uonf? xkduJhokd@aom +cdrf;ajcmufr_ywf0ef;usifwGif vlrnf;vl}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; 0ef;&Hay;&eftwGuf pdwftm;xufoefr_ enf;yg;=uavonf? awmifbuftpGefqkH;ykdif;&Sd ®r@}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; emh&SfAD;vfuJhokd@ a'owGif;jy\emrsm;ukdzefwD;&efESifh enf;AsL[m rsm;a&;qGJ&ef/ vljzLuGefjrLewDrsm;twGif; oabmxm;rwlnDr_rsm;tay: tjrwfxkwf&efwkd@twGuf rvG,fulay? awmifykdif;wpfcGifvkH;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdef/ t[kefonf 1960 'kwd,ESpf0ufa&mufaomtcg qkwf,kwfusqif; vmavonf? xkd@a=umifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm csOf;uyfr_topfukd &SmazG&avawmhonf? tapmykdif; enf;AsL[mrsm;ukdyif twdrf;tapmif; rcHawmhbJ ta&;w}uD; jyefvnf ðyjyifrGrf;rH&avawmhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef;rsm;ukd a'oEW&ay:wGif tajcðyv_yf&Sm;aomfjim;vnf; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm rnfokd@aom jy\emonf EkdifiH w0Srf;vkH;okd@ yJhwif&kdufcwf wkef[D;oGm;Ekdifrnf qkdonfukdom tm&kHpl;pkdufxm;avonf? xkduJhokd@aom jy\emrsKd; jzpfvmapaom enf;AsL[mukd emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rwDxGifEkdifay/ okd@aomf ‚if;wkd@rSm jy\emukd ukdifwG,f tokH;cs&eftwGufum; jynfhpkH u|rf;usif =uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? (1961) ck aEGOD;wGif *|ef vl0pfonf SNCC pmapmifrS vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf (Freedom Ride) [kac:aom vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csDwufyGJtwGuf rdrdoabmtavsmufyg0ifvdkol aAmfvHwD,mrsm; tvkd&Sda=umif; a=unmcsufukd awG@&Sdavonf? vlrsKd;rsm;omwlnDr#r_ uGef*&uf (Congress for Racial Equality) rS a=unmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;tzGJ@


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arv (20) &ufae@wGif bmrif*rfokd@oGm;rnfh ausmif;om; (20) wkd@onf armif*kdrm&DoGm;rnfh bwfpfum; ay:okd@ wwfvkduf=uavonf? a&mbwf uae'D. vufaxmuf *|ef qDd*efovm (John Seigenthaler) ukdyif aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpfonf? olonf tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmeokd@ 0ifa&mufrvkyfukdifrDwGif wefeufqD,ef; t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfukdifaeoljzpfonf? ‚if;. jzefajzr_jzihf ausmif;om;rsm;onf h armif*kdrm&D®r@ e,ferdwfra&mufrDtxd jynfe,f&Jrsm;. tapmifht=uyf&SdaecJhonf? xkd@aemuf ®r@awmf&Jrsm;rS qufvufI wm0ef,loGm;&efjzpfonf? okd@aomf rnfonfhae&mwGifrS ‚if;wkd@ukd &SmrawG@acs? ®r@awmf&Jrsm;tpm; owif;axmuftkyfpkwpfpkESifh vljzLvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Dtkyfpkwkd@ ESifhom awG@vkduf&avonf? xkdolrsm;rSm &kduf'grsm; bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;onfESifh 0kdif;0ef;wkdufckdufavawmhonf? vl;0pftygt0if ausmif;om; okH;a,mufrSm owif;orm;rsm;.a&S@wGifyif jyif;xefpGm t&kdufcH&avawmhonf? qD*efovmvnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif;yifjzpfonf? olonf tjcm;ausmif;om; ESpfOD;ukd 0ifa&mufu,fwif&ef óud;pm;pOf wGif OD;acgif;okd@ cJykdufjzifh owdarhonftxd t&kdufcH&avonf? a&mbwf uae'Donf ol. vufaxmuftm; a'ocH&Jrsm;. tultnDjzifh vlqkd;tkyfpkrS 0kdif;&kdufcH&onfukd od&aomtcg onf;nnf;cHEkdifr_ ukefqkH;oGm;avonf? olonf armif*kdrm&Dokd@ &kduf'grsm; ®r@wGif &SdaepOfwGif aemufxyf rnfonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; rjzpfay:ap&eftwGuf txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;ukd apv$wfvkdufavonf? txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;onf t,fvmbm;rm;wkdufckdufr_rsKd; aemufxyf rjzpfyGg;ap&eff rpfppPyD tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh tmrcHcsuf&&eftwGuf óud;yrf; avonf? jynfe,ft&m&Sdrsm;rSvnf; ‚if;wkd@. pum;ukd apmifhxdef;=uavonf? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm armif*kdrm&Dokd@ av,mOfjzifh xGufoGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;jzifh xyfrHtm;jznfhvkduf=uonf? *sufqiftxd vrf;c&D;onf vkHòcHpGm&Sdae avonf? *sufqifwGif tzrf;cH&+yD; jynfe,fESihf a'oEW& Oya'rsm;ukd csKd;azmufonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufjzifh axmif (60) &uf cscH&avonf? vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onfrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. axmif&uftrsm;pkudk ywfcsfrif zrf; (Parchman Farm) axmifxJwGif trsm;qkH; aecJh& avonf? ,if;axmifonf vlrnf;rsm;=um;wGif tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom i&Jcef; tusOf;axmiftjzpf ausmf=um;avonf? okd@aomf rD'D,morm;rsm;. owif;ay;ykd@csuftwGuf aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? olwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@ twGufESifh ta&;awmfykH twGufomru *sifrf u&kd;. tpG,faigaigrsufESmukdyg jynfolrsm;xHokd@ zGifh[ xkwfaz: vkdufaom a=umifhjzpfonf? arv tukefykdif;wGif a&S@aecsKyfonf jynfe,faygif;pHk pD;yGg;qufoG,fa&;aumfr&Sif (Interstate Commerce Commission) okd@ jynfe,fbwfpfum;*dwfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif vlrsKd; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_rsm; tqkH; owfa&; trdef@twGuf w&m;0ifav#mufv$mwifavonf? pufwifbmvwGif taumiftxnfay:vmavonf? aemufqkH;wGif A[kdw&m;&kH;csKyfrS =um;0ifvmum (1961) ESpfukefykdif;wGif awmifykdif; tpGeftjzm;txd bwfpfum;*dwfrsm; tm; xdef;csKyfvmEkdifcJhonf? 'kdif;ae emh&Sf/ bm;e'f vaz,'f/ *|efvl;0pf (aemufykdif;wGif tar&duef uGef*&ufwGif ta&G;cH&avonf) ESifh ‚if;wkd@. ausmif;om;rsm;onf *sdrf;pf avmfqifoif=um;ay;onfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ xkdifoydwf wkdufyGJrsm;rS tawG@tóuHrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tar&dueforkdif;a=umif;ukd ajymif;vJEkdifcJhavonf? tom;ta&mif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ukd vpfvsL&_olrsm;twGuf vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. wkdufwGef;r_jzifh qENjyjcif;omjzpfonf? qENjyyGJ OD;aqmifol rsm;. a&S@wGif ‚if;wkd@vnf; wufa&mufonfqkdonfukd jyo&eftwGufomjzpfonf? emh&SfAD;vfwGifrl ,if;onf ae@vnfpm aumifwmrsm;wGif t&kduftESufcH&rnf (okd@r[kwf) axmifcscH&rnf qkdonfh todjzifh xkdifjcif;jzpfonf? aemufwESpfwGifrl t,fvmbm;rm;Y qENjyjcif;onf touftEW&m,f xdckdufEkdifonftxdjzpfonf? tdENd,wGif t*Fvdyfwkd@tm; qef@usif &eftwGuf *END}uD;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; +yD;qkH;uwnf;u ESpfaygif; (30) twGif; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; qENjyr_. wefbkd;onf Tr#avmuf r}uD;rm;cJhao;ay? emh&SfAD;vf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;c&D;onf (z&D;'rf; &kduf'g) rsm;onf wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;om;a&;jy\em jzpfvmonftxd TudpPudk t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh wGef;wifcJh=uonf? xkdjy\emxJrSyif ‚if;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd twif; n‡pfxkwf,lcJh=uonf?

Ð Ð Ð

1960 ckESpf {+yDv (19) &ufae@/ emh&SfAD;vfwGif w&m;&kH;tajcokd@ csDwufcJh=uolrsm;wGif *pfwmwD;+yD; oDcsif; qkdaom *kdif; u&m0if (Guy Carawan) qkdol vli,f vljzL wpfa,mufvnf; yg0ifavonf? u&m0if wefeufqD awmifrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&; pnf;&kH;olrsm; twGufzGifhxm;onfh [dkufvif;'gaus;vufausmif; (Highlander Folk School) oifwef;ae&mwGif avmfqif ESifh ol. ausmif;om;rsm;ukd t}udrfrsm;pGm awG@zl;+yD;jzpfonf? olonf wkdif;&if;om; &kd;&m aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;olwOD;jzpfonf? xkdae@wGif [dkufvif;'gY


*|efvl;0pf ESifh bm;e'f vaz,'f wkd@ od&Sdxm;aom oDcsif;rsm;xJrS wyk'fjzpfaom “usaemfwdk@Edkif&r,f” “We Shall Overcome”ukd oDqkd&ef a&G;cs,favonf? xkdoDcsif;onf vlrnf;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;twGif; rSwqifh jyef@EShHoGm;+yD;/ vGefcJh aom ESpfrsm;twGif;u u,f&kdvkdif;em; awmifykdif; wGif vlrnf;qENjytrsKd;orD;rsm; qENjyaomtcg oDqkdonfh qENjy aw;oDcsif; wyk'fjzpfoGm;avonf? vltkyfxJwGif xkdoDcsif;ukd odaomol odyfr&Sdaomfvnf; oDcsif;pmom;rsm;rSm rSwfrd&efvG,fulojzifh c%jcif;yif tjcm;olrsm;ESifh vkdufqkdEkdifoGm;=uavonf?

“We Shall Overcome”oDcsif; onf wurBmvkH;qkdif&m qENjywkdufyGJ0if aw;oDcsif;wyk'fjzpfoGm;avonf? ,if;oDcsif;ukd t=urf;rzuf+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy=uaom udyfawmif;/ y&yf*fESifh *smumwmòrd@rsm;wkd@wGif oDqkdcJh=uonf? tdENd,trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJrS avhvmxm;onfh tmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;. vG,ful &kd;pif;onfh pHerlemwpfckyifjzpfavonf? ‚if;wkd@onfyif vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh w&m;r#wa&;twGuf t=urf;rzufenf;ukd tokH;ðy v_yf&Sm;=uonfh tjcm;aomjynfolrsm;twGufvnf; erlemwpfckjzpfvmavonf? okd@aomf ta0;rS apmifh=unhfavhvmolrsm;twGufrl tar&duef jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_wkdufyGJonf aw;oDcsif;wpfyk'fxuf ykdaom t&mukd ay;avonf? tar&duefawmifykdif;&Sd vlrsKd;}uD;0g' ESifh tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ tqkH;owfa&; wkdufyGJonf acwfopf rD'D,ma&S@arSmufwGif xkwfaz:jyovkdufaom yxrqkH; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_yifjzpfonf? rD'D,mrsm;. a&S@arSmufwGif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ukd qifE$Jjcif;onf enf;AsL[m topfrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;avonf? txl;ojzifh wwd,tiftm;rsm;. yg0ifr_ tcGifhtvrf;ukd zefwD;ay;avonf? xkd wwd,tiftm;rsm;rSm yËdyuQwGif wkduf&kduf ryg0if aomfvnf; wzufzufokd@ csdefcGifv#m tiftm;omoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifEkdifolrsm;jzpfonf?

(1960) tar&duef jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm/ 20 &mpk. wwd,umv aESmif;ykdif; t=urf;rzuf tHwkolrsm;ukd cGeftm;rsm;ay;cJhavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm;onf orkdif;wGif atmifjrifcJh+yD;jzpfonf qkdonfukd olwkd@ odem;vnfcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf xkdenf;AsL[mrsm;onf zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd ckcHtHwk&mwGif yifukd,fobm0tm;jzifh tm;omcsufrsm;&Sdonfukd olwkd@,kH=unfcJh=uonf? olwkd@. atmifjrifr_rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_tay: wcgrS rykdifqdkifzl;ao;onfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_topfrsm;ukd xyfavmif;I tyfESif;ay;vkdufovkdyif jzpfonf? vlxkrD'D,mrsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. pGrf;yum;ukd tar&duefawmifykdif;wGif omr[kwfyJ urBmtEHS@tjym;wGifyg txiftjrif}uD;oGm;apcJhonf?

tar&duefawmifykdif;wGifrl xkdtiftm;onf vlr_a&;vrf;a=umif;wGif;rSonf wkdif;jynf. EkdifiHa&; vrf;a=umif;xJokd@a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? emh&SfAD;vf ESifh tjcm;aom awmifykdif; uGefjrLewDrsm;wGif xkdifoydwfrsm;onf tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;vkdpdwf rjyif;xefaom vljzLacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tjcm;aom jyif;xefonfh vljzLrsm; ESifh cGJjcm;vkdufavonf? tpOftvma[mif;ay:wGif rwifrus pdwfESpfcGjzpfaeaom olrsm;tm; xkdtpOftvm a[mif;ay:wGif acgif;rmaeaomolrsm;xHrS cGJxkwfvkdufavonf? z&D;'rf;&kduf'gwkd@. tcef;u¾rSmvnf; us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ yg0ifavonf? olwkd@onf tar&duefwkd@. ae&m,lxm;aom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ pHepf ESifh jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tm; xkd tpOftvmukd qef@usif wkdufckduf&ef v_H@aqmfay;jcif;jzifh xkd ESpfck. tusKd;pD;yGg; csdefcGifv#m nDr#aer_ukd rwnfr+idrfjzpfapavonf? jynfol@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf tv#ifjrefqkH;aom vrf;rSm jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tm; ‚if;wkd@. awmifykdif;tpGeftzsm;rsm;&Sd wkdufyGJukd trsKd;om;a&;toGifaqmifaom vuQ%mtjzpf yËdyuQukd rD;wif&_d@vkduf+yD; jynfaxmifpktpkd;&. 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;r_udk qGJ,lvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? rmwifvlomuif;rS - “t&m&mwkdif;&Jh t"du aomhcsufuawmh jynfaxmifpkA[dk tpkd;&&J@ vkyfaqmifcsufyJjzpfygw,f” [k (1960) tapmykdif; umvrsm;wGif a=unmcJhavonf?

xkd@jyif Tokd@jzpfvmEkdifatmifzefwD;onfrSmvnf; tar&duefvlaer_wGif }uD;xGm;vmaom w,fvDaA;&Sif;rsm;. tcef;u¾yifjzpfonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qlnHaomif;usef;/ &kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfr_rsm;udk w,fvDaA;&Sif; rsm;rSwqifh wEkdifiHvkH;&Sd jynfolrsm;rSm wqifhcHpm;cGifh&cJh=uonf? ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@xHrS csufjcif; ta&;,lr_ rjyaomfvnf;yJ/ jynfol wkd@. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd jyefvnfykHoGif;ay;onf? 1963 aEGOD;aygufwGif vGwfvyfa&;c&D;pOf (z&D;'rf; &kd'f) ESifh bmrif*rf qENjyr_ (q,fvfrmrS armif*kdrm&Dokd@ csDwufyGJ (2) ESpf=um+yD;aemuf) rsm;onf a'oEW& tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh t=urf;rzuf qENjyolrsm; t=um;wGif rarhEkdifaom yËdyuQ ykH&dyfukd zefwD;cJhavonf? wzufrS wzufokd@ w&m;0ifr_ESifh oem;=uifemr_ wkd@ukd tjyeftvSef v$Jajymif;=u+yD;/ trsKd;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; 0ifa&mufyg0ifavap&ef EkdifiHa&;0ef;usiftajctaeukd ajymif;vJay;cJhonf?

jynfol@tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJaemufrS &kd;pif;aom ,kwWdaA'wpfck uyfvkdufygvmonf? t=urf;rzufydwfqkd@ wm;qD;r_. aemufuG,frS vlrnf;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;EdkifcJh+yD; wkdif;jynftm; tajymif;tvJokd@ wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? (1963) ckESpf/ vifuGef;cef;r avSum;ay:wGif rmwifvlomuif;. “ppf}uD;+yD;onfhaemufykdif; tar&duefwGif vlrsKd;a&; wef;wl nDr#r_ twGuf rwfv wGif 0g&SifwefY t}uD;rm;qkH;aom t=urf;rzuf qENjyr_}uD;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef ol@wGiftdyfrufwck


&SdcJhygonf[k” ausnmcsufwGif az:jyxm;cJhonf? xkdESpfaemufykdif; orRw uae'Dvkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&+yD;aomtcg/ awmifykdif; vljzLwpfa,mufjzpfonfh vif'Gef *|efqif (Lyndon Johnson) tdrfjzLawmfokd@ ajymif;a&ï@vmcJh+yD; (1964) jynfol@tcGifhta&; tufOya' (Civil Rights Act of 1964) ESifh 1965 rJay;ykdifcGifh tufOya' (Voting Rights Act of 1965) wkd@ukd ESpftvkduf orkdif;rSwfwrf;twGif;okd@ a&;oGif;cJhavonf?

(1936) ckwGif tmz&duef-tar&duef acgif;aqmif a'gufwm [kd;0g'f om;&fref; (Dr. Howard Thurman) *END}uD;ESifh awG@qkH&eftwGuf tdENd,okd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfpOf/ olESifh twlygvmonfh ZeD;onfu tdENd,. jrifhjrwfaom okcrdef}uD;twGuf tar&durS eD*&kd;u|efrsm; oDqkdaom "rRaw;oDcsif; ESpfyk'fjzifh *k%fðycJhavonf? a'gufwmomref;u usrf;pmtykd'fw&mausmfxJu ol@&ifukd txdqkH;t&mawG *END}uD; ol@ukdajymcJhawGukd jyefajymif;trSwf&aponf? tar&duefvlrnf;awG[m olwkd@jynfolawG&Jhb0ukd jr‡ifhwifzkd@twGuf *END}uD;&SmazGawG@&SdcJhwJhtajzawGukd okH;&r,f? 'Dawmh *END}uD;u “aumif;yg+yD/ 'gwu,frSefcJh&if t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJeJ@ ywfoufwJh oJvJpif owif;pum;[m eD*&kd;awGrS wqifhom wurBmvkH;okd@ jyefESH@oGm;vdrfhr,f?”

pmrsufESm 333 TwGif +yD;.? 334 rS 419 vGwfae+yD; 420 TrSm p.

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apmifha&Smufxm;&onf? ydkydkonf &xm;blwm&Hkrsm;ESifhabmvHk;uGif;rsm;wGif yef;oD;a&mif;onfh tvkyfudkvkyfI wzufrSmvnf; vljzLrsm;. *sdL[efeufpfbwfa*gufoD;uGif;wGif a*gufoD;tdwfxrf;aom tvkyfudkvnf;vkyfao;onf? toufq,fESpf=urS ausmif;paecJh&onf? ausmif;udkoGm;onfh&ufrsm;pGmwGif ydkydkonfajcaxmufAvmESifhhjzpfI t+rJwap qmavmifrGwfodyfaeonf? n%faumif;aom uav;jzpfaomfvnf; touf24ESpfusrS txufwef;atmifjrifcJh&onf? Todk@jzpf&yfrsm;rSm vlrJrsm;t=um;wGifrqef;aomudpPyifjzpfonf? ydkydkaES;auG;pGmausmif;aeae&aomumvrsm;wGif ajrmufrsm;pGmaomrdcifa'orsm;rS vlrJrsm;tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef qdk0Dwdkòrd@odk@ a&vd_if;rsm;ozG,f a&muf&dSvm=uonf? &dSxm;onfhtdrfta&twGufESifh jrLeDpyg,fvkyfief;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufvmaomvlrJrsm;twGuf rumrdatmifjzpfae&onf? 1970ESpfv,frsm;wGif omreftcef;av;cef;ygaom tdrfwvHk;Ytenf;qHk;vl 17ESpfOD;aexdkif=uonf? tjcm;aomvlrJrsm;rSmvnf; ae&mvGwf&dSonfh ae&mrsKd;wGif vufjzpfwJrsm;aqmufI jzpfovdkaexdkif=uonf? tdrftrsm;pkrSm aomufoHk;a&r&&dS=uay? ydkydkonfol hta':tvkyfvkyfaom vljzLtdrfrsm;rSvlaer_tqifhwef;ESifhvlrJrsm; tqifhwef;rdk;ESifhajruJhodk@uGmjcm;onfudk wpwpowdðyrdvmcJhonf? ol.ta':tvkyfvkyfaomtdrfudkoGm;vnfwdkif; tdrf&SifvljzLrsm;u r=unfjzLa=umif;udkvnf; oabmaygufvmcJhonf? wae@wGufolESifhoufwl&G,fwl vljzLav;wa,mufrS ydkydktm; uyfzm (epf*g/ vlrJrsm;udkESdrfac:aompum;) [koHk;E_H;I ydkydktm;&dkufESufavonf? ydkydkvnf;xdkvljzLav;tm; jyefvnfckcH&dkufESufonf? xdktcsdefwGifrsufESmjcif;qdkif t&yfrStouf}uD;}uD; vljzLtrsKd;orD;xGufvm+yD; ydkykdtm;+cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkavawmhonf? ydkydkrSm a'govnf;xGuf a=umufvnf;a=umufcHpm;&onf? bvuf*suf[k emrnfwGifaom &Jrsm;onfvlrJrsm;udkzdEdSyf&eftwGuf Oya'rsm;udkar#m@óud;ozG,fvdkovdk toHk;ðya=umif;udk wjznf;jznf;odvmcJh&onf? }udrfzefrsm;pGm &Jrsm; qdk0Dwdkòrd@twGif;odk@ ntcsdef0ifa&mufvm+yD; wtdrfwufqif;tdyf&mrsm;xJ txdygwufa&mufI c&D;oGm;vufrSwfpmtkyfrsm;&dSr&dSppfaq;onf? w}udrfY ydkydktdrfa&S@wGif&yfaecdkuf &Jrsm;a&mufvm+yD; vufrSwfppfaq;&mwGif ydkydkutdrfxJrSm&dSa=umif; oGm;,lIjyrnf[kvkyfonfudk &Jrsm;utdrfxJodk@t0ifrcHbJ ydkydkudkvufxdyfcwfcg zrf;qD;vdkufonf? òrd@tjyifawmfawmfa0;a0;a&mufrS jyefawmh[kqdkum jyefv$wfvdkufonf? xdktcsdeftcgu vlrJrsm;.b0onf c&D;oGm;vufrSwfr&dSygu b0aoqHk;aeouJhodk@yifjzpfcJhonf? 1970 tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif ydkydkonf Edk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@[kac:onfh tmz&dueftzGJ@odk@0ifa&mufcJhonf? xdktcsdefu xif&Sm;onfhacgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfaom pwd bDudkqdkonfhacgif;aqmifonf vljzLrsm;.rw&m;aom vlrJrsm;udkcGJjcm;aom Oya'rsm;tm; &J&J&ifh&ifh tHwkcJholjzpfonf? bDukdonf tmz&duefvlrJrsm;/ tdEdN,EG,fzGm;rsm;ESifh umvmrsm;tm;vHk; rdrdudk,fukd vlrJrsm;[kowfrSwfcg nDnGwfaomwyfOD;wckxlaxmif&ef t}uHðycJhonf? vlwOD;jcif;rdrd. woD;yk*~vpdwfqENay:wGif tajccHI *EDNvkyfcJhouJhodk@vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tusKd;oufa&mufr_&dSonf[k bDudku,Hk=unfonf? vljzLrsm;xHrS tultnDudkar#mfvifhraeyJ rdrd,Ofaus;r_wefzdk;rsm;t& rdrdwdk@bmom vGwfajrmufap&efvkyfaqmif&rnf[k Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSqdkonf? vljzLrsm;.ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;/ oif&dk;rsm;udk ausif;rsm;wGifoifjcif;/ vljzLowif;Xmersm;udk tm;udkjcif;tp&dSonfwdk@udk toHk;rðy&ef wdkufwGef;onf? ydkydkonftqdkygvlrJrsm;. wdkufyGJ0ifyHkpHtm; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmcJhonf? vlom;wdkif;vkyfEkdifonfhtvkyfrSefor# tjcm;vlom;rsm;vnf;vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;&dSonf qdkonfhaqmifyk'fudk ukdifpGJvm=uonf? ausmif;rsm;wGifoif=um;onfh vlrJrsm;rS vljzLrsm;tm;emcH&onfh pepfrsm;udkpwifIEdk;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSqefhusifvmcJhonf? 1976arvwGif tpdk;&rSqdk0Dwdkausmif;rsm;wGif tmz&duefembmomjzifh tcsKd@bmom&yfrsm;udkoif=um;&ef rltopfjcrSwfonfhtay:wGif qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&ef Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@rSpwifcJhonf? ZGefvxJwGifvlrJausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;0wfpHkrsmudk0wfI òrd@vnfodk@pDwef;IxGufvmcJhonf? oDcsif;rsm;udkoHòydifqdkI tmz&duefemrsm; ('yfcsfEG,fzGm;rsm;) ESifhi&Jodk@twloGm;tHh qdkonfhqdkif;yk'frsm;udkudkifaqmifvm=uonf? xdk@aemufeD;&m&Jpcef;twGif;odk@ajy;0ifoGm;=u&m &Jrsm;rSrsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;ESifhypfcwfEdSrfeif;avonf? ydkykd qdkifrGef rdkvDzD; "mwfyHk ydkydk ydkvDzD;/ nD!Gwfaom 'Drdkua&pDwyfOD;. trsKd;om;twGif;a&;rª;/ qdk0DwdkqENjyyGJwckwGifawG@&pOf/ awmiftmz&du azaz:0g&D 1985


ausmif;om;rsm;zufrSvnf; ausmufwHk;rsm;cJrsm;ESifh &Jrsm;udkjyefvnfypfcwf=uonf? &Jrsm;rSjyefvnfypfcwf&m toufwq,fhoHk;ESpfom;ausmif;om;av; wa,mufaoqHk;cJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSvnf; jrLeDpyg,farmfawmfum;rsm;/ ausmif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&taqmufttHkrsm;udk rD;wif&d_@vdkuf=uonf? &Jrsm;rSvnf; ausmif;om;jrifor#tm; qufvufypfcwfcJhonf? qdk0Dwdkòrd@xJwGif oHk;&ufqufwdkuf &Jrsm;ESifhvlrJrsm;t=um; t"du&k%f;rsm; qufjzpfaecJhonf? xdkta&;+yD;qHk;onfhtcgwGif vlrJta,muf 60ausmfcef@aoqHk;I vlrJrsm;rSvljzLESpfa,muftm;owfjzwfcJhonf? xdk@aemufvaygif;rsm;pGm awmiftmz&dEkdifiH. awmifzufpGef;a'orsm;&dS vlrJrsm;aexdkif&mt&yfrsm;ESifh umvmrsm;aexdkifaom t&yfrsm;wGiftHkºuGr_rsm;qufvufjzpfygG;aecJhonf? ae&mwdkif;wGifausmif;om;rsm;rS pwifpkpnf;IvH_aqmfonf csDwuf=u+yD;&Jrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif=uonf? vlrJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;xdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif;wGifaoqHk;cJh=u&onf? vlrJ 1149 a,mufaoqHk;I vljzLrsm;zufrS 5a,mufomaoqHk;onf? vrf;ay:wdkufyGJrsm;rSm a=umufcref;vdvdjzpfonf? odk@aomfvlrJrsm;wGif ausmufwHk;ausmufcJeSifhvufjzpfvufeufrsm;rSv$JI bmrSr&dSay? xdk@twGufaoqHk;onfhvlrsm;udk tavmif;vdkufaumuf&onfrSvGJI v_yf&Sm;r_twGufwnfaqmufonfhenf; rSm;aeonf[kaemufydkif;wGif vlrJrsm;zufrSoHk;oyfonf? xdk@twGuf qdk0Dwdkausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;aumifpDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufI ausmif;rwufa&;/ tvkyform;rsm;tvkyfcGifodk@ &uftenf;i,fr#roGm;a&;/ t&ufr0,fa&;/ c&pfprwfvufaqmifypPnf;rsm;r0,fa&; ponfwdk@udk aoqHk;oGm;olrsm;twGuf a=uuGJjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf ðyvkyfI wdkufyGJazmfvm=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;aemufydkif;wGif vltrsm;tjym;tzrf;cH&jcif;/ tcsKd@towfcH&jcif;/ acgif;aqmifrsm; xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif&jcif;rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;tzGJ@pnf;rsm;ysufukef=uonf? 1977 pufwifbmvxJwGif pwd bDudk &Jrsm;.vufxJwGifaoqHk;oGm;jcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tzdk@ t}uD;tus,fqHk;&H_;r_jzpfayonf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;tm; wdkufyGJ0ifonfhvd_if;vHk;}uD;wck &yfwef@oGm;onfhumvjzpfcJhonf? Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@}uD;onf vlrJrsm;tESdrfcH&I odrfi,fpdwf0ifaeaom tajctaetm; ajymif;jyefvSefypfa&;onf ‚if;wdk@. t"du=uaomvkyfief;pOfjzpfonf? xdkvkyfief;pOfonf tawmf}uD;atmifjrifvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;onf us,fjyef@aomtoGifjzpfvm+yD; vljzLtpdk;&udkqef@usifEkdifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrJhovdk jzpfaeao;onf? qufwkdufqdkovdk zdESdyfcHae&aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomausmif;om;rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_topfrsm;az:aqmif&ef ,ciftawG@tóuHrsm;rS oifcef;pm,lI vkyfudkvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmwGif ydkvefEkdifiHYvnf; tvkyform;ESifhtodynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;onf vHkðcHa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifonfhwdkufyGJrsm;tpm; tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh wdkufyGJ0if&ef ðyvkyfvm=uonf? awmiftmz&durSvlrJ wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;vnf; ykdvefuJhodk@enf;emajymif;vJI tvm;wlwdkufyGJ o¾efaz:aqmif&efjzpfvmavawmhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tdrfiSm;c/ um;crsm;ESifh v#yfppfrDwmcrsm; 1977ZGefvxJwGif qdk0Dwdkòrd@xJrS tzGJ@pnf;aygif;pHkjzpfaom Ekd;=um;aomvlrJrsm;tzGJ@/ YWCA/YMCA ESifhvlrJrdbrsm;tpnf;t&Hk;rS xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm; tem*wftwGufaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfðyvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrS q,fOD;aumfrwDw&yftm; ,cifattJefpDtapmykdif;umvv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaomq&m0efwOD;rSacgif;aqmifI zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf? qdk0Dwdkòrd@aevlrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomvlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDenf;us rdrdbmomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf pDrHudef;t=urf;xnftm; jcrSwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;wdk 10OD;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaeaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; &Jrsm;rS zrf;qD;vdkuf=uonf? ppfrSefaomvlxktajcðytzGJ@wcktjzpfay:vma&;twGuf tcsdefESpfESpf =umcJhonf? xdktzGJ@tm; qdk0Dwdkvlxktpnf;t&Hk;[kac:wGifvdkuf=uonf? tqdkygtpnf;t&Hk;rS vlxktm;ae@pOf vlaer_b0wGif&ifqkdif&aom udpPrsm;ESifhjy\emrsm;tm; rnfodk@rnfyHkajz&Sif;&rnfqdkonfudk ynmay;onf? Oya'a=umif;t&ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpPrsm;/ tvkyfrqif;bJaeenf;/ tdrfvcrsm;tm;ray;bJ oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh tdrfvcaps;wufvmjcif;udk ray;bJESpfaygufonftxd tcsdefqGJxm;jcif; ponfhenf;rsm;udk vlxktm; oif=um;jyoay;onf? awmiftmz&duajryHk (pmrsufESm 344 rS) awmiftmz&du 1985/ 1986 1976ywf0ef;usifw0dkufwGif qdk0DwdkvlxktwGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;onf cyf=urf;=urf;vkyfvdkonfh tajctaersKd;jzpfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifydkrdkus,fjyef@aom pnf;urf;useaomtajctaetxda&muf&dSvmcJhonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf EkdifiH&yfjcm;awmfvSefa&;


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xdk&ufu AJvfx&dkif,if*,fòrd@wGif &Jrsm;rSypfcwfESdrfeif;I t=urf;zufr_rsm;qufvufjzpfyGg;cJh&onf? vli,frsm;onf vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@jcif; pwdk;qdkifrsm;udk0ifa&mufvk,ufjcif;ESifh taqmuftOD;rsm;udk rD;&d_@zsufqD;jcif;rsm;udk ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? aumifpD0ifvl}uD;rsm;rSm t"duypfrSwfrsm;jzpfaecJhonf? aumifpDvl}uD;wOD;rSm acgif;udk"m;ckwfcH&IaoqHk;oGm;cJh+yD; tjcm;aumifpD0ifrsm;rSm [email protected];zsufqD;cH&um xGufajy;=u&onf? aumifpD0ifrsm; EkwfxGufcJh=u&I òrd@e,fqdkif&mtpdk;&vnf; zGJ@pnf;yHkysufoGm;avawmhonf? &yf&Gmwnf+idrfa&;twGuf ppfom;rsm;udkòrd@xJodk@a&muf&dSvm+yD; ae&m,lxm;vdkufawmhonf? atmufwdkbmvxJwGif ppfom; 7000 òrd@xJodk@0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD; wtdrfqufqif;&SmazGr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? vlaygif;&mESifhcsDI tzrf;cHcJh&onf? Ekdif0ifbmvxJwGif tvkyform;or*~.tultnDjzifh v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ESpf&uf=umoydwfarSmufcJh=uI ppfom;rsm;jyef&kyfodrf;&ef/ ausmif;rsm;jyefzGifh&ef/ tdrfvcrsm;ESifh0efaqmifr_p&dwfrsm; raumufcH&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm t&mra&mufcJhaomfvnf; tvkyform;xk.tiftm;onf EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tajctaersm;udk ajymif;jyefvSefypfEdkifpGrf;&dSonfudk rsuf0g;xifxifawG@&dSvmcJh=uonf? 1984 AJvfx&dkif,if*,fòrd@wGifjzpfcJhonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf awmiftmz&duwEkdifiHvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? wòrd@e,f+yD; wòrd@e,fqufwdkufjzpfyGg;vmcJh+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf; rxdrf;EkdifawmhI t=urf;zufr_rsm; ydkrdkjzpfygG;vmcJhonf? t=urf;zufwdkufckdufr_rsm;/ rD;&d_@jcif;/ &Jrsm;udkowfypfjcif;ESifh tpdk;&ESifhqENjyolrsm;t=um; ESpfzuftjyeftvSef owfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJh&avonf? xdktcsdefu t=urf;rzuftEkenf;ESifhwdkufyGJ0ifa&;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufðycJhonf tzGJ@rsm;rS vli,frsm;t=um; wOD;ESifhwOD; trmblodk (&Jabmf)[kac:a0:=uonf? ae@w"l0wdkufyGJonf vlrJv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; txl;ojzifh vljzLvli,f&Jrsm;u tqufrjywfzrf;qD;&dkufESufjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdktajctaetm; ae@pOftm;upm; vkyfaejcif;[k wifpm;cJh=uonf? xdkodk@wGifwGif}uD;zdESdyfaeonfh =um;rSyif rw&m;onfhtrdef@rsm;udk zDqefonfh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfay:aeonf? 1984 atmufwdkbmvwGif udyfawmif;òrd@ta&S@zufjcrf;wGif ausmif;rsm;rS oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm;pwifðyvkyfvmcJhonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm tm%mydkifrsm;tm; cJrsm;jzifhypfcwfwdkufcdkufjcif; qENjyjcif;rsm;onf ae@w"l0udpP rsm;uJhodk@jzpfvmcJhonf? &Jrsm;ESifhppfom;rsm; yl;aygif;Iòrd@xJwGifuif;vSnfhjcif;onf vlrJrsm;tm;ydkIa'goudk Edk;qGay;ovdkjzpfaejyefonf? ppfom;wa,mufu vlrJrsm;tm; armfawmfum;aemufrSD;wGif csnfxm;aom aowWmxJYxnfhI rnfodk@w&GwfwdkufqGJcJha=umif; jyefajymjyaecJhonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; &Jrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aeolrsm;zufrSvnf; ausmif;rsm;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm; or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;.tdrfrsm;udk "mwfqDAHk;rsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufIrD;avmifapcJh=uonf? 25ESpfajrmuf&SyfAD;òrd@vlowfyJGae@jzpfaom 1985 rwfx 21&ufae@wGif vlrJrsm;onf vljzLrsm;aexdkif&m tlwefa[ht&yfESifh ra0;vSaom vef*òrd@xJrSvrf;rsm;ay:wGif tkyfpkvdkufcsDwufvmcJh=uonf? xdktcsdefY &JoHcsyfumum;ESpfpD;onf vltkyfa&S@wnfhwnfhodk@a&muf&dSvmonf? vltkyf}uD;onf t=urf;zufrnfh trmblodk tkyfpkrsm;[k &Jrsm;zufrS,lqonf? trSefrSm vltkyf}uD;onf vGefcJhaom 25ESpfutowfcHcJh&aom vlrsm;twGuf atmufarhzG,ftcef;tem;uudk usif;yjcif;omjzpfonf? wzufwGif Zdkqmbmompum;jzifh vltkyf}uD;oDqdkaeaom oDcsif;.t"dyg,fudk vljzL&Jrsm;rS em;rvnfay? aemufqHk; &Jrsm;rS tjyif;txefypfcwfEdSrfeif;&m vlaygif; 20ausmfaoqkH;cJhonf? aoqHk;olrsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg; aemufausmrS typfcH&jcif;jzpfonf? owif;Xmersm;rS owif;orm;rsm;.rsufjrifajym=um; csufrsm;t& vef*EdSrfeif;r_onf aemufqHkaumuf&dk;wr#ifuJhodk@ yifjzpfonf[kqdkcJhonf? vlrJrsm;onf vljzLrsm;twGufowif;ay;[k ,lq&aomvlrsm;. tdrfrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf=uonf? t"duypfrSwfrSm wrfqrfu bif*srif uDeDuDeD qdkonfh vlrHk;rsm;aom vlrJaumifpDvl}uD; yifjzpfonf? uDeDuDeDESifh ol.rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf vlrJtrmblodktkyfpk0ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef&Jrsm;udk owif;ay;aeonf[k vltrsm;rS ,lqxm;onf? uDeDuDeDtm; vltcsKd@rS"m;ESifhxdk;vdkuf+yD; ol.vnfyif;ESifhycHk;wGif um;wm,mrsm;pGyfvdkuf+yD; ol.om;ESifhwlESpfa,mufESifhtwl rD;&d_@Iowfvdkuf=uonf? ol.tdrfudkvnf; rD;wif&d_@vdkufonf? uDeDuDeDonf vnfyif;udkum;wm;,mpGyfI towfcH&aom om;aumifrsm;teufrS yxrOD;qHk;oljzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@um;wm,mpGyfI rD;&d_@owfjcif;udk xdktcsdefu qGJóud;qGJay;jcif;[k ac:cJhonf? xdkuJhodk@owfjzwfjcif;rsm; 1985ckESpf w0dkufwGif trsm;tjym;ay:aygufvmcJhonf? &maygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrJaumifpD0ifvl}uD;rsm;/ &Jrsm;ESifh &Jowif;ay;rsm; towfcHcJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh vlrJaumifpD0ifrsm;/ vljzLtpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&GufaeaomvlrJrsm;onf aoab;rSvGwfajrmuf&ef oHql;óud;rsm;um&efxm;aom vHkðcHa&;jcay;xm;onfh ae&mrsm;odk@0ifa&mufcdkvH_vm=u&onf? 1985 w0dkufu udyfawmif;ta&S@zufjcrf;tm; roGm;&wm;jrpfe,fajrtjzpfowfrSwfvdkufI &Jrsm;onfyif tkyfpkvdkuf oHcsyfumum;rsm; rygbJoGm;cGifhr&dSaom e,fajrjzpfoGm;cJhonf?


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,lqcJhonf? xdk@tjyiftrsKd;om;ygwDonf tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudk tðyoabmaqmifaomqufqHa&;jzifh yaysmufoGm;apEkdifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,lqcJhonf? xdkt&mrsm;um; ,cktcg tajymif;vJ}uD;ajymif;vJcJh+yDjzpfonf? taemufurBm. owif;rsm;wGif awmiftmz&duEdkifiHrS &Jrsm;ppfom; rsm;.zdEdSyfr_udkae@pOf owif;rsm;wGifawG@jrifvm&onf? xdkuJhodk@owif;rsm;. jy,k*fa=umifh twdkufcHrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;tm; pD;yGg;a&;t&ydwfqdk@yg&ef arwWm&yfcHvmEkdifcJhonf? bkef;awmf}uD; 'ufpfrGef wl;wl;rSvnf; awmiftmz&duonf tajcaeqdk;0g;r_rsm;udk&ifqkdifae&onf/ EkdifiHwumrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDrSom zdtm;ay;rSom uGsefKyfwdk@udkoifwdk@u,fwifEkdifrnfjzpfonf [ka=umjimcJhonf? 0g&SifwefwGif vlxkajcðytzGJ@pnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tEkynmonfrsm; awmiftmz&duoH&Hk;a&S@wGif qENjy=uojzifh tzrf;cH =u&onf? wuUodkvfrsm;xJYðyvkyfonfh qENjyyGJrsm;onfvnf; awmiftmz&dwGifðyvkyfaeonfh pD;yGg;a&;rsm;xJrS EkwfxGuf&ef pD;yGg;a&;avmutm;vnf; azsmif;jzvmEkdifonf? òrd@rsm;eSifh jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onfvnf; [email protected]&HyHkaiGrsm;rS wqifh ðyvkyfaeaom awmiftmz&dtwGif;&dSpDyGg;a&;rsm;&yffqdkif;&ef oabmwlvm=uonf? 1985ckESpftwGif;u awmiftmz&duonf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u [email protected][mrdwf jzpfcJhonfudkrar@oifha=umif; ajymcJhonfh tar&dueforw a&mfe,fa&*ifonfyifv#if awmiftmz&dtm; twdkif;twmwcktxd pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@&ef qHk;jzwfcJh&onf? aemufESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&ufrS awmiftmz&duEkdifiHY tar&duefpD;yGg;a&;ukrR%Drsm; &if;ESD;jr‡KwfESHr_topfrðyvkyf&ef/ aiGa=u;ajc;iSm;jcif;rðy&ef/ tcsKd@ukefypPnf;rsm;tm;awmiftmz&durS r0,f&ef/ awmiftmz&dutm; vufeufa&mif;jcjcif;udk azmufzsufonfhEkdifiHrsm;odk@ ppfa&;tulnDrsm;ay;onftm; jzwfawmuf&eftp&dSojzifh qHk;jzwfcJhonf? xdkESpftwGif;rSmyif Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;or*~rS tvm;wl pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@I awmiftmz&dutpdk;&tm; ta&;,l &efqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? rsm;pGmaom tar&duefpD;yGg;a&;tzGJ@pnfrsm; awmiftmz&durS xGufcGgvm=uonf? b%frsm;rSvnf; awmiftmz&drS aiGacs;vdkol aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;tm; aiGa=u;acs;iSm;&efjiif;qdkcJhonf? EkdifiHwumrS tvHk;t&if;jzifh pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@ta&;,ljcif;onf vljzLtpdk;&ESifh‚if;.pD;yGg;a&tm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufavonf? 1980ckESpfrsm;tukefwGif awmiftmz&dEkdifiHonf pD;yGg;a&;wdk;wufr_aES;auG;aeonfudkawG@vm&onf/ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_ydkrsm;vmonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&onfEkdifiHawmfudkqufIxdef;a=umif;&efrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f&dSonfhtjyif tpdk;&tay:rSmtaumif;jrifr_enf;yg;vmonf? pD;yGg;a&;ydwfqdk@r_onf TtcsufudkydkI euf&d_if;atmifvkyfEkdifcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@rGef;=uyfaeonfhtcsdefwGif =oZm}uD;rm;aom vljzLtodkif;t0dkif;rS tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhrla=umifh zdEdSyfr_rsm;jzpf ay:vm&onf/ xdkzdEdSfyfr_rsm;onf vufrcHEkdifavmufonfh pD;ygG;a&;usqif;r_udk o,faqmifvmonf/ xdk@twGuf tom;t a&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepftm; taES;ESifhtjref&yfqdkif;ypf&rnf[k qdkvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif a&mfbifu|ef;axmifxJrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ta0;a&mufacgif;aqmifrsm;zufrSvnf; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh vlxkqENjyjcif;wdk@jzifh tpdk;&tm; t+yD;owfacsr_ef;&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEkdif/ jzpfEkdifyguvnf; wEkdifiHvHk;zGwfzGwfa=urS&rnfqdkv#ifvnf; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;omepfemrnfqdkonfudk oabmaygufem;vnfvm=uonf? ESpfzufpvHk;rS t=urf;zufIwdkufcdkuf jcif; onf pOf;pm;zdk@yifrvdka=umif;odjrifvm=uI EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifhtajz&Sm&efpOf;pm;vm=uonf? 1985tapmydkif;wGif ESpfzufpwifIpum;ajymqdkr_rsm;&dSvmonf? vljzLpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ZrfbD,mEkdifiHodk@oGm;a&muf+yD; ta0;a&muf attJefpDt&m&dSrsm;ESifhawG@qHkavonf? xdkaemufESpftenf;i,f=umaomtcg vljzLbkef;awmf}uD;rsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;/ owif;orm;rsm;ESifhtjcm;olrsm;onf attJefpDESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfvm=uonf? tpdk;&onfvnf; a&mbifu|ef;wGif tusOf;usaeqJ e,fqif rJef'Jvm;ESifh v#dK@0SufIpum;ajymvmonf? rJef'Jvm;onf ckdifrmaompdwf"mwf &dSoljzpfovdk oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olvnf;jzpfonf? ol.t,ltqonf vlrJtrsm;pkEkdifiHwGifa&&SnfY 'Drdkua&pDenf;t&qdkygu vljzLrsm;tkyfcsKyf&efrjzpfEkdifay? vljzLrsm;EkdifiHa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf vlrJrsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_}uD;rm;vmonf[kajymr&Ekdifay? vljzLrsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD&dSaom awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif vHkðcHpGmaexdkifEkdif r_&dS&rnf tp&dSaomawG;ac:r_rsdK; rJef'Jvm;Y&dSonf? xdktjcufrsm;ay:rSaeI vljzLacgif;aqmifrsm;zufrSvnf; vlrdsK;a&;cGJjcm;r_pdwfr&dSaom vlrJacgif;aqmifrsm;&dSaeonfudk odvm&onf? ESpfzufpvHk;wGif&dSaeonfh vdkufav#mr_enf;yg; aom acgif;rmaomtajcaersm;a=umifh EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;onf awmfawmfESifhr+yD;jywfEdkifcJhay? 1989ckESpfwGif ta&S@Oa&my.òrd@awmfrsm;Y vlrsm;onfvrf;rrsm;ay:odk@wufvm+yD; uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;udk t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh z,f&Sm;ypfEkdifcJhonf? armfpudkwGif rDac; a*:bmacsm@onf qdkAD,uf. taxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh ouffqdk;&Snfaeaom tpdk;&rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;tygt0iftaxmuftyHhrsm;&yfqdkif;ypfvkdufonf? uGefjrLepfcsdef;ajcmufr_[k qdkonfh ppffat;wdkufyGJ}uD;vnf;+yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf? awmiftmz&dutpdk;&onfvnf; armfpudk&dSuGefjrLepfwdk@ taxmuftyhHjzifhwufvmrnfh attJefpDudk umuG,fae&onf[k qufIrajymEkdifawmh+yD?


1989wGif trdsK;om;ygwD.acgif;aqmifjzpfol z&uf'&pf 0,fvrf 'Duvyfonf awmiftmz&duEdkifiH.orwjzpfvmcJhonf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhpepfudkqufvufudkifpGJaeor# tpdk;&tzdk@vnf; wdk;wuf&eftvm;tvmr&dS[kjrifoljzpfonf? xdk@ twl tu,fItcsdefqGJvGef;yguvnf; aqG;aEG;Itqifajyrnfh attJefpDrS rJef'Jvm;tygt0if acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhta&;vufvGwfoGm;rnfudkvnf; pdk;&drfae&onf? vli,facgif;aqmifykdif;onf xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;avmuf oabmxm;rajymhaysmif;[k 'DuvyfzufrSjrifonf? 1989tukefavmufwGif tpdk;&onf twdkufcHrsm;. t=urf;rzuf tEkenf;jzifhoydwfrsm; qENjyyGJ rsm;udk tiftm;oHk;ESdrfeif;jcif;rvkyfawmhay? atmufwdkbmvxJwGif a0gvfwm qDpl;vl;tyg t0if attJefpDrSacgif;aqmif 7OD;tm;tusOf;axmifrS v$wfvdkufonf? 'DZifbm 13&ufae@wGif 'Duvyfonf rJef'Jvm;ESifh awG@qHkonf? aemuf2v=umaomtcg orwopf'Duvyfonf ygvDreftwGif;Y awG@qHk!SdEd_if;onfhtcsdefqdkufa&mufvmcJh+yD[k a=ujimcJh onf? attJefpDESifh wyfOD;tygt0if t"duusaom twdkufcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;jcif;rS jyefvnfvkyfudkif &efcGifhðyvdkufonf? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm;jyefvnfv$wfay;+yD; ta0;a&mufrsm;udkvnf; wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ jyefvm&ef cGifhðyvdkufonf? ta&;ay:tajctaea=ujimxm;jcif;udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;vdkufonf? owif;ESifhowif;pmrsm;tm;uef@owf xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; &kyfodrf;ay;vdkufonf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhOya'rsm;onf +idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;a&;twGuf twm; tqD;rsm;jzpfa=umif; 0efcHcJhonf? axmifxJwGif 27ESpf=umtusOf;=uaecJh+yD; azz0g&Dv 11&ufae@wGif rJef'Jvm;axmifrS vGwfajrmufonf? rsm;r=umrSDtpdk;&onf Oya'pmtkyfxJwGifusef&dSaeao;aom tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfh t"duusaomOya'rsm;tm; zsufodrf;vdkufonf? attJefpDvnf; ajratmuftzGJ@pnf;rSaeI w&m;0ifajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpfzGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? 1991ESpfukefwGif awmiftmz&dutem*wftwGuf w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;&ef pwifcJh=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJtm; 1994 {+yDvwGifusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? tom;ta&mifrcGJjcm;aomygvDrefopfrS EkdifiHawmftwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ&efvnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? txufygtcsuftvufrsm; rjynf@pHkrSDawmiftmz&dutm; =um;jzwftpdk;&jzifh tkyfcsKyf&efqHk;jzwfonf? vlrJrsm;twGuf cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;cJhaoma'orsm;udk tjcm;a'orsm;ESifhtwlyl;aygif;vdkufonf? vlyk*~dKvfwOD;jcif; pD.tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; tmrcHonf? wdkif&if;om;vlenf;pkEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; A[kdtpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif ae&may;onf? vlenf;pkvljzLrsm;onfvnf; vlrsm;pkESifhtwl tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ae&mrsm;ay;xm;avonf? xdkuJhodk@xl;jcm;vSonfh oabmwlnDjcufrsm;udk &efola[mif;rsm;xHrS&&dSvdkufjcif;onf t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifh aqmif&Guf cJhonftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;a=umifh[kqdkv#ifvnf;rrSm;ay? odk@aomfvnf; a=uuGJzG,f&mrsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfyGg;cJhonf? xdkjzpf&yfrsm;rSm 'Ddrdkua&pDodk@oGm;aepOf=um;umvY ae&mr&vdkufaomolrsm;.vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? vufsmpGef;a&mufvljzLtcsKd@onf AHk;axmifcsif; twdkufcHacgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHjcif;rsm; qufvkyfaecJhonf? vlrJrsm;zufwGifvnf; tifumom vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD.t}uD;tuJjzpfol rif*dkql;ol; bloDavZDOD;aqmifaom vlrsm;onf uGmZl;vl;e,fajrtm; aygif;pnf;xm;aom awmiftmz&dtwGif;yg0if&ef jiif;qefcJh=uonf? xdk@twGuf attJefpD opPmcHrsm;jzifh emw,fESifh 0pf0g;wm;qif;e,fajrrsm;wGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfcJh&onf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;aoqHk;cJh &onf? t=urf;zufr_onf 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rjzpfyGm;yJESifh ray;qdkonfhoabmrsKd;oufa&mufouJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;rJef'Jvm;ESifh 'Duvyfonfxdkjy\emrsm;a=umifh olwdk@qufvkyf&rnfhudpPrsm;udk =uef@=umrcHay? 1994 {+yDv 26rS 29 wGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJhonf? attJefpDonf 60&mcdkifE_ef;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJwGif atmifEkdifcJhonf? trsKd;om;ygwDESifh tifumomygwD (a&G;aumufyGJeD;uyfI aemufqHk;tcsdefrS a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef qHk;jzwf) wdk@onfvnf; tpdk;&twGif;yg0ifEkdif&ef ae&mtvHktavmufEkdifcJh=uonf? ygvDrefrS rJef'Jvm;tm; orwtjzpfa&G;cs,fvdkufavonf?/ arv 10&ufae@wGif orwtjzpfusrf;usdefqdkavonf? 'DavmufvSywJhusaemfEkdifiHrSm b,fawmhrS wOD;eJ@wOD;zdEdSyfwJh tjzpfrsdK;jyefra&mufap&[lI rJef'Jvm;rS opPmqdkcJhavonf? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;onfhaemufqHk;cHwyf}uD; 'DurBmuae aysmufuG,foGm;cJhyg+yD? awmiftmz&dwGifoD;yGifhvmcJhonf 'Drdkua&pDonf twdkufcHvlrJrsm;.atmifyGJoufoufr[kwfay? vljzLtpdk;&ESifh vlrJtwdkufcHrsm;ESpfzufpvHk;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;.em;vnfr_a=umifhom ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu atmifjrifzdk@&eftwGuf rjzpfEkdifajc? twdkufcHrsm;zufrSvnf; tpdk;&tm; t+yD;owfracsr_ef;EkdifrSef;oabmaygufouJhodk@ tpdk;&rSvnf; ae&mwdkif;axmifhwdkif;wGif&dSaeom qENjyolrsm; vlxktzGJ@pnf;rsm;udk tqHk;owfracsr_ef;Ekdifa=umif; od&dSvmIjzpfonf? t=urf;rzuftEkenf;jzifhydwfqdk@a&;onf tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;aeaompepfudktqHk;owf&mwGif t"du=uaom uGif;qufjzpfcJh onf? tvkyfrqif;a&;/ oydwfrsm;/ qENjyr_rsm;onf vljzLpD;yGg;a&;ESifhydkif&Sifrsm;tm; zdtm;aumif;aumif;}uD;ay;EkdifcJhonf? tdrfvcray;a&;oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;onfvnf; a'oqkdif&maumifpDrsm;udk b¾ma&;t&xdcdkufapcJhonf? xdkpdefac:r_rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;onf tiftm;oHk;IzdEdSyfcJhonf? xdk@twGufvlxkqkdif&mtzGJ@pnf;rsm;udktm;enf;apcJhaomfvnf; tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh


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vufeufrsm;onfvnf; jyef@usJ aecJhonf? teD;em;wGif usnfqefpumaygufaeaom aemufxyfcE<mudk,fwck vJavsmif;ae+yD;/ xdkolrSm vkyf}uHr_wGif wm0ef&dSol[kpGwfpGJcH&aom a&mfe,f'dk *Jvfref;[k aemufydkif;wGif az:xkwfEdkifcJhonf? xdkvkyf}uHr_owif;onf urBmtESH@odk@ avvd_if;rSwqifhjyef@ESH@oGm;aomfvnf; zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif;wGif rnfonfhowif;r# azmfjyr_r&dScJhay? rm;udk@pfxdef;csKyfxm;aom owif;pm/ a&'D,dk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif Tta=umif;ESifh ygwfoufI wpGef;wpr# razmfjycJhyg? a'ocH &dkrefuufovpfa&'D,dk toHv$ifhXmewck jzpfaom a&'D,dk Am&Dwufpf (trSefw&m;a&'D,dk) wckom tuGDEdkif towfcH&r_owif;udk 0rf;enf; a=uuGJpGmjzifh owif;ydk@cJhonf? xdkowif;udk avvd_if;ay:wGif xyfcgwvJ v$ifhay;cJhjcif;a=umifh vlxk 0rf;enf;r_a=uuGJr_ESifhtwl &kwfcsnf;qENNjyyGJrsm; woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:vmapcJhonf? 0rf;enf;ylaqG;ol vla&pD;a=umif;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@ tdrfcef;rsm;rSonf reDvmòrd@awmf/ uGDZHk&dS tuGDEdkaexdkif&mtdrfqDodk@ *g&0ðy&ef ESpf&uf=um pDwef;Ia&mufvmcJh=uonf? atmf&dk&mtuGDEdku olom;. cE<mudk,fudk psmyeESifhyufoufaomudpPrsm;twGuf tjyifydkif;tjyiftqifrsm; ay;rqifapyJ/ aoG;pGef;aomt0wftpm; rsm;ESifhomxm;&dS&ef trdef@ay;xm;+yD; jzpfonf? tuGDEdk. rdcif}uD; wreuf t&k%frwufciftcsdef tdyf,mrS Edk;vmaomtcg {nfhcef;twGif;&dS tacgif; ab;em;wGif a,mufsm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ajz;ajz;csif; vSrf;vmaeonfudk awG@cJh&onf? “rif;wdk@apmvS csnfvm;vdk@/ usru olwdk@xHoGm;+yD; ar;vdkufwJhtcgrSm jyefajymwmu olwdk@[m wuUpDarmif;orm;awG jzpfa=umif;/ tvkyfudk ajcmufem&Dta&mufoGm;&rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf/ 'Dtcsdefwckwnf;omv#if olwdk@twGuf pDwef;+yD;t&dktaoay; Edkifa=umif; ajymjycJh=uygw,f?” “aemufydkif; jcif;awmif; t}uD;}uD;awG &GufvmwJh trsKd;orD;}uD;wpk a&mufvm=uw,f/ olwkd@awGu vrf;ab; ig;aps;onfawG/ ae@vnfydkif;=uawmh usr ZdkbJvfrdom;pkawG (csrf;om ºuG,f0aomrdom;pkrsm;)ESifh ruwDpDyGm;a&;orm;awGudk awG@cJh&w,f? vlcsrf;omaum/ vlqif;&Jyg eDEdkudk vm=unfh=uw,f?” wdkif;rf;pf vrf;r}uD;ay:wGif 0rf;enf;yufvufjzifh apmihfqdkif;aeaom vlwef;}uD;awG@cJhonfh trsKd;om;v$wfawmftrwfwOD;u Todk@rSwfcsufcscJhonf? “tm;vHk;udk tarSmifcs/ a&'D,dkxJrSmvnf; bmr#a&a&&m&m az:jywmrsdKvnf;r&dScJhbl;/ EdkifiHwum owif;XmeawGu bmjzpfcJh w,fqdkwmudk twdtus az:jy vdkufwJhtcgrSom usaemftzdk@uawmh bma=umifh reDvmòrd@awmfrSm vlawGvrf;tjynfh a&mufvm&apwJhtcsufudk odcJh&w,f? olwdk@wawG owif; tarSmifcsxm;cJhw,f? 'ga=umifh bmjzpfw,fqdkwmudkodzkd@ olwdk@ udk,fwdkifvm=unfh=uwm jzpfw,f? olwdk@ wu,fhudk emusnf;r_/ rcHr&yf jzpf&r_tjyif a'gotrsufacsmif;acsmif; xGufaecJh=uw,f? ” oluajymonf? *dk%f;csKyfbkef;awmf}uD; *srifpif;u tuGDEdkonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif usqHk;oGm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ pefwdk'dkrif*dk bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif; xHk;xrf;pOfvmt& ðyvkyfaom tokbtcrf;tem;wGif tuGDEdkudk csD;usL; axmyemðycJh=uonf? qkawmif;yGJt+yD;wGif acgif;tkyfaom oefvsif;ydwf udkifqdkifxm;olrsm;u tavmif;pifudkk x&yfum;.0rf;jym;ay:odk@ wifvdkuf=uonf/ xdk@aemuf reDvmwGif tus,fqHk;ESifh t&SnfqHk; vrf;r}uD;jzpfaom tufyDzefeD,dk 'D avmhpf qefwdk@pf (twdkaumuf tuf'fpmvrf;r}uD;[kac:onf?) Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) vrf;r}uD;ay:wGif apmifhqdkif;ae=uaom vlaxmif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfI o,faqmifvm cJh=uonf? vltkyf}uD;onf ESpfoef;r#txd rsm;jym;cJhonf? atmufarhzG,fyef;jcH&dS ajrjr‡KyfESHoò*d[f&mae&modk@ o,faqmifvmaom &Spfrdkifcef@c&D; wGif tavmif;o,faqmifvmonfudk wcsufr#=unfh&&eftwGuf vlxkrsm;u em&Drsm;pGm apmifhqdkif;aecJh=uonf? acgif;pD;pmwef;rsm; vrf;rrsm;wGif csdwfqGJxm;cJh=uonf? “EdkifiHa&;zdESdyfr_ESifh ppfwyft=urf;zuf0g''%f cHpm;&ol tm;vHk;twGuf w&m;Oya't& az:xkwfay;a&;” “EdkifiHa&;zdESdyfr_udk wdkufxkwf=u” ponfh pmwef;rsm; csdwfqGJ xm;cJh=uonf? t}uD;rm;qHk;aom qENjyyGJrsm;teufrS wckonf reDvmurf;ajctxufydkif;wGif&dSaom yef;jcHwckwGif pkpnf;ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkyef;jcHonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHtm; pydefxHrS vGwfvyfa&; t&,lay;cJhonfh q,fh&Spf&mpk &Sd awmfvSefa&;orm;[dkaq; &DaZmf (Jose Rizal) udk*k%fðyxm;aom txdrf;trSwf &kyfxkxm;&mae&myif jzpfonf? “olwdk@u usKyfudkaoewfeJ@ypfowf&if tJ'g olwdk@u usKyfudk ol&Jaumif;jzpfatmif vkyfay;vdkufwmyJ” [k eDEdk tuGDEdk wcgu ajymcJhbl;onf? “tu,fIom pydefawGu &DaZmfudk jyefrac:yJ ypfrowfcJhbl; qdk&if &DaZmf bmjzpfoGm;EdkifvJ/” “olvJusKyfvdk EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm b0jr‡KyfoGm;rJh


aemufxyfjynfajy;wa,muf jzpfoGm;rSmaygh” olu wcsdefu ajymcJhzl;onf? ,ck reDvmom;rsm; rdk;a&xJwGif axmifaygif;&mESifhcsDI &DaZmf &kyfxkESifh eDEdktuGDEdk. tavmif;pifa&S@wGif &yfae=uonf? vufoD;rsm;udk wif;wif;qkyf/ vufrESifh vuf!dk;udk t*FvdyftuQ&m t,fvf (L) ykHpHðyI &yfaecJh=uonf? xdk t,fvfonf tuGDEdk. EdkifiHa&;ygwD Laban (wdkufyGJ0if=u[k t"dy`g,f&onf) udk oauFwðyjcif; jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom ylaqG;olrsm;u olwdk@. rdcifbmompum;jzpfaom wm*gavmh*f (Tagalog) bmompum;jzifh “eDEdk/ hindi ka nag-iisa (eDEdk/ cifAsm;wa,mufwnf; r[kwfbl;) [lI atmf[pfcJh=uonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_udk EdkifiHwGif;&Sd owif;&kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif razmfjycJhay? a&'D,dk Am&Dwufpf. owif;xkwfjyefr_udk vnf;uef@owfcJhonf? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; tokbydk@aqmifaepOftwGif; jyif;jyif;xefxef'%f&m&cJhaom vdkufyg ydk@aqmifolwOD;. yHkudkazmfjy,HkrSvGJI bmqdkbmr#rajymyJ a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhonf? bmqdkbmr# rygcJhay? zm&dk;bk&if/ &Sm;bk&if/ tifydkif,mjynfh&Sif/ rif;{u&mZfESifh zufqpfacgif;aqmif zdvpfydkifrsm; yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfrJay;jcif;onf &k&Srsm; (1905) pdef@yDwmpbwf&dS aqmif;&moDeef;awmfqDodk@ csDwuf+yD; ESpfESpft=umESifh r[wWr*END awmiftmzd&duY tdENd,vlrsKd;rsm;udk pwifpnf;&Hk;onfh tcsdefESifh vnf; wxyfwnf;r# jzpfcJhonf? (1898) ckESpfwGif pydefESifh jzpfyGg;aomppfyGJt+yD; pydefxHrS zdvpfydkifudkodrf;,lcJhonfh tar&dueftpdk;&. taxmuftyHhjzifh usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tcGifhtm%mudk zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;rsm; twGuf cGifðycJhaomfvnf;/ tjynhft0 'Drdkua&pDawmh r[kwfcJhay? vlOD;a&. tpdwftydkif;tcsKd@r#om rJay;EdkifcGifh&dScJh=uonf? yxrqHk; a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif& orwonf (1935) ckESpfwGif zdvpfydkif "eo[m,EdkifiHtqifh a&muf&dSonfhtcsdeftxd trSefpifppftm%m[lI vuf0,fr&dScJhay? tjynfht0vGwfvyfa&;ESifh rJay;ydkifcGifh tvsiftjrefwdk;jr‡ifh&&Sdjcif;onf (1947) ckESpf 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;umvwGifrSom jzpfay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aemufxyfESpf ESpf=umaomtcg v$wfawmftrwfwOD;.om;jzpfol vli,fwpfOD; jzpfaom zg'Deefrm;udk@pfonf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;xJ pwifyg0ifvmcJhonf? toufoHk;q,fomom&dSao;aomfvnf; ol.owif; ausmf=um;aecJh+yD; jzpfonf? ol@taz. EdkifiHa&;òydifbuf wOD;udk owfr_jzifh tzrf;cH&+yD;rS uGif;vHk;u|wf jyefvGwfvmcJhaomolwOD; jzpfonf? (1950) ESpfrsm;wGif olonf &kwfcsnf;qdkovdk trsKd;om;a&; acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf ay:xGufvmcJhonf? Todk@jzpf&jcif;rSm ckcHa&;ppftwGif; acgif;aqmif wpfa,muf tjzpfyg0ifcJhaom ol.ol&Jaumif;qefqefyHkjyifrsm;a=umifh wpdwfwydkif;ygovdk/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHa&;. =ueftif vuQ%mjzpfaom r[mrdwfzGJ@jcif;ESifh vltkyfpkarG;r_udpPrsm;wGif wzufurf;wufu|rf;aom ol.tpGrf; a=umifhvnf; wpdwfwydkif;ygwfoufaeonf? EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wOD;tjzpf olemrnfausmf=um;vmcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf (1965) ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJ wGif orwtjzpf a&G;aumufcHcJh&onf? olu zdvpfydkifvlr_b0wGif t&dk;pGJaecJhaom jcpm;r_udk wdkufzsuf&efESifh wdkif;jynf. ºuG,f0r_"ersm;rnDr#jzpfaer_udk avsmhcs&eftwGuf/ ajr,mðyjyifa&; vkyfaqmif&ef ponfhjzifh uwdu0wfrsm; ay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ol.vkyfEdkifpGrf;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynft&if;tjrpfrsm;rsm;udk vrf;rsm;aqmufjcif;/ wHwm;rsm;aqmufjcif;/ oabFmqdyfcHrsm; aqmufjcif;wGifom yHkatmtoHk;ðyaecJh+yD;/ xdkvkyfief; rsm;a=umifh b¾ma&;wGif vdkaiGt}uD;tus,fjyvmcJhonf? (1969) ckESpfwGif w}udrf olorwtjzpf aemufxyf jyefvnfa&G;aumufcH&jyefonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif olonf yxrOD;qHk;aom jyefta&G;cH&onfh orwwOD;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@jyefvnfa&G;aumufcH&jcif;onf jynfolb¾maiG tajrmuftrsm;udk oHk;I rJ0,fcJhaoma=umihf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJESifhqufEG,faom owfjzwfr_E_ef;onfvnf; tqrwef xdk;wufaecJhonf? “1949 ckESpfpI usif;ycJhaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rnfonfha&G;aumufyGJur#/ aemufqHk;,cka&G;aumufyGJxufydkI t=urf;zufr_/ tvdrftnmESifhyufoufI tjiif;yGg;&r_/ qlavmif atmf[pfr_rsm;aom a&G;aumufyGJrr&SdcJhay?” [k zdvpfydkif vGwfvyfaomowif;pmrsm;rS rm;udk@pf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;wGif azmfjycJhonf?


a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; ravsmfuefðyr_rsm;ESifh tar&duef-AD,uferfppftay: rm;udk@pf. axmufcHr_rsm;a=umifh a'goxGufae=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf reDvmòrd@ay:wGif t}uD;tus,fqENjycJh=u+yD;/ wcgw&H t=urf;zufrsm; txdjzpfyGg;cJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif ukef;wGif;ydkif;rsm;twGif;vnf; uGefjrLepfolykefxr_ rsm; ydkrdkqlylvmcJh+yD;/ wdkif;jynfr+idrfoufr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? orwonf tv,ftvwf oabmxm;aysmhajymif;ol òydifzufrsm;. jyif;xefaom a0zefr_rsm;wGifvnf; t"duypfrSwfwckjzpfcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf olwdk@. a0zefcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm;/ xkdoltm;vHk;udk E_wfydwf&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonf? urBmawmifbuftjcrf;wGif&dSaom pydefudkvdkeDa[mif;EdkifiHwckjzpfaom csDvDwGif 'Drdkua&pDt& a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufxm;aomtpdk;&wckudk atmf*pfx&dk yDEdka&S;rS ðzwfrcscif wESpfyifrvdkawmhonfh tcsdef (1972) ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif rm;udk@pfu rm&S,favmOya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdkOya'jzifh rm;udk@pfonf orwtm; oufwrf;ESpfckom tkyfcsKyfcGifðyaom wdkif;jynf. tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;cJhonf? 'korw ae&mtm; zsufodrf;vdkufonf? owif;pmwdkufrsm;udk ydwfyifcJhonf? yk*~vdu a&'D,dkESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;&Hk tawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;,lcJhonf? vlxkpk&Hk;cGifhrsm;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf? &Hk;xkwfrdef@rsm;udk &yfqdkif;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;òydifzufrsm;udk olykefxEdkifonf[laom pGwfpGJcsufrsm;jzifh tuGufqifum pwifzrf;qD;cJhonf? tajccHOya't& a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHxm;&aom orwwOD;onf/ ol@udk,fol tm%m&Siftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJapcJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDta&; ckcHumuG,fol a&G;aumufcHEdkifiHa&;orm; tenf;pkonf rm;udk@pfu v$wfawmfESpf&yfudk ol. vl@abmifopfwnfaqmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (New Society Movement) odk@r[kwf (KBL) rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm; aom &kyfao;trsKd;om;v$wfawmf wckwnf;jzifh tpm;xkd;vdkufjcif;udk bmr#rajymomyJ vufydkuf =unfhaecJh=u& onf? tar&duefpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif toHk;ðyaom jyXgef;pmtkyfrsm;uJhodk@ zdvpfydkif pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDudk q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmoif,lcJhaomolrsm;twGuf xdkajymif;vJr_rsm;onf ESpfvdka=ueyfzG,f&m awmhr[kwfcJhay? rm;ukd@pftm%mwnfaqmufaeonfh yHkpHuvnf; vltrsm; udk ydkIra=ureyfjzpfapcJhonf? orwrm;udk@pfu ol.ZeD; tvSbk&ifra[mif; orwuawmf tDr,fvf'g (Imelda) udk (1975) ckESpfwGif reDvmòrd@awmf0efcef@tyfI aemufydkif;wGif uufbdeuf0ef}uD;tjzpfyg cef@tyfcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk olwudk,fwnf;twGuf pkyHk,laejcif;onf/ tEWdr&nfrSef;csufwcktwGuf taumiftxnfazmfvkyfaeonfhyHk aygufaecJhonf? xdk&nfrSef;csufrSm [Gef (Juan) ESifh tDApfwm yD&Gef (Evita Peron) wdk@ wcgrS pdwful; r,OfcJhzl; aom urBmhtm%m&SifpHkwGJtjzpf udk,fhudkudk,f t=unfòidcH&ap&ef zefwD;ouJhodk@ jzpfaecJhonf? rwefr&m rSef;q onfvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf? orwonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. t"dupDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifr_ avsmhcsay;&efudpPrsm;udkvnf; tjyif;txef jiif;qefcJhonf/ olwdk@vifr,m;. yk*~dKvfa&;csrf;omºuG,f0r_onf ig;bDvD,Htxd wdk;wufvm cJhonf? tDr,fvf'gonf orweef;awmfxJwGif rav;yHkpH tm'rfESifh {0 uJhodk@ yHkaz:xm;aom ‚if;wdk@. ZeD;armifESHpHkwGJ yHkwl yef;csDum;csyf}uD;udk csdwfqGJjyoxm;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif rdk[mruftvD/ *sdK;z&DZm. csefyD,Hvufa0S@AdkvfvkyGJESifh urBmhtvSr,fa&G;yGJrsm; zdvpfydkifwGifðyvkyf&ef óudwifpm&if;oGif;xm;jcif; uJhodk@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif tcsdefðzef;ae cJhonf? rm;udk@pfonfvnf; a*gufuGif;ESifh ta0;ajy; wHwm;vrf;r }uD;rsm;tm; tay:rSqD;jrif&aom ol. {&mr }uD;rm;aom OD;acgif;yHk}uD;udk wnfaqmufcJh+yD;/ xdka*gufuGif;ESifh ta0;ajy;wHwm;vrf;r}uD;tm; ESpfckpvHk;tm; ol. trnfay;apcJhonf? rdrdudk,frdrd xifay:atmif vkyfaqmifjcif;onf orwvkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;wckuJho@dk jzpfvmcJhonf? rm&S,favm Oya'xkwfjyefaom tcsdefwGif tuGDEdkonf zdvpfydkifqD;edwfwGif &J&Jwif;wif; xkwfaz:a0zef ajymqdk&Jaom vpfb&,fygwDacgif;aqmif wpfa,muftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecsdefjzpfonf? vlxkpka0;yGJ wckwGif AHk;aygufuGJr_jzpfI vlckESpfOD;aoqHk;r_wGif tuGDEdktm; ouFmruif;r_jzifh zrf;qD;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif ol.arG;pm;orD;. aphpyfa=umif;vrf;ygwDwGif ol&dSaecJhonfESifh ygwfoufI rsufjrifoufaorsm; txif t&Sm;&dScJhonf? odk@aomf ol@udk vlowfr_jzifhpGwfpGJI axmifcsxm;cJh+yD;/ w&m;cHk&Hk;rwifyJ vaygif;rsm;pGm wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? zdk@wf bGefeDazhpf (Fort Boniface) tusOf;axmifrSpma&;om;cJh&mwGif tuGDEdku ppftpdk;&onf ordkif;urSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfh aemufa=umif;jyefqGJqHk;/ ttdka[mif;qHk; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wckudk jyefvnftoufoGif;ae+yD;/ xdkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk waoG;woHtrdef@bk&if/


oufOD;qHydkifbk&if/ rif;{u&pf/ bk&if/ zufqpfacgif;aqmif/ emZDacgif;aqmif/ OuUX odk@r[kwf orw [kac:aomolu vl@b0. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udk wcsufv$wftrdef@jzifh tkyfpdk;aeonf[k a&;om;cJhonf? rm;udk@pftay: vlxkqef@usifr_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aecJhonf? odk@aomf owif;acgif;}uD;ydkif;rsm;wGif ppftpdk;&udk t=urf;zufqef@usifae=uol &efolrsm;.ta=umif;uom v$rf;rdk;aecJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; *syefudk wdkufcdkufcJhaom v,form; ykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifcJh+yD;/ ppfyGJvGefumvrsm;wGif zdvpfydkifajr&Sifrsm;udk awmfvSefaomwdkufyGJwGif OD;aqmifcJh aom uGefjrLepfrsm;onf (1960) ESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&udk qefusifwdkufcdkufaom ‚if;wdk@. aysmuf=um;xdk;ppf rsm;udk jyefvnfI toufoGif;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. jynfol@wyfrawmfopf New People's Army (NPA) onf rm&S,favm ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyef+yD;onfhaemuf tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcJh+yD;/ wdkif;jynf. tpGef;tzsm; jynfe,frsm;. oHk;yHkwyHkcef@udk xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif ppftpdk;&onf rGwfqvifcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;. wdkif;jynfawmifydkif; a'orsm;wGif vufeufudkifpddefac:r_udkvnf; &ifqdkifaecJh&onf? tm&yf a&eHxkwfvkyfaom wdkif;jynfrsm;. zdtm;rsm;a=umifh a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&,lI yÉdyuQrsm;udk tqHk;owf&ef awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? odk@aomf rnfonfhtcgr# ol.uwdudk taumiftxnf raz:ay;cJhovdk olykefxr_udkvnf; tqHk;rowfEdkifcJhay? uGefjrLepfESifh rGwfqvifrsm;. pdefac:tHwkr_rsm;onf ppfat;wap>ajcmufcHae&aom tar&duef&dS rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;twGuf jcdrf;ajcmufr_ rsm;ozG,f jzpfaecJh+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDudk vnfvdrfcsdK;aeaom rm;[email protected];vrf;rsm; aemufodk@vdkuf&ef ydkrdk vG,fulapcJhonf? xdk@tjyif taemufydkif; vlZkefa'o&dS pl;bpf y,fv,fatmfwGif tajcpdkufaom tar&duef a&wyfpcef;}uD;ESifh reDvm.jrmufbufjcrf; um;jzifharmif;ygu wem&Dcef@t=umc&D;&Sd uvyf (uf) uGif;jyif Clark Field wGiftajcpdkufaom avwyf AHk;}uJpcef;}uD;onfvnf; ypdzdwfa'owGif; tar&dueftm%mpuf0ef;. t"dutcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;tjzpf wnf&SdaecJhonf? xdkodk@ aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umihf 0g&Sifwefonf zdvdydkifEdkifiHtwGif; wnfjidrfr_ &dSaeapvdkonf? (1970) ESpfrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfwdk@. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk ZmcsJ@I rm;udk@pfonf orw&pfcsyfepfqifxHrS ppftkyfcsKyfa&; rm&S,favmudk axmufcHr_ESifhtwl/ av;ESpfpm ppfa&;tultnDrsm; qxufwdk; &&dScJhonf? tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onfvnf; rm;udk@pfudk rdwfaqGwOD;tjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkifonf tar&duefEdkifiH. &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifcJh+yD;/ tar&duef ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif; uvnf; EdkifiHjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ajrae&mydkifqdkifcGifhudk tEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifonfh EdkifiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyf. qHk;jzwfcsufudk rm;udk@pfu zsufodrf;ay;vdkufonfhtwGuf rm;udk@pfudk csD;usL;axmyemðycJh=uonf? zdvpfydkif EdkifiHonf tcsuftjcmusonf? awmifw&kwfyifv,fudk cGxdkifxm;+yD;/ xdkyifv,fudkjzwfI tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS *syefodk@a&eHwif oabFmrsm;tygt0if/ tjcm;a&eHxkwfvkyfaom EdkifiHrsm;yg xdkyifv,fvrf;udkjzwfI toHk;ðyae=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh xdkae&m. r[mAsL[m tcsuftjcmusr_onf vGefpGmrSyif wefzdk;&dScJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiGonfvnf; qxufwefydk; ydkrdkwdk;yGm;aecJhonf? EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (tdkiftrftufzf) ESifh urBmhb%ftjyif tar&duefb%frsm;rS yrm%tajrmuftjrm;xyfjznfhvdkufygu (1972) ckESpf rm&S,favm xkwfjyefcsdef taºuG; a':vm 2²7 bDvD,HrSonf 1977 ckESpfwGif a':vm 10² 7 bDvD,H txdwdk;wufvm cJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif axmifwGif;&dSzdvpfydkiftwdkuftcHtkyfpkrsm;udk wjznf;jznf; OyuQmðycHcJh&onf? (1977) ckESpf wGif EdkifiHwumvGwf+idrf;csrf;oma&;tzGJ@}uD;rS xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpmt& 1972 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS 1977 azaz:0g&DvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;ESifhqufEG,fzrf;qD;r_ ajcmufaomif;cef@ðyvkyfcJha=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? rouFmolrsm; udk zrf;qD;I &dkufESufppfaq;jcif;onf yHkrSefjzpfpOfwck jzpfcJhonf? *sifrDumwm tdrfjzLawmfodk@ a&mufvmaom tcgwGif rm;udk@pfonf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;oHk;axmifudk [efjyv$wfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf txif&Sm;qHk; tusOf;om; jzpfaom eDEdktuGDEdkuawmh oHwdkifrsm;aemufwGif qufvuf &dSaecJhao;onf?

vlxktmcHzDqefr_udk jzpfvmapaom tiftm;wck (1978) ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pfonf [efaqmif'Drdkua&pDt"Gef@&Snfap&ef a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;ycJhonf? befe*fEdk tuGDEdk (Benigno Aquino) onf ‚if;.tusOf;axmifxJrSaeI vbefygwD (Laban Party) udk wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/


trsdKK;om;v$wfawmfodk@ vludk,fwdkifudk,fusrvmEkdifI vlrJhtaejzifh a&G;aumufyGJodk@ 0ifcJh onf? a&G;aumufyGJonf KBL ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkom Edkifacs&dS&ef twdtusvkyfxm;rSef; odaomfjim;vnf; vbefygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJtóudae@rsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJudk qef@usif&ef aqmf=opmrsm;udk jzef@a0cJhonf? owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefrsm;wGif Manilienos rsm;rS [Gef;rsm;wD;jcif;/ tdk;rsm;wD;jcif;/ atmf[pfjcif;/ ntcsdefwGif r+idrfoufr_rsm; zefwD;jcif; pojzifðyvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf aemufig;ESpft=um yDEdka&S; tpdk;&udkqef@usifaom csDvDom;rsm;. yxrOD;qHk; EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m qENjyyGJrsm;wGif ðyvkyf=urnfh t&mrsm; jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'ft& rm;udk@pfonf rJay;vkyfief;pOf wckvHk;udk aumif;aumif; xdef;csKyf oGm;Edkifonfudk jyooGm;onf? c&dkif (30) teuf (7) ckwGif KBL onf 100 &mE_ef;jynhf tEdkif&cJhonf? tv,fydkif; 0dqm,mc&dkifwckwnf;omv#if twdkuftcHrsm; trsm;pk tEdkif&&dSa=umif; rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcJh onf? vbefygwD. tiftm;taumif;qHk;a'ojzpfaom reDvmòrd@awmfwGif twdkuftcHygwDonf rJpkkpkaygif; (31) &mckdifE_ef;om&I KBL onf 69 &mcdkifE_ef; &&dScJhonf? uGefjrLepfr[kwfonfh twdkuftcHrsm;onf pdwf"gwfus+yD;/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&; vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ ajymif;vJ cJh=uonf? jynfya&muf twdkuftcHrsm;. tultnDjzifh pD;yGm;a&;orm; t,fvf'l&m'dk tdka&;*g Eduardo Olaguer onf vlxkw&m;r#wa&;pDrHudef; (Project Public Justice) zJG@pnf;cJhonf? xdktzGJ@onf vlxktm%m zDqefr_udk ydkrdktiftm;aumif;vmap&ef ðyvkyfay;aom tiftm;pkwckjzpfcJhonf? xdktiftm;pkonf tm%m&Siftm; rwnfjidrfvmatmifvkyfa&;/ vlxkudk vGwfajrmufr_qDokd@ aemufqHk;wGef;tm; wcktjzpfpkpnf;a&; ponfwdk@udk vkyfaqmif&efjzpf+yD;/ t=urf;rzufa&; r[mAsL[mudk vufcHonfhyHkrsKd; usifhoHk;cJhonf? odk@aomf (1978) ckESpf toHrsm;jzifh taESmuft,Sufðyonfh enf;emudk oabmuscJhaoma=umifh tdka&*g. tkyfpkonf tdk;awG/ ',f/ Aef;awGacgufaom olrsm;udk pepfwusompnf;&Hk;Edkifygu awmfvSefykefuef&eftxd qGJaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJh =uonf? xdktkyfpkonf rD;&d_@onfhvkyfief;udk pdwftm;xufoefcJh+yD;/ tpdk;& taqmuftOD;wckudk rD;&d_@jcif;/ [kdw,f rsm;udk rD;&d_@jcif;ESifh reDvmyifv,fatmfrS umpDEdkoabFmwpif;tm; rD;&d_@jcif;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpdk;&onf umpDEdkrsm; tm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ rm;udk@pfonf xdkumpDEdkrsm;udk vmbfay;vmbf,lESifh tcGifhta&;tm%mtwGuf aiG0if vrf;aumif;aom t&if;tjrpfwcktjzpf toHk;cs cJhonf? odk@aomf rD;&d_@r_owif;onf rm;udk@pf xdef;csKyfaom owif;rD'D,mwGif yg0ifEdkifcJhjcif; r&dSaoma=umifh vlxktm%mzDqefr_udk ydkrdktiftm;aumif;vmap&ef ðyvkyfay;aom tiftm;pkrS tzGJ@0ifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh& onf? 7-ESpf tusOf;uscH&+yD;aemuf eDEdktuGDEdkudk vlowfr_jzifh tjypf&dSonf[k rm;udk@pfcef@tyfaom w&m;cHk&Hk;rS ao'%f csrSwfcJhonf? odk@aomf tuGDEdkonf (1980) ckESpfwGif ESvHk;tajctaeraumif;a=umif; ppfaq; awG@&dS&aoma=umihf tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerS =um;0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? rm;udk@pfonf ao'%ftm; acwWqdkif;iHhcJh+yD;/ wuUqufjynfe,f [lpwifòrd@wGif cGJpdwfukor_cH&ef,ltwGuf ol@tm; wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmcGifhay;cJhonf? tuGDEdk usef;rma&; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmaomtcg tuGDEdkESifhol. rdom;pkonf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif qufvufaexdkifcJh+yD;/ [m;AwfwuUodkvfESifh rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f pufr_wuUodkvf wGif ynmoif=um;Edkif&ef ynmoifqkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif; cHcJh&onf? tuGDEdkonf jynfyrSaeI t=urf;zufaom {+yD 6 vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (A6LM) wGif qufEG,f ygwfoufcJh+yD;/ toHrsm;jzifh taESmuft,SufðycJhaom xdkae@udk reDvmtajcðy tkyfpkwckrS t&if;ðy rSnfhac: cJhjcif;jzpfonf? “taqmuftOD;awGudk azgufcGJypfr,fh òrd@jyaysmuf=um;ppfqifa&; t}uD;}uD;qifEGJzdk@eJ@ jcpm;wJh orw&J@ aqGrsKd;/ o*F[awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifawGudk vkyf}uHzdk@ tpDtrHawGudk usaemfhudk ajymjycJh =uygw,f?”[k olu e,l;a,muf/ tm&Svl@tzGJ@tpnf; (Asia Society) rSm ajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;wckwGif zGifh[azmfxkwfcJhonf? tuGDEdk. rdef@cGef; t+yD; oHk;ywftwGif;wGif/ ysufqD;r_tenf;i,fESifh vlESpfOD;'%f&m&&dScJh aom azgufuGJr_udk;ckjzifh reDvmudk wdkufcdkufcH cJh&onf? (A6LM) wGif qufvufvkyfaqmifp&mrsm; &dSaecJhao;onf? vtenf;i,ft=um atmufwdkbmvwGif xdktzGJ@rS reDvm&dS tar&duefEdkifiHrS c&D;oGm;udk,fpm;vS,fvkyfief;rsm; (American Society of Travel Agents) . reDvmwGif usif;yrnfh tpnf;ta0; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk owday;+cdrf;ajcmufpmrsm; ay;ydk@cJh+yD;/ xdkpmrsm;wGif “zdvpfydkifwdk@. awmfvSefa&;p+yD” jzpfa=umif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; tjyeftvSefypfcwfr_wGif xdcdkufEdkifa=umif; owd ay;cJhonf? rm;udk@pfrS vHkðcH a&;tpDtrHrsm; xyfrHwdk;jr‡ifhrnfhta=umif; uwdu0wfðy+yD;/ xdktkyfpkonf òrd@awmf. tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; awG@qHk&ef


pDpOfcJhonf? orwudk,fwdkif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk óudqdkI vHkðcHr_&dSa=umif;/ jyocJhonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm; vkyfief;0ef}uD;XmetwGif;odk@ olvsdKtjzpfóudv$wfxm;aom A6LM tzGJ@0ifwOD;u AHk;wvHk;axmifxm;EdkifcJhonf? xdkAHk;onf rm;udk@pfrdef@cGef;ajym+yD; ig;rD;epft=umwGif aygufuGJ cJhonf? rm;udk@pfudk,fwdkfif '%f&mr&cJhaomfvnf; udk,fpm;vS,f 11-OD;/ zdvpfydkiftqdkawmfwpfOD;ESifh tjcm;ajcmufOD; '%f&m&cJhonf? rm;udk@pfrS ol.ZeD;onfudk =um;cHtjzpfoHk;I tuGDEdkESifh pum;ajym&ef vrf;zGifhay;EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ TAHk;uGJr_a=umifh vlxkawmfvSefa&;wckjzpf&eftxd rEd_;qGEdkifcJhay? (1980) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif; e,l;a,mufòrd@wGif tDr,fvf'g rm;udk@pfESifh av;em&D=um aqG;aEG;yGJt+yD;/ tuGDEdku rm&S,favmppfOya' &kyfodrf;ay;a&;ESifh oef@&Sif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ðyvkyfay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? (1981) ck ZEM0g&DvwGif rm;udk@pfu rm&S,favmOya'udk &kyfodrf;cJh+yD;/ orwa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pwiftcsdefowfrSwfaomtcgwGif xdkawmif;qdkr_rsm;udk vufcHoa,mif&dScJhonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGifrl rqdkpavmufom jzpfcJhonf? rm&S,favmOya'. tqHk;owfr_onf tpdk;&udk w&m;0iftpdk;&wcktjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf? orw.tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m rxdcdkuf rysufr,Gif;bJ qufvuf&dSaecJhonf? orwavmif;twGuf touf owfrSwfr_udk toufig;q,f&dS&rnf[k owfrSwfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh toufav;q,fh&SpfESpfom &dSao;aom tuGDEdkudk wm;jrpfjcif;om jzpfcJhonf? (1981) ckESpf ZGefv a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmuf&ef twdkuftcH!Gef@aygif;wckrS qHk;jzwfcsufcscJh+yD;/ rm;udk@pfu rJta&twGuf (80) &mcdkifE_ef;&&rnf[k tcdkiftrm ajymqdkI a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf taotcsm pDrHcJhonf? tuGDEdkonf rm;udk@pfqef@usifa&; rdef@cGef;rsm; qufvufajymaeqdkcJhonf? odk@aomf &pfcswf twefbdk&dk (Richard Attenborough) &dkuful;aom *END&kyf&Sifum;udk=unfh+yD;aomtcg ol. r[mAsL[mudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;p&mjzpfvm onf? (ol axmifusaepOftwGif; *END. pmayrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;+yD;om;vnf; jzpfonf?) zdvpfydkifodk@ tjyef abmhpwGefodk@ rxGufcGmcif olu owif;axmufrsm;udk ajym=um;&mY “t=urf;rzufaomenf;rSwqifh usKyfwdk@. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_rsm; jyefvnfaqmifusOf;Edkif&ef wdkkufyGJ0ifae=uaom acgif;aqmif}uD;i,frsm;ESifh vufwGJ&ef jyefvmjcif;jzpfonf” [k ajym=um;cJhonf? tuGDEdku tu,fI 'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfxGef;um;vmygu rm;udk@pfESifhyif jyefvnf&if=um;aph&ef tmoDo&dSa=umif;udk xkwfaz:jyocJhonf? wcsdefu o[m, pdwf"mwfwl tudkwa,muftjzpf orw. taumif;zufjcrf;qDodk@ toem;cHcJh+yD;/ “vGwfvyfI oef@&Sif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;”udk =uyfrwf&efwGuf =um;jzwf tpdk;&wckzGJ@pnf;ay;&ef wifjycJhonf? odk@aomf olu rm;udk@pf t&ifqif;ay;&rnf[k tjyif;txefawmif;qdkcJhonf? rdwfaqGtrsm;pkurl tuGDEdkudk tar&duefEdkifiHrSmom qufvufae&ef owday;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; *sLtef yGef@pf tef&DvD (Juan Ponce Enrile) u vkyf}uHr_wckk jzpfEdkifa=umif; owday;cJhaom tcg tuDGEdkonf ol. tjyefc&D;udk &ufowWywfESpfywfom aemufqkwfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpf aEG&moDwGif vltrsm;u tuGDEdkudkf ol. wdkif;jynfrS jynfolrsm; 'kuQa&mufaeaom tcsdefwGif tar&duefwGif oufawmifh oufom aexdkifaeonf[k pGwfpGJ+yD;/ ol@udk tom;uifpwdufpm;aeaom uGefref'dk (a steak commando) [k ac:cJh=ua=umif; trwfa[mif; z&efppfpudk &dk'&D*dk (Francisco Rodrigo) u jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “'Drdkua&pD zufawmfom; twdkuftcHawGu tm;enf;aeovdkjzpfaeawmh usaemfwdk@ 'Dta&;twGuf ol@udk tvdk&dScJhw,f? jynfolrsm; acsmifxdk;cHxm;&jcif;a=umifh ydkrdkI t=urf;zuf vdkpdwf jyif;jyvmae=uw,f” [k &dk'&D*dk u ajymjycJhonf? “rm;udk@pfu usKyfwdk@udk t=urf;zuform;awG jzpfapcsifw,f 'grSom olu tar&duefudk ajymEdkifrSmaygh? cifAsm;wdk@ usKyfudk r=udKufbl;vm;´ 'gqdk&if cifAsm;wdk@rSm bmtm;xm;p&m &dSovJ uGefjrLepfawGvm;? usKyfu t,kwfwrm rdp>mjzpfOD;awmh? usKyfu cifAsm;wdk@zufu&yfay;r,fh t,kwfwrmaumif? uGefjrLepfuvnf; 'DvdkyHkpHkrsKd;yJ jzpfcsif wmyJ? uGefjrLepfawGu jynfolawG rm;udk@pftay:rSm a'goxGufaewmudk odw,f? olwdk@utJefyDat (jynfol@ wyfrawmfopf) u omv#if rm;udk@pfudk ðzwfcsEdkifovdk yHkpHrsKd; tajctaeudk zefwD;csifcJh=uw,f? usaemfwdk@udk olwdk@ujzpfEdkifacs&dSwJh t&HoabmrsKd;udkyJ ay;zdk@óud;pm;cJhw,f? eDEDkjyefvmrS jzpfawmhr,fvdk@ usaemfcHpm;cJh&w,f?” olu ajymonf?


a&mifpHkpuULyef;rsm;/ òrd@awmfESifh w&m;&Hk; bef*dktuGDEdkudk avqdyfwGif vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_onf vlxkudka'goykef xapcJhonf/ twdkuftcHudk tiftm; aumif;apcJhonfESifhtwl/ rm;udk@pf. 0g&SifwefESifhqufqHa&;vnf; rwnfr+idrfjzpfcJh&onf? psmye tcrf;tem;onf tm%m&Sifudk qef@usifaom vlxk tm%mzDqefr_tm; t&Snfwnfwef@aprnfh ueOD; tpydkif;udk jzpfapcJh+yD;/ reDvmòrd@awmfwGif ra&wGufEdkifavmufatmif qENjhyyGJrsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? (1983) ckESpf aqmif;OD;ydkif;ESifh aqmif;&moD umvrsm;wGif &ufowWywf wywf+yD;wywf zdvpfydkif. acwfrDpD;yGm;a&; tcsuftcsmae&m/ rugwD. tv,f A[dkcsuf t,mvm vrf;rwav#muf&dS rdk;xd&Hk;cef; taqmuftOD; rsm;. jywif;aygufrsm;rS t0ga&mifyef;puULrsm; jzef@usJcJh=uonf? (t0ga&mifudk tuGDEdkjzpf&yf. udk,fpm;ðy oauFwta&miftjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf?) pD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;uvnf; rjidrfoufr_udk pwif odvmcJh+yD;aemuf csrf;omaom zdvpfydkifEdkifiHom;rsm; cef@rSef;acs a':vm oef; (50) cef@ b%f}uD;rsm;rS xkwf,lcJh=u+yD;/ xdkaiGrsm;udk tar&duefESifh qGpfZmvef/ a[mifaumif&dS b%frsm;wGif ajymif;I tyfESHcJh=uonf? wzufwGif EkdifiHawmf b¾maiG ,dkxGufr_onf zdvpfydkifaiG yDqdktm;wefbdk;avsmhusap&ef zdtm;ay;cJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;aiG taºuG;ydk&wufvmcJhonf? (1983) atmufwdkbm vwGif taºuG;ajcmufbDvD,H txdwdk;wufcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pf. tpdk;&udk pGef@cGmoGm;aom rm;udk@pf. owif;jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;u pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJawG a&mifpHkyef;awG }uJcs oma=umifh EdkifiHawmf b¾maiG,dkxGufr_jzpf&+yD;/ tdkiftrftufzf / urBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwGif; +rD&Sifb%frsm;udk a=umufvef@apcJhonf[k tpdk;&u tjypfwifcJhonf[k ajymjycJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;onf atmufqHk;xd xdk;us+yD; &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? ueOD;umvrsm;wGif wOD;csif;tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom=unfhcJh=uaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;yifv#if tuGDEdk aoqHk; &jcif;tay: jrefqefI zufrvdkufaom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_wckðyvkyfay;&ef/ orwa&G;aumufcH&jcif; tay: &Sif;&Sif;vif;ajz&Sif;ay;&ef/ oef@&Sif;ajzmifhrwfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyvkyfay;&ef/ a&G;aumufyGJ aumifr&Sif tm; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;ay&efESifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;udkk vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef ponfjzifh awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? rm;udk@pfonf 'korw&Hk;cef;udk jyefvnfzGifhay;cJhjcif;/ orwESifh 'k-orw udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. toufudk toufavsmhcsay;jcif;/ ig;q,frS av;q,fodk@ avsmhcsay;jcif;/ tpdk;& xdef;csKyfaom a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0iftopfrsm; cef@tyfay;jcif; (COMELEC) ESifh vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJjzpfay:a&;twGuf EdkifiHom;rsm;. trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (National Movement of Citizens for a Free Election (NAMFREL) tm; todtrSwfðyay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzifh tðyoabm wkef@jyefcJhonf? vkyf}uHr_t+yD; qENjyyGJtrsm;pkudk v$wfawmftrwfa[mif; [dkaq; 'dkif,kwfEdk (Jose Diokno) rS OD;pD;OD;aqmif ðycJh onf? [dkaq;onf (1972) ckESpfwGif eDEdktuGDEdkESifh twltzrf;cH&+yD;/ ol. axmif'%fESpfESpfoufwrf; trsm;pkudk wdkufydwfcef;wGif aeI jzwfoef;cJh&ol jzpfonf? [dkaq;onf tuGDEdktwGuf w&m;r#wa&;/ tm;vHk;twGuf w&m; r#wa&;[laom tzGJ@opf (JAJA) udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf/ vkyf}uHcH&ol trwfrif;. nDawmf ol &kyf&Sifrif;om;t*gyDwdk (bwfZf) tuGDEdk (Agapito (Butz) Aquino) udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;cJh+yD;/ csrf;om ºuG,f0aom pD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD; xHrS aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&ulnD&efvnf; pnf;&Hk;cJhonf? vlxkpnfwef;vSnfhvnfyGJtrsm;pkonf +idrf;csrf;pGm jyoaom vSnfhvnfyGJrsm;om jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf rm&S,favm ppfOya'xkwfjyefaom (11) ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@/ (1983) ckESpf pufwifbmv (21) &ufae@ qENjyyGJwGif t"du&k%f;rsm; jzpfay:cJh&onf? udk&mZef tuGDEdk. rmvmumeef; eef;awmfteD; w0dkufwGif vlxkcsDwufyGJudk qifEGJcJhonf? (xdkae&mu pdkufcif;rsm;ozG,f twef;vdkufjzpfaeaom taqmuftOD;rsm;wnf&dS&m uGif;jyifudk tkwfeH&Hjzifhum&Hxm;+yD;/ reDvmwGif &mpkESpfrsm;pGmcsDI tpdk;&&Hk;pdkufcJh&m ae&mjzpfonf?) vlaygif; (15000) cef@&dS vltkyf}uD;onf vltkyfuGJxGufoGm;+yD;/ yqpfjrpf (Pasig River) ay:&dS ref'D&dkvmwHwm;qDodk@ csDwufoGm;cJh =uonf? vufeuftjynfhwyfqifxm;aom r&def;wyfom;rsm;/ t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@0ifjzifh um&Hxm;aom tckdiftrm wHwdkif;}uD;udk &ifqdkif&efom&dSawmhonf? &kwfw&uf tpdk;wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um; aygufuGJr_ wckjzpfyGm;um/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@0ifESpfOD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? r&def;wyfom;rsm;u


qENjyolrsm;zufudk csdef&G,fI jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf ypfcwfcJhonf? t"du&k%f;t+yD; &v'fuawmh q,fhwpfa,mufaoqHk;+yD;/ vlaygif;&mESihfcsD '%f&m&onf? &dkufESufr_ rsm;ESifh vk,ufr_rsm; òrd@awmfreDvm wckvHk;wGif jzpfay:cJhonf? vtwef=umaomtcg twdkuftcHrsm;u pnf;urf;ao0yfaom/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;udk v_yf&Sm;r_ tawmfrsm; rsm;wGif atmifjrifpGmjzifh pDrHEdkifcJhonf? (1984) ckESpf *sLvdkifvwGif bwfZftuGDEdkESifh 0g&ifh vpfb&,fygwD acgif;aqmifwdk@ESpfOD;onf qENjyolaygif;ESpfaomif;udk pk&Hk;cJh+yD;/ ref'D&dkvmwHwm;. wpf0ufudk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ESpfvcef@ausmfaomtcg “EkdifiHawmf0rf;enf;zG,fae@”wGif ,cktcg 0g,móud;rsm;jzifh wHwdkif;cwf um&Hxm;aom wHwm;qDodk@ vlaxmifESifhcsDI csDwufoGm;cJhonf? qENjyol (3000) ausmfcef@ onf wnvHk;rtdyfyJ za,mif;wdkif rD;xGef;nd‡I qkawmif;yGJðyvkyfcJhonf? aemufwae@reuf qENjyolwdk@rS z,f&Sm;ay;&efjiif;qefaomtcg &Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;/ rD;owfydkufrsm;jzifhoHk;I vlpkcGJ òzdcGif;cJh=uonf? qENjyr_'Da&vd_if;udk wm;qD&ef óud;pm;onfhtaejzifh rm;udk@pfonf tuGDEdkvkyf}uHr_udk w&m;0ifpHkprf; ppfaq;r_ ðy&ef t+idrf;pm; EdkifiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfol udk&mZef *sLvD,mEdk tuf*ftmbmESifh tjyma&mifzJjym; EdkifiHom;tzGJ@rS aumifpD0ifwOD;udk trnfpm&if;wifoGif;cJhonf? xkdpHkprf;ppffaq;r_onf wESpfr# =umcJh+yD;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;u tuGDEdkonf avScg;rStqif; aemufausmrS typfcHcJh&a=umif;ESifh xkdvkyf}uHolrSm a&mfe,f'dk *,fvfref; r[kwfa=umif; oabmwlcJhonf? trSeffpifppf a&mfe,f'dk*,fvfref; onf ppfwyfrS zGJ@pnf;xm;aom t=urf;zufuGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wyfzGJ@0if wpfa,mufom jzpfonf? pHkprf; ppfaq;olrsm;u ajymonfrSm *,fvfref;udkowfcJhjcif;onf zHk;uG,fr_. tpdwftydkif; wckomjzpfonf[k qdkonf? (1984) aESmif;ydkif;wGif tuf*gbmu rm;udk@pfudk ajymcJhonfrSm xkdvkyf}uHr_onf avqdyfvHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ wyfr_;csKyf a[mif;ESifh ol.vlajcmufa,mufrS zefwnf;cJhonf[k qdkcJhonf? odk@aomf aemufwae@wGif wifjyaom tjcm; bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;. trsm;pk tpD&ifcHpmwGifrl wyfrawmfOD;pDcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyf bm&f tygt0if AdkvfcsKyftrsm;pk/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;rsm;/ Adkvf}uD;rsm;ESifh xdkxuftqifhedrfhaom t&m&dSrsm;onf tuGDEdkowfr_wGif ylaygif;yg0ifcJh=u+yD;/ ypfcwfr_jzpf+yD;aemufydkif;ESifh rypfcifumvESpfckpvHk;wGif [efaqmif zHk;uG,fr_rsm;udk zefwD;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhonf? bm&fudk (0g&Sifwef. zdtm;a=umifhESifh uGefjrLepfolykefxr_tay: ESdyfuGyfr_wGif wdk;wufr_r&dScJhonfhtay: a=ueyfr_r&dSjcif;wdk@a=umifh) ppfwyf umuG,fa&; OD;pDcsKyftjzpfrS tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJh+yD; jzpfonf? ,ck rm;udk@pfonf bm&fudk tjcm;aomppfwyft&m&dS ESpfq,fhav; a,muf/ t&yfom;wpfa,mufESihftwl cHk&Hk;wifcJh&+yDjzpfonf? tuGDEdkudkowfcJhaom vlowform;rsm;udk w&m;a&S@arSmufodk@ aqmifusOf;&ef tm;xkwfr_tjyif/ twdkuftcH wdk@onf tpdk;&udk csdeJ@ap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tcGifhta&;wckjzpfaom (1984) ckESpf trsKd;om;v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf; tm&Hkxm;cJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;orm; (150) OD;/ pD;yGm;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ bk&m;&dScdk; ausmif; wm0efcHrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm; yg0ifaom uGef*&Dqef rrmr,ef zDvpfyDEdk (The Kongresong Mamamayang Pilipino) (zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm; uGef*&uf) [kac:aom tzGJ@onf trsm;vufcHEdkifaom bHkr[mAsL[mwck ay:aygufap&eftwGuf nDvmcHwck ac:,lusif;ycJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. xufjrufaom tzGJ@ tpnf;qdkif&mxdef;ausmif;r_ u|rf;usifjcif;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftajrmuftrsm;yg0ifr_udkk toHk;ðyI uGefjrLepftJefyDat (jynfol@wyfrawmfopf) onf ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; rv$wfay;ygu/ EdkifiHawmfv$wfawmftm; tm%m tjynfht0ray;ygu/ vGwfwyfI/ yGifhvif;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tmrrcHygu/ rw&m;zrf;qD;EdkifcGifhESifh axmif umv&Snfcsxm;Edkif&ef cGifðyxm;aom óudwifumuG,fwm;qD;a&;tufOya' (Preventive Detention Act) udk rzsufodrf;ay;ygu twdkuftcHygwDrsm;u a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmuf&ef[laom awmif;qdkqHk;jzwfcsuf vdkif;udk nDvmcHwGif trsm;pkvufcHvmap&ef zdtm;ay;aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? rnfolwOD;wa,mufr# rm;udk@pfu TuJhodk@ uef@owfcsufrsm;;udk vdkufavsmrnf[k rar#mfvifhcJh=uay? xdka&G;aumufyGJonf ppftpdk;&udk ycHk;csif;òydifwdkufEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfaoma=umifh/ rnfolwOD; wa,muf ur# tqHk;&H_; rcHvdk=uay? rm;udk@pfu ol. yHkrSefvkyf&dk;vkyfenf;twdkif; +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ rJ0,fjcif;/ rJvdrfjcif;rsm; vkyfrnfqdkonfudkvnf; ta=umif;jycsuf cdkifckdifvHkvHkjzifh ar#mfvifhxm;+yD;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ tjyifwGif xGufoifh-rxGufoifhESifhygwfoufIvnf;


rjiif;Edkifp&m ta=umif;jycsufrsm;uvnf; cdkifcdkifvHkvHk &dSaejyef onf? oydwfarSmufjcif;onf rm;udk@pf ydktqifajyoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifay;&m usvdrfhrnf? Todk@vkyfaqmifjcif; onf ol@tm; ajAmifusus rJrsm;rsm;pm;pm; rvdrf&yJ a&G;aumufyGJwGif tjywftowf tEdkifap&ef cGifhðyvdkufovdk jzpfaevdrfhrnf? tu,fI rm;ukd@pf. òydifzufrsm;u pepfwus xdk;ESufEdkifrnfqdkv#if/ tenf;qHk; tm%m&Sif. o&kyfrSefudk zGifhcsjyoEddkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ ol. w&m;0ifr_udk ydkI csdeJ@apvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? tEdWr &nfrSef;csufuawmh rm;ukd@pfudk ðzwfcsypfEdkifvdrfhrnfh r[mAsL[mw&yfyif jzpfonf? oabmxm;aysmhajymif;aom ygwDtawmfrsm;rsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;aom !Gef@aygif;tzGJwckjzpfonhf nD!Gwf aom 'Drdkua&pDta&;aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ (United Democratic Action Organization – UNID ) . acgif;aqmif qmvfA,f'dk avmf&,fvf (Salvador Laurel) onf ‚if;wdk@taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwf rarSmufa=umif; xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf? udk&DtuGDEdk ESifholr.tudkygwD yD'DyD-vmbef!$ef@aygif; PDP-LABAN uvnf;oydwf rarSmuf&ef oabmwlcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh TwdkkufyJGonf ylaygif;rdoGm;cJhonf? ta&;tygqHk; wdkufyGJ0ifolonf NAMFREL yifjzpfaumif;jzpfcJhvdrfhrnf? rm;udk@pf. tay:,H=unfhaumif;&efom jyifqifcJhaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf ol.tkyfcsKyfr_udk pdefac:Ekdifrnfh tcGifhaumif;rsm;&ap&ef wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfvmcJhonf? NAMFREL onf (1951) ckESpfwGif rlvtpuwnf;u pDtdkifatu a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm; oef@oef@ &Sif;&Sif;&dSap&ef óud;yrf;r_taejzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tzGJ@wckjzpfcJhonf? (1983) ckESpfwGif pDyGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ bmom a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;yg0ifaom tkyfpkwpkonf *sHKpuf&Hkydkif&Sif omoemydkif q&mawmf}uD; pif;u OD;aqmifI xdktzGJ@udk jyefvnfjyifqifcJhonf? orwonf ol. oabmqENNjzifh tm%mrS rqif;ay;[k olwdk@u oabmaygufcJhonf? oltm%m&dSaeor# umvywfvHk; uGefjrLepfjynfol@wyfrawmfopf (tJefyDat) uvnf; aemufvdkufrsm;udk qufvufpnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;aeEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;/ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&; onf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk =um;jzwfckwfI yGJ0ifvkoGm;aumif; oGm;Edkifonf[k ‚if;wdk@rS pdk;&drfruif;jzpfcJh=uonf? a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; pkpnf;r_tcsdK@udk jyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;omv#if vufeufudkifykefuefr_. tpm;xkd;p&m enf;emwckjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? ,ckqdkv#if rm;udk@pfu ‚if;wdk@udk xdkuJhodk@aom zGifhay;r_rsKd; twdtusay;vmcJh+yD jzpfonf? NAMFREL wGif apwemh0efxrf; ESpfodef;&dSI trsm;pkonf c&pf,mefr,foDv&Sifrsm;jzpfonf? (aemufydkif;wGif NAMFREL r&drf;rsm;[lI eHrnfajymif;cJhonf?) olwdk@. tvkyfonf rJay;jcif;udk apmifh=unfh =uyfrwf&efyif jzpfcJhonf? NAMFREL ESifh COMELEC wdk@onf rJxnfh&m uef@owfae&mrS yHkpHwl wmvDpm&if; pm&Gufrsm; vufcH&&dSaomfvnf;/ rJa&wGufjcif;udk ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkif[ef aumuf,lpkaqmif;onf? uGefjrLepfygwD/ JAJA ESifh ygwD wck. tzGJ@cGJvufwHwckrS a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmufcJhaomfvnf;/ rJay;ol (90) &mcdkifE_ef; xGufay:vmcJhonf? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rsm;jym;pGm rJay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tqHk;owfwGif KBL onf òydifyGJwGif (70) &mcdkifE_ef;ru rJ&I atmifyGJcHcJhonf? odk@aomf NAMFREL wm0ef,laom bDudkvfc&dkifwGif rm;udk@pfòydifbufrsm;u (65) &mcdkifE_ef;ru rJ&cJhonf? awmifydkif; w*avmh*fa'owGif (60) &mcdkifE_ef; &cJhonf? NAMFREL r&dSaomc&dkifrsm;ESifh ‚if;.=oZm r&dSaom c&dkifrsm;wGif KBL onf a&G;aumufyGJtm;vHk;wGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom oifcef;pmwckyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf (1984) a&G;aumufyGJwGifrl wu,fhatmifjrifr_ tom;wif usefcJhonf? xdkt&mrSm a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDSwGif KBL onf v$wfawmfwGif xdkifcH 90 &mcdkifE_ef;xdef;csKyfxm;&mrS a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;wGif (70) &mcdkifE_ef;cef@xd usqif;cJhonf?

*sKH;atmfhzf tmh (uf) (Joan of Arc)

(1987) 'DZifbmvwGif aemufw}udrf orwa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf tar&duefwdk@. axmufcHr_usqif;vmonfudk &dyfrdaeaom rm;udk@pfu 1985 Edk0ifbmvwGif tar&duef&dS a';Apf b&ifuav. tywfpOf jynfol@ta&; &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfwGif a&G;aumufyGJwckusif;y&ef tpDtpOfrsm;&dSaeonf[k vltrsm;u ar#mfvifhrxm;aomtcsdefwGif a=ujimcJhonf? rm;udk@pfu a&G;aumufyGJudk oltvG,fwulEdkifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhovdkESifh ol@tay: t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhaeaom tar&duefrsm;ukd ol. vSnfhpm;rr_yg &dk;pif;aom 'Drdkua&pD usifhpOfrsm;udk oufaojyEdkif&eftwGuf aemufoHk;vcef@=umaomtcgwGif a&G;aumufyGJ&ufudk owfrSwfcJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;onf


tkyfpkrsm;uGJv#uf&dS+yD; udk,fpm;vS,fwa,mufxufydkI ay:aygufvmEdkif+yD;/ ol@tm;qef@usifae aom rJrsm;vnf; jyef@usJoGm;Edkifonf[k rm;udk@pfu wGufxm;cJhonf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl xdka=ujimcsufonf twdkuftcHrsm;. pdwf"gwfudk t&dSefjr‡ifhwifEdkifcJhonf? udk&mZeftuGDEdku tu,fI axmufcHoabmxm;ay;ol vufrSwfoef;ESifhcsDI pkaqmif;Edkifygu olrtaejzifh nD!GwfaomwyfOD;.a&S@wGif OD;aqmifI0ifa&muf ta&G;cHrnf[k oabmwlcJhonf? twdkuftcHrsm;udk pkpnf;Edkifjcif;onf wu,fwrf;wGif &mZ0ifwif&rnfh Zmwfvrf;wckjzpfcJhonf? UNIDO rS qmvfaA'dk avmf&,fu ig;vcef@óudapmI 0ifa&mufta&G;cH,SOfòydifrnf[k óudwifajymqdkcJh+yD; jzpfonf? udk,fpm;vS,f twdtusowfrSwf&ef aemufqHk;&uf eD;uyfvmaom 'DZifbm (11) &ufae@wGif omoemydkif q&mawmf}uD; pif; (Cardinal Sin) u =um;0ifaphpyfay;EdkifcJhonf? “usKyftxifawmh cifAsm;'Da&G;aumufyGJudk Edkifvdrfhr,f”[k udk&D tuGDEdkifudk oluajymcJhonf? “yxrtcsuftaeuawmh cifAsm;u trsKd;orD;wa,mufjzpf w,f? tJ'Dawmh rm;udk@pf &H_;oGm;&if t&SufuGJrSmyJ? 'gayr,fh bk&m;ocifu 'DvdkyJpDrHawmfrlcJhwmyJ? tiftm;}uD;oludk tEdkif,lzdk@twGuf rif;[m*sKHatmh (zf) tmh (uf) Joan of Arc jzpfw,f?”[k qdkcJhonf? aemufwae@wGif pif;onf avmf&,fxHodk@ csnf;uyfonf? “ajym&r,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;u w,f+yD;awmh qGJaqmifEdkifp&m r&dSbl;” [k pif;u avmf&,fudk wJhwdk;ajymonf? “udk&Du cifAsm;xuf ydk+yD; qGJaqmifr_&dSw,f? cifAsm; 0ifòydifr,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;&H_; rSmyJ? yxrOD;qHk; cifAsm;wdk@vkyf&rSmu cifAsm;wdk@ nD!Gwf&r,f?” qmvfab'dk avmf&,fonf aemufqHk;em&Dydkif; twGif;rSmyif oabmwlcJhonf? udk&mZef tuGDEdk ESifh qmvfaA'dk avmf&,fwdk@ESpfOD;onf a&G;aumufyGJ,SOfòydif rnfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;pm&if;wGif orwESifh 'korwtjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHrnf[k wifoGif;cJh+yD;/ olr. vrf;ray:rS axmufcHaeaom aemufvdkufvltkyf}uD;ESifh ol. tpOftqufEdkifiHa&;pnf;&Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;ESifh ygwDta&;v_yf&Sm;aqmif &Gufolrsm; ylaygif;EdkifcJh=uonf? rJqG,fv_H@aqmfyGJwGif udk&Du olr.=oZmwduUrESifhjynfhpHkjcif;/ &dk;om;jcif;udk xif[yfaeaom/ &Sufwufaom/ bmoma&;udk av;av;eufeuf,Hk=unfaom rkqdk;rwOD;. yHk&dyfudk az:jycJhonf? odk@aomf udk&mZef tuGDEdkonf EdkifiH a&;t&tawG@tóuHr&dSaom tdrfaxmif&SifrwOD;toGif ay:aeaomfvnf; omreftrsKd;orD;wOD;awmh r[kwfcJhay? EdkifiH. csrf;omaom ajr,m&Sifrdom;pkwpkrS arG;zGm;cJhaom olronf reDvmESifh tar&duef uufuvpfausmif;wdk@ wGif ynmoif=um;wwfajrmufcJhonf? tuGDEdkudk olrvufxyfcJhjcif;onf zdvpfydkif. =oZmt&dSqHk;rdom;pk ESpfck t=um; qufqHa&;udk ydkrdkcdkifrmapcJh+yD;/ eDEdk.EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; ta=umihft=ur&dS aqmif&GufapEdkifcJhonf? (1973) ckESpfwGif oltzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf udk&Donf olr. ajr,ma&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;ESifh b¾ma&;tifyg,m. b¾mpdk;tjzpf wm0ef,lvkyfudkifcJhonf? olr. rJqG,fyGJrsm;wGif usqif;aeaom pD;yGma&;tajctaeESifh v,f,m O,mOfqdkif&m jyefvnfðyjyifa&;ponfh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;udka&Smifv$J+yD;/ olrtaejzifh rvmumeef; eef;awmf (orweef;awmf) udk jynfolawGtwGuf rnfr#zGifhay;csifonf/ eDEdktuGDEdk. ESpf&SnfaxmifcscH&r_rsm;ESifh ol@udk &uf&uf pufpufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_rsm;udk jynfolrsm;udk today;csifonfponfh yk*~dKvfa&;qdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udkom ajym=um; pnf;&Hk;cJhonf? y&dwfowf}uD;onf olr.pum;vHk;rsm;wGif pD;0ifarsmoGm;cJh+yD;/ trsm;pku idkaºuG;cJh=uonf? r=umcif rSmyif olrudk zdvpfydkif. tausmf=um;qHk; &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifjzpfonfh Edk&matmfem (Nora Aunor) ESifhwifpm;I “zdvpfydkifEdkifiHa&;. Edk&matmfem” [k wifpm;ac:a0:cJh=uonf? ,if;tcdkuftwef@rSmyif ckESpfv=um tjiif;yGm;zG,f w&m;cGif.t+yD;aemuf eDEdk tuGDEdkudk owfcJhol AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&f tygt0if w&m;cHESpfq,fhig;a,mufpvHk; (1985) ckESpf 'DZifbm (2) &ufae@wGif tr_rS uGif;vHk;u|wfv$wfay;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&ef ESpfvcef@tvdkwGif Todk@ jzpfcJhjcif; jzpfonf? rm;udk@pfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&ftm; csufcsif; qdkovdk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf jyefvnfcef@tyfcJhonf? vltrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpfum csufcsif;qdkovdkyif reDvm . vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif qENjyr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? TtcsdefwGif taxGaxGvlxktHkºuGr_}uD;yg ay:aygufapcJhonf? trsm;pkrSm e,fc&dkifrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&tay: vlxk.a'gorsm;onf ESpfqwdk;jrifhvmcJh+yD;/ twdkuftcH zufodk@ t&dSefydkrdkwufapcJhonf? tuGDEdk-avmf&,f rJqG,fv_H@aqmfyGJudk tawG@tóuH/ obm&ifh=uufaom v$wfawmftrwfa[mif;wOD;u OD;aqmifcJh onf? bwfZftuGDEdkESifh eDEdk. rdwfaqGa[mif; twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh axmufcHolrsm;yg0ifaom ol. tm;ref tjynfhESifh


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a&G;aumufyGJ

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o&kyfaqmifrsm;yg0ifaom &kyf&Sif&Hkrsm;udk r=unfh=u&efudkvnf;awmif;qdkcJhonf? olru v#yfppfESifh w,fvDzkef;ukrR%Drsm;rS jzwfawmufrnf[k r+cdrf;ajcmufonfxd aiGay;aqmif&efbDvfrsm;udk ray;aqmif&efudkvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf? Tawmif;qdkr_udk vdkufemtaumiftxnfaz:aomtm;jzifh aiGtyfESHol trsm;pkonf rm;udk@pfESifhqufEG,faom b%frsm;wGif tyfESHxm;aom aiGrsm;udk xkwf,lcJh=uonf? oydwfp+yD; &ufowWywf r=umciftwGif; qrfjrL*,fbDbD,mta&mif;tm; (30) &mcdkifE_ef;txd xdk;usoGm;cJh+yD;/ reDvmpawmhtdyfpfcsdef; aps;uGufwGif qrfjrL*,f. &S,f,maps;E_ef;onf (18) &mcdkifE_ef;xufydkI xdk;usoGm;cJhonf? tar&duef.oabmxm;aumif;vmap&ef/ t"du rsufESmcsdKaoG;onfhtaejzihf rm;udk@pfonf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bm&fudk &mxl;rSðzwfypfcJh+yD;/ tar&duef 0ufpfydGKifh ppfwuUodkvfqif;/ u|rf;usifppfom;wa,muftjzpf awmufavsmuf &yfwnfcJhaom 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; zD',f&m;rkdpfudk tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhonf? yifpif,l&ef toufxufausmfvGef aeaom ppft&m&dSrsm;udk temay;rnf[k orwuajymcJhaomfvnf;/ aemufwae@wGifyif xdktxJrS t&m&dS wpfa,mufudk &mxl;wdk;ay;cJhjyefonf? TuJhodk@aomaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf udk&mZeftuGDEdktm; wdkif;jynf. aumifpDtopfwGif0ifa&muftr_xrf;apvdkaom “rm;udk@pftopf” jzpfygonfqdkaomt&mudk yHkaz:ay;aeaom yGJwyGJomjzpfcJhonf? rm;[email protected];u rm;udk@pfonf ðyjyifajymifvJa&;pdwf0ifvm+yD[kyif cef@rSef;cJhao; onf? odk@aomf xkdodk@ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf odyf+yD;enf;aeovdk/ aemufvnf; aemufusoGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf? ,ckqdkv#if t&mtm;vHk;onf rmvmumeef&dSvlwa,mufudk qef@usif&eftwGuf/ ae&mtESH@tjym;odk@yGifh xGufoGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? orw.tusdK;ðyaumifpD0if ckESpfOD;E_wfxGufcJhonf? tuGDEdk - avmf&,fu atmifyGJcHvlxkudk pk&Hk;yGJ+yD;/ weFvmae@wGif rJqG,fyGJtwGif; tpdk;&rSxkwfE_wfoHk;pGJI rJ0,fxm;aom bDvD,HcsDaom yDqdkrsm;udk jyefvnf &,l&ef óud;yrf;r_taejzifh/ b%ftwdk;E_ef; (19) rS (30) &mcdkifE_ef;txdwdk;jr‡ifhay;a=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? zdypfydkif ukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;. OuUXa[mif;jzpfolu zdvpfydkifjynfol trsm;pku “rm;udk@pfrS jynfolrS tyfESif;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtcGifhtm%m&dSw,fqdkwmeJ@ ygwfouf+yD; oHo,&dS aeonf” [k aumufcsufcs azmfjycJh onf? twdkuftcHrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. rm;udk@pfðzwfcsa&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay: r,Hk=unf&Jaeao;aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh 0g&Sifwefu ol@tay: qufvufonf;cH aeEdkifao;oIumvywfvHk; udk&mZeftuGDEdku umv&Snf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk ydkrdktif;tm;jznfh&ef qEN&dSaecJhonf? odk@aomf zdvpfydkiforw. awmufavsmufopPmcHr_ tay:wGif ESpfaxmif;tm;&r_&dSaecJhaom orw a&mfe,fvf a&*ifu rm;udk@pfudk pGef@ypf&ef vufwGef@aecJhonf? a&*ifu zD'ge,frm;udk@pftay: qufvufawmifhcHxm;or#/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh oydwfarSmufaejcif; xufydkrdkxda&muf tm;aumifaom t&mwckvdktyfaumif; vdktyfaecJhonf? xdkt&mjzpfvmcJhaomtcg/ ta&;ygxda&mufaom axmufcHr_onf rar#mfvifhaom axmifhwae&mrS ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdkae&monfrSm tm%m&Sif. vuf&Hk;ppftaqmufttHkrS cJGxGufvmaom tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfcJhonf? rm&S,favmppfOya'xkwfjyef+yD;onfhaemufwGif rm;udk@pfu ppfwyftpOftvmxuf ol@tm;yk*~dKvfa&;t& opPmcHol rsm;udkom ppfwyfxdyfydkif;AsL&dkua&pDae&mrsm;wGif &m;xlwdk;jr‡ifhay;awmhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;bm&fuvnf; ol. om;rsm;ESifh touft&G,f}uD;&ifhae+yD;jzpfaom ol. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;udkom t"duusaom ppfwyfae&mrsm;wGif cef@tyfxm;cJhonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJvdkpdwf&dSaom t&m&dSrsm;u ppfwyftwGif;rvHkavmufaom axmufyHhr_rsm;ESifh aysmuf=um;wyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef t&nftaoG;rrDSaom ppfoifwef;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI b0if rusr_rsm;udk ajymqdkvm=uonf? xdkudpPrsm;a=umifh ppfwyftwGif; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifapcJhonf? tuGDEdkvkyf}uHcH&aom (1983) ckESpf tcsdefwGif/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; [dk&efaygifhpftef&DvD (Juan Ponce Enrile) ESifh eD;pyf+yD; a'goxGufaeaom t&m&dSi,frsm;u RAM (zdvpfydkifppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_) [k vlodrsm;aom v#Kd@0SuftwdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_wckudk ppfwyftwGif; pwifpnf;&Hk;vmcJh=uonf? [m;AwfOya'ausmif;qif;jzpfol/ tkef;pdkufysdK;olrsm;b%ftoif; OuUXvnf;jzpfol tef&DvDonf rm;udk@pf. EdkifiHa&; ppfol}uD;tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtr_xrf;cJh+yD;/ ol.rm;udk@pftay:opPm&dSr_udk jyoaomtm;jzifh KBL twGufrJrsm;pGm


pkaqmif;ay;cJholvnf;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf rm&S,favmppfOya' xkwfjyef+yD;aemuf rm;udk@pfonf ol.umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;udk ab;csdwfxm;+yD;/ bm&fxHwGifom tm%mtm;vHk;udk yHktyfxm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh tef&DvDonf ol@udk opPmcHaom wyfzGJ@rsm;udk pkaqmif;+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI olwdk@udk avhusifhay;cJhonf? (1984) ckESpfwGif olonf ppfwyfudkyifausmfvGefI r[mrdwfrsm;udk pwif wnfaqmufxm;EdkifcJh+yD jzpfonf? (1985) ckESpf tapmydkif;wGif RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf/ 'DZifbmaemufydkif;wGif ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ pwif&ef tpD tpOfqGJcJh=uonf? Edk0ifbmv orwa&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhta=umif; a=ujimcsufa=umifh RAM . tpDtpOf rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJh&+yD;/ olwdk@u a&G;aumufyGJonf orwudk &mxlrS ðzwfcsEdkifrnf[k xifxm;cJh=uonf? RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;u olwdk@. aemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJwGif =um;ae&ef ajymcJhonf? odk@aomf RAM tzGJ@0if rsm;u zdvpfydkifppfwuUodkvfrS Adkvfavmif; (747) OD;udk qGJaqmifEdkifcJh+yD;/ wOD;pDtm; c&dkift&m&dSrsm;xHodk@ ajzmifhrwf I w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyGJwck jzpfvmap&eftwGuf awmif;qdkxm;aom pmq,fapmifqD ay;ydk@ckdif;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJae@usa&mufvmaomtcgwGif rJ&Hktrsm;tjym;wGif rJyHk;tjrwfxkwfr_rsm; r&dSap&ef yg0ifulnDay;cJh=u onf? tuGDEdk - avmf&,f atmifyGJcHvlxkcsDwufyGJ+yD;aemufwae@wGif tef&DvDu ol.Oya'qdkif&mvkyfaz:udkifzufjzpfol &DeD; au&DwefEdk (Rene Cayetano) udk olESifh tjcm;aom RAM tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowf&ef ypfrSwfxm;cHae& a=umif;ESifh rm;udk@pfESifh bm&fwdk@u twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif trsm;pkudk zrf;qD;&ef jyifqifaea=umif;udkvnf; v#Kd@0SufpGm ajymjycJhonf? olE_wfxGufrnf[kvnf; tef&DvDu ajymjycJhonf? “usKyfol@twGuftvkyfvkyfay;cJhwm ESpfaygif; (20) &dScJh+yD;? 'Dtcsdef[m usKyfwdkif;jynfudk tvkyftaºuG;ðy&r,fh tcsdefa&muf+yD?”[k ol.oabmxm;udk azmfjycJhonf? aemufwae@ aom=umae@wGif tef&DvDu ol@tm;zrf;qD;awmhrnf[k au&DwefEdk udk ajymjycJhonf? ol. pdk;&drfa=umufr_onf tajctjrpfr&dS r[kwf? ta=umif;rSm rm;udk@pfESifh bm&fwdk@onf e,fc&dkifrsm;rS opPmcHwyf rsm;udk ac:,lI rvmumeefwGif tiftm;jznfhwif;xm;cJhonf? RAM tzGJ@0ift&m&dSav;OD; tzrf;cH&+yD;/ xdkt&m&dS rsm;udk tm%modrf;a&; tpDtrHudk zGifhxkwf&ef twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? azaz:0g&Dv (22) &uf/ paeae@wGif RAM tzGJ@0ifESpfOD;onf/ tef&DvD.tdrfodk@oGm;I ol@udktcsdefra&G; zrf;Edkif a=umif; owday;cJhonf? wyftiftm;udk jzef@xkwfrvm;/ ol. tiftm;udk pkpnf;rvm;ESifhygwfoufI tajctwifjiif;ckef=u+yD;aemuf tefeDvDu ol.wyfzGJ@tiftm;av;&mudk reDvmòrd@awmf&dS umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme XmecsKyf&Sd/ atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef; (Camp Aguinaldo) wGif nDvmcHusif;y&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf tefeDvDu AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &m;rdk@pfxHodk@ qufoG,fcJhonf? &m;rdk@pfuvnf; ulnDrnf[k csufcsif;oabmwlcJh+yD;/ atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;rS tuf'fqmvrf;r=uD;udk wnfhwnfhjzwfvmI&aom EdkifiHawmf&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf u&drf;pcef; (Camp Crame) wGif ol. wyf&if;ESpf&if;jzifh wyfpGJay;xm;rnf[k ajymqkdcJhonf? naecif;Y pcef;rsm;wGif olykefppfom;rsm;/ EdkifiHawmf&JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0if a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;pm orm;rsm;ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf? Adkvfr_;}uD; wm*dk *wfawmh (Tirgo Gadot) onf zrf;qD;&rnfhpm&if;wGif tef&DvD .trnfyg&dSonfudk =um;od&aomtcg olonf ol.&Jabmfrsm;udk bwfpfum;wpD;ay:wifI vufeufrsm;udk avxJwGif a0S@,rf;I atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;qDodk@ OD;aqmifcsDwuf yl;aygif;cJhonf? “rm;udk@pfwGif vlxkrStyfESif;aom tcGifhtm%m&dSygonf[lI qufvufI [efraqmifEdkifawmhyg” [koluajymcJhonf? “usaemfvHk;0 r,Hk=unfawmh wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;wcktpm; usaemf,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ygvdrfh,f”[k ajymcJhonf? tef&DvDESifh &m;rkdpfwdk@ESpfOD;u atmf*GDe,f'dk. tpnf;ta0;crf;rxJwGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckusif;ycJhonf? ,ck tcsdefrSpI olwkd@taejzifh orwtm; umuG,fa&;OD;pDcsKyftaejzifh qufvuftodtrSwfrðyEdkifawmha=umif; tef&DvDua=ujimcJhonf? “vuf&dStpdk;&wGif jynfolrStyfESif;aom tcGifhtm%mr&dS[k usaemfwkd@,Hk=unfygonf? usaemfwdk@&J@*k%foduQm/ todw&m;udk usaemfwdk@&SmawG@cJhyg+yD? usaemftaeESifh tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk udk,fpm; rðyaom tpdk;&wckatmufwGif tr_rxrf;Edkifawmh[k cHpm;rdcJhygonf?”[k owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif ajymqdkcJh=uonf? tef&DvDu “0ef}uD;tzGJ@twGif;rS *k%foduQm&dSaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&twGif;rS *k%foduQm &dSaom0efxrf;rsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ *k%foduQm&dSaom zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;xHrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ *k%foduQm&dS aom ppfom;rsm;ESifh t&m&dSrsm;xHrS axmufcHr_rsm;udk


awmif;qdkcJhonf? &mrdk@pfuvnf; wkdif;jynfESifhjynfolvlxk tm; umuG,folrsm;tjzpf emvnf;vufcHI wyfrawmfwGif tr_xrf;rdrdwdk@b0udk jr‡KyfESHxm;aom tjcm;aom wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh ol.tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif&dSaom wyfzGJ@rsm;udk olESifh tef&DvDxHodk@vma&mufylaygif;&ef !Gef=um;cJh onf? “usaemfwdk@ udk&mZeftuGDEdkudk axmufcH&ef pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;cJhygw,f?”[k &m;rdk@pfu xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf? “olromv#if zdvpfydkif. wu,fh orwtppfjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemf ESvHk;om;xJu eufeuf&_dif;&d_if; xifjrifyg w,f?” [k &m;rdk@pfu xkwfazmfa=ujimcJhonf? tef&DvDESifh &m;rkdpfodxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; Tajymqdkaecsufrsm;onf rm;udk@pftay: pum;ppfxdk;aejcif;omjzpfonf? rm;[email protected];rS wdkufcdkufcJhv#if olwdk@taejzifh a&S@wef;rSckcHEdkifpGrf;r&dSonfudk oabmaygufonf? odk@aomf tjcm;yHkpHwckjzifh tiftm;pkrsm;&&dSEdkifonf[k cHpm;rdonf? tef&DvDESifh&m;rkdpfwdk@u omoem*dk%f;csKyf}uD; pif; xHodk@ wOD;csif;pD zkef;quf+yD;/ tultnDawmif;cHcJhonf? “aumif;+yD; zD',f/ c%apmifh” [k pif;u jyefajymcJhonf? “ig;rdepf twGif;rSm rif;wdk@&J@ae&mrSm vlxkawGeJ@ jynf@aeap&r,f?”[k tajzay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf a&'D,dkAm&DwmhpfrS &mrdkpfESifh tef&DvDudk &nf!Gef;+yD; *dk%f;csKyf}uD;u “pcef;xJrSm&dSaewJh usaemfwdk@. rdwfaqGaumif;ESpfOD;udk ulnD=u &ef usKyfwdk@jynfolawGudk aqmf=ovdkufygw,f? atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;udkoGm;+yD; cifAsm;wkd@&J@ pnf;vHk;jcif;tiftm;awGudk tckvdk ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefrSm jyvdkufprf;yg? usaetaeESifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfr_awG a&Smif&Sm;Edkifygapvdk@ qENðyvkdufyg w,f?” ponfjzifh a&'D,dkrdef@cGef;rS aqmf=oa=ujimcJhonf? bwfZf tuGDEdkonf olykefppfom;rsm;ESifhylaygif;aom yxrOD;qHk; t&yfom;acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfcJhonf? pcef;odk@ a&mufonfESifhyif usnfumtusDF0wfqifxm;+yD;/ ododomomac|;jyefaeaom pdwfzdpD;aeaom tef&DvDESihfawG@qHkcJh onf? “usaemfwdk@,ck atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;rSm a&muf&dSaeyg+yD/” [k bwfZfu a&'D,dkrSaeI a=ujimcJhonf? “usaemftckyJ 0ef}uD; tef&DvDESifh pum;ajym+yD;yg+yD? olESifhol&JabmfawG[m rnfonfhwdkufcdkufr_rqdk &ifqdkifzdk@ vufcsif;,Sufxm;=uygw,f? aoG;xGufoH,dkr_udk wm;qD;[ef@xm;zdk@ usaemfwdk@'Dae&muaeóud;pm;=u&ygr,f? usaemhtaeESifh oufqdkifolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk awmif;qdkcsifygw,f/ usaemfhudk udkifabtdkrS&dSwJh tDqDwef (ukefwdkufwck) rSm vmawG@=uyg? vma&mufyl;aygif;=uyg? ” noef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif bwfZfonf axmifESifhcsDaom vlxk}uD;udkOD;aqmifI atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;qDodk@ csDwufcJhonf? tylydkif;&moDOwkjzpfaom reDvmòrd@awmfonf nbufwGif rD;xdefxdefvif;aecJhonf? tuf'fpmESifh tjcm;aom t"duvrf;r}uD;rsm;wGif yHkrSeftm;jzifh reufESpfem&Dxd vlydwf=uyfaewwfonf? xkd@a=umifh ppfwyfykefuefaom owif;pum;ESifh *dk%f;csKyf}uD;.awmif;qdkr_onf vrf;rrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;qDodk@ awmrD;yrm jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? tvHrsm;udkudkifaqmif/ a0S@,rf;Ia&mufvmaom tjzLa&mifusrf;pmoifom; 0wfpHk0wfqifxm;aom vltkyf wtkyf onf yxrOD;qHk;a&mufvmaom tkyfpkjzpfonf? olwdk@u u&drf;pcef;udk vlom;cHwyfozG,f ywfvnf0dkif;&Hxm; vdkufonf? tjcm;tkyfpkonf vleDwmyef;jcHwGif pk&Hk;cJh=uonf? reDvmvufaxmufòrd@awmf0ef [mrDEdk tufpfwdk*g (Hermino Astorga) onf a&'D,dkAm&DwmhpfrS vleDwmyef;jcH&Sd vlrsm;udk pcef;rsm;qDodk@ um;jzifhydk@aqmifulnDay;&ef arwWm&yfcHoHudk =um;cJh&onf? olZeD;bufvSnfhI “oGm;pdk@” [k ajymcJhonf? olwdk@ESpfOD; vleDwmodk@a&mufaomtcg “{&mrvltkyf}uD;udk=unfhI t}uD;tus,ftHhtm;oifhoGm; cJhonf?” tufpfwdk*gu oltdrfodk@ aemufxyfarmfawmfum;rsm; xyfydk@ay;&ef zkef;ac:aeaomtcsdefwGif ‚if;wdk@. um;rsm;udk toHk;ðy&ef urf;vSrf;ae=uaom um;orm;rsm;u olxHodk@csnf;uyfvmcJhonf? [email protected] x&yf um;}uD;rsm;ESifh ypPnf;o,fum;wef;}uD;udkawG@cJh&+yD;/ um;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;odk@oGm;rnfh vlrsm;ESifh jynfhv#HaecJhonf? tufpfwdk*gu wuUpDum;oHk;pD;udk awG@aomtcg “usaemf um;orm;awGudk usefolawGudk wifoGm;ay;zdk@eJ@ ydkufqHudkusaemfay;ygr,fvdk@ ajymcJhw,f? usaemfu olwdk@udk b,favmuf usvJvdk@vJar;a&m/ olwdk@tajzu usaemhudk tHhtm;oifhapcJhygw,f? wjym;rSay;p&mrvdkygbl; vdk@olwdk@uajymw,f/ usKyfwdk@um;ay:udk tjynfhwufvdkuf/ +yD;&iftm;vHk;udk tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;qDudk tvum;wifoGm;ay;r,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? ”


wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&rnfudk óudwifar#mfvifhxm;aom tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;ay:&dS t&yfom;jynfolrsm;u t"dae&mrsm;wGif twm;tqD;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? wae&mwGif vlrygaom bwfpfum;ajcmufpD;udk b,fnmum;oGm;Edkifaom vrf; rsm;ay:wGif pkyHkxm;vdkufonf? vli,frsm;u bwfpfum;rsm;ay:odk@ wG,fwuf+yD;/ tvHrsm;udk a0S@,rf;I vltrsm; xyfa&mufvmcsdefwGif “udk&D/ udk&D” [katmf[pfcJh=uonf? tjcm;óudydk@ z,f&Dum;rsm;u aumfzD/ pm;p&mrsm;udk wifI atmf*GDe,f'dkpcef;&dS olykefppfom;rsm;xHodk@ ydk@aqmifay;cJh=uonf? wnvHk;olykefppfom;rsm;udk apmifh=uyfay;cJh aom omrefzdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;t=um;wGif wif;=uyfr_ESifhtwl aysmf&$ifr_wck udef;atmif;aecJh=uonf? olr.cifyGef;u tdrfrSae&ef awmif;yefxm;aomfvnf;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifr x&Dpm yg'dkonf tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;odk@ xGufvmcJhonf? “tck usr&J@toufawG/ cE<mudkk,fawGudk *&krxm;yJ pGef@v$wfxm;cJhjcif;[m cav;awGtwGufyJ jzpfcJhygw,f? 'grSom olwkd@av;awG ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh tem*gwfwckudk ar#mfvifhEdkifrSmyg? pdwfnpfp&mvrf;awGay:rSm wjcm;olawGu usrtwGufEdkifoavmufwdkufyGJ0ifaecsdefrSm/ usruoufawmifhoufomeJ@ usrtdrfxJrSm raeEdkifygbl;? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;'%fudkoufomapzdk@ oHyk&m&nfeJ@ rsufESmokwfy0gawGudk,l&if; usrreuftm&HkOD;rSm wudk,fwnf;xGufcJhygw,f? tdrfxJrSae vrf;rqDodk@ æ æ vGwfvyfa&;rSonf vGwfvyfjcif;qDokd@” æ æ [k olru aemufydkif;wGif ajymjycJhonf? oDcsif;qdkaeaom/ uckefaeaom/ [Gef;wD;aeaomvltkyf}uD;udk ig;aomif;cef@&dSonf[k aemufydkif; owif;pm wapmif.owif;ay;ydk@csufwGif cef@rSef;az:jycJhonf? “&,fp&m}uD;As”/ “usaemfwdku jynfolvlxkudk tum tuG,fay;&rJh umuG,fa&;Xme/ 'gayr,fh tJ'Djynfolvlxk ppfwyfudk/ usKyfwdk@udk jyef+yD; tumtuG,fay;aew,f” [k tef&DvDu ajymcJhonf?

“wpfOD;wpfa,mufxHurS a=umufpdwf t&dyfta,mifawmif rawGcJh&bl;”

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“tufwufrD,dk rif;&J@ OD;av; z'uf'f pum;ajymaeygw,f? rif;&J@a':a': zvdkif;&ifhpf&,f/ ig&,feJ@ rif;&J@ 0rf;uGJnDtpfudkawGtm;vHk; u&drf;pcef;xJrSm &dSae=uw,f? uJ æ æ cav;/ rif; OD;ajymwmudk em;axmifyg” Am&Dwmhpfa&'D,dk. y&dowfwOD;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;}uD; tefwdkeD,dk pdkwDvdku reDvm.awmifbufplpl;usaom uufAD;w (Cavite) c&dkif&dS &[wf,mOfwkdufckdufa&;tkyfpkudk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? wevFmae@reufapmapmwGif udwfavu “tjzpftysuf tm;vHk;udk tao;pdwfajymjycJhw,f” [k pdkwDvdkuajymjycJhonf? “usaemf t&rf;0rf;enf;cJhygw,f?” ay;tyfaomtrdef@udk emcHaomtm;jzifh/ pdkwDvdku ol. wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk tqifhoifhjyifckdif;/ vufeufESifh usnftydk rsm;xyfjznfh+yD; olykefawGudk wdkkufckduf&efjyifqifxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf trdef@ay;xm;aom zdk@wfbdkeDzufpD,dkodk@ ysHoef;rnfhtpm;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;ESifh ol.av,mOfrSL; q,fhajcmufa,mufwdk@onf olwdk@. wyfzGJ@&[wf,mOfrsm;udk u&drf;pcef;qDodk@ OD;wnfysHoef;cJh=uonf? “usaemfwdk@ u&drf;pcef;udk wpfywfywfysHoef;cJhygw,f? 'kwd, tywfrSm awmh usaemh&J@ av,mOfrSL;u av,mOfbD;awGudkatmufodk@cs/ jznf;jznf;csif;qif;+yD;/ ajray:odk@qif;oufcJhygw,f” [k olujyefajymif; ajymjycJhygonf? tHk;tHk;u|wfu|wftoHrsm; yGifhxGufvmcJhonf? “&[wf,mOf'vufawGu vnfaewkef;yJ/ 'gayr,fh jynfolawGudk usaemfwdk@qDudk tHkeJ@usif;eJ@ajy;0ifvmcJh=uygw,f? vlawGu atmf[pf/ cHkaygufeJ@ 0dkif;zuf=uygw,f? owif;axmufawGu usaemfhxHudk pum;ajymcGufawG xdk;ay;=uygw,f? usaemfajymcJh csifwmuawmh usaemfwdk@&J@ todw&m;aemufudk usaemfwdk@vdkufcJh=uwmyg? usaemfwdk@b0rSm 'DvdkrsKd; wcgr#rvkyfcJhbl;ygbl;/ 'Dw}udrfawmh usaemfhwdkif;jynftwGuf usaemf qHk;jzwfcsufwck cscJhwmyg?” pDwDvdk.zufajymif;r_onf olykefppfom;rsm; pcef;rsm;udk umuG,f&efvdktyfaeaom ypftm;E_ef;udk ydkrkdaxmufyHhay; cJhonf? &[wf,mOfrsm;onf wevFae@wae@vHk; tvkyf&_yfv#uf&dSaecJhonf? rvmumeef eef;awmfajrjyifqDodk@ owday;ypfcwfr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ ADvmrdkavwyfpcef;&dS orw&[wf,mOf oHk;pD;udk zsufqD;cJhjcif;/ &kyfjrifoH=um;trSwf (4) udk odrf;ydkufxm;aom olykefwyfrsm;twGuf ava=umif;tumtuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdk@jzifh tvkyfrsm;aecJh =uonf? rm;udk@pfeef;awmfrS toHv$ifhcsufrsm;udk jzwfawmuf+yD; &kyfjrifoH=um;trSwf (9) udk aemufolykefwyfzGJ@ wcku odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonf? opPmcH &def;*sm;paumufwyfzGJ@rsm; toHv$ifh&HktaemufzufrS csOf;uyfvmaomtcg ‚if;wdk@tm; tjzLa&mif 0wfpHk&Snf0wfqifxm;aom c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wyg;u 0wfðyolEdkifiHom;wpktm;OD;aqmifI xdkwyfzGJ@udk wm;qD;cJh=uonf? xdktkyfpkxJrS ausmif;q&mwpfOD;u wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udkvufqGJE_wfquf+yD;/ tjcm;olrsm; u wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk 'dk;ewfpfrkef@rsm;/ vdarRmf&nfrsm;ESifh [rf;bm*grkef@rsm; a0iSay;cJh=uonf? azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@/ wevFmae@aevnfcif;wGif udk&mZef tuGDEdk onf pDbl; (Cebu) rS reDvmodk@ jyefa&muf vmcJh+yD;/ olr. vHkðcHa&;t&m&dSrsm;.t}uHðycsufudk y,fcsI tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef qHk;jzwfcJh onf? “'DrSm - 'gusrvkyfaewJhtvkyfu 'DtvkyfyJ” [k olrujyefajymcJhonf? “tu,fI &Sifwdk@u usrudk tJ'Dae&mudk vdkufrydk@bl;qdk&if/ usrbmom usroGm;&vdrfhr,f?” olrawmif;qdkcJhaom wu,fhtppftrSef ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJudk Tae&mwGif olrawG@cJ&onf? “tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;ay:u vltkyf}uD;u usrudk tHhtm;oifh apcJhygw,f” [k olruaemufydkif;wGifajymjycJhonf? “'gu r[mrdwfvdkrsKd; 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;yHkpHrsKd;eJ@ vHk;0uGJjym;ygw,f? 'gu wu,fhaoa&;&Sifa&;yGJwckyg? ” udk&mZeftuGDEdku jyefajymjycJhonf?

ol oabmaygufoGm;cJh+yD?

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qufvufvdktyfaeonfhyHkpHjzifh “rm&S,favm - rm&S,favm” [k atmf[pfoDqdkcJh=uonf? tpdk;&u xdef;csKyfaom &kyfjrifoH=um;rS xkdtcrf;tem;udkv$ifhxkwfcJhaomfvnf; rm;udk@pfusrf;opPmusdefqdkaecsdefwGif vdkif;rsm; jzwfawmufcHvdkuf&onf? ol@tm%m. aemufqHk;rD;awmufjzpfaom &kyfjrifoH=um;toHv$ifhcsufwckyif +idrf;owfcH vdkuf&awmhonf? rm;[email protected]*Hk;onf jrefjrefqefqefyifa&mufvmcJhonf? udk&mZeftuGDEdku rm;[email protected] qufvufaexdkif cGifhðya&;ESifh ajrmufydkif;vlZkefwGif cdkvH_cGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufudk vufrcHyJ/ y,fcscJhonf? xdknaecif;wGif tm%mrJh orwESifhol.ZeD;/ rdom;pkESifh teD;uyf0efxrf;rsm;udk tar&duef&[wf,mOfrsm;u uvwfzD;'favwyfpcef;odk@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJh=uonf? ae@wae@eHeufapmapmwGif tar&duefo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;av,mOfjzifh rm;udk@pfwdk@udk [m0dkiftDwGif jynfajy;tjzpfcdkv_H&ef ac:aqmifoGm;cJhawmhonf? aESmif&SpfESpf=umaomtcg tar&dueforw tjzpfwufvmol bDvf uvifwefudk orw}uD; zD',f&mrdk@pfu rvmumeef; eef;awmfodk@ zdwfac:cJhonf? orwuvifwefu “zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf urBmh'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;r_ v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJholrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm/ &mrdk@pfESifhtjcm;olrsm;onf orwtuGDEdk. jynfoltm%m v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhvdkufygaqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf rdrdtoufudkyrmrxm; &J0ifhajymifajrmufpGm pGefvGwfcJh =uonf” [k olu rSwfcsufcscJhonf? xdktjzpftysuf+yD;/ aemufESpfESpf=umaomtcg zdvpfydkifjynfol wpfaomif; cef@onf reDvmòrd@vnfodk@ csDwufvmcJh=u+yD;/ ‘tuf'fpmvrf;r=uD;olykefxr_’ESpfywfvnf txdrf;trSwfyGJtwGuf eDEdktuGDEdk. &kyfwka&S@wGif vma&mufpk&Hk;cJh=uonf? oHk;&uft=umwGif vlusJyg;vSaom reDvm.ab;azgifh Bayfont uGif;jyifwGif a&S;&dk;pGJt,ltqa[mif;&Sdol rm;udk@pfudkopPmcHol (400) cef@a&S@wGif/ tDvfr,f'g rm;udk@pfu rdef@cGef;ac|cJhonf? olru qGZfZmvefb%frsm;wGif vuf&dSxdef;odrf;xm;aeao;aom a':vm (475) oef;udk jyef&&eftwGuf bk&m;ocifu/ qGZfZmvefb%fydkif&Sifrsm;udk nm%ftvif;jyyg&ef awmif;qdkaecJhonf? vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ0ifae@&ufrsm;udk vltrsm;u tjrJowd& wrf;wv#uf &dSaeqJyifjzpfonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;. cdk;&mygypPnf;udkawmh owdr&=uawmhay? (1986) ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvv (18) &ufae@wGif zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf oHk;ESpf=um tusifhysuftkyfpdk;olqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. txGÉftxdwfodk@a&muf&dScJhonf? tm%m&Sif. t&if;tjrpf rsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhjcif;/ aoewfwcsufr#razmuf&yJ ol. opPmcHwyfrsm;udk &ifqdkifEdkifjcif; ponfwdk@ðyEdkifcJhonf? Tt&mawGudkk wefjyef&ifqdkif&ef olwdk@o,faqmifvmonfht&mrSm jynfoltm%m[kac:qdkaom tiftm;rS xGufay:vmaom owdWESifh omrefjynfolwdk@. pdwf"mwfjyif;jyr_ &dk;&dk;av;omjzpfonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;udkðzwfcscJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_trsm;wGif tm%mudkk,SOfòydif&ef tcGifh tvrf;rsm; &dScJhonf? odk@aomf tm;vHk;uawmh xdktcGifhtvrf;udk t&r,lEdkifcJh=uay? zdvpfydkifwGif (18) ESpf=um tm%mvuf0,f&dScJhaom zg'Deefrm;udk@pfonf (1983) ckESpfwGif olESifh olvufatmufi,fom;rsm; yl;aygif;=uH pnfum/ ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;òydifzufudk owfjzwfokwfoif&ef aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf ‚if;wdk@vkyfEdkifonfh taetxm; xuf ydkrdkausmfIvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tvm;tvm&dSaom tEW&m,fudk &Sif;xkwf&rnfhtpm; ‚if;wdk@onf wdkif;jynf a':oudk qGJudkifv_yfonfh tmZmenfudkowfcJhonf? tuGDEdkudk owfcJhjcif;onf uufovpfbk&m;ausmif; todkif;t0dkif;/ reDvmpD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0kdif;ESifh vpfb&,ft,l&Sdolrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmhajymif;olrsm;ESifh vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk a'gotjrufacsmif;acsmif; xGufapcJhonf? xdktrSm;a=umifhyif/ udk,fhajcaxmufay:&yf wnfEdkif&ef tcsdefawmfawmf=um=um&,l&rnfh twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_udk nD!Gwfa&;tm;jznfh avmif;ovdkvnf; jzpfcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh 0g&Sifwef&Sdtar&dueftpdk;&wdk@rS w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk pdwf!Gwfvmaom rm;udk@pfonf aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&. rJvdrfEdkifr_tay: ycHk;csif;,SOfvmrnfh rJ&Hk=uyfrwfa&; tzGJ@udk cGifðycJhjcif;jzifh twdkuftcHudk vdkonfxufydk+yD; ay;cJhjyefonf? EdkifiHa&;ppfrsufESmjyifwGif vkyf}uHcH&ol acgif;aqmif. ZeD;/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif. pum;vHk;rsm;/ udk,fydkifvuQ%m owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tqHk;owfpD&ifr_ESifh


'Drdkua&pDpepfjyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;t=um;/ jynfoludk &uf&ufpufpufESdyfpufr_ESifh jynfol [email protected]=um; a&G;cs,fr_wckvkyf&ef vrf;zGifhay;ovdk jzpfcJh&onf? ppftpkd;&. enf;AsL[mrsm;onf aemufqHk; tcsnf;ESD;jzpfcJh&awmhonf? tar&duef EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ydkvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:xGuf+yD;aemufydkif;wGif rm;udk@pf qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf &mpkESpf. wwd,ta&;ygqHk; ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJwckjzpfcJhonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;. ra=ueyfr_rsm;udk urBmht0Srf;&dS em;qif/ =unfh&_oljynfolrsm;xHodk@ EdkifiHwmrD'D,mu tjynfht0zGifhcsay;cJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ,m&lZJvfpuD; odk@r[kwf/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; yDEDka&S;wdk@ESifhrwlyJ rm;udk@pfonf ol.jynfolrsm;udk ºuGm;vHk; xkuf&eftwGuf &kyfjrifoH=um;udk ESpf&Snf=umpGmtoHk;ðycJhonf? wdkufyGJ txGÉftxdwfaoma&mufaomtcg ol. EdkifiHa&;yHk&dyfudkk jyefIxdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;uif;rJhoGm;onfhumvwGif/ ol.vkyfydkifcGifhtm%monfvnf; tvdktavsmuf ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&awmhonf? rm;udk@pfqef@usifaomolrsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mv$Jtyf&ef tzGJ@tpnf;ESpfckonfvnf; tqifoifh&dSaecJhonf? vlq,fa,mufteuf &Spfa,mufonf uufovpfbmom0ifjzpfaeaom wdkif;jynfwckwGif bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif; rsm;onf vlxk.ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ajymifaxmufcHcJh=u+yD;/ jynfolrsm;udk vrf;ray:xGufI wdkufyGJ0if =u&efudkvnf; wdkufwGef; wGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? ppfom;rsm;u tm%m&Sifudk pGef@ypf+yD; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufwGJcJhjcif;/ wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;. tcsdefrD zufajymif;cJhjcif;ESifh tm%m&Sif. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif rm;udk@pf . t=urf;zufenf;emtoHk;ðyjcif;rS cGJxGufjcif;rsm;onfvnf; &mpkESpfwck. pdwfv_yf&Sm;p&mtaumifqHk; om"u rsm;jzpfcJhonf? r=umcifrSmyif ol. 0g&Sifwef&dSrdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; rm;udk@pfudk pGef@cGmoGm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@taejzifh jynfolrsm;u tm%mrSpGef@cGm&ef awmif;qdk}uHK0g;aeoHrsm;udk rnfodk@r# vspfvsLðyrxm;EdkifcJhay? (1986) ckESpf reDvm. tjzpfftysufrsm;onf vGefcJhaom (42) ESpfrwdkifcif qef q,faA'dk (San Salvador) . tjzpftysufrsm;ESihf rwluGJvGJvSonf? (1944) wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwifepfZfudkqef@usif+yD;/ taxGaxGoydwfrSwqifh jynfolrsm;udkyg xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;ESifh ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyfESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwifepfZf. 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;taejzifh wdkif;jynfudk wnfjidrfaqmif qufvufrtkyfcsKyfEdkifawmh a=umif; oufaojycJhonf? rm;udk@pfudkqef@usif+yD;/ tvdrftnm a&G;aumuf vufrcHjiif;qefcJhaom tdrfaxmif&Sifr rsm;/ bkef;}uD;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf ppfwyfESifh ol.EdkifiHjcm;axmufcHolrsm;udk ol@wGif tajctaeudk vHk;0xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; r&dSawmha=umif; tvm;wljyoEdkifcJh=uonf? ppfwyftm;}uD;yifjzpfap/ cspm;aom EdkifiHa&;orm;/ odk@r[kwf rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh tkyfpdk;olyifjzpfvifhupm; jynfol.qENoabmxm;ESifh zdESdyfEdkifr_pGrf;tm; r&dSawmhygu [email protected]&mudk qufvufrxdrf;EdkifawmhyJ pGef@v$wf=u&awmhrnfyifjzpfonf? zdvpfydkif.&v'fonf t,fvfqmaA'dkEdkifiHrS tjzpftysufESifh wenf;tm;jzifh ydkIqifwlcJhonf? aemufqHk;tcsdefxd wdkifatmif zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rS apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf rnfodk@aom vlxkawmfvSefr_ESifhr# rm;udk@pfudk ðzwfcsI r&Edkif[k xifrSwfcJhonf? t=urf;rzufaomESvHk;&nfckcHwdkufyGJwGif tm%m&Sifrsm;.txl; rvSefomaomtm;enf;csufudk ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ.enf;emESifh eufeJr_udkem;rvnfaomolrsm;tzdk@ jrifEdkif&ef cufcJvS onf? tu,fI Ttiftm;w&yfpkpnf;ay:xGufvmrdonfESifh wòydifeuf/ ðzwfcsI r&Edkif[k rSwfxifxm;cJhaom tm%m&Sifrsm;udk tvG,fwul tpm;xdk;EdkifcJh=uonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif tjcm;rSm;,Gif;aom ,lqcsufw&yfrSm tm%m&Sifrsm;u t&rf;csdeJ@aeaoma=umifhom/ aemufqHk; ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJESifh ðzwfcsEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k xif=u onf? ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ.pGrf;yum;onf jiif;y,faeaomtiftm;tm%m. pGrf;tm;r# jyif;xefcsifrS jyif;xefayvdrfh rnf? odk@aomf zm'Deefrm;udk@pfudk ordkif;.xGufaygufwHcg;qDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;&eftxdawmh vHkavmufcJhonf? (1905) ckESpf &S&Sm;rsm; aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ csDwufjcif;rSonf/ *END. (1931) yifv,fqDodk@ csDwufyGJtxd/ 0gaqmatmifajrwGif ydkvefom;rsm;aejcif;txd/ (1986) reDvmrS jynfol@tm%mtxd wlnDaomenf;AsL[mqdkif&m tpOftquf wnf&dSaecJhonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_xJrS tusdK;tjrwfaumif;rsm; xkwfE_wf ,lEdkifaomfvnf;/ &k&S/ tdEdN,/ ydkvefESifh tjcm;aom ESvHk;&nf wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;wGif xdktcGihfta&;r&&dScJhay? zdvpfydkifom;wdk@wGif tkwfjrpfcs tajcwnf&ef 'Drdkua&pD twdwfordkif;&dScJhzl;onf? tm%m&Sif odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;


tkyfcsKyfoludk awmfvSefaecsdefwGif &mpkESpftapmydkif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qdkaeaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf t"duwGef;tm;wckjzpfcJhonf? &mpkESpfukefcgeD;yg;cef@wGif vlaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&mufvmatmif qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;onf raumif;qdk;0g;wpfa,mufudk tqHk;pD&ifjcif;xuf ydkI}uD;us,fcJhonf? xdkt&monf 'Drdkua&pDukd umuG,fjcif;/ t&,ljcif;yifjzpfonf? zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;xHwGif vlxktajcðyvltzGJ@tpnf;wck &dS+yD; jzpfonf? xdkt&mudk olwdk@&dk;&dk;av;yif toHk;ðycJh=uonf? rnfonfht&murSefonf/ rnfonfhudka&G;cs,f=u&rnfudk olwdk@odae+yD;jzpfcJhonf? xdkt&mudkvnf; olwkd@tvG,fwul toHk;cscJh=uavonf?


tcef; (11) tifwDzm'g - trdajrtwGufwdkufyGJ

armif;xkwfjcif;

rdk;wzGJzGJESifh tqufrjywf&GmoGef;aeaom (1987) ckESpf 'DZifbmv. weufcif;jzpfonf? bmZpf (Bir Zeit) wuU odkvf. yk&0k%ftwGif;Y jrLwa0a0ESifh at;pufaom&moDOwkatmufwGif [eef tm&l&D (Hanan Aruri) ESifh tjcm;aom ygvufpwdkif;ausmif;om;rsm; pk&Hk;cJh=uonf? tpPa&;odrf;ydkufe,fajr taemufzufurf; (West Bank) . teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;rSvlrsm;vnf; vma&muf yl;aygif;rdaomtcgwGif 'gZif*%ef;onf &m*%ef; qDodk@ r=umrDa&muf&dSoGm;+yD;/ &m*%ef;onf axmif*%ef;qDdodk@a&muf&dScJhonf? ae@vnfydkif;wGif qENjyolrsm;onf ausmif;y&0k%ftwGif; jynfhv#HoGm;+yD;/ uyfv#uf bmZpfaus;&Gm. vrf;rsm;xHodk@yif a&muf&dSoGm;cJhonf? ruf'Dwm a&;eD;,ef;urf;&dk;wef;wGifwnf&dSaom todrf;ydkufcHe,fajri,fwckjzpfaom *gZmurf;ajr‡mifrS jyef@vGifhvmaom owif;wckonf xdkqENjyyGJudk tvsiftjref jzpfay:apcJhonf? xdkowif;rSm ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwckwGif tpPa&;x&yfum;armif;olwOD;u ygvpfpfwdkif;Aefum;tkyfpkxJodk@ 0ifwdkufrdaoma=umifh ygvufpwdkif;av;OD; aoqHk;cJhonf [laomowif;jzpfonf? Ttjzpftysufonf omrefrawmfwq jzpfjcif;r[kwfyJ r=umao;rDu ygvufpwdkif;wOD;u tpPa&;wpfOD;udk owfcJhjcif;tay: vufpm;acswHk@jyefjcif; jzpfonf[laom aumv[mvonf jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? ,ckuJhodk@ r_ef&Da00g;aeaomae@wae@wGif trsm;pkonf toufoHk;q,f t&G,fatmuf vli,frsm;jzpf+yD;/ taemuf zufurf;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,lxm;aom tpPa&;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@ (IDF) rsm;qENjyyGJudk vma&mufròzdcGJyJaejcif; onf tm&l&DtwGuf xl;qef;cJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom;rsm;onf bmZpf odk@r[kwf tm&l&Daexdkifaom &mrvm (Ramallah) ESifh b,faomtcgr# a0;a0;vHvHwGif r&dSaecJhay? ygvufpwdkif; vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkifaom tpPa&; todrf; ydkufcHe,fajrwGif t&yfom; tkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& xdkuJhodk@vlpk&Hk;jcif;onf w&m;Oya'udk qef@usif csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf? pdwfwxifhxifhjzifh pdkpdkpGwfpGwfxJwGif apmifhqkdif;aeaom tm&l&DESifholr.oli,fcsif; wokdufonf xdyfwdkufawG@r_wckckawmh jzpfvmawmhrnf[k pdk;&drfaecJh=uonf? ppfom;rsm; vrf;rrsm;/ vrf;óudvrf;=um;rsm;twGif;rSwqifh &GmwGif;qDodk@ ydkufpdyfwdkuf 0ifa&mufonfhtcgwGif nae ig;em&D/ ajcmufem&Dcef@&dS+yD;/ arSmif&dyfyif roef;ao;ay? tpdrf;a&mif uGefref'dk0wfpHkrsm;ESifh trJa&mif oJuEWm& ppfzdeyfrsm; 0wfqifxm;+yD; *gvDvDatmfwdkrwfwpf &dkifz,frsm;udk cyfºuGm;ºuGGm; udkifaqmifxm;aom ppfom;rsm; onf a&mfbmusnfqHjzifh vltkyfcGJ&ef pwifóud;pm;cJhonf? (a&mfbmusnfqHqdkonfrSm aoap&efr&nf&G,fyJ '%f&m &ap&efom &nf&G,ftoHk;ðyaom a&mfbmjzifhtkyfxm;aom oxWKusnfqHudk qdkvdkonf/ odk@aomf teD;uyfypfygu aoapEdkifonf?) xdkt&ifu TuJhodk@qENjyyGJrsm;jzpfvmv#if v#yfwjywf tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifhoHk;I acsr_ef; òzdcGif;cJhonf? todrf;ydkufcH tESpfESpfq,ftwGif; ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf rnfhonfhtcgr# aemufrqkwfcJh=uay? qENjyorm;rsm; upOhfuvsm; xGufajy;csdefwGif ppfom;rsm;u ò[email protected]; tm;vHk;udk ydwfvdkufonf? ygvuf pwdkif;om; 'gZifESifhcsDI 0dkif;zrf;cHcJh&onf? odk@aomf trsm;pku olwdk@a&muf&m ae&mwGifyif/ ay&yfI aemufrqkwfyJ ausmufcJrsm;jzifh jyefypf=uonf? wdkufcwfr_rsm;onf nq,fhwpfem&Dtxd jzpfyGm;cJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif qENjy orm;rsm;onf tdrftjyefvrf;&Sm&ef awmifukef;rsm;qDodk@ xGufajy;cJh=uonf? tm&l&Donf tzrf;vnf;rcH&/ '%f&mvnf; r&cJhay? odk@aomf xdkae@onf olr. rSwfnm%fwGifawmh tjrJwap pGJjrJxifrSwfxifaeapcJhawmhonf? Ttjzpftysufonf r=umrDtcsdefumvwGif tifwDzm'gudk jzpfay:apaom ta=umif;&if;rsm;xJrS wckjzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf tm&yfpum;jzpf+yD;/ “armif;xkwfjcif;” [k t"dy`g,foufa&mufonf? xdkqENjyyGJonf todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;twGif; t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlxktHkºuGr_wck jzpfcJhonf? bmZpf. ta&S@awmifbuf av;q,hf&SpfuDvdkrDwm (rdkifoHk;q,fcef@) tuGm ydkrdkEGrf;yg;+yD;/ zGH@òzd;r_edrfhusrGJawaeaom *gZmurf;ajr‡mifa'otwGif;&dS ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onf ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 0rf;enf;zG,f tjzpf

Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)

327

tysuftay: wkef@jyefr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif t"du&k%f;rsm;jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/ r=umrD tcsdefwGif taemufzufurf;a'oqDodk@ ul;qufoGm;cJhonf? txifu&acgif;aqmif wOD;wa,muf. OD;pD; OD;aqmifr_ ryg&dScJhyJ/ ygvufpwdkif; q,fausmfouf&G,frsm;/ cav;i,fomom aumifav;/ aumifrav;rsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif IDF ppfom;rsm;udk &ifqdkifqifEGJcJh=uonf? tcsd@cav;i,frsm;onf rnfhonfhtwGufa=umifh TuJhokd@ qENjyaeonfudk em;rvnf=uay? a'gojzifh ausmufcJudkyif ta0;odk@ rypfEdkifonftxd i,f&G,fvGef;vS onf? odk@aomf olwdk@ausmufcJwvHk; ypfvdkufjcif;onf ygvufpwdkif;wdk@ tpPa&;odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;tay: umv&Snf=umpGm pdwfysufaejcif;udk wcsufoufom&m &apcJhonf? vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif q,fausmfouf ygvufpwdkif;cav;rsm;ESifh urBmhacwftrDSqHk; ppfwyfrsm;xJrS ppfwyfwckESifh wdkufcdkufae=uyHkrsm;udk urBmht0Srf;&dS &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;avmuwGif raz:jyyJ raeEdkifatmif jzpfcJh&onf? xkdodk@ jzpfysufaer_udk “odk;ausmif;om;. ppfyGJ (Shepherd's war)”[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf? xdkppfyGJwGif acwfrDSppfwyfwcku ausmuffcJrsm;/ wm,mrsm;ESifh rcsdrcHomatmif ajymaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk ukdifpGJ&ifqdkifaeaom t&yfom; jynfolrsm;udk &ifqdkifEdSrfeif;ae=uyHkrsm;udk urBmwv$m;u jrif=uonf? EkdifiHjcm;owif;orm;rsm; a*s&kpvifESifh w,fvftApfodk@ pkðyHa&muf&dSvmcJh=uonf? tifwDzm'gay:aygufvm+yD; oHk;vtwGif;wGif tar&duefnydkif; &kyfjrif oH=um;owif;tpDtpOfwGif a&mfe,fa&*ifESifh a*:bmacsmhyfwdk@. xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yGJtygt0if tjcm;aom owif;rsm;xufydkI ygvufpwdkif;owif;udk tcsdefay;v$ifhxkwfay;cJh=uonf? owif;tpD&ifcHcsuf trsm;pkwGif tHkºuGr_}uD;rS ay:ay:ufvmonfh t=urf;zufr_ tao;pddwfjrifuGif;udk apmif;ay; az:jy=uonf? tcsdef,ljyifqifazmfjyjcif;r&SdaomtcsufrSm/ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;cHcJh&aom/ *k%foduQmrJhaom tjzpfudk cHpm;cJhonfh axmifaomif;csDonfh ygvufpwdkif;om;jynfolwdk@ Ttajctaea&mufonftxd/ rnfodk@ rnfyHktjrifajymif;vJvm=uonf/ Ttajctaeodk@ rnfodk@jzpfay:vmonfqdkaom tcsufjzpfonf? a'goykefxae aom tajctae. aemufuG,fwGif ppfom;rsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzpfhypfayguf+yD;/ ppfom;rsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm; jyefvnfypfcwfjcif; tpOftvmonf t=urf;zufjcif;r&dSyJ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;udk qef@usifcJhonfh ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;. yHkrSefv_yf&Sm;r_ wck jzpfcJhovdk/ tpPa&;wdk@tay: ygvufpwdkif;todkif;0ef;. rDScdkr_enf;oxufenf;ap&ef twGufvnf; óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? tifwDzm'gonf ygvufpwdkif; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. t"du tcsuftjcm us&mae&mwckjzpfcJhonf? &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk t=urf;zufr_jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk yHkaz:vdk=uaomolrsm;uvnf; t=urf;zufr_udk toHk;ðycJh=uonf? [meeftm&l&D. rdk;a&xJrS ae@wae@onf udk,fxludk,fx tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;/ vlxktmcHyGJrsm; enf;wl ppfaoG;ºuGtwdkuftcHrsm;. wkdufyGJwyGJ pwifjzpfay:vmcJhaom ae@wae@jzpfcJhonf? odrf;ydkufr_tm; w&m;r0if[k cH,lxm;aom ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@ESifhylaygif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGufyif jiif;qefcJhonf? oefpGrf; aom vli,frsm;u wm,mrsm;udk rD;&d_@jcif;/ vrf;rsm;ydwfqdk@jcif;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif rjidrfoufr_rsm; ðyvkyfaepOf wGif tjcm;aom ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ‚if;[email protected]@pOfb0vkyfief; rsm;xJrS vrf;a=umif;opfrsm;udk &SmazGtoHk;ðycJh=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh twdwfuwnf&SdaecJhaom a&S@rwdk;om/ aemufrqkwfomtajctaeudk azmufxGuf=uonf? AdkvfaejrJ usm;aejrJtajctaeudk v_yfcgypfonf? odrf;ykdufol tiftm;a&umwm}uD;udk azgufcGJypfI ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkif OD;pD;OD;aqmifr_rSwqifh v_yf&Sm;r_ jrpfopfwpif; pD;qif;vm apcJhonf?

igwdk@ajr/ rdcifajr (2) ck r[wWr*ENDonf awmiftmz&duwGif a&S@aewOD;tjzpf pwifysKd;axmifaecsdefwGif/ ygvufpwdkif;onf tm&yf rGwfpvif vlrsKd;ig;odef;/ c&pf,mefOD;a&tenf;i,fESifh a*s&kpvifòrd@wGif;ESifhòrd@teD;w0dkufwGif trsm;pkaexdkifaom *sL;vlrsKd; ig;aomif;cef@. ZmwdajrjzpfcJhonf? atmfwdkref plvwefrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif/ Ta'oonf pdkufysdd;a&;udk t"duxm;vkyf=uaom e,fajrwckjzpfcJh+yD;/ taemufurBmESifhvnf; tquftqHr&dScJhay? bkef;awmf}uD; a*smf*sD *wfyGef


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(Father Georgii Gapon) u aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ rcsDwufcif &SpfESpftvdkwGif/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH abq,fvfòrd@wGif yxrqHk;t=udrf ZD,GefepfuGef*&ufusif;ycJh=uonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rS urBmht0Srf; jyef@usJaeaom *sL;rsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;I ygvufpwdkif;e,fajronf wae@wGif *sL;rsm;. EdkifiHawmfjzpfvm&rnf[k a=ujimcJhonf? urBmtESH@jyef@usJa&muf&Sdaeaom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;udk jyefvnfpk&Hk;I/ axmifpkESpfESifhcsDI zdESdyfr_cHcJh=u&aom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;cdkvH_&medAŠmefudk ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJh=uonf? Oa&mywdkuf&dS *sL;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ZD,Gefta&;awmfyHktwGuf/ tESpfESpfq,ftwGif; b¾maiGrsm; &SmazGcJh=u onf? ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrodk@ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; wpdrfhpdrfh wdk;yGm;0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? qufwdkufqdkovdkyif *sL;EdkifiH awmf tEWdr&nfrSef;csufudk &dyfpm;rdaom/ a'ocHygvufpwdkif;tm&yfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? yxr urBmppfu atmfwdkreftifyg,m}uD;udk acsr_ef;cJhcsdefwGif jAdwdefwdk@u (1917) ckESpfwGif ygvpfpwkdif;e,fajrudk odrf;,l cJh+yD;aemuf b,fvfzma=ujimpmwrf; (Belfour Decleration) udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdka=ujimpmwrf;onf ygvuf pwdkif;wGif *sL;wdk@tajccsaexdkifjcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJh+yD;/ *sL;EdkifiHawmfwckwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh qdkifaom tEWdr&nfrSef;csufudkvnf; axmufcHcJhonf? okd@aomf wzufwGifvnf; jAdwdefwdk@onf atmfwdkrefwdk@udk acsr_ef; cJh&mwGif ulnDcJhonfh ruUme,fpm; &S&pfzf[lqefudk aus;Zl;wHk@jyefonfh taejzifh ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrwGif tm&yfEdkifiH wEdkifiH wnfaxmifay;rnf[k uwdu0wf ay;xm;cJhjyefonf? ESpfaygif;oHk;q,ftwGif;wGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; 0ifa&muf tajccsr_onf qufvuf jzpfaecJhonf? (1930) ckESpf ta'ghzf [pfwvm. tm%mpuf0ef; Oa&mytv,fydkif;wGif us,fjyef@vmonfESifhtwl *sL;tajccsr_onfvnf; tquf rjywfjzpfaecJhonf? (1937) ckESpfwGif *sL;vlrsKd;av;odef;txd&dSvmcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. vlOD;a& ta& twGufonf xdk;usoGm;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; [dkvdkaumhpf tpktðyHvdkufvlowfyGJjzpfyGg;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; wGif/ *sL;EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf urBmhaxmufcHr_udk ydkrdktiftm;aumif;apcJh+yD;/ (1947) ckESpfwGif jAdwdefu ygvufpwdkif;odrf;ydkufr_udk tqHk;owfcJhonf? zGJ@pnf;+yD;ump ukvor*~u ygvufpwdkif;rsm;twGufESifh *sL;rsm;twGuf ESpfjynfaxmifcGJa&;tpDtrHudk wifjycJhonf? *sL;acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufcHcJhaomfvnf; ygvufpwdkif; wdk@u jiif;y,fcJhonf? arv (14) &ufae@wGif tpPa&;wdk@utpPa&;EdkifiHawmftjzpf a=ujimvkdufjcif;jzifh/ (1948) ckESpfwGif a'otwGif;&dS *sL;vlrsKd;wdk@. wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief; txGÉftxdyfodk@ a&mufcJh+yD;/ tdrf;eD;csif; tm&yfwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh vnf; &kwfcsnf;qdkovdk ppfrufjzpfyGg;cJh&onf? xdktm&yfEdkifiHrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. awmif;qdkcsufudk wpk wa0;wnf; axmufcHaom wdkif;jynfrsm;jzpfonf? tpPa&;wdk@onf urBmhukvor*~ tpDtpOfrS cGifhðyEdkifonf xuf yifausmfvGefI e,fajrtajrmuftrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf&&dSatmifyGJcHcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; wpfodef;ESpfaomif;cef@ tpPa&; e,fajrtwGif; qufvuf&dSaecJh+yD;/ usefygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;ESifh tD*spf/ qD&D;,m;/ vufbEGefESifh wnfaxmifumpEkdifiHopf a*smf'efEdkifiH&dS aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ pGef@cGmxGufajy;cJh=u&onf? tpPa&;wdk@onf &efvdkaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. tv,fwGif a&mufaeonfudk odjrifcJh+yD;/ ‚if;.e,ferdwftwGif;wGif vlenf;pk ygvpfpwkdif;tkyf}uD;udkvnf; vufcHxm;cJh&onf? xdkrSpI aemufxyfq,fpkESpf ESpfcktwGif;wGif/ tpPa&;wdk@onf udpPtm;vHk;udk vHkðcHa&;todjzifhom jyifqifaqmif&Guf cJh=uonf? (1967) ckESpfwGif tdrfeD;csif;tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;onf ppfyGJwcktwGuf v#Kd@0Sufjyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@u ava=umif;xdk;ppfwckjzihfh vufOD;r_t&,lI tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;udk EdSyfuGyfEdkifcJhonf? xdkatmifyGJwGif ygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd; axmif;aomif;ESifhtwl qD&D;,m;rS *dkvefukef;jrifha'orsm;/ a*smf'efrS taemufzufurf;a'oESifh tD*spfrS *gZmurf;ajr‡mifa'oudkyg odrf;qnf;&cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;tcsKd@ tdrfeD;em;csif; wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ xGufajy; wdrfa&SmifaepOfwGif trsm;pkonf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;[k ,cktcsdefxd ac:qdkaeaom a'orsm;wGif qufvufae xdkifcJh+yD;/ xdkae&mrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. e,fajrrsm;[k tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. udk,fydkifwdkif;jynf wnfaqmufa&;qDokd@oGm;&m vrf;ray:wGif tpPa&;wdk@u ydwfqdk@xm;onf[k jrifcJh=uonf? xdkydwfqdk@r_ t[ef@twm;onf wckwnf;jzpfaomfvnf;/ waumifwnf; 'gayr,fh jcaoFhqdkoavmuf }uD;rm;aom tiftm;/ ydwfqdk@r_}uD; jzpfaecJhonf?


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pdwf"gwfus&jcif;/ qHk;&H_;&jcif;rsm;rS ygvufpwdkif;trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"gwfrsm; xGufay:vmcJhonf? (1967) ckESpfwGif tm&yfwdkif;jynfrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef ESifhjr‡ifhwifa&;ESpfckpvHk;twGuf ygvufpwdkif; vGwf ajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (PLO) udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? yDt,fvftdkonf todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif =oZmv$rf;rdk;EdkifcJhonf? (1969) ckESpfwGif yDt,fvftdkonf acgif;aqmifyHk raygufaom qHyifjzLjzL/ vlaumif;ao;ao; &mqm tm&mzwfudk acgif;aqmiftjzpf &&dScJhonf? tm&mzwfonf ueOD;wGif aysmuf=um;tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfaom t,fvf zmwmh (Al-Fatah) . acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhonf? tm&mzwf. OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif yDt,fvftdkonf ta0;a&muf ygvpfpwkdif; tpdk;&wcktaejzifh &yfwnfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;ta&;axmufcHol ausmif;q&mrsm;/ orm;awmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom olESpfaomif;oHk;axmif. aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_rsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH+yD; &HyHkaiG&SmcJhovdk/ vlxk axmufcHr_jzifhvnf; tm%mudkqufxdrf;xm;cJhonf? yDt,fvftdkESifh xdqufvkyfudkifaeaom tkyfrsm;rsm;. tpPa&; ypfrSwfrsm;udk wdkufckdufaom ppfqifa&;yHkpHwdkufcdkufr_rsm;ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ t=urf;zuf wdkufckdufr_rsm;udkvnf; wkd;jr‡ifhcJh ovdk/ cGifhvnf; cGifhðycJhonf? jynfywGif tjrJwap&dSae+yD;/ rD'D,mwGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odyfr&dScJhaomfvnf;/ tm&mzwfonf urBm@rsufESmpmwGif ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk yg0ifvmap&ef wpdkufrwfrwf aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf?

wu,fh &SufzG,fta&;edrfh&r_ (1967) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. b0onf *sL;EdkifiHawmfESifh ydkrdkI acgif;ESifhyef;vdk cGJr&jzpfcJhonf? (1980) ESpfrsm;wGif yDt,fvftdku tpPa&;wdk@. jzpfwnfr_ESifhyufoufI vufrcH jiif;y,faomfvnf;/ ygvufpwdkif; om;tcsKd@onf tpPa&;wdk@xHrS ouf}uD;yifpifudkyif vufcHaecJh=uonf? taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZmurf;ajr‡mif&dS ygvufpwdkif;om; wodef;ig;aomif;cef@onf tm&k%frwufcif tdrfrSxGufcGmI ae@w"l0qdkovdk tpPa&;òrd@rsm;ESifh teD;w0dkufe,fajrrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;xm;aom “tpdrf;a&mifrsOf; - Green Line” udk jzwfausmfum tvkyf&SmaecJh=u &onf? [D;b&l;bmompum;ESifh tm&yfpum;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk ajymwufaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf olwdk@. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_udk xdkae&mrSmyif vkyfudkif=u+yD;/ *sL;EdkifiHawmfudkyif tcGeftaumufqufocJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf xdktpdrf;a&mifrsOf;udk jyefjzwf+yD; t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif&dSaom olwdk@. ae&modk@jyefvm aexdkif=uonf? (IDF) wyfzGJ@0if/ waxmifhESpf&mcef@onf ae@w"l0 xdke,fajrrsm;. jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk aqmif&Gufae =uonf? tpdrf;a&mifrsOf;wav#muf ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm; xlxyfpGmcsxm;+yD;/ xdk*dwfrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. rSwfyHkwifuyfjym;rsm; udk ppfaq;=uonf? tpPa&;vlOD;a&onf topfxyfrHa&mufvmaom tajccsolrsm;ESifh ydkrdkIrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? *sL;wdk@u ‚if;wdk. bdk;bGm;ydkifajr/ tarGqufcH ydkifcGifh&dSaomajrtjzpf oabmayguf em;vnfxm;aom todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;onf xyfrHa&mufvmaom *sL;rsm;twGuf tajccsp&m e,fajrwck jzpfvmcJhonf? ydkifqdkifr_OpPmESifh taemufzufurf;&dS ajratmufa&onfvnf; *sL;tajccsolwdk@twGuf oifhawmfcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&qdkv#ifvnf; xdke,fajrrsm;udk xdrf;csKyf&eftwGuf ta&;ay:wyfzGJ@tenf;i,fr#yif vdktyf+yD;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_uae tzdk;te*ƒxdkufwefaom tusKd; tjrwfudkvnf; jyefvnf&&dScJhonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif xdktusdK;tjrwf yHkrSefjzpfaeap&efvnf; ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;ESifh vlxkoabmwlr_udk xdrf;xm;&efvnf; vdktyfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gonf xdkpDrHudef;wGif taESmifht,SufjzpfapcJhonf? taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZmwGif&dSaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf 'kuQonfpcef;ESifh aus;&Gm&maygif;rsm;pGmwGif aexdkif cJh=uonf? xkd@twl *gZmòrd@ESifh embvkpf (Nablus) paom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGifvnf; aexdkifcJh=uonf? aemufxyf tkyfpkwck (okd@r[kwf) rGwfpvifrsm;onf a*s&kpvifòrd@ ta&S@buf &yfuGyfrsm;wGif aexdkifcJh=uonf? rcif;xm;aom vrf;rsm;ESifh pdkufysKd;EdkifpGrf;ajrenf;ygr_a=umifh axmifESifhcsDaom b0rsm;udk cufcJ=urf;wrf;apcJhonf? tvkyfvufrJh E_ef;jrifhwufcJhonf? txl;ojzifh ynmwufygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif jzpfonf? ygvufpwdkif; bGJ@&ynmwuf &SpfOD;wGif wOD;omolwdk@aexdkif&m todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrwGif tvkyftudkif&&SdcJhonf? *gZm&dSb0rsm;onf txl;yifyef; qif;&JvSonf? wpfpwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif vlOD;a& waxmifhckESpf&moHk;q,fae=u&+yD;/ urBmay:wGif vlOD;a& txlxyfqHk;ae&mwckwGif yg0ifcJhonf? tifwDzm'grS pwifazgufcGJcJhaom tcgwGif *gZmrSonf taemufzufurf; txd jyef@ESH@aygufuGJoGm;cJhonfrSm wdkufqdkifr_wckawmh r[kwfcJhyg?


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ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ ajymif;vJIr&Edkifudef;qdkufaeaom tajctaeatmufwGif pdwfydkif;qdkif&mysufpD;r_onf &kyfydkif; qdkif&mcufcJr_udk tm;oGef;avmif;ovdk jzpfcJhonf? reufcif;wdkif;wGif tpPa&;e,fajrwGif tvkyfoGm;a&muf vkyfudkif =uaom ygvufpwdkif;axmif;aomif;teuf &m*%ef;tenf;i,fom a*s&kpvifòrd@a[mif;wGif tm&k%frwufcif wef;pDcGifh&onf? owif;axmufwOD;u xkdae&mudk “tom;aps;” [k trnfay;cJhonf? tvkyform;vdkaom tpPa&;vkyfief;&Sifuefx&dkufwmrsm;u vlwef;wav#muf um;jzifharmif;v#uf vlwef;}uD;udk tkwfpDtvkyf/ ajrwl; tvkyf/ odk@r[kwf EdkifvGefuwW&mcif;jcif;tvkyf ponfhtvkyfwdk@udk ajymjyoGm;+yD; vkyfcrsm;udk em&Dydkif;jzifh ay;acs onf? pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk oabmwlygu ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;rsm;udk xdkae&mrS ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifonf? r=umr=umqdkovdk *sL;rsm;aexdkif&m ae&mokd@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? “usKyfwdk@u *sL;awGwdkif;jynfwnfzdk@ twGuf ulnDay;aew,fvdk@ cifAsm;rxifbl;vm;´” [k ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;wOD;u owif;axmufwOD;udk ajymcJh onf? “'gwu,fhudk t&SufuGJwmyJAs/ b,fzufurS udk,hfudk oabmrusbl;/ udk,fhvlxkudk udk,fjyefqef@usif+yD; vkyfaew,fqdkwmvJ odwmyJ/ 'gayrJh xrif;pm;zdk@ vdkw,fAs?”[k tjcm;wOD;uqdkonf? wu,fwrf;wGifrl ygvufpwkdif;om;trsm;pkonf usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_twGuf tpkd;&pdkufxkwfaiGudk ulnDay;ovdk a&mufaecJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;cHpm;cGifhr&ddSjcif;ESifh Oya'a=umif;t& wqifhEdSrfhqufqHcH ae&jcif;rsm;tay: ygvuf pwdkif;om;wdk@ pdwfxdcdkufcJh&onf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf tvkyftwlwl vkyf&aomfvnf; tpPa&;wdk@xuf vkyftm;cenf;&+yD;/ tcGeftaumufydkay;aqmif&jyefonf? ygvufpwdkif;wkd@ txl;wvnf a'go xGuf&onfh udpPrSm ‚if;wdk@e,fajrtwGif;odk@ ,laqmifvmaom ypPnf;ypP,rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_tm;vHk;udk wefzdk; tay: aumufcHonfhtaumuf (15) &mckdifE_ef;tay:wGif jzpfchJonf? ukefypPnf;0,f,lr_ aps;E_ef;}uD;&ifhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmjzifh azmufum;Edkifonf? rnfonfhtwm;tqD;r# r&dScJhay? Oyrm *gZmajrmufydkif;tpGef tdZfppfaq;a&;*dwfonf ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm; vlwef;&SnfwGif apmifhqdkif;aepOf aepOf'kuQay;&m ae&mjzpfcJhonf? um;rsm;udk&SmazGjcif;/ rSwfyHkwifu'frsm;udk vHkðcHa&; tapmifhrsm;uodrf;,ljcifwdk@udk tjrJwap ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? “usKyfwdk@udk wd&p>mefawGvdkyJ qufqH=uw,f” qdkonfrSm vltrsm;ajymqdkaom pum;wckjzpfcJhonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcH&jcif;onf trsm;jynfolESifhvlxkb0udkvnf; uef@owfcsKyfcs,fcJhonf? ae@pOf a=umifESifhºuGuf vkdufwef;-ajy;wef;pum;yGJudk trJa&mif/ tpdrf;a&mif/ teDa&mifrsm;ESifh cs,fr_ef;xm;aom ygvufpwdkif;tvHudk pGJudkifxm;aom ygvufpwdkif;vli,frsm;u qifEGJcJh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;ygaomyHk/ pmrsm;udkeH&Hrsm;wGif aq;jzef;a&;qGJ cJh=uonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfrsm;u tvHrsm;udk qGJqkwfjcif;/ vlrsm;udk eH&Hrsm;tm; aq;jyefokwf&ef twif;t=uyf ckdif;apjcif;rsm; jyefvkyfonf? tzrf;cH&ol rnfoludkrqdk w&m;&Hk;wifjcif;r&dSyJ ajcmufvtxd xdrf;odrf;xm;Edkifonf? todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;wGif (1907) ckESpf onf[d*f The Hague ESifh (1944) ckESpf av;}udrfajrmuf *seDAm oabmwlpmcsKyfyg EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xkdOya'rsm;t& odrf;ydkufcHe,fajr&Sd jynfolvlxkrsm;. ypPnf;OpPmrsm;tm; ajymif;a&G@ jcif;ESifh zsufqD;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;onf? odk@aomf tpPa&;wdk@onf xdkuef@owfcsufrsm;tay: tjrJwap vkdufemcJhjcif; r&dScJhay? (1977) ckESpf rwdkifrD ygvufpwdkif; trsm;pkESifh tpPa&;avbmygwD0ifrsm;onf odrf;ydkufr_onf acwWc%r#om jzpfonf[k ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf rDemcsrf bD*if (Manachem Begin). vDuGwfygwD (Likud Party) ond tpPa&;ygvDref (Knesset) wGif tm%m&vmaom xkdESpfwGif tpPa&;tpkd;&u odrf;ydkufr_onf xm0& wnfjrJEdkifonf[k tcsufay;cJhonf? tpPa&;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; xdkt&mESifhyufoufI oabmruscJhay? jidrf;csrf;a&; vdkvm;aomtkyfpkrsm;u tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;[email protected]'otwGif; usifhoHk;aeaom ppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk pwif qENjycJh=uonf? odk@aomf tpPa&;EdkifiHa&;wGif t=uyftwnf;rsm;&dScJhonf? &pfZwf &mbifESifh &SDrGefyJ&ufpf ponfh avbmygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;u e,fajrtydkif;tjcm;ESifhyufoufI aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;r_ ðyvkyfcsifaomfvnf; &pfZwf &SmrD;,m;ESifh at&D,,f&Sm&Gef tygt0if vDuGyfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufrcHcJhay? (1984) ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ESpfzufpvHk;rS vlxkaxmufcHr_ jywfjywfom;om; r&cJhay? xdk@a=umifh ygwDESpfckpvHk; !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJ@&ef tajc taeodk@ qdkufa&mufcJh&onf? jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf


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e,fajrtay;t,l vkyf&efudpPudk OD;wnfoGm;aumif; oGm;Edkifonfh aqG;aEG;yGJwifjycsufrsm;udk toef@towfr&dS a&G@qdkif;vdkufcJhonf? (1980) ESpfrsm; tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. ra=ueyfcsufrsm;rSonf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;ESifhypfcwfjcif;ESifh wcgw&H "gwfqDAHk;rsm;ESifhaygufjcif; tqifhxd jyef@ESH@aygufuGJcJhonf? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &S&Gefu qlyl/ rjidrfowfaom &yfuGyfrsm;udk nrxGuftrdef@rsm;xkwfjcif;/ tdrfrsm;zsufqD;jcif;/ opfyifrsm;tjrpfrSqGJE_wfypfjcif; pojzifh t=urf;zufESdrfeif; tjypfay;cJhonf? (1985) ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; topfjzpfvmol &pfZwf &mbifu jyif;jyif;xefxefudkifwG,faom “oHvufoD;rl0g'” Iron Fist” udkcsrSwfcJhonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk usifhoHk;I vrf;rsm;udkydwfqdk@jcif;/ &SmazGr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ zrf;qD;ta&;,ljcif;/ ae&yf&if;jyefydk@aqmif jcif;ESifh rdom;pk jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;udk jiif;qefjcif; ponfwdk@udk vkyfcGifhay;xm;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh taemufzuf urf;a'orsm;wGif tpPa&;wdk@. tajccs0ifa&mufr_onf tvsiftjref wdk;vmcJhonf? (1980) ESpfrsm; tv,fydkif; wGif xdktajccs0ifa&mufjcif;onf a'o.xuf0ufeD;ygodk@ jzpfcJh+yD;/ ckd;a=umifcdk;0Suf usL;ausmfjcif;/ ajrcdk;jcif;wck tjzpf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@u a'goxGufcJh=uonf? xdktcdkufwGif bD&GwfwGif&dSaom yDt,fvftdkXmecsKyfu ol@. ppfa&;pGrf;tm; jyocJhonf? (1982) ckESpfwGif tpPa&; wdk@u vufbEGefudk usL;ausmfcJhonf? tm&yftpGef;a&muf tkyfpkrsm;jzpfaom [ufZfbdkvmESifh tpPvrf*sD[wf ponfh tzGJ@rsm; xdef;csKyfxm;aom òrd@rsm;udkvnf; odrf;ydkufcJhonf? yDt,fvftdkonfvnf; ‚if;wdk@ESifhtwl xGufajy; cJh+yD; wdkufyGJESifh uDvdkrDwm av;axmif (rdkifESpfaxmifhig;&m) cef@a0;uGmaom wl;epfòrd@wGif aemufqHk;XmecsKyfudk ajymif;a&$@tajccscJh&onf? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;[k qdk&rnf? xdkr#a0;uGmaomae&mrS ygvufpwdkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@odrf;ydkufjcif;udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_yHkpH topfwck twGuf taxmuftul ðyEdkifcJh=uonf? tcsKd@ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;u tpPa&;wdk@taejzifh ygvufpwdkif;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk vufcHtodtrSwf ðyvmap&ef ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_xuf/ vlxkt&yfom;v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk ydkI pdwful;,OfcJh=uonf? (1968) ckESpfwGif t,fzmwmh tzGJ@ ESifhqufEG,fr_&dS+yD;/ axmifxJwGif [Db&l;bmompum;udk avhvmoif=um;cJhaom zDq,f [lpdefeD ( Feisal Husse) onf ta&S@tv,fydkif;wGif jidrf;csrfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm t=urf;rzufaom enf;vrf; omv#ifjzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrmajymqdkI tpPa&;bmomjzifh oifcef;pmrsm; pwifydk@cscJhonf? q,fhoHk;ESpf=umaom tcg a'otwGif; [email protected];&Hk;a&;vkyfief;onf oHr%drl0g' xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&;aumfrwD wckjzpfajrmufapa&; twGuf OD;wnfoGm;apcJhonf? xdkaumfrwDwGif ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udk pmemaxmufcHaom tpPa&;rsm;yg yg0ifcJh=u +yD;/ tusOf;uscHygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;twGuf ulnD pnf;&Hk;ay;jcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiH&dS KOR onf tvm;wl tzGJ@rsKd;jzpf+yD; ydkvefppftpdk;&atmufwGif tusOf;usaeaom odk@r[kwf rw&m; w&m;pGJqdkcHae&aom tvkyform;rsm;. rdom;pkrsm;udk ulnDay;cJhonf? (1983) ckESpfwGif ygvpfpwkdif;-tar&duefom; wOD;jzpfol toHk;cspdwfynm&Sif rlbm&uf tuf0uf (Mubarak Awad) onf t=urf;rzuf0g' avhvma&; ygvpfpwkdif;tzGJ@ (Palestinian Center for the Study of Nonviolence) udk xlaxmifcJh+yD;/ e,fajr odrf;ydkufxm;r_tay: t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh qef@usifvdkol rnfodkrqdkudk taemufzufurf;tESH@ ol. pulwmi,fudk pD;I vkdufvH a[majymcJhonf? tuf0ufonf tdENd,. taemuf ajrmufzsm;a'o&dS rlpvifyxefwOD;jzpfaom t'lvf *ufzm cef (Abdul Ghaffar Khan) . b0 ta=umif;udk avhvmxm;cJhbl;onf? t'lvf *ufzm cefonf *END. vlxktmcHa&;enf;emrsm;udk taotcsmavhvm toHk;csum jAdwdeftpdk;&udk awmfvSefcJhonf? olonf t=urf;rzufa&;oDtdk&DESifhoufqdkifaom t"du vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tm&yf bmomodk@ jyefqdkcJholvnf; jzpfonf? tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;ðyyHkpHrsKd;ESifh wdkufcdkufcJh=uaom ppfyGJrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh t=urf;zuf0g' rif;rlcsdef ESpfrsm; twGif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf ta&;edrfholrsm;om awmufavsmufjzpfcJh=u onf[k oloHk;oyfrdcJhonf? t=urf;zufjcif;onf usqHk;r_udkom jzpfay:apEdkifonf?


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odk@aomf t=urf;zuf0g'tpm; tjcm;tpm;xdk;r_ tqifoifh r&dScJhay? “ usKyfwdk@ ygvpfpwkdif;om;awG tck todrf; ydkufcHb0atmufrSm aeae=u&w,f/ 'gbma=umihfqdkawmh usKyfwdk@ udk,fYu usKyfwdk@u todrf;ydkufcHb0udk a&G;cs,f cJhvdk@yJvdk@ usKyfjyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;rdw,f?” “ tu,fI usKyfwdk@&J@ a&G;cs,fr_u todrf;ydkufcHatmufrSm raebl; qdk&if/ usKyfwdk@ ckcH wGef;vSef&r,f/” [k tm0wfu jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ckcHwGef;vSefr_qdkonfrSm &kyfydkif;qdkif&m wckwnf;ESifhrqdkifyJ tenf;qHk; yxrOD;qHk;tcsuftaejzihf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh oufqdkifonf? wOD;csif; pD. qHk;jzwfcsufwckjcif;qDvnf; vdktyfonf? “tu,fI cifAsm;wdk@ wu,fwrf; vGwfajrmufvdk=uw,fqdk&if cifAsm;wkd&J@ vGwfajrmufa&;[m cifAsm;wdk@twGif;rSmyJ &dSw,fqdkwmudk usaemfwdk@ óud;pm;+yD; ajymjycJhw,f ”[k olu jyefajymif; ajymjycJhonf? “tu,fI cifAsm;wdk@ vGwfajrmufvdkwJh pdwfudk a&G;cs,fw,fqdk&if/ t&m tm;vHk;[m tvG,fuav; jzpfvmrSmyg? ” todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrwGif tajctaersm;onf ydkrdkI cufcJ&_yfaxG;vmcJhonf? (1987) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tm;òydifr_ rsm; ydkrdk tm;aumif;vmcJhonf? tajctaersm;u ygvufpwdkif; om;wdk@udk aygufuGJr_wckqDodk@ ydkrdkeD;pyfatmif wGef;ydk@aecJhonf? oHk;&uf=um tm&yfxdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;wGif a*smf'efbk&if[lpdefu avqdyfwGif &mqmtm&mzwf tm; óudqdkE_wfquf&ef jiif;y,fjcif;jzifh ol@tm;ypfy,fcJh+yD;/ ygvufpwdkif;ta&;udpPudk tpnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mxJrS vHk;0 z,fxkwfcJhonf? xdkvwGifyif usif;yaom a&*if-*dkbmacsmhAf xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0; aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;t&mwGifvnf; ygvufpwdkif;ta&; ryg0ifcJhay? aemufqHk;wGif tpPa&; tdk;tdrf0ef}uD; at&D&,f &S&Gef;u a*s&kpvifòrd@&dS rGwfpvif&yfuGyfxJwGif tywfref@wck iSm;aecJhonf? xdktjcif;t&monf ordkif;a=umif;t& a*s&kpvifòrd@ rGwfpviftydkif;wGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; tajccs aexdkifr_onf ydkrdkIwdk;yGm; vmawmhrnfudk ay:ay:xifxifjyqdkcsufwcktjzpf rSwf,lEdkifayonf? Todk@jzifh ygvufpwdkif;twdk@ onf;cHEdkifr_ tqHk;pGefa&mufcJh& onf?

bDvl;}uD;rsm;ESifh 'g0dwf ESpfaygif;ESpfq,f=umaomtcg *gZmurf;ajr‡mifESifh taemufzufurf;a'o&dS ygvufpwdkif; vl@taqmufttHkonf 1² 7 oef;eD;ygtxd wdk;yGm;vmcJh+yD;/ ta&S@a*s&kpvifwGif vlOD;a& wodef;oHk;aomif;ajcmufaxmifxd &dScJhonf? ukefonf/ ynmwufponfh vlvwfwef;pm; vGefpGmenf;ygaomfvnd;/ trsm;pkonf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;jzpfI i,f&G,folrsm;jzpfcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfwGif *gZmvlOD;a&. (59) &mckdifE_ef;onf toufq,fhudk;ESpfatmufjzpf+yD;/ (77) &mckdifE_ef;onf ESpfq,fhudk;ESpfatmuf jzpfcJhonf? TrsKd;qufvli,f trsm;pkonf tpPa&;odrf;ydkufr_ wck wnf;udkomod+yD;/ tpPa&;rsm;udkvnf; t&Sifocifrsm;tjzpf jrif=uonf? &mqmtm&mzwfu ygvufpwdkif; trsKd;orD;rsm;. 0rf;=umwdkufwGif “vlom;AHk;rsm;” &dSae+yD; r=umcif‚if;wdk@ajray:&dS tpPa&;wdk@udk 'kuQay;vdrfhrnf[k avvHk;xGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf wpHkw&maomtajctae onf aygufuGJvkeD;yg; &dSaecJhonf? xdkt&monf cGeftm;rJh aeaom pdwfr&Snfawmhonfh vltkyf}uD;yifjzpfonf? tu,fIrsm; ppfwyfppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif um;wkdufr_jzpfjzpf/ rjzpfjzpf xdktcsdefonf tHkºuGr_wckay:aygufap&ef tcsdef umvwck jzpfaecJh+yD; jzpfonf/ &ifhrSnfhae+yD[k vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;u cHpm;cJh=uonf? xdktjzpftysufonf *gZm ajrmufzufydkif;&dS 'kuQonfpcef;wckjzpfaom *sbm,m teD;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? owif;axmufwOD;u xdkae&mudk “a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif qif;&JrGJawaom/ vlOD;a&tqrwef xlxyfaomESifh pkwfjywfowfaeaom ae&m” tjzpf yHkaz:jycJhonf? “towfcH&aom olrsm;twGuf psmyetcrf;tem; usif;yaomtcgwGif vltrsm;. pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;onf rGef;=uyf jyif;xefaecJhonf? vltkyf}uD;u jyefoGm;pOfwav#muf/ ausmufwHk;rsm;jzifh ppfpcef; udk ypfaygufoGm;cJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef@tm%mrsm;udk qufvuf rxdrf;Edkifawmhay? t"du&k%f;wck jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;/ nq,fhwem&Dtxd jzpfcJhonf? aemufwae@ tm&k%fwuf csdefwGif aemufw}udrf t"du&k%f; jyefpcJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ *spfum;rsm; armif;0ifoGm;=u+yD;/ r=umcifrSmyif "gwfqDAHk;rsm;/ ausmufcJrsm;. vufpmrdoGm;cJhonf? rjidrfoufr_ owif;onf a'orsm;twGif;a&muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD;/ bmZpftygt0if ae&mwdkif;wGif qENjyr_rsm;ay:aygufcJhonf? ” ygvpfpwkdif;ta&;udk a'otwGif; v_yf&Sm;r_wckjzihf jr‡ifhwif&ef rnfokd@aomtcgr# ar#mfvifhcsufr&dScJhonf yDt,fvftdktwGuf &ifoyf&_arm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonf? yÉdyuQudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; onfom vHk;0O\kH jzpfa=umif;


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r[mAsL[m csrSwfxm;aom yDt,fvftdk. rl0g'onf *gZmESifhtaemufzufurf; wGif odyftvkyf rjzpfcJhay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdka'orsm;wGif txl;avhusifh/ vufeufwyfqif ay;xm;aom tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf rnfodk@aom t=urf;zufykefuefr_udkrqdk ESdyfuGyfypfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif vlvwfydkif;t&G,f EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;jzifh t"du pkpnf; xm;aom/ yDt,fvftdk. acgif;aqmifydkif;onf vrf;rrsm; ay:wGif pkpkpnf;pnf;jzifh az:aqmifaom v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh yufoufI rqdkoavmufom odcJh=uonf? ESpfaygif; tawmf=um vlxktay: yÉdyuQESifhyufoufI 0g'jzef@cJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;/ &kyfyHkrsm;onf twif;t=uyf0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_rsm;/ AHk;rsm;ESifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfr_rsm;om jzpfcJh onf? xdka=umifh t=urf;zufr_ wpGef;wprSrygaom tifwDzm'g. ay:ay:xifxif wdkufcdkufr_onf tHhtm;oifhp&m jzpfcJhonf? wu,fwrf;wGifrl t"du&k%f;wGif yg0ifaom vli,frsm;. bDvl;o&JpD;uJhodk@aom a'goxGufr_onf tHkºuGr_. yxrqHk; oauFwjzpfcJh+yD;/ tpGef;a&muf t=urf;zufr_onf xifay:vdkaom olrsm;udk tjrJvdkarG;zGm; ay;cJhonf? tuf0yf. t=urf;rzuf avhvma&;tzGJ@ESifh tpPa&;jidrf;csrf;a&; uJhokd@aom tzGJ@tcsKd@u rif;rJhqef/ pnf;urf;ysufr_. tEW&m,frsm;udk axmufjy&efóud;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif tpDtpOfr&dS &kwfcsnf; xygvmaom olrsm;twGuf oabmrusp&m jzpfrSef;ukdvnf; olwdk@od+yD; jzpfcJhonf? tHkºuGr_. tapmydkif; &ufrsm; onf =uHKovdk &yfwnfcJh+yD;/ r[mAsL[mrJh tajcrus acgif;aqmifwpk. avsmh&J&J OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif &dScJhonf? odk@aomf ordkif;udkod+yD;/ udk,fwdkifrsufjrif&dScJhaom vlrsm; twGufrl t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf xda&mufcJhonf qdkaom Oyrm/ twdwferdwfrsm;&dScJhonf? (1936) ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf jAdwdtpdk;&udk taxGaxG oydwfarSmuf qef@usifcJhonf? xdktaxGaxGoydwfonf ckESpfv=umjrifhcJh+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ vrfyef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk@udk uoduatmuf jzpfapcJhonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif tpPa&;tpdk;&. wuUodkvfjyXgef;csufrsm;ESifh ygarmuQrsm;tm; t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGifxm;rnfh óud;yrf;csufudk wm;qD;&ef ausmif;om;rsm; twlwuG vma&muf yl;aygif;cJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif (1967) ckESpfuwnf;rSpI ygvufpwdkif;wdk@t=um;wGif plrwf (Sumud) odk@r[kwf razmufrjyefwnf=unfr_opPm [laom pdwfoabmxm;wck ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? xdkt&monf rnfodk@ aom zdtm;wck atmufwGifjzpfayap/ v_yf&Sm;r_wck. r&dSrjzpfvdktyfaom pnf;urf;&dSr_rsKd;jzpfonf? t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ wckwGif tpdk;&ESifh rylaygif;raqmif&Gufr_udk r,drf;r,dkifqufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh Tvkyfief;twGufvnf; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm&dScJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; tawG;tac:ynm&Sif p&D EkpDbwf (Sari Nusseibeh) u tpPa&; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;. &nfrSef;csufudk tiftm;oHk;jcif;jzifh ig;&mcdkifE_ef; atmifjrifr_ &&dScJhonf/ usefudk;q,fhig;&mcdkifE_ef;onf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf ppftpdk;&. trdef@tm%mrsm;udk vdkufem aejcif;rS &&dScJhonf [k olu cef@rSef;wGufjycJhonf? TtHkºuGr_onf plrwfESifh ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. odrf;ydkufolwdk@xH emcHatmufusKd@aer_oabmxm; ESpfckpvHk;udkyg &dkufcsKfd;zsufqD;cJhonf? zGifhyGJaersm;wGif tm&yfpum;vHk; tifwDzm'gudk (ykefukefr_[kt"dy`g,f&aom tm&yfpum;vHk; aomf&m (Thawra) tpm;) &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSjzifh a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfcJhonf? ‚if;onf vlrsm;. ysif;&dr_/ wHk%Sdbma0&Sdr_ udkEd_;qG&ef [laom teufjzpfonf? ueOD;ydkif;wGif w}udrfxufruaomm aygufuGJr_&dSvdrfrnf[lonfrSm xif&Sm;cJh onf? odk@aomf tu,fI odrf;ydkufr_udk qef@usifaomv_yf&Sm;r_wck a&&Snf&yfwnfrnf[laom &nf&G,fcsuf&dSygu tprStm;vHk; ydwfyifrnfjcif;onf qifjcifrJh&ma&mufvdrfhrnf? rlbm&uf tuf0wf. t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdkufyGJac:oHonf ueOD;ydkif;wGif tarSmifxJrSmom =um;cJh&aomfvnf;/ ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf t=urf;rzufjcif; . tusdK;aus;Zl;udk pwifodvmaoma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;em;axmifol ydkrdkI qGJaqmifEdkifcJhonf? yxrausmufcJwvHk; paygufonfESifhwòydifeuf vltrsm;twnfrðy&ao;aom v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m tajccHpnf;rsOf;pnf; urf;rsm;udk pwifjzef@a0vmonfudk awG@cJh=u&cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;u tpPa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;ypfaom rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;udk olwdk@xHokd@ jyefypfaygufcJhaomfvnf; ydkufrsm;/ ykvif;rsm;tygt0if/ "gwfqDAHk;ypfaygufjcif;ESifh cJESifhypfaygufjcif; ponfwdk@onf tpPa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;tay: t=urf;zufonf[k em;vnfoabmayguf aoma=umifhwm;jrpfoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? tarsmftjrif&dSaom tifwDzm'g.acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdkuef@owfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif; tay:wGif cdkifvHk aomta=umif;jycsufrsm;&dScJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ygvufpwdkif;om;tcsKd@wGif aoewfrsm;ESifh aoapEdkif avmufaom


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vufeufrsm;ydkifqdkifaeao;aoma=umifhjzpf+yD;/ vufeufudkif v_yf&Sm;r_wckonf vlxkyg0ifr_udk avsmh usapEdkif+yD;/ vufeufrsm; toHk;ðyjcif;onf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@tm; oHcsyfum um;rsm;ESifh vufeuf}uD;rsm; toHk;ðyESdrfeif;Edkifap&ef ta=umif;jycsufay;ovdkvnf; jzpfEdkifaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_onf tpPa&;wdk@. t=urf;zuf &uf&ufpufpuf wHk@jyefcsufudk rD;armif;xdk;jyjcif;jzifh urBmhtjrifyHkpHudkvnf; tpPa&;udk qef@usifatmif ajymif;aumif;ajymif;Edkifvdrfhrnf? ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. vlzvHav; 'g0dwfu *sL;wdk@. bDvl;}uD;a*gvdw bDvl;=uD;udk wefjyefwdkufcdkufovdk/ tjzpfodk@ urBmujrifvm=urnf jzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif trsm;pkonf t=urf;zufjcif;udk pGef@ypf&ef qENr&dScJh=uay? ygvufpwdkif;ta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf t=urf;zufjcif;enf;emudk ESpfaygif;av;q,f=um toHk;ðycJh+yD; jzpfonf? olwdk@wawGomv#if zdESdyfr_udk wGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf&ef t=urf;zufenf;rSvGJI tjcm;r&dStjzpf jrifaecJh=ujcif; r[kwfay? zGH@òzd;qJ wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif udkvdkeDacwf vGef umvwav#mufvHk;Y vGwfajrmufa&;orm;wdk@. xl;jcm;aomoGifjyifwckrSm wdkufyGJ0if0wfpHkv$rf;ðcHxm;jcif;yif jzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;trsm;pku t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;onf taemufqef;vGef;onf[k xifrSwf=uonf? (tcsKd@u tuf0yfudk r,Hk=unf=uay? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf olonf tar&duefc&D;oGm;vwfrSwf udkifaqmifxm;aom c&pf,mefbmom0ifwOD; jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif jzpfonf?) t=urf;zufenf;udk toHk;rðyjcif;onf vufeufudkif wyfwckudk vufeufcsvdkufovdk jzpfaeonf[k trsm;pktwGuf rSwfxifaecJhonf? todrf;ydkufcHe,fajr tjyif zufwGif&dSaom ppfvdkvm;aom ygvufpwdkif;rsm;pk. tawG;tac:onfvnf; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;udk ydkrdkwGef;tm; ay;cJhonf? “olwdk@u tifwDzm'gudk ppfyHkaygufvmatmifvkyfzdk@ óud;pm;cJhw,f” [k tapmydkif;umvwGif vlxktHkºuG r_. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfcJhaom awqD,m; tm,dk&D uajymcJhonf? olykefxI ajcmufvr#=umaomtcgwGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;qdkif&m oDtdk&Dynm&SifESifh vufawG@toHk;csol *sif;&Syf (Gene Sharp) u ygvufpwdkif;wdk@onf &dkufESufjcif;yHkpHrsm;/ aoewfESifhypfcwfjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;/ tdrfrsm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;jcif;/ opfyifrsm;udk tjrpfrSE_wfypfjcif;/ rl&if;ae&yfodk@jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;/ ESpf&Snf axmif'%frsm; csrSwfjcif;ESifh w&m;&Hk;rwifyJ csKyfaESmifjcif;ponfh tpPa&;wdk@. &ufpufaom ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk pnf;urf;ao0yfaom t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh &ifqdkifEdkiftwGuf taumifqHk;jyifqifxm;r_r&dScJh[k aumufcsufcscJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_yifv#if wefjyeftusdK;owfa&mufr_rsm; &dSEdkifonf[k oluqdkonf? t=urf;zufjcif; a=umifh usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifhyufouf+yD; oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;uGJaer_udk aysmufoGm;apvdrfhrnfjzpf+yD;/ tar&duefwdk@. tpPa&;tay: &_wfcsaer_rsm;vnf; jyefvnf&yfwef@oGm;atmif [ef@wm;ovdkvnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf? 'DZifbm (9) &ufae@aemufydkif; t"du&k%f;rsm;p+yD; aemufykdif;wGif rnfolwOD; wa,mufr# bmqufjzpfvdrfh rnfudk taotcsm rodawmhay? yDt,fvftdkESifh tpPa&;wdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. t&dSeft[kefESifh tiftm; aumif;r_tay:wGif rSifoufcJh&+yD;/ rnfodk@wkef@jyef&eftwGuf enf;emrJhcJh&onf? tm;vHk;twGuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpfcJhaomt&mwckrSm olwdk@tm;vHk; odxm;cJhaom usK;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;onf tqHk;owfoGm;jcif;yif jzpfcJhonf? c%wðzwf a'goxGuf&Hkr#jzifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;r_rSm csufcsif; &yfwef@oGm;rSm r[kwfcJhay? “'gu awmfvSefa&;wck r[kwfbl;/ vlr_b0topfwckudk oGm;aewmjzpfw,f” [k ygvufpwdkif; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfol wOD;jzpfol ZD&yf tbl-aZ&yfu rSwfcsufcscJhonf?

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txdxdef;odrf;xm;ay;&+yD;/ olr. tdrfeD;em;jcif;rsm;xHokd@ wdwfwqdwf jzef@a0&jcif;jzpfonf? olr.tzrf;cHrnfudk a=umuf&GH@r_udk vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaxmufcHae&jcif;[laom*k%f,laer_a=umifh ty&du jzpfapcJhonf? ESpfopful;rwdkifrD &ufowWywf wywftvdkwGif “ygvufpwdkif;wyfzGJ@rsm;” [k vwfrSwfxdk;xm;aom yxrOD;qHk; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif wdwfwqdwf pwifjzef@a0cJhonf? &uftenf;i,f=um Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGif vufurf;pmapmif. xdyfydkif;wGif eHygwfESpf [kwyfxm;aom aemufxyf vufurf; pmapmifwapmif a&mufvmcJh+yD; xkdpmwGif todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; vlxktHkºuGr_ t&dSeft[kefjr‡ifhwifa&; twGuf trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@ (United National Command for the Escalation of the Uprising in the Occupied Territories ) [k vufrSwf xdk;xm;cJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf vlxkrsufESmpmwGif trnfwck&&dScJhonf? Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif UNC (United National Command) ESifh yDt,fvftdk vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom vufurf;pmapmif aygif;rsm;pGm vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&mufvmcJhonf? xdkvufurf;pmapmifwGif ygvufpwdkif; vlxkESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk tpPa&;. “,EW,m;bD;&[wf” rsm;udk &yfwef@ypf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? tpydkif;wGif yDt,fvftdkonf t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif wpHkw&myg0ifjcif;udk uJh&J@&H_@cscJhbl;onf? yDt,fvftdkonf ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;. w&m;0if todtrSwfðyr_wck&&dS&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm óud;yrf;cJhonf? yDt,fvftdktaejzifh xdktHkºuGr_udk pD;yGm;a&;&nf&G,fcsufoufoufjzifh qENjyyGJwcktaejzifhom yHkraz:vdkay? odk@aomf vlxkaxmufcHr_ onf t&dSefaumif;aumif;jzifh a&S@qufoGm;aepOfwGif yDt,fvftdkonf Tvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_&xm;ay:wufpD;rnfavm odk@r[kwf woD;wjcm;wnf;quf&yfaernfavm wckckudk a&G;cs,f&awmhrnf jzpfonf? &ufowWywf tenf;i,f twGif;yifv#if vli,fqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh pnf;&Hk;r_rsm;onf yDt,fvftdk ESpfaygif;oHk;q,ftwGif; ygvufpwdkif;ta&; twGuf atmifjrifr_rsm;xuf/ ydkrdkI atmifjrifcJhonf[k tpPa&; owif;axmuf wOD;u aumufcsufcscJhonf? vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGif yDt,fvftdk. trnfyg&dSaomfvnf;/ tifwDzm'g v_yf&Sm;r_. aemufuG,f t"du tiftm;pkóud;udkifaeolrsm;onf yDt,fvftdkr[kwfay? UNC wGif toufoHk;q,fatmuft&G,f ygvufpwdkif; vli,ftrsm;pkjzifh jznfhqD;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdkvli,frsm;.tjrifrSm EdkifiHtwGif;tajctaersm; wjznf;jznf;jzifh ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmcsdefwGif/ touft&G,f}uD;&ifhol ygvufpwdkif; “*k%foa&&dS vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf” olwdk@&&Sdxm; aomtajctaeudk wif;wdrfa=ueyfae=uonf[k xif=uonf? UNC tzGJ@0if udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&onf vdkonf xufyif ydkaecJhonf? a'otwGif;wGif EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;=um;r_&dSaom txufwef;ausmif;om;ESifh aumvdyf ausmif;om;t&G,f tenf;qHk;wodef;ESifh tpPa&;wdk@u vHkðcHa&;tr_rsm;jzifh axmifuscJhaom tusOf;om;a[mif; oHk;aomif;ausmfwdk@vnf; &Sdae=uonf? UNC tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tzrf;cHr_udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf ‚if;[email protected]@0if rsm;. taxmuftxm;rsm;udk v#Kd@0SufpGm odrf;qD;cJh=uonf/? odk@aomfvnf; acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm vlrod olrod ygvufpwdkif;om;vlopftkyfpkrsm;xJr‡ xGufay:vmaom acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh tu,fI ‚if;wdk@tzrf;cH& ygu jyefvnfI tpm;xdk;Edkif&efyif jzpfonf? tifwDzm'gwGif eHrnf}uD;xGef;aygufxGufvmaom acgif;aqmif[lI r&SdcJhay? UNC onf bHktawG;tac:w&yfwcktwGuf udk,fpm;rðycJhay? UNC onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&;tzGJ@pHkESifh qufEG,fygufoufaom vli,frsm;yg0ifonfh !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@wckjzpfcJhonf? xdkEdkifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&; tzGJ@aygif;pHk onf t,fvf zwfwm (al-Fatah)/ rmufpf0g'D 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfaygif;pk (Marxist Democratic Front)/ vlxkwyfaygif;pk (Popular Front)ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@tygt0if yDt,fvftdk. xD;&dyfatmufwGif&dSaom tzGJ@rsm; jzpf=uonf? bmoma&;tkyfpkESpfckjzpfaom tiftm;ydkrdkaumif;aom [m;rwfpf (Hamas) tzGJ@}uD;. tpdwftydkif; wckjzpfaom rGwfpvif nDtpfudkawmfrsm;tzGJ@ (Muslim Brothers) ESifh tpPvrf*sD[wf (Islamic Jihad) tzGJ@ wdk@vnf; yg0ifcJhonf? ([m;rwfpftzGJ@u [email protected],fydkif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;yif jzef@a0cJhonf/ odk@aomf yifr awmif;qdkr_. bmoma&;t& uif;uif;vGwfvGwfjzpf&rnf[laomt&mESifh qef@usifI bmoma&;ppfyGJwckqifE$Ja&; twGufawmif;qdkcJhonf?) UNC vufurf;pmapmif. bmompum;onf vuf0Jqefaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk@tawG;tac:. tESpfom&onf trsKd;om;a&;o¾mef tjynfht0yg&dScJhonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ trsm;pkuJhodk@yif tifwDzm'gwGif vnf;


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‚if;.tonf;ESvHk;wGif ukd,fydkifjyXgef;cGifhudk azmfjyxm;cJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taqmufttHkwGif rnfodk@ aom tpGef;a&mufajymif;vJr_rsKd;udkrS vufrcHcJh/ rawmif;qdkcJhay? wdkufyGJumvwckvHk;udk tpGef;a&mufEdkifiHa&; v$rf;rdk;r_jzifh razmfjycJhyJ/ rd&dk;zvm ygvufpwdkif;aexdkifr_b0rsm; jyefvnfxGef;um;a&;udpPrsm;jzifh jyefvnf az:xkwf cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tvHa0S@,rf;jcif;rSonf ygvufpwdkif;&kyf&Sif&Hk/ uAsmESifh t0wftpm;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_trSwfwHqdyf ponfwdk@wGif jyefvnfopfqef;vmaom pdwf0ifpm;r_topfonf wdkufyGJ0iftiftm;wckjzpf+yD; txl;ojzihf vli,fxk=um;wGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f jzpfcJhonf? acgif;aqmifr_tydkif;onf “a&&Snfc&D;twGuf r[mAsL[m usus pOf;pm;&efvdktyfjcif;ESifh tifwDzm'gtm; t&Snfojzifh wnfwef@ap&efrnfodk@ xdrf;odrf;&rnf/ jzpfEdkifzG,f&dSaom atmifyGJudk usdef;aojzpfajrmuf&ef rnfodk@ vkyfaqmif&rnfudk ” tm&HkpdkufcJh=uonf[k awqm tm&l&Dk&D uajymcJhonf? tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@onff tpPa&;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk rnfodk@uJhokd@ wefjyefrnf ponfh ckcHr_. enf;emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhonf? “ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. ae@pOfb0udk jzpfEdkifor# tjzpfEdkifqHk; vufawG@usus zef;wD;ay;a&;/ todrf;ydkufcH e,fajr wckvHk;tESH@oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;ponfh vlxktHkºuGr_v_yf&Sm;r_wGif/ vltrsm;yg0if aqmif&GufEkdifa&;/ vGwfajrmufa&; twGuff urBmhowif; uGef,ufwGif rdrdwdk@ta&;tm; today;wifjyjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@wdkkufyGJESifh urBmhowif; avmut=um; aumif;rGefaomqufqHa&;wck rnfodk@qufvufxdef;odrf;&rnf ponfh ta&;udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJh =uonf? wpwpjzifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf t&yfom; jynfolrsm;twGuf vrf;!Gefpmtkyf ozG,fjzpfvmcJhonf? xdkvrf;!Gefpmtkyfrsm;onf q,f&ufwywfqdkovdk xGufay:vmwuf+yD;/ tpPa&;axmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpD (&Sif;bwf -Shin Bet) u taumif;qHk;tm;xkwfr_rsm;ESifh pmvkyfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhf jzef@jzL;jcif;udk zsufqD;&ef óud;yrf;cJh=u aomfvnf; xdkvkyfief;onf oHk;ESpfcef@txd qufvuf&yfwnfEdkifcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;vufurf;pmapmifrsm; yHkESdyf xkwfa0jcif;onf todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif w&m;r0ifjzpfaoma=umifh tzrf;tqD;rcH&yJ vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm; a&mufvmEdkifap&eftwGuf óud;yrf;=u&onf? *sL;&yfuGufteD;&Sd ta&S@a*s&kpvif&dS yHkESdyfpuf }uD;wckudk UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u toHk;ðycJhonf? wcgw&H pmapmifoHk;aomif;rSav;aomiftxd&dS+yD; xdkae&mrS vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk um;jzifho,f,lvm+yD;/ [meef tm&k&DuJhokd@ apwemh0efxrf;rsm;qDodk@ vufv$Jay;cJh=u onf? wcgw&HwGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf UNC tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_/ ESifh r&Sif;rvif; jzpfr_rsm;udk xif[yfjycJhonf? !Gef=um;csufwpHkjzifh xGufay:vmaom vufurf;pmapmif xGufay:vm+yD;/ aemufwae@wGif tjcm;oabmxm;wckjzifh azmfjyaomvufurf;pmapmiftopfwckay:xGufvmwwfonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@a&S@ aemuf rnDr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf; awqm t&dk&Dupum;t&qdkv#if xdkt&mrsm;udk a&;om; xkwfa0aomolrsm;onf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay:wGif r,HkEdkifavmufatmif =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ &dScJh=uonf? olu ukd&rfusrf; udkum;csufrsm;. xda&mufr_ESifh E_dif;,SOfjycJhonf? &Sif;vif;yGifhvif;pGmESifh v_H@aqmfxm;aom pum;rsm;. tiftm;onf ta&S@ tv,fydkif;ujynfolrsm;. “pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwnfaqmufr_” wGif yHkpHwrsKd;ESifh pGJjrJovdkrsKd; jzpfcJhonf[k ajymjycJhonf? Todk@xda&mufr_udk=unfhjcif;jzifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; tar#mftjrift&dSqHk; vlxk ynmay;qdkif&m tm;xkwfr_wck jzpfcJhonfrSm odomonf? yxr q,fhckESpf}udrfajrmufwGif tvHrsm; v$ifhxljcif;/ bk&m;&dScdk;ausmif; acgif;avmif;rsm;xdk;jcif;/ o&kyfjypsmyecsjcif;/ pnf;wef;vSnfhvnfjcif;/ wef;pDcsDwufjcif;ESifh oydwfarSmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef awmif;qdkpmrsm; yg0ifcJhonf? “tjzLa&mifawmfvSefa&;” twGuf vufurf; pmapmifrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf enf;vrf;aygif; ESpfq,fhckESpfckudk xnfhoGif;t}uHðyxm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@txJrS ESpfq,fhajcmufenf;onf t=urf;rzufenf; jzpfonf? jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wzGJ@. ta=umif;t&mydkif;qdkif&m tajcðy ppfwrf;wckt& (a*s&kpvifydk@pfowif;pmwGif tifwDzm'gESifhygufoufI az:jyaom owif;aqmif;yg; xuf0ufcef@ onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;) vufurf;pmapmif. (5) &mcdkifE_ef;rS (10) &mcdkifE_ef;wGif t=urf;zufr_ESifh qdkifaom !Gef=um;csufrsm;yg&dSa=umif; awG@&dScJhonf? odk@aomf vufurf;pmapmif tcsKd@wGif “tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_” udk awmif;qddkxm;cJhonf? “a=umuf&GH@ap&ef/ pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfap&efESihf udk,fcEWmwGif '%f&mt}uD; tus,fr&apyJ tenf;i,fom xdcdkuf'%f&m& apEdkif onfh


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&nf&G,fcsufjzifh toHk;ðyaomt&mrsm;” [k t"dy`g,f owfrSwf xm;aom tuef@towf t=urf;zufr_ onfyifv#if ,cifESpfrsm;xuf E_dif;,SOfygu *sL;vlOD;a&avsmhenf;I aoapaomfvnf;/ xdkt&monfyifv#if wefjyef tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfapEdkifonf [k +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@. 'g&dkufwmwOD;jzpfaom tud'D aumhzfref; (Edy Kaufman) u aumufcsufcscJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom; trsm;pku ausmufcJr‡m;/ "gwfqDAHk;rsm;udk t=urf;zufonf[k xifjrifcJhonf? q,fo,fausmf cav;i,frsm;u ausmufwHk;ESifhypf+yD;onfESifh xGufajy;=uonf/ twdtus tm;jzifhqdkaomf xda&mufaom ckcHr_wcktwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& wckvdktyfaeonf[k rlbm&uf t0'f aumufcsufcscJhonf? oluyifqufI “cav;awGudk xGufrajy;zdk@/ tpPa&;awGudk ra=umufzdk@ twif;wGef;ae&w,f” [k ajymjycJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; “tuef@towf” t=urf;zufr_onf vlxktm; òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ylaygif; aqmif&Gufr_rðya&;qdkif&m wu,fhvkyfief;trSefrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;rStjyif/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_yHkpH ay:aygufa&;twGuf ygvufpwdkif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;wnfaqmufjcif; vkyfief;pOfrSvnf; vrf;a=umif;vGJapcJhonf? Zefe0g&Dvtv,fydkif;wGif t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m pepfwus jyifqifxm;aom vkyfief;tpDtrHw&yfudk t,fvf-zmh*sf (al-Fajr) [kac:aom a*s&kpvifowif;pm. t,f'DwmESifh vltrsm; av;pm;aom ygvufpwdkif; ynmwwfwOD;jzpfolu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJESpfckwGif wifjycJhonf? rlumbuf t0'f xkqpfxm;aom xdkvkyfief;pOf wGif vkyfief;qdkif&m tqifhav;qifh&dScJhonf? tpPa&;xkwf pD;u&ufrsm;udk raomufqHk;jcif;rS pwif+yD;/ ESpfywft=um wGif tpPa&;xkwf tazsmf&nf 0,f,laomufoHk;jcif;udk &yfwef@rnfjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf tpPa&;tm%mydkifrsm;xH tcGeftaumufay;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufqHk;tqifhtaejzifh ygvufpwdkif; tvkyform;rsm; tpPa&;e,fajrwGif tvkyfvkyfjcif;udk &yfwef@vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdktpDtrH. &nf&G,fcsufwGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; v$wfay;a&;/ tpPa&;wdk@. a&wl;az:xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh 0ifa&muftajccsr_ tqHk;owfa&; tjyif tpPa&;txdrf;csKyfcH e,fajrrsm;&dS oHvufoD;ay:vpDudk tqHk;owfa&;wdk@ yg0ifcJhonf? xdktqifhtm;vHk;wGif ckcHawmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfrsm;tm; jr‡ifhwifay;&efESifh tpPa&;wdk@. yHkrSefpDyGm;a&; vkyfief;udk tvkyfrjzpfatmif aESmifh,Suf&efjzpfonf? “t"dutcsufu yg0gyJ” [k t0'fu &Sif;jycJhonf? “t"duuawmh usKyfwdk@u tpPa&;awG&J@ trdef@tm%mudk pdefac:aewmyJ/ +yD;awmh pwdk;qdkifawG b,fawmhzGifhr,f/ b,ftcsdef ydwfr,fqdkwm usKyfwdk@ajymr,f?” “ygvufpwdkif;om;tcsKd@u tpPa&; owfrSwfxm;aom pHawmfcsdefESifh ajymif;+yD; owfrSwf&ef óud;pmcJhonf/ ppfom;rsm;u tu,fI ‚if;wdk@ owfrSwfxm;aom pHawmfcsdefESifhrwlyJ ajymif;vJ xm;onf[k odcJhygu xdkem&Drsm;udk zsufqD;cJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gu vlxktHkºuGr_&J@ t"dutESpfom&yJ” [k t0'fu jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? tifwDzm'gtm; tjcm;t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhygu/ pifeD&dk,mjrifonfrSm tdENd,wGif *ENDv_yf&Sm; r_. atmifjrifr_rsKd;ESifh tar&duefwGif vlrJrsm;. EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_. atmifjrifuJhokd@ atmifjrif Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? “tar&duefawmifydkif; vlrJrsm;uJodk@yif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@ udk,fydkife,fajrwGif 'kwd,wef;pm;vlrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcHae&+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;ESifhyufouffI vHk;0 tjiif;y,fcHae&onf[k tcdkiftrmqdkcJhonf?” tar&duef&Sd EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaqmif &Gufolrsm;udk ykvdyfrsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf EdSyfuGyfr_ tHhtm;oifhp&m &kyfyHkrsm;udk awG@&dS+yD;aemuf rw&m;aom pepf tay: qef@usifr_udk/ vlxkrSpmemaxmufcHcJhonfudk pifeD&dk,mESifht0'fwdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;u odcJh+yD;/ tpPa&;jynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhtjrifwGif tvm;wljzpf&yfrsKd; jzpfvmEdkifonf[kvnf; olwdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? Zefe0g&Dv tukefwGif UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u tifwDzm'g twGuf vkyfief;rsm; qufpyf aqmif&Gufa&; twGuf awG@qHkcJh=uonf? t0'fu pifeD&dk,mtpDtrHESifh [email protected];pm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf? olu ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; olwdk@. oufaocHu'fjym;rsm;udk xkwfrjyjcif;/ &Jrsm;. qifhac:pmrsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;/ tusOf;csKyftaejzifh tpPa&;ESifhylaygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk ypfy,fjcif;/ taemufzufurf;ESifh*gZm&dS tpPa&; xdrf;csKyfa&; taqmuftODrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif; ponfwdk@udk wGufcsuf jycJhonf? &ufowWywf ajcmufywf=umaom tcg q,f}udrfajrmuf vufurf;pmapmifrS t&yfom; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif cef@tyfxm;aom ygvufpwdkif;vlrsKd; &J0efxrf;rsm;udk tvkyfrSxGuf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? vpmwdk;ay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;cJhaomfvnf;/ tpkvdkuf tðyHvdkuf tvkyfrS xGufcJhonf? tdEdN,vlrsKd;rsm;


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t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHtay: ðyvkyfcJhovdkESifh/ Oa&myppfyGJumv twGif; ckcHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhovdk aemufqHk;wGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onfvnf;/ tvm;wl vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?

aumfrDwDrsm;ESifh EGm;rsm; (1988) ckESpf yxrajcmufvwav#mufvHk;wGif vufurf; pmapmifrsm;u/ olwdk@. tpGrf;tptm;vHk;udk tHkºuGr_}uD; twGuf pkdufxkwfcJh=uaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vrf;a=umif;xdef; a=umif; ay;cJhonf? pifeD&dk,m tpDtrH pwifxkwfjyefump tcsdefOD;ydkif;wGif tjynhfht0pdwf0ifpm;[ef r&dScJhaomf vnf;/ xkwfvkyfqJ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGif yg&dSaeaom !Gef=um;csufrsm;onf ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; vdktyfaom ppfrSefonfh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf udk,fydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm pDrHaqmif&Guf wwfaom tavhtusifhrsm; ay:xGufaeonfh wòydifeufwnf;rSmyif todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif; rjidrfoufr_rsm; zefwD;a&;[laom rlumbwf t0'f. rl&if; oabmw&m;rsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGm udk;um;azmfjycJh=uonf? t0'fu usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufxm;aomwyfrsm;udk csdeJ@vmapa&; ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; toHk;ðyEdkifonfh t=urf;rzuf onfhenf;vrf; (120) udk ðypkay;cJhonf? xdkpm&if;wGif tpPa&;rsm; ae@w"l0 usifhoHk;aeaom xdef;csKyfr_rsm; tm;enf; vmapa&;/ pepfwusjzpfapEdkifonfh vlxktm%mzDqefa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rylaygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm; yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif xdkt&mrsm;onfvnf; ygvufpwdkif;vlxkrsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'g onf vli,frsm;. qENjyr_udk “cav;rsm;. wdkufyGJ” wcktjzpf pqifcJhonf? odk@aomf vlwdkif; xdkckcHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? xdkpDrHudef;. yifrausmaxmuf aemufcHonf “vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;” uGef,ufyifjzpfcJh onf? xdktkyfpkrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vdktyfcsufrsm;udkawG@&dSygu xdkvdktyfcsufrsm; +yD;jynfhpHk&ef aqmif&Guf ay;cJhonf? aus;&Gmwdkif;/ 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif tajcðywnfaxmifcJh+yD; ‚if;wdk@onf tpm;taomufESifh vufiif;vdktyfaom vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm; axmufyHhulnDay;&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqifcJhonf? okd@aomf olwdk@tm;vHk;onf odrf;ydkufolrsm;xHwGif rDScdkr_tm;tqHk;owfa&;[laom tjcif;t&may:wGif tm;vHk; nD!GwfcJh=uonf? odrf;ydkufr_pwifonfhtcsdefrSpI vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;onf tenf;ESifhtrsm; toif;tyif;yHkpHjzifh wnf&dScJh +yD;jzpfonf? òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;rS csrSwfxm;aom &_yfaxG;vSaom taumufcGefay;jcif;/ vkyfief;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; csay;jcif;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;wck pwifvkyfaqmif&ef odk@r[kwf/ ajr,mpdkufysKd; xGef,uf&ef ponfh omrefvkyfief;udpPrsm;udkyif 'kuQtwd a&mufapcJhonf? vlxka&;&m aumfrwDrsm;onf xdkjy\emrsm;udk ulnDajz&Sif;ay;&efay:aygufcJhovdk/ vlrGJrsm;ESifh vlolreD;ae&mrsm;wGif tajccsaeaom ygvuf pwdkif;om;rsm;ta&; ulnDay;&eftwGufyg ay:aygufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? trsdKorD;vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;or*~uJhodk@aom (1988) ckESpftwGif; wnf&dSaeaom aumfrwDtm;vHk;udk wyfvSef@xm;cJh+yD;/ tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm; twGif; tpm;taomufESifh tjcm;0efaqmifrsm;udk 0ifa&mufjcif;udk wm;jrpfuef@owfaom tcgwGif xdkt=uyftwnf;udk ausmfv$m;&ef tjcm;aom aumfrwDtopfrsm;vnf; zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? UNC onf arvwGif aumfrwDvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf ueOD;wGif owfrSwfxm;cJhaom vkyfief;rsm;yg0ifonfh “vlxktm%mzDqefa&;qdkif&m xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf” wckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xkdvkyfief;rsm;wGif 0efaqmifr_rsm; (Oyrm - usefrma&;/ tpm;taomufESifh ynma&;)/ wdkuf&dkuf v_yf&Sm;r_ (Oyrm - vrfrsm;ydwfqdk@jcif;ESifh csDwufqEN jyyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;) ESifh axmufyHhr_rsm; yg0fcJhonf? q,fhudk;}udrfajrmuf vufurf;pmapmifonf EdkifiHom; tm;vHk; tm; òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;tm;/ vlxka&;&maumfrwDrsm;jzifh vlxktpdk;&w&yfjzifh tpm;xkd;&ef jzpfrjzpf pOf;pm;&ef !Gef=um;cJhaom ZGefvwGif aumfrwDrsm;. vkyfief;aqmif&Gufatmifjrifr_twdkif;twmonf txGÉftxdyfodk@ a&mufcJhonf? ygvpfpwkdif;aq;0g;tultnDay;a&;aumfrwDrsm;or*~ (Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees) onf tatmifjrifqHk;aom aumfrwDrsm;teuf wckjzpfcJhonf? (1979) ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ygvufpwdkif; orm;awmfrsm/ olemðyrsm;/ aq;0g;aA'ynm&Sifrsm;/ "gwfcGJcef;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; yg0ifaom or*~onf


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ygvufpwdkif;jynfolrsm;/ aps;E_ef;t&if;twdkif; vma&muf ukor_cH,lEdkifaom rd&dk;zvm aq;ay;cef; tajrmuftrsm;udk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? xdkaq;cef;rsm;udk a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm;[k vlodrsm;cJhonf? usef;rma&;ynm&Sif ig;OD;rSq,fOD;txdygaom tkyfpkrsm;onf 'kuQonf pcef;rsm;ESifh aus;vufae&mrsm;txdoGm;I ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;cJh=u+yD;/ (1987) ckESpfwGif &maygif; rsm;pGmaom a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm; ay:xGuf vmcJhonf? aq;0g;tultnDay;a&;aumfrwDrsm;. vkdtyfcsufrsm;onf (1988) ckESpfwGif ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; t"du&k%f;rsm;ESdrfeif;a&;udpPrsm;ESifh tom;usvmcJhonf? odrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGifwyfrsm; ckESpfqwdk;I csxm;cJhonf? tpPa&;umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &mbifu/ tifwDzm'gudk acsrGypfjcifaomfvnf;/ qENjyolrsm; udk ypfrdef@ay;&ef qENr&dSao;ay? ypfcwfr_enf;+yD; wyfrsm;rsm;ydkcsI xdef;csKyfaomrludk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? rSwfwrf; wifydkifcGifhr&dSaomtjzpftysufwckwGif/ &mbifu ol.ppfom;rsm;udk qENjyolrsm;. pdwftm;xufoefr_udk aysmhajymif;oGm;ap&ef “olwkd@. t&dk;rsm;udk csKd;ypf&rnf” [k t=uHðycJhonfudk owif;axmufrsm;u "gwfyHk&dkuful; xm;EdkifcJhonf? xdkaumufcsufcsr_udk t&if;twdkif; qGJ,lcJhaoma=umifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0if ppfom;trsm;pkonf ‚if;wdk@tay:ay;tyfaom wm0efrsm;ESifhygwfoufI pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfcJh&onf? vlaygif;&mESifhcsD+yD; xdckduf'%f&m& xm;aomolrsm;ond ygvpfpwkdif;aq;cef;rsm;/ aq;&Hkrsm;ESifh yk*~vdutdrfrsm;odk@ a&muf&dSvmcJhonf? aq;0g;tultnDay;a&; aumfrwDrsm;onf r=umcif tawmtwGif;rSmyif yÉdyuQ}uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# vHk;0 tvkyf&_yfoGm;cJhonf? trsm;pk'%f&m&olrsm;udk rukoEdkifyJ xm;cJh&onf? taotaysmufjzpfr_rsm;tjyif atyD owif;Xme. owif;ydk@csufwckt& tifwDzm'g. yxrESpfwGifcef@rSef;ajct& ygvufpwdkif;ESpfaomif;cef@ xdcdkuf '%f&m&cJ@+yD;/ oHk;vwGif '%f&m&olOD;a&.ig;yHkwyHkonf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;cav;i,frsm;jzpfa=umif; az:jycJhonf? (tpPa&; t&yfom; (402) OD;ESifh pkpkaygif; tpPa&;ppfom; (730) ausmfonf ausmufcJ'%f&m&&dScJhonf?) Tta&; ay:tajctaeudk udkifwG,f&eftwGuf aq;0g;tultnDay;a&; apwemh0efxrf;rsm;onf tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@ rsm;udk r=umc%qdkovdkpdefac:+yD; wm;jrpfxm;aom aus;&Gmrsm;qDodk@ ydkrdkI a&G@ajymif;aq;cef;rsm; apv$wfcJhonf? aq;0g;qdkif&maumfrwDrsm;onf udk,fudkudk,ftm;udk;a&; yHk&dyfo¿mefudk udk,fpm;ðycJhonf? xdkt&monf tpdk;&tay:wGif tonf;cHEdkifqHk;aom EdkifiHom;rsm;udkyif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;odk@ qGJoGif;EdkifcJhonf? nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"gwf onf ygvufpwdkif;trsm;pkwGif pwifwG,fndcJh+yD;/ xkdt&ma=umifhyif ae@pOfb0 omrefoabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;yif pwifuG,f[ef &dSvmcJhonf? tifwDzm'gonf vlxkt=um; tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; ajz&Sif;ay;&mwGif vG,fulaeaom tcsdef umvrsm;wGif tcsufjyrD;yGdKifhtjiif;yGm;r_rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;cJh+yD;/ tdrfeD;em;jcif;rsm;onfvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; *&kpdkuf vmcJh=uonf? q,fESpfausmf=umaomtcg ydkkvefom;rsm;onf ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; odk@r[kwf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; or*~twGuf axmufcHaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaepOfwGif ‚if;wdk@onf t&ufaomufE_ef;ESifh wOD;ESifhwOD;jiif;ckefr_ avsmhenf;oGm;a=umif; owdxm;rdcJhonf? ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;onfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif;rS xdkuJhokd@aom tvSw&m;udk &SmawG@cJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@twGufvnf; tawG@t}uHKtopf wckjzpfcJhonf? tcsKd@aumfrwDrsm;onf ydkrdkI xdyfwdkufawG@Edkifaom &Jwif;onfh tmcHr_enf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? ykefuefr_ pwif+yD; &ufowWywfwywft=umwGif *gZm&dS ukefonfrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tay: qufqHr_ESifhyufoufI qENjy onfhtaejzifh ‚if;wdk@. pwdk;qdkif jywif;wHcg;rsm;udk ydwfxm;cJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf aomh cavmufrsm;udk &dkufzsufI aps;qdkifykdif&Sifrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@qdkiftwGif;wGif &dSaeap&ef twif;t=uyf vkyfaqmifcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;aomhjyifq&mrsm;,m,DaumfrwDu aomhcavmufrsm; qdkiftrsm;tjym;wGif vdkufvHtpm;xdk;ay;+yD; aemufwGif/ tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;rS aemufwzefaomhrsm;udk &dkufzsufEdkifonf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uaoma=umifh qdkif&Sifrsm; vk,ufolrsm;&efrS umuG,f&efftwGuf qdkifwGif rjzpfrae&dSaecJh=u&onf? ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u tdrfeD;em; jcif;apmifha&Smufa&;aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;I vk,ufolrsm;&efrS umuG,f&ef vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;u wHcg;rsm;udkjyefjyifay;jcif;ESif wHcg;rsm;ydwfay;jcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@. enf;AsL[mudk ajymif;vJcJhaomtcgwGif ygvufpwdkif; owWKvkyfom;rsm;uvnf; apwemh0efxrf;wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhay;cJh=uonf? Todk@ESifh jyefzGifhvdkuf/ jyefydwf vkduf


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av;vcef@=um+yD;aemuf/ tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tjypfay;&efudk tomw=unfyif pGef@v$wfcJh=u&awmhonf? vufurf;pmapmifrsm;wGifygaom cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk ypfy,fI qdkifqufzGifhxm;aom ygvufpwdkif; qdkifydkif&Sifwdk@onf r=umr=umqdkovdk jyif;jyif;xefxef tjypfay;cHcJh&onf? *gZmwòrd@wGif;yifv#if ygvufpwdkif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (14) ckonf a=ujimxm;aom oydwfarSmufem&Dudk csKd;azmufaoma=umifh rD;&dSK@cHcJh&onf? t=urf;zufenf; toHk;ðycJhjcif; onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGufvdktyfaeaom/ trdef@remcHaom ukefonfrsm;udk oabmaygufaumif;aygufap EdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ tjyifbufrS apmifh=unfholrsm;twGufwGifvnf; tifwDzm'gonf tEW&m,ftjynfh&dSae+yD;/ ajymif;vJ r_wckwckudk pepfwus jyifqif&SmazGaeaomtzGJ@wckr[kwfa=umif; qdkonfhtjrifjzpfapcJhonf? Todk@jrif=urnfrSm oHo,&dSp&mrvdkay? xdkxufydkI &ufpufaomtðytrlrsm;udk “ylaygif; aqmif&Gufolrsm;” tay:wGif jzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &Sif;bwf (Shin Bet) ESifh tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;wdk@rS odrf;oGif;xm;aom axmufvSrf;a&; at;*sifhrsm;[k ,lq&aom/ tpPa&;vcpm; ygvufpwdkif;&Jt&m&dSrsm;udk tonf;toef aphaphpyfpyf &SmazGcJhonf? tifwDzm'g. yxr (16) vwGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onf ylaygif;aqmif&Gufolaygif; (190) ausmfudk owfcJhonf? Tjzpf&yfa=umifh ,cifu &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_qdkonfrSm tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;om t"dutoHk;ðycJhonf[k xifjrifonhfvlxkrsm;tzdk@ pddwfysufzG,ffjzpfcJh=u&onf? vlxktm%m zDqefr_q,fckwGif tpPa&;jynfoltwGif;ESifh urBmt0Srf;twGif; pmemr_ysufapavmufaom &ufpufaomvkyf&yfwckygcJhonf? [efem qDeD&dk&m;. (1988) ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv odrf;ydkufr_tay: qef@usifpdefac:aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_onf en;fpepfusus avhvmxm;jcif;rsKd;/ jzpdcsifrS jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf tpPa&;xkwfypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf+yD;/ jynfwGif;xkwfESifh tdrfwGif;tpm;tapmufrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;rnf[laom wyfvSef@oHonf t0'f. tawG;tac:xJrS wckjzpfcJhonf? vltrsm; oabmusvufcHcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;ri,fav;rsm;onf tpm;xdk; tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;wck zefwD;r_wGif OD;aqmifr_tcef;Y yg0ifcJh=uonf? [eef tm&k&DESifh olr. tdrfeD;em;jcif; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;rJhajrrsm;udk xGef,ufI toD;tESHrsm;pkdufysKd;&ef jyifqifchJ&mwGif tjcm; trsKd;orD;rsm; ESifhtwl yg0ifcJhonf? yxrqHk;oD;ESHjzpfaom c&rf;csOfoD;ESifh ocGm;oD;rsm;onf a'owGif; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGuf vHkvHkavmufavmuf &dScJhonf? tm&l&DtwGufwGifr_ pdkufysKd;ajrtus,ft0ef;onf ta&;r}uD;yJ xdkrSwqifh trsKd; orD;rsm;twGuf udk,fh0rf;pmzlvkHatmif xm;Edkifa&;[laom trDStcdkrJhpdwdf"gwfwck &&dSvdkufjcif;onfyif ta&;}uD; onf[k rSwf,lcJhonf? &,fp&maumif;aomjzpf&yfwckjzpfcJhonf? xdkjzpf&yfwGif bD&Gwf qyfyfa[m &Gmom;rsm;onf tpPa&;or0g,r qkdifwckrS EGm; (18) aumif0,f,lcJh+yD;/ bmo,fvf[rf tem;w0dkufwGif Edk@xGufypPnf;xkwfukef vkyfief;wck wnf axmifcJhonf? tpPa&;rsm;u xdkta=umif;udk =um;odcJhonf? &Sif;bwf/ òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&dSrsm;ESifh ppfzufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udk,fwdkif xdkvkyfief;cGifodk@ vma&mufvnfywfcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@rS EGm;rsm;onf vHkðcHa&;t& tEW&m,f &dSolrsm;[k owfrSwf+yD;/ waumifcsif;pDudk "gwfyHk&dkufcJhonf? xdk@aemuf Edk@xGufvkyfief;udkvnf; wem&DtwGif; ydwf ypf&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;u EGm;rsm;ud tjcm;vHkðcHaomae&modk@ ajymif;a&G@ay;cJhaoma=umifh aemufwae@ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jyefa&mufvmaomtcg EGm;rsm;waumifrS r&dSawmhonfudk awG@cJh&onf? xdktcg ol a'got&rf;xGufoGm;cJhonf? “ol@yHk=unfh&wm t=urf;zuform; (18) a,muf vGwfoGm;ovdkyJ” [k xdka'o. ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfol *smvm uGrfqD,mu jyefajymjycJhonf? &[wf,mOfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;&mESifhcsDI EGm;rsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazGcJh&m/ EGm;rsm;udk EGm;owform;wOD;ESifhtwl awG@cJh&onf? xdkEGm;owform;u TEGm;rsm;rSm owf&ef jzpfa=umif; ajymonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;vnf; Todk@=um;rS vGefpGmrSyif aysmf&$ifoGm;cJhonf? aemufwywft=umwGif tpPa&;rsm;u ppfaq;&ef jyefa&mufvmaomtcg EGm; (23) aumif &dSae+yDjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf EGm; ig;aumifu cav;arG;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? tpPa&;rsm;u EGm;owform;udk rmefrJ=ucJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u EGm;rsm;ud aemufxyfwzef ae&mopfwckodk@ xyfa&$@cJh=uonf? okd@aomf Tw}udrfwGifawmh tpPa&;wdk@ EGm;rsm;udk &SmrawG@Edkfifawmhay?


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EGm;Edk@wckwnf;omv#if ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ EdkifiHa&;qefatmif vkyfcJhjcif;r[kwfcJhay? tpPa&;tajcpdkuf ukyR%Dwck jzpfaom ukdumudkvmjzef@a0a&;vkyfief;&SifwOD;onf a'owGif;‚if;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;onf ygvufpwdkif;rsm; ‚if;wdk@. xkwfukefudk oydwfarSmufaeaoma=umifh a&mif;tm;usqif;aeonfudk awG@&dScJhonf? taemufzufurf;&dS pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;topfwckudk vd_ufvd_ufvSJvJSóudqdkcJhaom/ tmpD udkvm xkwfvkyfa&;onfvnf; xkdvrf;twdkif;yifjzpfcJhonf? tpPa&;pm;aomufukefrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;tay: rDScdktm;xm;r_ avsmhenf;a&; tm;xkwfr_onf ynma&; e,fy,ftxd us,fjyef@cJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@u jy\emtwufqHk;ae&m[k em;vnfcJhaomae&mwckudk &Sif;vif;aom taejzifh pmoifausmif;aygif; (900) udk yddwfcJh+yD; ausmif;om; oHk;odef;ausmfudk azaz:0g&DvwGif tdrfokd@jyefydk@cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;aumfrwDrsm;u ,m,Dpmoifaqmifrsm; zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;/ ausmif;ae t&G,fcav;rsm; vrf;rrsm;ay:rS uif;a0;aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJhonf? tHkºuGr_. yxrydkif;vrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wkd@onf pDwef;vSnfhvnfjcif;/ pkpnf;jcif;ESifh tpPa&;wdk@ESifh ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;rS usa&mufvmrnfh tEW&m,frsm;rS ‚if;[email protected]_todkif;t0ef;rsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;wGif u|rf;usifpGmaqmif&GufEdkif=ua=umif;/ ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif oufaojyEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gu tpPa&; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_udk cdseJ@ap&eftwGuf ydkrdktiftm;aumif;+yD;/ ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom vlxktm%m zDqefr_wck vdktyfaeonf[k rSwf,lcJhonf? awmufav#mufaemufxyfvaygif;rsm;pGmwGif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf ygvuf pwdkif;om;tm;vHk;tm; ukefonfoydwfarSmufyGJ/ oydwfyGJrsm;/ tcGefray;a&;udpPrsm;wGif yg0ifylaygif;=u&efESifh odrf;ydkufr_ESifhqufpyfaeaom Xme/ at*sifpDrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolrsm; tvkyfrSxGuf=u&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? wHkjyefcsuftaejzifh ygvufpwdkif;om;trsm;pkonf ‚if;wdk@. rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;udk xkwfrjyjcif;/ tcsKd@u rD;&dSK@ypfjcif;ESifh ukefonfrsm;u tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh Oya'rsm;udk todtrSwfrðy ypfy,fjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? vufurf;pmapmif trSwfig;u tpPa&;ydkif puf&Hkrsm;ESifh jcHvkyfief;rsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;udk tvkyfrvkyf udkif&ef aqmfa=omcJhonf? ZGefvxkwf vufurf;pmapmifwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;tm; tpPa&;òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&; ESifhqufEG,fr_tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;ypf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? odk@aomf odrf;ydkufolrsm;ESifh vHk;0tuif;t&Sif; cGJxGufjcif;onfrSm rjzpfEdkifavmufeD;yg;jzpfonf? ygvufpwdkif; rsm;onf ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif/ t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;ESifh ruif;Edkif=uay? xdktwGufa=umihf tpPa&; wdk@ESifhqufpyfae&+yD; xdkt&mrsm;udk tvG,fwul &yfqdkif;ypf&ef cufcJcJhonf? vlrsm;udk o,faqmifay;aom vrf;rsm;/ a&ESifhv#yfppf"gwftm;o,faqmifay;aom ydkufvHk;rsm;/ 0g,móud;rsm;onf &_yf&_yfaxG;axG;EdkifvSaom pepf wckatmufwGif tpPa&;ESifh todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrESpfckpvHk;udk acgif;ESifhyef;ozG,f wG,f,SufaeapcJhonf? ESpfaygif; (20) ausmf,SufEG,faeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qufEG,fr_udk wnwnf;ESifh c0gcs&ef rjzpfEdkifay? odk@aomfvnf; ygvufpwdkif;om;trsm;pku tHkºuGr_. aESmifh,Sufr_onf tpPa&;wdk@ ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ygwfoufI EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJpwifEdkif&ef vHkavmufaom wGef;tm;wck jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?

ae0ifrD;+idrf;umzsL;trdef@ESifh t=uyftwnf;rsm; udk,fxludk,fxtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rylaygif;raqmif&Gufa&; vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmonfESifhtr# tpPa&;wdk@ onfvnf; tifwDzm'g òzdcGJa&;vkyfief;pOfudk qxufydk;I vkyfaqmifcJhonf? azaz:0g&DvwGif &Sif;bwfat;*sifhrsm; onf vufurf;pmapmiftrSwf (6) pmapmifaygif; oHk;aomif;ig;axmifudk o,faqmifvmaom ydk@aqmifa&;,mOfudk zrf;qD;EdkifcJhjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;wdk@ vkyfEdkifpGrf;udk jyocJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;rS tjcm;yHkESdyfpufwckudk tvsiftjref &SmazGEdkifcJh+yD;/ pmapmifjzef@a0a&; uGef,uftopfwckudkvnf; tv#iftjref wnfaqmufEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf acgif;aqmifwOD;rSvGJI tm;vHk;eD;yg; zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf? yDt,fvftdk. tay:atmuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk twkrcdk;cJh rdonfudkyif aus;Zl;wif&rvdkjzpfcJhonf? UNC onf tjcm;wm0ef&dS olrsm;jzifh acgif;aqmifae&mudk jyefvnf tpm;xdk;EdkifcJhonf? xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf rwfvtzrf;rcH&cif tcsdefxd vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk ygvufpwdkif; vlae&yfuGufig;ckxufydkI a0iSEdkifcJhonf? wwd,tokwf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf {+yDtxd vkyfudkifEdkifcJhonf/ odk@aomf vufurf;pmapmifrsm;onf qufvuf a&mufvmaejrJ jzpfcJhonf?


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odk@aomf &pfZuf&mbif. EdSyfuGyfr_a=umifh zufESpfzufpvHk;wGif txdtcdkufrsm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? azaz:0g&Dv naecif;owif;wdkif;wGif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm; eHygwfwkwfESifht&dkufcHae&yHkESifh aps;qdkifESifh pmoifausmif;rsm;teD; w0dkuf vlae&yfuGufrsm;wGif tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;ESifh CN "gwfaiG@ (mace) rsm;udk &[wf ,mOfay:rS }uJcsaeyHkrsm;udk ykHrSefjyoaecJhonf? rmuGmqufaq;&Hk (Maquassed) ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSolwOD;u yxr (11) vtwGif; tifwDzm'gESifhqufEG,faom'%f&m&r_ (4500) teuf/ (1800) onf "gwfaiG@ (GAS) toHk;ðyjcif; a=umifh&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? npOfqdkovdk tpPa&;ppfom;rsm;u ygvpfpwkdif;qENjyolrsm;udk &dkufESufae aomyHkrsm;/ ygvufpwdkif;[email protected];udk bdk'lZmESifh xdk;zsufaeaomyHkrsm;udk tpPa&;vdktyfcsufudk axmufyHhay;aom taemufEdkifiHrsm;. &kyfjrifoH=um;wdk@wGif awG@aecJh=u&onf? jidrf;csrf;a&; csufcsif;ay; (Peace Now) ESifh ydkrdk opfvGifaom 21 ESpf&mpkESpf (The newer 21st Year) paom tpPa&;tkyfpkrsm;u t=urf;zufr_oHk;jcif;udk uef@uGufcJh=uonf? &ufpufaomtðytr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJh&aom tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;ppfom;rsm;onf/ ppfom;b0tay: *k%f,l r_ESifh acsr_ef;r_tay:qifajcta=umif;jycsufrsm;onfvnf; pwifI upOfhuvsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? &uf&Sf a*g (Yesh Gvul) [kac:aom tpPa&;ppfwyfzGJ@wzGJ@onf odrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif; tr_xrf;&eftwGuf jiif;qdkcJhonf? (1988) aEG&moDumvtwGif;wGif xdke,fajrrsm;twGif; tr_xrf;cJhaom ppfom;tkyfpkwcku tpPa&;orRwcsdef; [maZmh (Chain Herzog) xHodk@ ‚if;wdk@pdwf"gwfysufjym;r_udk tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;cJhonf? tpPa&;a&m/ ygvufpwdkif;yg ESpfzufpvHk;udk ESdyfpufaeaom Edkifajcr&dSonfh tajctaewckodk@ tpkd;&u ol@.&Jabmfrsm;udk csxm;aeonf[k tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. AdkvfcsKyf}uD; eyfrD&m 'g*ef (Nehmia Dagan) u cHpm;cJh&onf? ESpfzufpvHk;uae t=urf;zufr_awG qufvuftoHk;ðyzdk@ wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfaecJhonf[kvnf; ajymjycJhonf? emrnfrSef;ododESifh a& r&dSwJh a&ul;uefxJudk }udrfzefrsm;pGm ckefcsovdkyJ[k oluESdkif;,SOfajymjycJhonf? odrf;ydkkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; òzdcGJr_ rsm;vkyfjcif;onf ol@udk tm&yfawGu rkef;ap&efðyaeovdk jzpfcJhonf/ oltaejzifh tm&yfrsm;udk yk*~dKvfa&;t& rkef;wD; jcif;a=umifhr[kwfyJ olwdk@tay:udk t=urf;zufESdrfeif;&aoma=umihfjzpfEkdif+yD;/ Tvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh xdkcHpm;r_rsKd;udk ydktm;aumif;apvdrfhrnf[k oluajymjycJhonf? tpPa&;wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfaeaom xdkwefjyef owfa&mufjcif;onf rawmfwqjzpfcJhjcif; r[kwfcJhay? xkdt&mudk ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ ta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;u od&dScJh+yD; jzpfonf? “tpPa&;trsm;}uD;udk aq;&Hkudk ac:oGm;/ tpPa&;ppfom;awGu cav;awGtay:rSm b,fvdkvkyfcJhw,fqdkwmudk olwdk@udk ay;jrif&r,f” [k rlbm&uft0'f jyefajymif;ajymjycJhonf? “tJ'DtpPa&;awGu cav;awGajcusdK;/ vufusdK;eJ@awG@&wJtcgrSm/ olwdk@t&rf; wkefv_yfoGm;cJh=uw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@udk olwdk@jyefar;cJhwmu “igwdk@ua&m 'DvdkvkyfcJhwJh vlawGvdkrsKd; jzpfae+yD;vm; --- igwdk@udk,fwdkifa&m bmrsm;rSm; =u+yDvJ ” t0'fu tifwDzm'gonf odrf;ydkufolrsm; vkyfor# tay:ESifh xdkodrf;ydkufjcif;tay: qef@usif. ydkydkjrifhrm;aom &nf&G,fcsuf&dSolrsm;tay:wGifvnf; oHo, &dScJhonf? vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJwGif ,Hk=unfr_&dSjcif;/ r&dSjcif;onf yÉdyuQwckvHk;wGif bufwzufrS a&G;cs,fr_udk v$rf;ðcHEdkifonf? 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; rnfodk@aomtcgr# r,drf;r,dkif oGm;cJhovdk eyf&SffAD;vf (Nashville) rS vli,frsm;onfvnf; xdk@twlyifjzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;wdk@zufu tenf;tusOf;r#om t=urf;zufwkef@jyefaomfvnf;/ tpPa&;.enf;AsL[mESifhyufoufI tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; ra=uvnfr_rsm;onf ydkrdkI jyif;xefaecJhonf? '&mpe (Dhrasana) wGif tdENd, om;rsm; t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHudk &J&J&ifqdkifcJhovdkrsKd;/ rnfuJhodk@aom tiftm;yifjzpfvifhupm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; t&,lrnf[laomqHk;jzwfcsufudk &dkufcsKd;Edkifrnf r[kwfqdkonfudk jyocJhonf? xdkuJhodk@yif tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm; .wyfrSL; 'rf &$rf&dkEl; (Dan Shomronu) u Ttusyftwnf;udk tiftm;oHk;I òzdcGJIr&[k tpPa&;EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ajymcJhonf? TtcsdefwGif tifwDzm'gacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ppfwyfESifh tpdk;&rl0g'a&;&m t&m&dS rsm;t=um; ESpfjcrf;uGJa&;pDrHudef; atmifjrifvkeD;ygodk@ tqifhodk@ a&mufcJhonf? UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u ta&;yg aom tpPa&;wOD;xHrS =um;csifcJhaom xdkpum;vHk;rsm;udk em;yif;aeaom tpPa&;0ef}uD;tzGJ@twGif;odk@ usa&muf oGm;cJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@taejzifh aemufqHk;wGif tpPa&;wdk@tay: tqHk;owf òzdcGJr_jzpfvmEdkifonfh xdka0zefcsuf tay: tcGifhaumif;,l toHk;csEdkifonf[k t=urf;rzufa&; r[mAsL[mudk jr‡ifhwiftm;xkwfcJhaom t0'fu ,lqcJhonf? tu,fI tpPa&;wdk@tm; ‚if;.r[mrdwfrsm; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmygu tpPa&;wdk@taejzifh usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufr_tay:


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jyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfvmEdkifonf[k UNC acgif;aqmifrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJhonf? odk@aomf yÉdyuQ wckvHk;.qdk;arG'kuQrsm;udk tpPa&;wckwnf;udkom yHkcs&efrjzpfEdkifay? tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerS tpPa&;wdk@ vkyf&yftay: oG,f0dkufI &H_@csjcif;onf (1982) vufbEGefudk usL;ausmf+yD;csdefrSpI tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gzufudkvnf; wpHkw&mpmemjcif; rjyocJhay? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf tpPa&;wdk@tay: ukvor*~ &@H_csjcif;ESifhygwfoufI rJESpfrJ ray;yJaecJhonf? Oa&myor*~u ydkrdkjyif;xefaom a0zefr_ðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf; tpPa&;tpdk;&uawmh rv_yfr&Suf ydkaejrJ=um;aejrJyif jzpfcJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& oabmxm;uGJvGJr_xuf/ pD;yGm;a&;t& qHk;&H_;r_onf ykdrdkI }uD;rm;cJhonf? tcGefrsm;rS cef@rSef;acs tusdK;tjrwf a':vmwpfbDvD,H&apaom/ ygvufpwdkif;aps;aygifusKd;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh a'otwGif; tpm;taomufypPnf;a&mif;csr_rS &onfhtjrwfE_ef;onf tHkºuGr_. yxrESpfrSmyif aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? wyfom; tiftm; (12000) rS (80000) txd wdk;jr‡ifhcsxm;cJhaoma=umifh ppfoHk;pm;&dwfonf a':vmoef; (600) txd wdk;wufcJhonf? tpPa&;vcmpm;tvkyfudk vkyfudkif&efjiif;qefcJhaom ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@onfvnf; ay;qyfr_wck awmh ay;cJh&onf? xkd@a=umifh vlrsm;ydkrdkI tvkyfrSxGufa&;/ ‚if;[email protected]; pGef@v$wf tepfemcHa&;awmif;qdkr_onf vufawG@us&ef rvG,fulEdkifay? odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;t& oydwfarSmufyGJrsm;ESifh tcGefray;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_uJhodk@aom tjcm;aom jzwfawmufr_rsm;onf ydkrdkus,fjyefvmonfhESifhtwl tpPa&;wdk@. pDyGm;a&;qdkif&m qHk;&H_;r_onfvnf; ydkrdkI }uD;rm;vmcJhonf? rnfodk@yifqHk;&H_;r_&dSap tpPa&;òyduGJoGm;jcif;r&dScJhay? wzefxyfIyif tpPa&;wdk@onf “pkaygif;odrf;usKH;tjypfay;jcif; (collective punishment)” [laom r[mAsL[mjzifh a&S@wvSrf;wkd;cJhonf? xdkr[mAsL[monf txl;ojzifh vlxk ta&;qdkif&m aumfrwDrsm;.vkyfief;rsm;udk cufcJapcJhonf? xda&mufr_t&dSqHk;rSm aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh 'kuQonfpcef; rsm;wGif xkwfjyefcJhaom nrxGuf&trdef@yif jzpfcJhonf? xdkOay' csKd;azmufol rnfolrqdk tzrf;cH&rnfjzpfonf? yxrvwGif ygvpfpwkdif;ESpfodef;cef@tay:wGif oufa&mufr_&dScJhonf/ nrxGuf&trdef@owfrSwfaomae&m (1600) ausmf yxrESpfwGif &dScJhonf? wcgw&HwGif vkyfief;rsm;tay: &ufowWywf awmfawmf=um=umxd tuef@towfrsm; &dScJhonf? tHkºuGr_pwifcJhaom *sDb,fvf,mpcef;onf &ufaygif; (120) ausmf=um=um nrxGuftrdef@xkwfjyefjcif; cHcJh&onf? 'kwd,ESpftukefykdif;wGif ygvufpwdkif; woef;ausmfonf nrxGuftrdef@atmufwGif aexdkifcJh&onf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif nrxGuf&trdef@onf ckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tultnDay;cJhonf? vlwdkif;tdrfxJwGif ae&aom a=umifh vufurf;pmapmifrsm; vlxkxHodk@ tvG,fwul a&muf&dScJhonf? odk@aomf aumfrwDrsm; twGuf vkyfief;rsm; twGuf vdktyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;aqmif&Guf&eftwGufwGifrl vGefpGmcufcJcJhonf? odrf;ydkufr_pwifonfrSpI axmifcsrnf[laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_onf ygvufpwdkif;jy\em&Smolrsm;twGuf xda&muf aom [ef@wm;r_wckjzpfcJhonf? tifwDzm'grwdkifcifumvwGif ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@wGif tm&yfrsm;tm;vHk;udk &dkufESuf+yD; odrf;usKH;tEdkif,lcJhonfh/ tpPa&; “plygrif;”.&kyfyHkonf pdwfxJv$rf;rdk;xm;cJhonf? xdkoluvm+yD; axmifwGif;tusOf;xJodk@ ydk@vdrfhrnf[k pGJrSwfaecJhonf[kk rlbm&wf t0'fu owdw& ajymjycJhonf? axmifwGif;wGif qdkv#if rdom;pkudkvnf; axmufyHrnfolwOD;rSr&dS/ wudk,fwnf; axmifwGif;Yom txD;wnf;pHae&awmhrnf jzpfonf? xdkpdwfcHpm;r_onf tpPa&;tm%mydkifwdk@udk tmcHqef@usif&eftwGuf }uD;rm;aom t[ef@twm; jzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gu jynfolvlxktm; ajymif;vJapcJhonf? tpPa&;wdk@onf ckcHaumif;ckcHEdkifonf odk@aomf vl@vGefrom;plygrif;rsm;r[kwf[k oif=um;ay;cJhonf? tHkºuGr_umvtwGif; rdom;pk0ifwOD; axmifcscH& jcif;onf *k%f,lzG,fudpP wckjzpfcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Ttcsufu olonf ckcHwGef;vSefaeaomol wa,mufjzpfjcif;udk jyocJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? om;rsm;tzrf;cH&aom rdcifxHodk@ w&yfuGyfvHk;rS vma&mufI csD;usL;*k%fðy=uonf/ Tt&monf *END.twGif;a&;rSL;. om;. pdwf"gwfESifh wlnDcJhonf? olonf ol@tazudk zrf;oGm;aom &Jum;.aemufwGif ajy;vkduf,if;/ a=ueyftm;&pGmjzifh ol@taz tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfcef@ ta0;odk@ xGufoGm;awmhrnf[k olar#mfvifha=umif; vdkufatmfI ajymcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpPa&;wdk@onf ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay: xdk*k%fyk'fudk qufvufay;cJhonf? vlxkta&;qdkif&m aumfrwD0ifwOD;onf axmif'%ftenf;qHk; (10) ESpf csrSwfcH&Edkifonf? tifwDzm'g. yxrESpfwGif vlaygif; (29000) axmifcscHcJh&onf? vlaygif; (8000) udk pGJcsufrsm;jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? tjypfay;r_rsm;udk w&m;a&;qdkif&m t& jyefvnfppfaq;cGifhudk jiif;y,fzsufodrf;cJhonf? w&m;&Hk;rsm;ESifhaxmifrsm;wGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;jzifh jynfhv#HaecJh onf?


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odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;onf oHwdkifrsm;aemufwGif qufvufjzpfay:cJhonf? t0'faxmifuspOfwGif olESifhol. axmifus&Jabmfrsm;u tcef;wGif;wGif ydwfavSmifxm;rnfhtpm;/ tjyifwGif tcsdefydkaecGifhay;&ef nd‡Ed_if;cJha=umif; t0'fu owdw&ajymjycJhonf? =uufajceDtzGJ@}uD; vma&mufvnfywfrnf[k olwdk@udk ajymjyaomtcg t0'fu olwdk@udk tjyifrSm tcsdefydkydkkay;raeygu/ olESifhtwl tjcm;aom axmifus&Jabmfrsm;onf/ =uufajceDtzGJ@}uD;tzGJ@ }uD; vmrnfhtcsdefwGif udk,fvHk;wD;c|wfIaernf[k axmiftm%mydkifrsm;udk ajymcJhonf? “tJ'Daemuf olwdk@u uJ 'gqdk rif;wdk@tcsdef b,favmufvdkovJ” [kar;cJhonf? òzdcGif;r_rsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmonfESifhtr# tpPa&;wGif ra=ueyfcsufrsm;onfvnf; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? vlodtrsm;qHk; rSm trJa&mif0wftrsKd;orD;rsm;[laom !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfonf? &ufowWywfwGif wcgus a*s&kpvif/ w,fvf tApfESifh [dkif;zmtygt0if tpPa&;òrd@awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dS vlpnfum;aom vrf;av;qHkrsm;wGif 'gZifESifhcsDaom odk@r[kwf xdk@xufydkaom trJa&mif0wftrsKd;orD;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? olwdk@ jidrfoufpGm rwfwyf&yfaepOfwGif vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm;u oa&mfavSmifajymif=ujcif;/ um;armifolrsm;u tpPa&;qef@usifolrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;olv#dKrsm; odk@r[kwf t,lvGJolrsm; ponfhjzifh rsKd;pHk pGwfpGJcJh=uonf? tpPa&;t&m&dSrsm;u qENjyr_rsm;udk rod[efaqmifcJh+yD;/ pkaygif;tjypfay;jcif;udkom qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf? tdrfiSm;cESifh tcGefray;aqmifjcif;twGuf '%fcwfaom taejzifh nrxGuftrdef@tjyif/ zkef;jzwfjcif;/ rD;jzwfjcif;yg aqmif&GufcJhonf? tdrfaygif;&mESifhcsDI zsufqD;cJJh=uonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u a'ocHaumifpD0ifrsm;E_wfxGufr_udk vufpm;acsaomtm;jzifh t,fvf bdk&yf*sf 'kuQonf pcef;udk odrf;ydkufcJhonfhjzpf&yfonf tajctae awmfawmfqkd;0g;aom jzpf&yfwckjzpfcJhonf? v#yfppfrD;jzwfawmuf cJh+yD;/ 'kuQonf (18000) twGuf pm;eyf&duQmwifoGif;r_udk uef@owfcJhonf? txl;cGifhðycsufESifh tcGefay;aqmifaom oufaocHrjyEdkifygu rnfolr# tjyifodk@ xGufcGmcGifh rðycJhay? pDwef;vSnfhvnfyGJwGif awG@cJh&aom txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;udk aemufqHk;pmar;yGJajzjcif;rS ydwfyifcJhonf? xdkuJhokd@aom zdESdyfr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf; &GmtpGeftzsm; wGif a&Smifwdrf;aeaomolrsm;ESifh pcef;wGif;qENjyyGJrsm; ae@pOfqdkovdkjzpfcJhonf? (1988) ckESpfaEG&moDwGif/ tHkºuGr_onf tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? òrd@jytkyfcsKyfa&;u tifwDzm'g acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh v_H@aqmfolrsm;[k oHo,jzpfzG,folrsm;udk tvHk;t&if;ESifh jyefydk@rnf[k pwiftrdef@xkwfcJhonf? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk. jiif;y,fcsufudk rsufuG,fðyI tpPa&;wdk@u rlbm&uf t0'fonf EdkifiHawmf vHkðcHa&;twGuf tEW&m,f&dSonf[kqdk+yD; ol@udk jyefydk@cJhonf? tpPa&;vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u a&mfbmusnfqHrS yvpfpwpfusnfqHodk@ ajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ vlxka&;&maumfrwD0if tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf vlzrf;yGJ}uD; pwifcJhonf? tifwDzm'g acgif;aqmifawmfawmfrsm;rsm; axmifxJwGif&dS aejcif;a=umifh vrf;ray:wGif usefcJhaom ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;tzdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_udk t&Snf&yfwnfEdkif&ef AsL[mrJhaecJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;acgif;aqmifr_ ta[mif;udk xdef;ausmif;r_ ae&mwGifjyefxm;cJhonf? oabmwlpmcsKyfrS wqifh atmifjrifr_rsm; &&dSEdkifaumif;aomtcsdefwGif udk,fydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;udk vHk;0todtrSwfrðycJhaom/ t=urf;rzufr_rSwqifh ‚if;wdk@udk cGef;tm;jzpfap Edkifonf[k r,Hk=unfcJhaom ygvufpwdkif;tpGef;a&mufrsm;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;onf tusdK;rJhonf[k xifcJh=uonf? TtajctaewGif rwluGJjym;aomvrf;a=umif;ESifh &vm'frsm;jzpfvmonf? Tenf;twdkif; aemufxyf (4) ESpfwdkif wdkifqufoGm;aecJh+yD;/ ygvufpwdkif;wdk@. oHEMdXmefudk rnfolESifhr#rwlta&;w,lrvkyfcJhaom &pfZwf &mbifESifh atmfpvdkwGif yDt,fvftdkESifh v#Kd@0Sufpum;ajymyGrsm; pwifcJhonf? olr.rdcifwdkif;jynftwGif; tkwfatmfaomif;eif; &kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfcJhaom umvrsm;udk jyef=unfh&if; [meeftm&l&D onf/ (1987) 'DZifbmvaemufydkif; tvkyf&_yfcJh&aomvrsm;udk “rnfonfhawmfvSefa&;ESifhrS rwl wrlxl;jcm;aom awmfvSefa&;wck” tjzpf owd&cJhonf? odk@aomf ygvufpwdkif; ckcHa&;orm;tzdk@ &kyfydkif;qdkif&m atmifjrifr_awmh r&&dScJhay? tpPa&;ESifhygvpfpwkdif;wdk@. wOD;ay:wOD; tjyeftvSef rDScdkae&+yD;/ tiftm;oHk;t=urf;zufr_onf rnfonfh atmifyGJudkrS r&apEdkifa=umif;udk ESpfzufpvHk;rS em;vnf oabmaygufcsdefrSom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay:xGufvmEdkif onf[k trsm;pku odoGm;cJhonf? xdkuJhodk@aom em;vnfoabmaygufr_a=umifhyif awmiftmz&durS tom; ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ed*Hk;csKyfa&;twGuf


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taxmuftulðycJhonf? odk@aomf tifwDzm'gonf tcsKd;tauG@wck jzpfcJhonf[k qdkaom tm&l&D.tqdkonf rSefuefonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tzdk@ ‚if;wdk@. udk,fydkife,fajrrSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfh t&mESifhrS a=ueyfEdkifrnf r[kwfonfudk urBmt0Sef;&dS rnfolwOD;wa,mufrqdk oHo,&dSrnf r[kwfay? (1989) ckESpf rwfvwGif rlbm&uf t0'fonf *sif;&Syftygt0if taemufEdkifiHrS t=urf;rzufta&; v_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufolwpkudk OD;aqmifI wl;epf (Tunis) &dS EdkifiHjcm;a&muf yDt,fvftdk acgif;aqmifr_ESifh awG@ay;cJhonf? “wu,fhudk &v'faumif;awG xGufcJhwJh &ufowWywfygyJ” [k olujyefajymif;trSwf&cJhonf? yDt,fvftdkwGif&dSaom ppfa&;acgif;aqmifydkif;onf/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifydkif;xuf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_oabmobm0udk ydkrdkI em;vnfcJh onf? tvkyfjzpfcJhonfudkvnf; awG@jrifcJh=u&onf? odyfr=umcifrSmyif yDt,fvftdkrS bmompum; toHk;tE_ef; ajymif;vJcJhonf[k t0'fuajymjycJhonf? “vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;” pum;vHk;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&mwGif wckwnf;aomenf;vrf; r[kwfawmhay? vGwfajrmufa&;qDodk@ oGm;&mvrf;wGif a'gojzifh/ ausmufcJjzifhypfaygufI vrf;cif;p&mrvdktyfonfudk ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@ oabmayguf awG@&dScJhonf?

æ æ æ ESpfq,f&mpk. tjcm;aom tcGifhta&;qdkif&m wdkufyGJrsm;uJhokd@yif tifwDzm'gonfvnf; tkyfcsKyfEkdifcGifh [laom t&mtwGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_ wckjzpfcJhonf? ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf ,cifuESifhrwlyJ tiftm; aumif;aumif;/ pepfwusjzifh taemufzufurf;ESifh *gZma'orsm;udk tpPa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;xHrS ‚if;wdk@vdkufygemcHaer_ udk jyefvnfI qGJE_wfcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@udk,f ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhodk@yif vkyfEdkifpGrf;udk csJ@xGifEdkifcJhonf? tHkºuGr_udk ESdrfeif;&efóud;pm;cJhaom tpPa&;tm%mydkifrsm;onf q,fpkESpfwckwnf;twGif;/ vlrJòrd@e,frsm;twGif; vljzLawmiftmz&dutm%mydkifrsm; ðyvkyfcJhenf;wl a&G;cs,fp&mvrf; twlwlwckwnf;udkom &ifqdkifcJh=uonf? a=umuf&GH@r_r&dSaomvlrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufudk qufvufESdyfuGyfrnfvm;/ odk@r[kwf xdkolrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@&nfrSef;csuf twdkif; vkyfaqmifay;&ef enf;vrf;&Smrvm; pojzifh a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfonf? t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHESifhylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ &yfqdkif;cJh+yD;/ tcGefvGwfqm;rsm;csufjcif;ESifh udk,fydkift0wfrsm; ðyvkyf0wfqif cJhaom tdEdN,EdkifiHom;.enf;vrf;ESifhtwlyif ygvufpwdkif;om;rsm;onf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;twGif; tcGef ray;jcif;/ 0efaqmifcrsm; ray;aqmifjcif;ESifh rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;rjyjcif; ponfjzifh tpPa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &yfqdkif;cJh=uonf? *END. OD;aqmifr_aemufudk vdkufcJhaom tdEdN,enf;wl/ ygvufpwdkif; om;rsm;onfvnf; tpdk;&tay: =oZmcH&onfh=um;rS enf;vrf;rsm;udk csJ@xGifcJh=uonf? tpkd;&udk ae&mwdkif;wGif jidrfoufr_vkyfapjcif;jzifh zdtm;ay;cJhonf? b0aygif;pHk ygvufpwdkif;om; rsm;tm;vHk;onf qENjy&ef/ oydwfarSmuf &efESifh tu,fI ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGuf ajr}uD;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&rnfqdkyguvnf; xGef,uf=urnfh tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&eftwGufvnf; tmoDo&dScJh=uonf? odk@aomf t=urf;zufr_ESifh t=urf;rzufr_ESpfck aygif;pyfxm;aom obm0a=umifh vrf;ray:&dS pdwf"gwfwufºuGvGef;ae aomvli,fxkudk r[ef@wm;EdkifcJhovdk/ ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@. pGrf;yum;udkvnf; ao;odrfapcJhonf? tpPa&;ppfom; rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif xdckdufr_&dSvmaomtcgwGif jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf tusdK;ta=umif; qDavsmfoGm;ap cJhonf? ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk jyefvnfrwGef;vSefcif *smreftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u jyifopfwyfrsm;udk ESpfaygif; (60) ru wkdufcdkufcJhaomtcgwGif jyifopfrsm;u &mzf (Ruhr) wGifðyvkyfcJhovdk/ wxyfwnf;jzpfapcJhonf? tpPa&; vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk t=urfzufenf;jzifh wkdufxkwfvdkaom ygvpfpwkdif;om;rsm;tzdk@ *sif;&Syf. pum;vHk;t&qdkaomf ‚if;wdk@onf “&efol.a&G;cs,fxm;aomvufeufESifh wdkufcdkufapvdkaomaxmifacsmuftwGif;odk@” usqif;oGm;cJh=u &onf? TuJhokd@aom wdkufckdufr_rsKd;jzifh ygvufpwdkif;wdk@ tEdkif&rnf r[kwfay? tpPa&;wdk@tay: zdtm;ay;r_jzpfay: apEdkifaom taemufEdkifiHrsm;. ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@tay: pmemr_onf ESpfzufpvHk;u t=urf;zufr_rsm; ay:xGuf vmaomtcgwGif avsmhenf;oGm;cJhonf?


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tifwDzm'gonf todrf;ydkufcHe,fajrtwGif;rS tpPa&;wdk@udk armif;xkwfEdkifpGrf; r&dScJhay? okd@aomf rsKd;qufwck =um=um ta&S@tv,fydkif;wnf&dScJhaom vdyfcJwnf;vnf;jzpfr_wckudk csKd;zsufEdkifcJhonf? xdkt&monf ygvufpwdkif; ta&; aemufuG,frSppfaoG;ºuGESifhaysmuf=um;wyfzGJ@rsm;.pGrf;tm;rSonf vlxktajcðyyHkpHokd@ ajymif;vJEdkifcJh+yD;/ xkd@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ,ciffur&dScJhaom w&m;0ifr_ESifh ta&;ay;cH&r_ jyefvnf&&dSvmcJhonf? xdkt&muonfyif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tpPa&;jynfoltrsm;pkudk ygvufpwdkif;om;wdk@udk,fwdkif yg0if&+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@tay:wGif ppfa&; tuef@towfwckwnf;jzifhom &,lEdkifjcif;r[kwfaom/ EdkifiHa&;tqHk;tjzwf wckwnf;uom vlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;pvHk; twlwuGydkifqdkif=uaom xdkwefzdk;te*ƒ xdkufwefaom xdkajrwGif wnfjidrfr_twGuf rSefuefaom ar#mfvifhcsufwck ay;Edkifa=umif;udk oabmufayguf em;vnfapcJhonf?


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w&kwf/ ta&S@ Oa&my/ rGef*kdvD,m; 'Drkdua&pD 'Da&vd_if;

w&kwfjynf'Drkdua&pD tcsKyfaESmifcH&jcif;

wkdufyGJac:oH

(1989) ckESpf aEGOD;tcgor, - ygvufpwkdif;wkd@u tpPa&;wkd@. odrf;ykdufxm;r_rsm;tay: oabmwlnD xm;onfrsm;ukd y,fzsufvkduf+yD;aemuf tifwDzm'g (intifada) v_yf&Sm;r_ukd pwif+yD; av;vyifrjynfhao;onhf tcsdefwGif/ yDuif;òrd@&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;vSaom aqmif;&moDtwGif; =umjrifhpGmckdatmif;ae&mrS &kef;xGuf um &kwfw&uf urBmhrsufESmpmtv,fokd@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; w&kwfjynftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD pHepfukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf?

{+yDv (17) &ufae@wGif yDuif;òrd@&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUokdvf y&0k%frsm;twGif;rSxGufcGgvm+yD; wDtefrif

(Tiananmen) &ifjyifwGif pka0;jcif;jzifh pwifcJhygonf? xkd&ifjyifonf yifv,fESifhxdpyfaeonfh w&kwfjynf}uD;. òrd@awmf tv,fwGif }uD;rm; us,fjyef@pGm wnf&Sdaeygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfol@tmZmenfrsm;. txdrf;trSwf AdrmefwGif r=umrDuav;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;aom uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; [la&mifbef; (Hu Yaobang) tm;&nfpl;I yef;acGrsm; cs=uonf? [l. psmye rwkdifrDtxd tpkd;&. vmbfpm;r_rsm;tqkH;owfa&;eSifh 'Drkdua&pDta&;wkd@twGuf eH&Huyfykdpwmrsm;/ qENjyr_rsm;ukdvnf; (5) &uf=um ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? psmyetwGuf &yfem; xm;onfh xkd wkdawmif;aomumvtwGif; ylaqG;0rf;enf;r_rsm;onf EkdifiHawmftm%mukd pdefac:tHwkr_wck jzpfvmapcJhonf?

wDtefrif&ifjyifonf ausmif;om;rsm;. xufoefjyif;jyaom uef@uGuf qENjyr_twGuf tm;aumif;aom

obm0t&qGJaqmifr_aumif;aomae&m wckjzpfcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom vlxkcef;r/ w&kwf jynf}uD;. a&S;a[mif; orkdif;jywkduf/ w&kwfawmfvSefa&; orkdif;jywkduf/ armfpDwkef; *lAdrmef ponfwkd@ukd xkdae&mwGif awG@Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? wvr#=umjrifh+yD;aemuf aEGOD;yef;rsm;a0qmaepOfwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;onf ESpfvkdzG,faqmifr_&Sdonfh touf (21) ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif 0ltm ukdifZD (Wu’er Kaixi) tm; 0ef;&HI &J rsm;ESifh twm;tqD;rsm;tm; jzwfausmfum &ifjyifqDokd@ jyefvnfcsDwufEkdifcJh=uonf? EkdifiHa&;pHepftjrefqkH;ajymif;vJa&;/ jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsuf&&Sda&;/ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfa0jzef@csdcGifh/ jcpm;r_rsm; tqkH;owfa&; wkd@ESifh ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf?

tdrfeD;csif; rGef*kdvD;,m; ESifh ta&S@Oa&myEkdifiHrsm; uGefjrLepftkyfpkd;r_atmufrS vGwfajrmuf+yD;I wESpf=umr#

ylylaEG;aEG;&SdaepOfwGif/ &ufowW (7) ywft=umY us,fjyef@aomw&kwfEkdifiHwv$m;&Sd jynfoloef;rsm;pGmwkd@onf ausmif;om;rsm;. pOfqufrysuf csDwufqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh csdwfqufyl;aygif;EkdifcJh=uonf? wDtefrif &ifjyiftm; jynfolwkd@. odrf;ykdufxm;r_ txGÉftxdyfa&mufaepOf xkdóudwifar#mfvifhrxm;aom/ wufºuGvef;qef;onf 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; onf ppfwyf.t=urf;zuf acsr_ef;zsufqD;r_ESifh óuHawG@cJh&onf? 'Drkdua&pDta&; atmf[pfawmif;qkd qENjyr_rsm;twGuf &ifjyifonf tusOf;pcef;rsm;twGif;okd@oGm;aomvrf;jzpfapcJhygonf? xkd'Drkdua&pDa&;vrf;qDokd@ tjcm;aomolrsm;vnf; vkdufygvmEkdifaomfvnf; w&kwfjynfr}uD;ukdawmh OD;raqmifEkdifcJhawmhyg?

ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tm%mykdifrsm;

(20) &mpk uGefjrLepf0g'. &l;oGyfpGmzsufqD;wwfr_. Edk;ºuGvmaom tcsdefwGif;rSmyif/ uGefjrLepfw&kwfjynf}uD;. 'Drkdua&pDiwfrGwfr_tmoDoudk rsKd;aphcscJhrdavonf? armfpDwkef;. ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; w&kwfjynf. wuUokdvf}uD; rsm;rSonf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;txd ysufpD;qkH;&_H;apcJhonf? xkd@aemuf (1976) ckESpfwGif tqkH;owfcJhavonf? tpkd;&onf pD;yGg;a&;taqmufttkHukd jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh&avonf? xkd jynfvnf wnfaqmufonfh pD;yGg;a&;taqmuf tODopfonf tjcm;aom urBmhEkdifiHrsm;ESifh ykdrkdyGifhvif;pGm qufqHr_udk


348

OD;wnfcJhavonf? Todk@ pD;ygG;a&;yGifhvif;vmap aom tajctaeonf w&kwfjynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfr_rS z,fxkwfxm;onfh eH&HrsufESmjyifay:wGif tenf;qkH; usOf;ajrmif;aom tufuGJa=umif;wckukd pwifjzpfay: apcJhonf?

tpkd;&tay: ra=ueyfonfh vli,ftcsKd@onf/ rsm;r=umrD wDtefrif &ifjyif. taemufzuf eH&Hwckay:wGif

oauFwrsm;/ aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;jzifh ykdrkdvGwfvyfr_ukd awmif;qkdvm=uonf? (1979) ckESpfwGif a0usif&Sif;onf 'Drkdua&pD eH&Hay:wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;pGmukd a&;uyfoGm;+yD; w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD ESifh acgif;aqmif}uD; wdefa&Smifzdefwkd@ukd a0zef oGm;avonf? ‚if;onf tm%mykdifrsm;twGuf rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfap+yD; ‘a0’ tm;zrf;qD;cJhum axmif'%f (15) ESpf csrSwfcJh onf? okd@aomfvnf; tpkd;&tay:ra=ueyfr_rsm;rSm ajratmufwGif qufvufIjzpfyGg;aeavonf? ajymif;vJr_twGuf awmif;qkdxm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? (1986) ESifh (1987) ckESpfwGif xif&Sm;onfh &lyaA'ynm&Sif zef vDZD; ESifh emrnf}uD; owif;pmq&m vsL bif,ef;wkd@onf w&kwfjynf. tem*wf zGH@®z;wkd;wufr_ESifh ywfoufonfh “[email protected];” ukda&;om;az:jyonfhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrS xkwfy,fcH&onf?

tm%m&Sifukd tmcH&mwGif todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;pGm a&S@wef;xGufvmwwfonfrSm

tHh=op&mr[kwfay? w&kwfausmif;om;rsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh &Snfvsm;aom orkdif;a=umif;&Sdonf? 9-&mpkESpfwGif ‘wef’ rif;quftm; qef@usif awmfvSefr_ukd ausmif;om;rsm;rS pwifcJhavonf? 19-&mpkESpf ‘wkdifyif;’ olykefxr_wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;rSyif pwifcJhavonf? w&kwfjynfwGif tpOftvmt& av;pm;cHcJh&onfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ,Of;aus;r_awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf tcuftcJrsm;ESifh óuHawG@cJh&avawmhonf? wuUokdvf &HykHaiGrsm;vnf; avsmhenf;vmonf? pmoifcef;rsm;ESifh "gwfcGJcef;rsm;vnf; qkwf,kwfvmavonf? ausmif;aqmif rsm;vnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh rr#jzpfum jynfhusyfaeavonf? xkdra=ueyfr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf t&m&Sdrsm;. om;/ wl/ nD/ rsm; aumif;pm;a&;0g' ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh ykdrkdjyif;xefvmcJhonf? AsL&kdu&ufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh wpfwpfcGcG a&;xm;aom xif&Sm;onfh uAsmwyk'frSm “a':vmrsm;pGmwefaom *syefZdrfcHum;wpD;/ jynfolawG. ac|;eJ@ aoG;rsm;rS azmuf,l 0,fpD;/ um;xJrSmawmh acG;rom; 0wkwf+yJu/ tzkd;wefom;arï;tuôsukd òcHvkd@aygh” [k pojzifh a&;pyfxm; avonf? xkd@jyif tm%m&Sifwkd@. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ykdrkdI pdwf uoduatmuf jzpfcJh=u&onf? oabmxm;rwlnDr_rsm;tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;omru/ tpkd;&rS ausmif;om;rsm; rnfonfhae&mrsKd;wGif tvkyf vkyfEkdifonf/ aexkdif&rnf tp&Sdonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukdyif r=umc%qkH;jzwfavonfh tcg yk*~Kdvfa&; ylaqG;0rf;enf;r_rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;vuQ%mrsm;tjzpf pdrfh0ifaygif;pyfoGm;avonf? ykdvefwGif aoG;pnf;nD!ëwfr_ tiftm;jzifh tpkd;&tm; tajymif;tvJrsm; ðyvkyf&ef tvkyform;rsm;rS rnfokd@vkyfaqmifcJhonfudk ausmif;om;rsm; od&Sd=uonf? olwkd@onf qkdAD,uf,leD,HwGif rDac;vf a*:bmacsmAf tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mukd rnfokd@ ajzavsmhcJhonfukdvnf; aumif;pGmoabmayguf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh vwfwavmESpfrsm;twGif; tjyif;xefqkH;aom jyefvnfðyjyifa&; acgif;aqmif t&m&Sd[kqkdEkdifaom [la&mifbef; aoqkH;oGm;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;. ra=ueyfr_rsm;onf awmufavmif&ef toifhjzpfaeavawmhonf?

(5) &uft=um qENjy+yD;aemuf/ wDtefrif&ifjyif vGrf;ol@ yef;acGcst+yD;/ tpkd;&onf {+yDv (24) &ufae@rS pwif

I wuUokdvfausmif;rsm;wGif qENjyyGJrsm;/ oydwfrsm; ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onf? ygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ykdrkdus,fjyef@onfh r+idrfroufr_ tvm;vmrsm;awG@ae&onfhtwGuf pkd;&drfylyefae=uavonf? tpkd;&tay:a0zefxm;onfh vufurf; pmapmifrsm;rSm ESif;rkefwkdif; wkdufckdufaeonfhtvm; vrf;rsm;ay:wGif azG;azG;v_yfaeavonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf vDyif;ESifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGufukdvnf; awmif;qkdavonf? (1960) vGefESpfrsm;wGif w&kwfjynfukd ajymif;vJcJhaom t"du&k%f;vkd tjzpfrsKd; 0kdif;0ef;ydfwfqkd@cH&rnfukdvnf; a=umuf&GH@vmavonf? EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd E_d;qG&ef txl;vkyfykdifcGifh tm%m&Sdaom ygwDxuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. rnfonfh tpdwftykdif;rqkd EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifEkdifonfukd vufrcHcsif=uay? qENjyyGJrsm;ukd {+yDv (26) &ufae@wGif xkwfa0aom jynfol@ae@pOfowif;pmwGif “qlylolrsm;” [lI vnf;aumif; “óudwif}uHpnfvkyf}uHr_ wck” [lIvnf;aumif; wHqdyfuyfcJh=uonf?

,if;wHqdyfuyfr_onf ausmif;om;rsm;. a'gorsm; avmifu|rf;&ef "gwfqDESifh jzef;ovkd jzpfoGm;ap+yD;

aemufwae@wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom qENjyr_rsm;ESifh wkH@jyefvkdufavonf? ausmif;om; wodef;ausmfwkd@. tiftm;ay:wGif t&yfom;tiftm; av;odef;wkd@ aygif;pyfjznfhqnf;um qENjy&if; wDtefrif&ifjyifokd@ csDwufvmcJh=uavonf? jynfolrsm; . Tokd@ yg0ifyHhykd;r_a=umifh tajymif;tvJvkyf&efawmif;qkdr_ atmifjrif&rnf[k ,kH=unfcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif vmbfpm;r_rsm;


349

tm; qef@usifjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfr_awmif;qkdjcif;rsm; tpkd;&twGif;&Sd ðyjyifajymif;vJvkdolrsm;qDokd@a&muf&Sdum tpkd;&wGif ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;+yD[k &kd;om;pGm,kH=unfcJh=uonf? trSefwu,f wGifvnf; uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; ausmufusd,ef (Zhao Ziyan) onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; wOD;jzpf+yD; r=umrDwGifyif ‚if;. ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif &Sdaom oem;=uifemr_ukd jyo&ef tcsufjyawmhrnfjzpfonf?

tqkdygv_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif av;OD; ay:xGufcJhavonf? 0ltm ukdifZDonf ºuGapmif;apmif;Ekdif

aomvli,fwOD;jzpf+yD; wcgw&HwGif t&m&Sdrsm;tm; armufrmpGm qufqHwwfonf? csKdifvif; (Chai Ling) touf (23) ESpft&G,f&Sdol/ pdwfcHpm;r_}uD;olkjzpf+yD; pdwfynmt"dujzifh bGJ@&xm;aom ausmif;olwOD;jzpfonf? aemufwOD;rSm 0rf'ef; (Wang Dan) qkdoljzpf+yD; orkdif;t"dubmomjzifh bGJ@&xm;aom touf (24) ESpft&G,f&Sd vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? vDvl; (Li Lu) qkdolrSm c&kdife,fwckrS ausmif;om;wOD;jzifh+yD; wcsKd@aomolrsm;u ‚if;tm; tacsmiform;[k rSwfxif=u onf? ‚if;wkd@tcsif;csif;=um;wGifvnf; wOD;udk wOD;uG,f&mwGif raumif;ajymjcif;onf jy\emwckyifjzpfonf? wDtefriftm; odrf;ydkufxm;onfh ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefrsKd;Y csKdifrS wdyfacGtifwmAsL;wckwGif “olr[m 0ltm ukdifZDESifh ywfoufI wav#mufvkH; pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpf&ygw,f/ ol[m t}udrfrsm;pGmY ol. =oZmtm%mukd jyvGef;wma=umifh }uD;rm;wJh qkH;&_H;r_udkjzpfapcJhwmjzpfygw,f” [kajymcJhavonf? olwkd@. pnf;vkH;r_tm;enf;jcif;onf tpkd;&xHokd@ ‚if;wkd@awmif;qkdaomtcsufrsm; r=umc%ajymif;vJaejcif;. ta=umif;tcsufwckjzpfavonf?

okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;. a[majymr_twwfrSm tHhbG,fo&J jzpfonf? a0*gwkdif;&if;om; wOD;jzpfonfh 0ltm

onf wDtefrif &ifjyif yxrqkH; rdef@cGef;yGJwGif tvG,fwulyif y&dwf\wf a&S@arSmufxGuf cJhum “ar 4 &uf a=unmpmwrf;opf” (New May Fourth Manifesto) ukd xkwfjyefcJhonf? ,if;a=unmpmwrf;onf (1919) arwGif jzpfygGcJhaom xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom qENjyyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if qufoG,fcJhonfh w&kwftrsKd;om;a&;0g'ukdf vdrfrm yg;eyfpGm udk;um;xm;onf? ,if;onf *syefwkd@. w&kwfjynf wpdwfwykdif;tm; *syeftifykdif,m tjzpf wkdufckdufodrf; ykdufvkdufjcif;tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef t}udrf}udrf jyefvnfwkdufckdufr_rsm;jzpfonf? ykyf&[efrif;}uD;ESifh toif;tzGJ@ ðyvkdufjcif;jzifh ykdvefwGif aoG;pnf;nD!ëwfr_&&SdouJhokd@vnfaumif;/ 'def;rwfEkdifiHom;rsm; *smrefusL;ausmfr_umvtwGif; ‚if;wkd@. bk&iftay: cspfcifESpfoufr_ukd xyfavmif;jyovkdufjcif;uJhokd@vnf;aumif; - v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wckonf ykdrkdjrifhrm; aom w&m;0ifr_tajctaeukd awmif;qkdEkdifygu ‚if;wkd@. qef@usifzufrsm; r&Ekdifaom axmufcHr_rsm;u 'va[m &&SdEkdifonf?

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. tmpv#mp/ tm0Z…ef;&ïifr_rsm;ukd ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;ap+yD; a0zefr_rsm;

w&pyfðyvkyfum uef@uGufqENjycJh=uonf? olwkd@onf arv (10) &ufae@wGif pufbD;orm; wpfaomif;udk wDtefrif &ifjyifxJokd@qGJoGif;um tiftm;jznfhqnf;+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh awG@qkH&efawmif;qkdcJhonf? tqifhtjrifhqkH; t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;okd@ vdyfrlum a=unmpmwrf;rsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf? olwkd@vkyfykHrSm xkdt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u olwkd@. ukd,fa&;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; olwkd@ajymor# vkdufa&;rSwfae&ouJhokd@jzpfonf? arv (15) &ufae@wGif wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif rDac;vfa*:bmacsmhAfonf yDuif;okd@ EkdifiHjcm; owif;pmq&m tkyfpkwckESifh tvnfywfvm&efa&muf tpDtpOf&Sdonfukd odxm;onfhtwGuf oydwfarSmufqENjyr_rsm;ukd jr‡ifhwif=uavonf? arv (13) &ufae@wGif ausmif;om; okH;axmifwkd@ wDtefrifwGif tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukd pwifcJh=u+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf vDyif;ESifh awG@qkH&ef xyfrHawmif;qkdcJh=uonf? 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&; pmwrf;ukdvnf; wifoGif;cJh=uonf? r=umrDwGif &Sef[kdif;/ [mbif/ wD,efusif; ®r@rsm; ESifh tjcm;aom ®r@}uD;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;okd@ yg0ifvm=uavonf? yDuif; vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;rsm;or*~ (Beijing Autonomous Union of Workers) rS taxGaxGtvkyform; oydwf}uD;ukd ðyvkyf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufvm=uonf? arv (17) &ufae@ESifh (18) &ufae@rsm;wGif vlwoef;ausmfwkd@onf wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif tpmiwfcH qENjyae=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tm;ay;&ef a&muf&Sdvm=uonf?

qENjyumvwav#mufvkH;wGif tpkd;&onf odomxif&Sm;pGm at;aq;wnf+idrf ae[ef&Sdonf? wDtefrif

&ifjyiftm; ausmif;om;rsm;rS odrf;ykdufxm;+yD;uwnf;u tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a*:bmacsmAfhtm; avqdyfwGifyif w&m;0iftcrf;tem;ESifh vufcH&awmhrnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf pdwf&Snfonf;cHcJhavonf? arv (18) &ufae@wGif aygvpfAsL&kd t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf usef;rma&; tajctae raumif;jzpfvmI aq;&kHwifxm;&aom qENjy ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oGm;a&muf=unfh&_cJhonf? aemufwae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfvDyif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh awG@qkH


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aqG;aEG;cJhonfukd &kyfjrifoH=um;rS EkdifiHt0Srf; xkwfvïifhcJhonf? ‚if;wkd@tjrifY tpkd;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vrf;ckvwf wGif awG@qkHcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

okd@aomfausmif;om;rsm;. tjrifwGif Ttajctaexufykdrkdvkyfaqmif&ef&Sdonf[k jrif=uonf? &kyfjrifoH=um;rS

xkwfv$ifjyocJhaom xkdaqG;aEG;yGJwGif 0ltmukdifZD;onf 0ef}uD;csKyftm; pdwfqkd;atmifðyvkyfcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&rnfhtpm; vufcsmvmay;aeonf[k jypfwifcJhonf? ,if;onf qkd;&Gm;aom rSm;,Gif;r_yifjzpfonf? aemufwae@wGif vDyif;onf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' rm&S,favm ukd a=ujimvkdufavonf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS TOya'ukd uef@uGuf=uonf? olwkd@bufrS t=urf;zufr_ wpkHw&m rðyvkyfcJh[kvnf; jiif;qkd=uonf? {+yD (26) &ufae@ jynfol@ae@pOfowif;pmwGifygonfh t,f'Dwmhtmabmfudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf? tpGef;a&muform;rsm;u vDyif;tm; E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qkd=uonf? EkdifiHa&; ZmwfckHaemufuG,fwGifrl ausmufusd,ef. ausmif;om;rsm;tay: ‚if;. ajy&majya=umif; oabmxm;rsm;tay: ta0zefcHcJh&+yD; vlod&Sif=um;ykwfcwfoa&mfcHcJh&avonf? r=umrDyif ‚if;.ae&mwGif &Sef[kdif;uGefjrLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL; usefZDrif;tm; tpm;xkd;vkdufavonf? uef@vef@umukd qGJcs&ef twGuf wif;rmonhf oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;tm; Zmwfpifay:okd@ wifay;vkdufavonf?

v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. wkef@jyefr_rsm;rSm taumif;a&m tqkd;yg 2 rsKd;pvkH; 'GefwGJaeavonf? ar (27) &ufae@wGif

0lukdifZD; ESifh 0Sef'ef;wkd@onf jyefvnfzdESdyfr_rsm;tay: owdðyrdvmavonf? xkd@a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wDtefrif &ifjyiftm; odrf;ykdufxm;r_tay: pGef@vïwf&ef ajymqkdavonf? csKdifvif;onf ‚if;ukd,f‚if; “wDtefrif&ifjyif uGyfuJ trdefay;a&;XmecsKyf” . uGefrif'gAkdvfcsKyf tjzpf xifrSwfum tpykdif;wGif oabmwlnDvkdufao;onf? okd@aomf tajccH ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'Drsm;rS uef@uGufojzifh tjcm;olrsm;ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJoGm;+yD; qufvufodrf;ykdufxm;&ef axmufcHavawmhonf? aemufykdif;wGif e*kdpdwfcHtwkdif; óudwifjyifqifr_r&SdyJ ajymaom tifwmAsL; wckwGif (xkdtifwm AsL;ukd ‚if;rodbJ AD'D,kdrSwfwrf;wifxm;aoma=umifh) olr u 0efcHxm;onfrSm “aoG;xGufrSjzpfawmhr,f/ tpkd;&u 'Dvkdausmif;om;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfrS/ &ifjyifrSm aoG;acsmif;pD;rS/ vlxk&J@rsufpdu wu,fyGifhvmrSm”[k ajymcJhao;onf?

aemufa=umif;jyefrvSnfh&ef qkH;jzwfcsufusoGm;aomtcg ESpfzufpvkH;rSm aemufqkH;tqifhtwGuf jyifqif=u

avawmhonf? vl&rf;um;rsm;rS ppfom;rsm;tm; xdckduftemw&jzpfap+yD; wpfa,muf aoa=uapcJhonf[k rrSefuefonfh ta=umif;jycsufrsm; tokH;ðyI tm%mykdifrsm;onf vufeufrwyfqifxm;aom ppfom; okH;aomif;tm; wDtefrif&ifjyifokd@ ZGefv (3) &ufae@wGif apv$wfcJhavonf? okd@aomf jynfolrsm;rS ‚if;wkd@tm; a&S@okd@ wufrvmEkdif&ef txyfxyf wm;qD;EkdifcJhonf? ZGefv (4) &ufae@/ eHeufapmapmwGif ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom wyfzGJ@tiftm;rsm;onf ydwfqkd@ wm;qD;r_rsm;ukd wifhum;rsm;jzifh xkd;azmufjzwfausmfI ppfom;rsm;rS usnfqHtppfrsm;xnfhxm;onfh aoewfrsm;jzifh wkdufckduf=uavonf? ppfom;trsm;pkrSm wjcm;aom c&kdifrsm;rS v,form;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ olwkd@onf ®r@aevlwef;pm; rsm;. qENjyr_rsm;tay: =uifemoem;r_ enf;yg;=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? ppfwyfrsm; &ifjyifokd@a&muf&Sd=uaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;ukd &ifjyifrS z,f&Sm;&ef trdef@ay;avawmhonf? trsm;pku vkdufemcJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf ,m,Daqmuf vkyfxm;aom &GufzsifwJrsm;/ tumtuG,frsm;ukd wifhum;rsm;jzifh eif;ajc jzwf}udwf&ef trdef@ay;onfhtwkdif; vkyfem vkyfaqmifavawmhonf?

ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@. tdrfrsm;okd@ xGufcGgoGm;=uaoma=umifh/ tpkd;&rSm wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif

wpfa,mufom aoqkH;r_ &SdcJhavonf[k a=ujimcJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif tpkd;&rS pkpkaygif; aoqkH;r_rSm okH;&m jzpf+yD; trsm;pkrSm ppfom;rsm;jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHcJhavonf? bufrvkdufonfh owif;&if;jrpfrsm;t& aoqHk;olrSm (2600) txd cef@rSef;=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm aoqkH;olta&twGufonf wpfaomif;txd &dSaea=umif; ajymqkdavonf? yDuif;®r@. a&E_wfajrmif;rsm; twGif;okd@ pD;0ifoGm;aom ‚if;wkd@. aoG;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDESifh jyefvnfðyjyifa&;rsm;ukd ar#mfvifh &awmhrnfomjzpfonf?

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uGefjrLepftpkd;&. (1989) ckESpf 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: ay:ay:xifxif tiftm;tokH;ðyESdyfuGyfr_rsm;rSm ikyfatmif;aeaom tiftm;rsm;ukd csD;usL;*k%fðyr_wckyifjzpfonf? ,if;ukd wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif tpkd;&rS xkwfaz:jyovkduf jcif;yifjzpfonf? tu,fI v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wGif yg0ifaeonfh uGufvyfi,fav;wckukdyif vGwfajrmufcGifhðycJhygu tpkd;& taejzifh tqkdygenf;ukd jyefvnfusifhokH;&ef rvG,fulawmhacs? w&kwf-*syefppfyGJ/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. jynfwGif;ppf/ armfpDwkef;. ckefysHausmfv$ma&; (The Great Leap Forward) pDrHudef;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; ponfh umv wav#mufvkH;/ &mpkw0ufeD;yg;=um ouf}uD;&G,ftkdrsm;uom w&kwfjynfukd tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf? ‚if;wkd@ zcifrsm;rS (1911) awmfvSefa&;ta=umif;ESifh ppfbk&ifrsm;acwfukd olwkd@tm; ajymjycJhavonf? xkduJhokd@aom &mpkESpfukd jyefajymif; =unfhaomtcg wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_ukd awmifhwvm=uonf? xkdtcsdefu ao;i,faom +cdrf;ajcmufr_yifr&Sdacs?

okd@aomf ausmif;om;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_onf t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_jzifh acsr_ef;cJhjcif;a=umifh vHk;0ta&;edrfhoGm;

onf[kajymI r&ay? Tokd@t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm; ajratmufokd@ a&mufoGm;apjcif; (okd@r[kwf) jynfyokd@xGufcGgoGm;apjcif;rsKd; jzpfapEdkifygonf? (20) &mpk&Sd tjcm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;uJhokd@yif zdESdyfr_rsm;tm; a&SmifxGufoGm;+yD;/ aemifwae@wGif jyefvnfwkdufckduf&eftwGuf }uH}uHcH=u&onfh tajctaersKd;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? trSm;t,Gif;rsm;I tajymif;tvJjrefaom/ tòydòydtuGJuGJjzpfaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifolrsm;onf tiftm;ukd tajctaetcsdeftcgrSefwGif tokH;cswwfzkd@xuf/ jzpfaeaomvlxktajctae. tiftm;rsm;onfh tay: wGifom ykdrkdtm;xm;,kHpm;wwf=ujcif;onf/ t=uD;qHk;jy\emwck jzpfygonf? xkdodk@ tiftm;tay: tvGeftu|H ,kH=unfr_uJaejcif;a=umifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ tajccHvkdtyfaom zGJ@pnf;r_ESifh enf;AsL[ma&;qGJr_udpPrsm;rS vGJacsmfapcJhygonf? tjcm;aomvlxku¾rsm;rS axmufcHr_/ tiftm;opfrsm;pkaqmif;aumuf,l&ef wefzdk;rxm;yJarhavsmh aecJh=uygonf? txl;ojzifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifhqufoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;/ ppfwyfESifh &Jrsm;. axmufcHr_wefzkd;ukd olwkd@ odcJh=urnfqkdv#if/ olwkd@taejzifh vkd&mc&D;ukda&muf&Sd&ef tiftm;udk pkpnf;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg wDtefrifabmif uGufuGufom r[kwfyJ/ ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom pdefac:r_ukdyg azmfaqmifEkdifrnfjzpfonf?

jzpfvmEkdifacs&Sdaom ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;twGuf óudwifpDrHr_rsm; rðyvkyfjcif;onfyifv#if ‚if;wkd@. trSm;jzpfavonf?

Ttcsufa=umifhyif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh &efpE_d;qGr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGm Zufv$wfay;vdkuf onfhES,f jzpfapcJhygonf? armf. *lAdrmef rsufapmif;xkd;wGif tar&duefwkd@. vpfbmwD&kyfwk ykHpHi,fuJhokd@ “'Drkdua&pD ewfbk&m;r&kyfwk” ukd wnfaqmufjcif;onfvnf; tpkd;&.a'gotm; aygufuGJapaomtcsuf wckjzpfygonf? Ttcsuf rSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday? twkdcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&v#if ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyifyef;tm;jzifh jy,k*faumif;aom t=urf; rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (jynfol@ae&mrsm;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;jcif;/ tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m rD'D,mrsm;udk xda&mufpGmtoHk;ðyjcif;) ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sdae=uaomfvnf;/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ pepfwusAsL[mwGufcsufI aqmif&GuftokH;ðyr_ ykHpHrsKd; rawG@cJh=u&yg?

t"du&k%f;jzpfyGg;pOfc% enf;AsL[m qkH;&_H;r_onf tedÏm&kH. aemufqufwGJ umvwav#mufvkH; *,uf&kduf

avawmhonf? tpkd;&. ESdyfuGyfr_enf;vrf;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pDESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ &,l&rnf qkdonfh rSm;,Gif;aom oifcef;pmrsm;ukd vltrsm;tm; oifay;cJhonf? (1999) ckESpfwGif qENjyola[mif;wa,mufonf ol@ukd,fol “ZGefv (4) &ufae@. om;aumif” [kac:qkdcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf olonf tvkyfðzwfcH&onfhtjyif aemufxyfvnf; rnfonfhtvkyfukdrS av#mufIr&&ef wm;jrpfcH&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;u w&kwfjynf. wpfckwnf;aom vrf;a=umif;rSm owdjzifh wkd;wufaomvpfb&,fvrf;pOfokd@ ajymif;vJjcif;omjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfcJhav onf? 0ltmukdifZD; ukd,fwkdifyifv#if w&kwfjynfrS xGufajy;cJh+yD;aemuf tar&duefEkdifiH u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;rSaeI ykdrkdedrfhus aom awmif;qkdr_tqifhokd@ av#mhcscJhavonf? “usaemf bma=umifh tckvkd ar#mfvifhcJh&w,fqkdawmh yDuif;[m ol. wDtefrif&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_ukd 0efcHvmatmif wGef;tm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fvkd@ rar#mfvifhwma=umifh jzpfw,f” [k olu &Sif;jycJhonf? “tu,fI tJ'Dvkd vkyfcJhr,fqkdv#if yDuif;[m ol. wajz;ajz; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ukd t[ef@twm; jzpfoGm;aprSm jzpfygw,f” vkd@ ajymcJhonf? ol@taejziffh tdrfukd jyefcsifonf? “tppt&m&m tqifajyoGm;+yD qkdv#ifawmh usaemf ig;ESpftwGif; tdrfukd jyefEkdifygvdrfhr,f? tu,fI tJ'DrSm qENjyr_eJ@ xyfrHajcr_ef;r_rsKd; wpfpkHwpfck xyfjzpfcJhr,f qkd&ifawmh 'Dxufykd=umygvdrfhr,f”[k ajymcJhonf?

odk@aomfvnf; Ttjrifonf tpkd;&. orkdif;tjrifukd 'l;axmuf&Sdckd;jcif;om jzpfvdrfhrnf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_

rsm;rSaeI ykefuefr_udkjzpfapvdrfhrnf? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_enf;emjzifh &,ljcif;onf taotcsm owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom wpwpajymif;vJa&;enf;em. &efolyifjzpfonf[laom tjrifudkaxmufcHovdkyifjzpfayvdrfh


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rnf? tdENd,&Sd*END. pOf;pm;cJhyHku wrsKd;jzpfonf? tu,fI olom t=urf;rzufwkdufyGJ rqifcJhv#if/ ol.aemufvkdufrsm; onf +Adwdo#t&SifocifawG. tkyfpkd;r_ukd b,fvkdr#tajc,kdifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJhrnfr[kwf? aqmif&Guf&efenf;vrf; udkvnf; odcJhrnfr[kwf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. awmfvSefEdkifaompGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;udk vltrsm;uar#mfvifhcsufrJhoGm; onfESifh wòydifeuf/ oHEMdÏgefckdifrmaom vltenf;pkom wkdufyGJtwGif; usef&pfayawmhrnf? xdkoHEMdXmefcdkifrmolrsm;ukd rnfodk@aom zdESdyfr_rsKd;ur# wkdufyGJu xGufoGm;atmifvkyfEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? a&&SnfwGif xdkolrsm;u tajymif;tvJ twGufenf;vrf;opfrsm;ESifh aphaqmfr_rsm;ukd topfwzefrD;nd‡zefwD;ay;=uvdrfhOD;rnfom jzpfonf? TudpPtwGuf vl tenf;i,fr#om vkdtyfonf?

&mpkESpfukefqkH;aomtcsdefwGif yDuif;wuUokdvfygarmuQ 'if ZDvif (Ding Zili) onf/ w&kwfjynf. om;owf

orm; vDyif;udk wDtefrif tpkvkduftòyHvkdufvlowfyGJtwGuf ‚if;. tcef;u¾ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;ay;&ef wukd,fawmf qufvufv_yf&Sm;aeao;onf? (1989) ZGefvwkef;u olr.om;tm; qENjyr_wGif ryg0if&eftwGuf olru awmif;yef aecJhao;onf? olr.om;rSmZGefv (4) &ufae@wGif tpkd;&wyfrsm;.ypfcwfcH&r_wGif yg0ifcJhonf? “tpkd;&. wDtefrif tay:jrifuGif;onf vlom;qefaom vkyf&efr[kwfay” [k 'if;rS (1999) ckESpfwGif a=unmcJhavonf? “olwkd@[m jynfol awG. touf&SifaexkdifcGifhukd csKd;azmufcJhw,f/ ,ae@wkdifatmifvnf; xdckdufapmfum;aeqJjzpfw,f”[k yvmZm'Dar,dk ukefwdkufa&S@rS rdcifrsm;uJhokd@yif/ olru E_wfqdwfae&ef jiif;qkdcJhonf? (20) &mpk. t=urf;rzuftHwkv_yf&Sm;r_orkdif; onf twif;t=uyf E_wfqdwfae&ef óud;pm;olrsm;twGuf aumif;aomedrdwf jzpfrvmcJhay?

ta&S@Oa&my - 'Drkdua&pD zrf;qkyfrdjcif;

yifv,feDtm; ykdif;jcm;jcif;

w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepfrsm;rS 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qkdr_ukd jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; wpfvt=umwGif/ qkdAD,uf uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmif rDac;vf a*:bmacsmhAfonf/ jyifopfjynf px&mhpfabmh*f®r@ (Strasbourg) Oa&myaumifpDwGif ajym=um;cJh onfh rdef@cGef;xJwGif “EkdifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd uef@owf xdygvm;r,fhudpPjzpfvm&if/ rnfonfh óud;yrf;tm; xkwfr_rsKd;ukdrqkd/ rdwfaqGyifjzpfapumrl/ &efolyif jzpfapumrl/ tjcm;ol wOD;wa,mufyifjzpfapumrl cGifhðyvufcHEkdifrnf r[kwfbl;”[k xnfhoGif;ajym=um;cJhonf? ykdvef uGefjrLepfrsm; olwkd@. tcsKyftjcmtm%mtwGuf n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;aepOf wGif armfpudku rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh 0ifa&muf rpGufzufcJhonfukdvnf; aemufqufwGJtaejzifh oufaojycJhav onf? b&ufZnuf. t,l0g' (Brezhnev doctrine) jzpfaom - “armfpukdtaejzifh ta&S@Oa&mywGif uGefjrLepf tkyfcsKyfr_ uajymif;ujyefjzpfoGm;rnfhtajctaersKd;ukd cGifhðyvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs” [laom t,ltqonf aoqkH;oGm;+yD jzpfavonf? e,l;a,mchf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif “a*gAD (Gorby)” [laom atmf[pf aºuG;a=umfr_rsm; rwkdifrD (7) vtvkd wGif qkdAD,uforwonf ukvor*~wGif ‚if;. 0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifEkdifiHrsm;wGif &Sdaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom qkdAD,uf wyfom;rsm;tm; &kyfodrf;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf? Todk@a=ujimvkdufaomtcg {nfhy&d\wfrsm; thHtm;oifh =uufao aoaecJh=uonf? tm&SwkdufwGif atmifjrifpGm jzpfrvmaomfvnf;yJ Oa&mywGifrl uGefjrLepfrsm;. csKyfukdifr_ tajccHrsm;rSmrl pwifIa&G@vsm;ae=uav+yDjzpfonf?

q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm qkdAD,ufwkd@. usL;ausmf+cdrf;ajcmufr_ tEW&m,f (trSefwu,fvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr_&SdcJhonf?

(1956) ckESpfwGif [efa*&Dukd usL;ausmfcJh+yD;/ (1968) ckESpfwGif csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;ukd usL;ausmfcJhonf?) onf a'o twGif; 'Drkdua&pDtmoDoudk t[ef@twm;ðyxm;cJhonf? twkduftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ tvkyform;qENjyyGJ/ ajratmufpmayv_yf&Sm;r_/ a&mhcfaw;*Dw azsmfajzyGJ/ tEkynmjyyGJ/ ywf0ef;usifxdrf;odrf;a&;paomv_yf&Sm;r_ yHkpHrsm;jzifh ra=ueyfr_ukd xGufayguf&Sm azmfjycJhjcif;omjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;t& tmcHaomv_yf&Sm;r_rSm &Sm;yg;vSonf? ykdvefEkdifiH. aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~v_yf&Sm;r_onfyif/ tapmydkif;wGif EkdifiHa&;tm%mudpPukd a&Smif&Sm;cJh=uonf? avmu=uD;. oa&mfr_rSm/ u&ifrvifu wD;vHk;topfajymif;aomtcgrSom/ ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGif uGefjrLepfcsKyfudkifxm;r_rsm;udk avsmhcsaomtcgrSom/ armfpukd a=umuf&GH@emcH&jcif;rsm; ajyavsmhoGm;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? a*:AmacsmhAfu qkDAD,uf,leD,H ukd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfcJhonf? owif;Xmersm;udk uGJjym;aom/ a0zefaomtjrifrsm;zGifhay;jcif;ESifh yk*~vduvkyfief; vkyfykdifcGifh/ aps;uGuftopfrsm; csJ@xGifay;jcif;/ (1980) jynhfESpfrsm; aemufykdif;rSpI EkdifiHa&;ZmwfckHay:wGif òydifqkdifr_rsm;


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cGifhðyvmjcif;/ tp&Sdaom ol.*vyfpaemhESifh yJ&Dpx&Gufumrlrsm; usifhoHk;vmcJhonf? csufjcif;yif Trlrsm;udk tjcm;aom 0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifEkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; vdkufemusifhoHk;cJh=uonf?

ykdvefESifh [efa*&DEkdifiHrsm;wGif/ ajymif;vJr_twGuf tajccH tkwfjrpfrsm; wnfrd=u+yD;jzpfonf? aoG;pnf; nD!Gwf

a&;or*~taejzifh uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwfaom/ tjcm;enf;vrf;a&G;cs,fp&mwckukd zGifhay;EdkifcJh+yD;/ tm;aumif;pGm wnfaqmufxm;+yD; jzpfcJhonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ,m&lZJvfpuD; (General Jaruzelski) u olwdk@udk wkdif;jynfwnf+idrf a&;twGuf tultnDay;yg&ef urf;vSrf;vmaomtcg/ armfpudkrS uef@uGufaomtoH ay:rvmcJhay? [efa*&DwGif tpkd;& u aps;uGufukd OD;pm;ay;aompHepfukd OD;wnf+yD; a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJcJhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfonf? a*:AmacsmhAfu EkdifiHa&; tjrifrwlolrsm;ukd pwifonf;nnf;cHaomtcsdefawGESifhpmv#if rsm;pGmapmcJhonf? xkdtwGufa=umifh (1987-88) ckESpf rsm;wGif twkduftcHrsm;u qENjyolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmukd vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ qGJac:vm+yD; ajymifuef@uGufqENjycJh=uonfudk yifv#if/ [efa*&Du wnf+idrfpGm wkef@jyefEdkifcJhonf? ygwDukd tkyfpD;rdvm=uaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf;/ TjzpfpOfudk ESdyfuGyfzdESdyfr_rsm;ðyvkyfrnfhtpm;/ qufvufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpftapmykdif;wGif tpkd;& u twkduftcHygwDrsm;ukd w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyvufcHcJh+yD;/ ZGefvwGif uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ twkduftcHrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&,lEdkifcJh=uonf? [efa*&DEdkifiHtaejzifh/ oJuEWm&twGif; 'Drkdua&pDpdrfhprf;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf/ vlxkzdtm;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ tjyeftvSeftay;t,lvkyfjcif;/ paom enf;rsm;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uonf? yÉdyuQyifv,fudk jzwful;&ef rvdktyfcJhay?

ta&S@Oa&my tjcm;aomae&mrsm;rS jynfolrsm;u ykdvefeJ@ [efa*&DuGefjrLepfrsm;u vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumuf

yGJawmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd vufcHcJh+yD;jzpfa=umif; odvm=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; tajymif;tvJtwGuf wpfckwnf;aom t[ef@ twm;jzpfaeonfrSm tdrfwGif;&Sdtpkd;&rsm; jzpfaeonf? ,ckawmh olwdk@wm0efomusefawmhonf? t[ef@twm;onf olwdk@udkf,fwdkifyif jzpfaeonfudk odvm=uonf?

(1971) ckESpfuwnf;u ygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfcJhaom ta&S*smr%Du tJ&pf [Gefeufumu a*:AmacsmhAf tóuduf

ay:vpDukd uef@uGufcJh+yD;/ yJ&Dpx&GufumESifhygwfoufaom qkdAD,ufpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd *smreDwGif ydwfyifcJhonf? [Gefeufumxuf ykdIoufwrf;&ifhol blvfa*;&D;,m;acgif;aqmif/ wdka': ZD,ufaumhzf (Todor Zhivkov) u ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;pum;rsm; ajymaeaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfr_ r&SdcJhay? (1968) ckESpf 0gaqm pmcsKyftzGJ@. usL;ausmfr_aemufykdif;tcsdefrSpI OD;aqmifcJhaom/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ykHrSeftae txm;a&mufatmif t=urf;ywrf; &ufpufpGmxdef;nd‡cJhaomacgif;aqmifwpku qufvufpDrHcef@cGJaeqJ jzpfonf? &kdareD;,m;wGifvnf; eDukdav acsmifcsufpul; (Nicloae Ceausescu) u ol. txl;tcGifhtm%m&vHkòcHa&;&Jrsm; tultnDESifh wpfOD;wnf;ykdif yk*~vdurif;tjzpf tm%mukd ZGJ}uD;pGm qufvufcsKyfudkifxm;qJjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onf/ acgif;rmpGm/ ar#mfjrifpOf;pm;^m%frJhpGm/ wufvmaom'Da&ukd aemufjyefqGJcsifolrsm;jzpfonf? zdESdyfr_ 'dkufoa&mrsm; jzifh wrHwkwfum umuG,fEkdifvdrfhrn[k ,kH=unfae=uolrsm; jzpfonf? qkdAD,uf. aemufcHausm&kd;r&SdyJESifh olwkd@bmom qufvufxdef;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k txif}uD;ae=uolrsm;jzpfonf?

tm%mcsKyfudkifolrsm;. wpfckaomazmfjycsufjzpfonfh acgif;rmr_vuQ%mrSm ®r@ay:&Sd vlxkrsm;.vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

udk wif;=uyfpGm xdef;csKyfjcif;/ ajymif;vJr_ukd jzpfapEkdifonf[k ,lqavmufonfh vlxkqENxkwfaz:jcif;udpPrSefor#/ EkdifiH a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSefor#udk [ef@wm;xdef;csKyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf; wkdufcef;rsm;twGif;/ okd@r[kwf bk&m; ausmif;rsm;twGif; vlrsm; w&m;aor[kwfaomt,ltqrsm;udk aqG;aEG;zvS,fae=uonfudkawmh rwm;jrpfEdkifcJhay? (&dkar;eD;,m;EdkifiHrSvGJI) tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif TuJhodk@awG@qkHr_rsm;rSaeI vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; Ttpkd;&ESifhoabmxm;uGJvGJwJholrsm;/ tzGJ@rsm; vrf;ray: xGufvmonfESifh/ vlxktrsm;pk&Hk;Edkifaom&ifjyifrsm;ay: xGufvmonfESifh csufcsif;jyif;xefaom/ zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh &ifqkdif=u& onf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;tay:rSvmaeaom trdef@tm%mrsm;ESifh xdef;csKyfjcif;/ vufawG@b0udpPrsm;wGif xdef;csKyfxm; jcif;/ ponfhenf;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfol uGefjrLepfrsm;. t"dutajccHenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? twkduftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd vlenf;pkjzpfonfh wufºuGol/ ynmwwftkyfpkrsm;=um;avmufom abmifcwfxm;+yD;/ tjcm;us,fjyef@aom vlxkrsm;ESifh tqufjzwfxm;Edkifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?


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vdkufyfZpfòrd@? “u|efawmfwkd@[m jynfolawGyJ” (1980) ckESpfrsm; tapmykdif;uwnf;u/ vlenf;pkwufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u wevFmae@ naewkdif;wGif/ ta&S@*smr%D/ vdkufyZpfòrd@&Sd pdef@ epfudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;0wfðyqkawmif;yGJrsm;vkyfum awG@qkHaecJh=u onf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u owdrrlrdcJh=u? bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmifrsm;. owdxm;}uD;=uyfr_ atmufY ðyvkyfjcif;/ vkHòcHaomtaqmuftOD;twGif;Y awGqHkjcif;rsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; (1988) ckESpfrSm qENjyol rsm;u +idrf;csrf;a&;qkawmif;yGJrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf/ EkdifiHrSxGufcGgcGifhðy&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf vlawGESifhjynfhodyf¹yGwf=uyfae+yD;/ ywf0ef;usifavxknpfnrf;aeaom òrd@awmfvrf;rrsm;wav#muf wdwfqdwfpGmcsDwuf qENjy&ef xGufvmcJh=uonf? (1989) ckESpf. aEGOD;rSmawmh [email protected]+idrfoufjcif;ukd òzdcGif;vkduf=uonf? olwdk@u csDwufyGJrsm;wGif olwkd@. bmompum;jzifh “u|Ekfyfwkd@ tjyifxGufcsifw,f”[k oHòydifaºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? odyr=umrDrSmyif/ qENjyolrsm;u [email protected]; xGufcGgcGifh&cJhonf? pufwifbm (11) &ufaewGif [efa*&D EdkifiHu/ olESifhxdpyfaeaom =op}wD;,m;e,fpyfukd zGifhay;rnf[k a=unmcJhonf? Ta=unmcsufonf ,cifuwcg;ydwf qdk@xm;cJhaom uGefjrLepfrsm;. ydwfqkd@xm;aomwHwdkif;aemufrS xGufaygufwckukd zGifhay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? rsm;r=umrDrSmyif &maygif;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ta&S@*smrefrsm;onf/ a&tvsifyrm taemuf*smr%DqDokd@ xGufcGgcJh+yD;/ aemufxyf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmu y&yfòrd@&Sd taemuf*smr%DoH&kH;ESifh tjcm;aom ta&S@Oa&myòrd@rsm;rS oH&Hk;rsm;wGif jynfh=uyfaecJh onf? odk@aomfvnf; tm;vkH;aom ta&S@*smrefjynfolrsm;. a&G;cs,fr_onf 'l;axmuft&_H;ay;jcif;/ okd@r[kwf jynfy xGuffajy;jcif;udk wpfckwnf;aom tajztjzpf a&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;r[kwfay? xdktwGufa=umifh pdef@eDudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif; a&S@&Sd qENjyaeolrsm;udk/ twkduftcHtzGJ@rsm;uOD;aqmifum r#m;OD;udk tm%mykdifrsm;xHodk@ vSnfhay;cJhonf? pufwifbm (4) &ufae@/ wevFmae@wGif vm=uaom uef@uGufqENjyol (1500) xJrS tcsKd@aom “usaemfwdk@roGm;bl;? qufaer,f” [k oHòydif[pfaºuG;cJh=uonf? xdkyGJwGif qENjyol (100) cef@ tzrf;cH&aomfjim;vnf;/ aemufESpfywft=umwGif qef@usifol rsm;u ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pufwifbm (25) &uf qENjyyGJwGifqkdv#if qENjyolOD;a&onf (8000) cef@txd wkd;wuf vmcJhonf? xdkolrsm;u vGwfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om;cGifhwkd@ukd awmif;qkdcJh=uonf? rDac;vf a*:AmacsmhAftaejzifh aemuf (2) ywft=umwGif TudpPudkudkifwG,f&ef tqifoifhjzpfae+yD;/ ta&S@ *smr%Dxlaxmifjcif; ESpf (40) ajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@rwdkifrDwGif/ tm%mydkifrsm;u &SufzG,faumif;aom rnfonfh pGufzufr_rsKd;udkrqkd raqmif&Guf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? T&ufrwdkifrD &uftenf;i,ftvkdwGif vkdufyZpfòrd@wGif (25000) cef@&Sdaomjynfolrsm;u za,mif;wkdifrD;rsm;xGef;nd‡um/ oDcsif;rsm;qkdI csDwufvmcJh=uonf? &Jrsm;u xdkolrsm;xH acG;rsm; v$wf+yD; csDwufvmolawGukd ukdufapcJhonf? ukd,fwkdifvnf; 0ifa&muf&kdufESufcJh=uonf? atmufwkdbmv (7) &uf ae@ wGif vkdufyZpf/ ta&S@bmvif/ '&ufp'ifESifh ykd@pfp'rfòrd@rsm;wGif &kdufESufzrf;qD;r_rsm; ykdrsm;vmcJhonf? tu,fI tpkd;& uom TuJhodk@ EkdifiHul;ajymif;csifolawGukd rwm;qD;EkdifcJhv#if/ tenf;qkH;vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif }uD;pdk;aeawmhrnfholrsm;rSm xdkqENjyolrsm;yifjzpfa=umif;/ odap&efvkyfaqmifa&;yif jzpfonf? vkdufyZpf rSm aemuftywfwevFmae@ qENjyyGJtwGuf pdwftm;xufoefpGm/ apmifhqkdif;aepOfwGif wifhum;rsm;u òrd@ukd0kdif;xm;vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; aumv[vowif;rsm; xGuf ay:vmcJhonf? qENjyyGJom a&S@qufrnfqkdv#if t=urf;zufESdrfeif;òzdcGJr_rsm;ESifh qHk&awmhrnfh vuQ%myifjzpfonf? vGefcJhaom vtenf;i,fu w&kwfjynfwDtefrifta&;tcif;udk&Sif;cJhouJhodk@/ vltrsm;u “w&kyfyHkpHajz&Sif;enf;” =uHK&rnfudk a=umufae=uonf? xdkolrsm;twuf pdk;&drfaeolwOD;rSm vkdufyZpfòrd@. ausmf=um;aom oHpkH*DwwD;0kdif;. *DwrSL; uGwfrmaqm jzpf onf? olESihf ol.*Dw0dkif;awmfom;rsm;u bDokdAif. tD&GKifum aw;oGm; (Eroica Symphony) ukd toHoGif;wD;cwf aepOfwGif/ toHoGif;crf;ray:uaeI vrf;ay:qENjyaewJholrsm;udk jrifcJh=u&onf? wevFmae@wkdif; ulvfrufpf yvmhwfpf (Kaul–Marx–Platz) udk jzwfoef;oGm;aom qENjyolrsm;ukd jrifae&onf? atmufwkdbmv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh ykHrSefcsDwufqENjyae=uolrsm;ukd óudqdk&ef/ rD;owfa&ykdufrsm; wef;pDxm;onfudk awG@=u&onf? aemuf (2) &uft=umrSm/ csDwufvmolawGra&mufvmcif/ em&Dtenf;i,f=um tuGmta0;wGif&SdaeaomtcsdefwGif rmaqmu òrd@ay:&Sd rsm;pGm aomuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ aysmfyGJpm;&kHtqkdawmfrsm;/ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;udk ol.wkdufcef;wGif awG@qkH&ef pDpOfcJhonf? xdkawG@qHkyGJrSaeI/ +idrf;csrf;pGm ta&;tcif;ajz&Sif;&efESifh tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ðy&ef oabmwlnDEdkifcJh=uonf? xdkae@ rGef;vGJydkif;wGifyif/ pdef@eDudkvyfpfbk&m;ausmif;. w&m;a[mpifjrifh&Sd avmfpyDumrSvnf;aumif;/ a&'D,kdrSvnfaumif;


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TarwWm&yfcHcsufrsm;udk zwf=um;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif qENjyolrsm;u bk&m;ausmif;odk@ a&mufae=u+yD jzpfonf? yl;wGJawmif;qkdxm;csufrsm;u bmvifukdvnf; a&mufcJhonf? rnfolrnf0gaocsmrod&aomfvnf; wpfpkHwpfOD;u csDwufqENjy&ef ppjcif;/ wyfrsm;ukd jyef&kyf&ef !$ef=um;trdef@ay;cJhonf? xdknaerSmyif qENjyol (50000) cef@u twm;tqD;r&Sd òrd@tESH@csDwuf+yD;/ “u|Ekfyfwkd@[m jynfolawGyg”[k aºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? tpkd;&onf qENjyolrsm;ukd ykHrSef ESdyfuGyfaeustwdkif;/ atmufwkdbmv yxrtywf wywfvkH; wkef@jyefaecJh onf? odk@aomfvnf; 'Dw}udrfwGifawmh jynfolrsm;u ra=umuf=uawmhay? taemuf*smr%DrSxkwfv$ifhaom &kyfjrifoH=um;rSaeI a*:AmacsmhAf. ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ta=umif;rsm;/ [efa*&DESifh ykdvefEkdifiHrsm;. tajymif;tvJrsm;/ olwkd@ EkdifiHom;rsm;. taemufokd@ xGufcGgae=uyHkrsm;udk jynfolawG odae=u+yD? olwkd@. tpkd;&onf ,cifrnfonfhumvrsm; ESifhrSrwl txD;usefjzpfaeonf/ tiftm;r&Sdawmh/ xdcdkufvG,fae+yDqdkwm jynfolawG odae=u+yD? xdktwGufa=umifh aemuf wevFmae@qENjyyGJwGif qENjyol ta&twGufykdrsm;vmcJhonf? tckqkdv#if }uD;rm;aom tm;tifESifhrSomv#if/ tus,ftjyef@jzpfaeaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk xdef;csKyfEkdifawmhrnfh taetxm;jzpfonf? aemufqkH;rdepfrSmawmh tm%m ykdifrsm;u ESdyfuGyfjcif;rsm;udk pGef@vdkuf=uawmhonf? qENjyolrsm;ukd atmufwkdbm (9) &ufae@wGif 'Dtwkdif;yJ v$wfxm; vkdufawmhonf? TtcsKd;tauG@onf tajymif;tvJ auG@wckjzpfonf? vkdufyZpfòrd@rSmqkdv#if atmufwkdbm (16) &ufae@wGif qENjyolta&twGufonf wpfodef;ausmftxd &SdvmcJh+yD;/ aemuftywfwGif okH;odef;txd rsm;vmcJhonf? tjcm;òrd@wGif vnf; vlrsm;&maxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xGufqENjy=ucJhonf? òzdcGif;zkd@qdkonfrSmvnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhay? òzdcGif;vkdpdwfvnf; r&Sd=uawmhay? ygwDacgif;aqmifr_vnf; òydvJoGm;+yDjzpfonf? atmufwkdbmvv,fwGif [Gefeufum E_wfxGufcJhonf? tjcm;aom oabmxm;wif;rmonfh aygvpfAsL&kd0ifrsm;vnf; xdk&ufowWywfrsm;twGif; E_wfxGuf&ef zdtm;ay; cHcJh=u& onf? ygwDacgif;aqmifopfrsm;u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf uwday;cJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf; w&dyf&dyfwdk;vmaeaom vlxkawmif;qkdr_rsm;. aemufwGifajcqGJusaeaeao;onf? Ekd0ifbm (4) &ufae@wGif ta&S@bmvif&Sd qENjyoltiftm; onf oef;w0ufausmfoGm;cJh+yD;/ t}uD;rm;qkH;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ jzpfcJhonf? Tw}udrfrSmawmh jynfe,f&kyfjrifoH=um;rS aeI TqENjyyGJudk wkduf&kdufxkwfv$ifhay;cJhonf? ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom vrf;ay:xGufqENjyr_rsm;jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ E_wfxGufr_/ vlajymif;vJr_rsm;vnf; qufwkdufqkdovkd vkdufygvmawmhonf? aemufqkH;rSm/ Ekd0ifbm (9) &ufae@naecif;rSmawmh tpkd;&u w&m;0ifa=unmcsufwckukd xkwfv$ifhcJhonf? xdka=ujimcsufwGif ta&S@*smr%DrS wkdif;jynfjyifyodk@ xGufcGgvdkolrsm;twGuf/ rnfodk@aomtxl;cGifhðycsufukdrS rvkdtyf awmha=umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf? a=unm+yD; em&Dtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;onf/ tpkvkduf tòyHvkduf bmvifwHwkdif;qDodk@ OD;wnfoGm;=u+yD;/ tHhtm;oifh =uufaoaoae=uaom e,fjcm;tapmifhrsm;udk jzwfausmf um taemuf*smr%DxJodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? ykdrkdrsm;jym;aom tpkvkduftòyHvkduf a&$@ajymif;r_rsm;jzpfaepOf/ ykdrkdrsm; aom qENjyr_awGay:aygufaepOf/ ygwDtwGif;wGif &_yfaxG;r_rsm;jzpfay:aepOf/ rwfv (1990) rwdkifrDumvtxd ðyjyifajymif;vJr_topfrsm; qufvufjzpfay:aecJhonf? xdk@aemuf vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif awG[m rJqENay;ol rsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd jiif;qkdcJh=uonf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif taemuf*smr%DESifh jyefvnffaygif;pnf;a&;udpPonf vlwkdif;.yg;pyfzsm;wGif a&yef;pm; ajymqdkaecJh=uonf? rmhcfpf0g'DwOD;zefwD;cJhaom *smref'Drkdu&ufwpforwEdkifiH (German Democratic Republic) onf vD,Gef xa&mhpuD (Leon Trotsky) u ajymcJhhovdk/ aemufqHk; orkdif; tr_dufykH;xJodk@ a&mufoGm;&awmhonf?

“qkdzD,mòrd@ - eef;pGef@jcif;”

(1980) ckESpfrsm;wGif blvfa*;&D;,m;EkdifiHonf wdk'g ZD,ufaumhzf (Todar Zhivkov) . wif;=uyfaom

tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrSmyifv#if r+idrfroufr_rsm;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? vGefcJhaom&mpkwckavmufu &l&Sm;wdk@u ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHudk “wl&uDwdk@. zdESdyfcsKyfjc,fr_xrf;ykd;atmufrS” vGwfajrmufatmifulnDcJhonf[kqdkcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; blvfa*; &D;,m;EdkifiHudk olwkd@. tpGeftzsm;EdkifiHwcktjzpfu rwdk;wufapEdkifcJhay? xdk@tjyif pD;ygG;a&;uvnf; usqif;vmaecJh onf? ZD,ufaumhzfu blvfa*;&D;,m;EdkifiHtwGif;aexdkifae=uaom wmhcf (Turks) vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk 0g;òrdodrf;oGif;a&;tpD tpOfwckudk &l;ESrf;pGm csrSwfcJhonf? TonfrSm vltrsm;udktm&Hkv$J&ef aqmif&Gufr_wckvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf? blvfa*;&D;,m;wGif &Sdaeaom wmhcfrsm;. AvDrsm;ukdydwfypf+yD;/ olwdk@udk blvfa*;&D;,ef;trnfajymif;aponf? xdkodk@


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r[kwfygu xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;rsm;odk@ydk@onf? okd@r[kwfygu wl&uDodk@xGufoGm;rnfvm; paoma&G;vrf;udkomay;cJhonf? okH;odef;cef@&Sdaomwmhcfrsm;u awmifzufykdif; a'orsm;odk@ajymif;a&$@xGufcGgoGm;cJh=uonf? Todk@ajymif;a&$@=ujcif;a=umifh EkdifiH.tvkyform;tiftm;udk ,kwfavsmhap+yD;/ tpkd;&onf EkdifiHwum. ty,fcHjzpfvmcJhonf? EkdifiHtwGif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;&if;ESD;ðryfESHr_rsm;vnf; avsmhuscrf;ajcmufoGm;cJh&onf?

oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;u tay:,HrsufESmjyifodk@rwufvmao;? atmufrSmyJ wEkH@EkH@ qla0aeonf? oabm xm;uGJvGJr_u qdkzD,mòrd@awmf&Sd ynmwwftkyfpk=um;Yom uef@owf&Sdaeao;onf? xkd@aemuf (1986) ckESpf/ {+yDv (26) &ufae@wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifta=umif;pdwf0ifpm;aom wufopfptawG;tac:ynm&Sif u&mqef pwefcsufzf (Krassen Stanchev) u bDbDpDESifh AGDtdkata&'D,dkowif;rsm;udkem;axmif+yD;/ ,lu&def;EkdifiH csmEkdbdkif;vfwGif nLuvD; ,m;rawmfwqxdckdufr_tEW&m,fukd od&SdvmcJhonf? Towif;udk qkdAD,uftkyfpku v#Kd@0Sufowif;arSmifcsxm;onfudk pdwfysufpdk;&drfrdonf? blvfa*;&D;,m;. 'if;nK (Danube) jrpfay:u udk@Zfvdk'dkif; (Kozloduy) a'orSmvnf;/ tvm;wl tEkjrL"gwfaygif;zkd wck&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfaomvlr_todkif;wGifqdkv#if Tjy\em.aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm;/ tjcm;tajzrsm;udk vlxkrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfpGmaqG;aEG;cGifh/ pum;tacstwifajymqkdcGifh/ tajz &v'fukdwifjycGifhpojzifh&Sdrnf[k pwefcsufzfujrifonf? Todk@aom vl@ywf0ef;usifrSmomv#if obm0ywf0ef;usifukd umuG,fEkdifvdrfhrnf? olESifhtjrifwlaom blvfa*;&D;,ef;rsm;pkaygif;um obm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mudpPrsm;tay: yGifhvif; a&; (Ecoglasnost) tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ &kqD; (Ruse) wGif pwifqENjycJh=uonf? &lqD;òrd@onf &kdar;eD;,m;jrpfurf;wavsmuf wnf&Sdaeaom puf&Hkrsm;a=umifh/ uvkd&if;"gwfaiG@rsm;jzifh avxknpfnrf;aeaom òrd@uav;jzpfonf? (1989) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif/ EkdifiHwumywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;nDvmcH (International Enviromental Conference) ukd qkdzD,mòrd@wGif usif;y&efpDpOfaomtcg/ Ecoglasnost v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u olwkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_udk tus,ftjyef@aom yk&d\wfrsm; odvmEkdifrnfh tcGifhta&;wcktjzpf jrifcJh=uonf? qENjyv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u òrd@awmfqdkzD,m.tv,fae&mwckwGif wpdkufrwfrwf ae@wkdif;vmqENjy=uonf? pmwrf;u'fjym;awGukdifajr‡muf+yD;/ tpkd;&.ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mrSwfwrf;ukd jypfwif&_H@cs=uonf? toem;cHv$mrSm vufrSwfawG pkxkd;zdk@ awmif;qdk=uonf? jrpfa=umif;ajymif;vJa&;pDrHudfef;ESihfqkdifaomudpPtwGuf vlxkaqG;aEG;yGJðyvkyfay;&ef awmif;qkd=uonf? ZD,ufaumhzfu qENjyolrsm;udk wywftcsdefay;+yD;aemuf/ atmufwkdbmv (26) &ufae@wGif &Jrsm;v$wf+yD; EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;/ owif; orm;rsm;. jrifuGif;a&S@rSmyif &kdufESufcJh+yD;/ vl (40) ukd zrf;qD;cJhonf? ,cifumvrsm;uqkdv#if Todk@aqmif&GufcJhv#if/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tzl;ac|ESdyfuGyfjzwfawmufEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ Ecoglasnost v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u &yfwef@roGm;cJhay? wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u qkdAD,uf&kyfjrifoH=um;ukd =unfhaecJh&onf? olwdk@odaeaom qdkAD,uftajymif;tvJrsm;u/ ZD,ufaumhzf oGm;a&wrsm;rsm; rpm;&0cref;ajymaeaomðyjyifajymif;vJ a&;uwdu0wfrsm;xuf rsm;pGma&S@ajy;aeao;onf? ta&S@*smr%Dukd udkifv_yfaeaom qENjyolrsm;udkvnf; olwkd@jrifae cJh=u&onf? blvfa*;&D;,m;&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taejzifh twkduftcHrsm;ukd olwkd@ukd,fykdiftpGrf;ESifh acsr_ef; ESdrfeif;EkdifpGrf;r&Sd onfudkvlenf;pkuodae=uaomfvnf;/ ,cktcsdefuJhodk@ tpkd;&.,EW,m;ukd prf;oyf=unfh&ef taumif;qkH;aomtcsdef r=uHkcJhbl;ao;ay? tcGifhta&;aumif;yif jzpfonf? Ecoglasnost tzGJ@u jyeftm;jznfh+yD;/ Ekd0ifbmv (3) &ufae@wGif qkdzD,mòrd@vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ vl (5000) cef@udk ac:xkwfvmcJhonf? vlóudufrsm;aeaom twkduftcHrsm;u/ csufjcif;vlxktHkºuGr_zefwD;Edkifawmhrnfh[ef &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ygwDwGif;&Sd tkyfpkwcku ygwDacgif;aqmifr_ae&mukd,lum vufOD;r_&,l aqmif&GufcJhonf? ZD,ufaumhzf. qkd;&Gm;aomrl0g'rsm;/ rl0g'trSm;rsm;ESifh ol. eD;pyf&m vufoifh&maqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;ukd cef@tyfcJhonfh udpPrsm;twGuf vlqef@usifcH&r_rsm; aecsdefjzpfonf? txl;xdcdkufepfemr_tjzpfqHk;udpPrSm wmhcfvlrsKd;pkrsm;udk qef@usif&ef pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfcJhaomudpPyifjzpf onf? qENjyjynfolrsm;udk tom;vGwfajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ESdrfeif;wdkufcdkufjcif;onfvnf;/ tpkd;&ukd rsufpdwzuf tndKtrJ pGJapaomudpPjzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;ESifhyif aygvpfAsL&kdrsm;u vlxkqef@usifa&;vkyf&yfrsm; rsm;vS+yD? xdktwGuf a=umifhyif usefolacgif;aqmifrsm;u ra=ureyfjzpfaeaom jynfolrsm;olwdk@zufr#m;OD;vSnfhrvmrD/ aygvpfAsL&kdawGu ZD,ufaumhzfudk qef@usifcJh=uonf? Ekd0ifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif ZD,ufaumhzfudk zdtm;ay;ðzwfcscH&+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfol yDwm rvm'D aemhzfudk (Petur Mladenov) ukd ygwDt}uD;tuJtjzpfa&G;cs,f tpm;xkd;cJh=uonf? aemuf (4) &uft=umwGif twkduf


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tcHtkyfpkrsm;u 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. nD!Gwfaomor*~tjzpf (The Union of Democratic Force) pk&kH;cJh=u onf? r=umrDrSmyJ vlxkukdac:xkwfvm+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf qufvufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u olwkd@. ygwDtrnfukd blvfa*;&D;,ef;qkd&S,fvpfygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf? +yD;awmh twkduftcHrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG; aEG;um/ ygwD.xdef;csKyfr_,EW,m;rsm;udk zsufodrf;cJh=uonf? (1990) ckESpf ZGefvwGif vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifcJh=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;yif rJtrsm;pkESifhtEkdif&+yD; tpkd;&zGJ@EdkifcJhonf? vlxktrsm;axmufcHaom 'Drkdua&pD 'Da&v_dif;ay:wGif wESpfausmf=umatmif tm%m,lxm;EdkifcJh=uonf? blvfa*;&D;,ef; uGefjrLepfrsm;u tm%myvifay: u tðzwfcsrcH&cifrSmyif/ olwkd@zmom eef;pGef@v$wfcJh=uavonf?

y&mh*fòrd@ - a'golykefx&mae&m

(1989) aEG&moDESifh aqmif;&moDydkif;wGif y&mh*fòrd@&Sdjynfolwdk@onf/ csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m; e,fpyfrSjzwfausmf &dkufcwfvmaom wkefcgr_udk cHpm;ae=u&onf? rsm;pGmaomolwkd@u ykdvefEkdifiHukd tvnftywfxGufcJh=u+yD;/ ta&S@ Oa&my. yxrOD;qkH;aom uGefjrLepfacwfvGefEkdifiHtopf. t&omukd aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;pGmcHpm;cJh=uonf? y&mh*fòrd@ol òrd@om; awGu ta&S@*smrefjynfolrsm;/ taemuf*smrefoH&kH;qDokd@ vGwfvyfr_twGuf tpktðyHvdkufwdk;a0S@av#mufvSrf;ae=uonf udkvnf; jrifaecJh=u&onf? olwkd@. owif;pmu a*:AmacsmhAf.rdef@cGef;udk jzwfawmufcJh=u+yD;/ a'otwGif; tajymif; tvJrsm;ESifh ygwfoufI/ raumif;owif;rsm;ukdom az:jyae=uonf? odk@r[kwfazmfjycJvSonf? Towif;rsm;=um;&zdk@qdk v#if bDbDpD/ AGDtdkatESifh tjcm;aom EkdifiHjcm;owif;XmeawGudkom tm;udk;zdk@&Sdonf? jynfwGif;rSmawmh tpkd;&u b,fawmhrS rajymif;awmhrnfhtvm; azmfjyaecJhonf?

(1968) ckESpf 0gaqmpmcsKyf0ifwyfzGJ@rsm;. usL;ausmfr_aemufykdif;/ twkduftcHtzGJ@rsm;taejzifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awGukd jypfwif&_H@csaewwfaom/ vGwfvyfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ykHpHzGJ@vkdaom a&ay:qDynmwwfwpkr#om usefcJhonf? tiftm;vnf; av#muscJhonf? xdkolrsm;u v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ajratmufpmayrsm; jzef@a0jcif;/ ynma&;enf; vrf;opf&Smjcif;/ jyZmwf/ *Dwopfponfwkd@rSwqifhvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? (1988) ckESpfrSm pdwfqENjcif;wlaom ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;rd+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;wGif jyefvnfEkysKdta&mifajymif;vmcJhonf? Todk@ul;ajymif;0ifvm=uaom vlopf vli,frsm;onf/ (1968) ckESpfESdrfeif;r_udpPu olwdk@acgif;xJr&Sd? olwkd@udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom trSwfonmvnf; r[kwfcJh ay? tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;rS owif;rsm;. aphaqmfr_a=umifhom/ TtzGJ@opfrsm;onf y&mh*fòrd@vrf;rrsm;tay: ay:xGufcsOf;uyfvm=ujcif; jzpfonf? (1988) =o*kwfvrSp+yD; tenf;qkH; (7) }udrf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om; rsm;/ tpkd;&ESifh tjrifrwloltwdkuftcHrsm;u vrf;rrsm;ay:xGufI qENjycJh=uonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; t&J&ifhqkH; òrd@wav#muf csDwufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; rD;owfum;/ rsuf&nf,kdAkH;ESifh tqifoifhwef;pDapmifhaeaom &Jrsm; a=umifh/ tm;vkH; wyfjyefqkwfcJh=u&onf?

TwkdufyGJ. t}uD;us,fqHk;qkvmbfrSm y&mh*fòrd@v,fwav#muf wkdufwef;rsm;pGmukd }uD;pkd;xm;aom/ }uD;us,f crf;em;onfh 0if;qvuf&ifjyif (Wenceslas Square) ac: a&S;a[mif;&ifjyifus,f}uD;jzpfonf? T&ifjyifus,f}uD;u ta&;=uD;onf? y&mh*fòrd@. ESvkH;om;vnf; jzpfonf? T&ifjyifus,f}uD;. pum;ajymonfhae&mrSaeI v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol &maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmukd xif&Sm;pGmjrifEkdif+yD; wkduf&kdufrdef@cGef;ay;Ekdifonf? xdk@tjyif EkdifiHwckvkH;. &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;ukd tjyEkdfifqkH;aom ae&mwckvnf; jzpfonf? tpGef;wzufwGif (10) &mpkacwfu bkd[D;rD;,ef; (Bohimian) bk&ifjzpfcJhol pdef@0if;qvuf (St. Wenceslas) . orkdif;0ifausmufwkdif&Sdonf? xdkbk&ifu ol.,Hk=unfcsufudk taumifxnfazmfcJhol tmZmenfjzpfonf? xdkae&mu 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u emZDusL;ausmfolawGudk qef@usifqENjycJhaom t"duae&m vnf;jzpfonf? xdkae&mrSmyJ (1969) ck/ Zefe0g&Dv y&mh*faEGOD;&moD ('Drdkua&pDumv) udk aemufa=umif;jyefcJhjcif;udk qef@usifonfhtaejzifh/ ausmif;om;wa,muf ol@ukd,folrD;&_d@owfaoqENjycJhaomae&mvnf; jzpfonf? qENjyolrsm;u T&ifjyifudk odrf;ykdufxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh/ twdwfuckHcHawmfvSefr_/ trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm;udk E_d;qGcGifhay;jcif;oabm oufa&mufapawmhonf? bmvifwHwkdif;}uD; òydvJt+yD; wywft=um/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u xkdordkif;0if &ifjyifukd odrf;ydkufEkdif&ef xyfrHóud;pm;cJh=ujyefonf? naeykdif;wGif ausmif;om;aygif; (15000) cef@ wuUodkvfyk&0k%fwck


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twGif;pkpnf;rd=uonf? tpdk;&uw&m;0ifcGifhðyxm;aomtcrf;tem;jzpfonfh emZDrsm;.owfjzwfjcif;ukdcH&aom ausmif; om;wOD;tm;*k%fðyonfh tcrf;tem;wGif pkqHkcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? arSmifvmonfESifhwòydifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;u w&m; 0iftcrf;tem;ukd tqkH;owfvkduf+yD; za,mif;wkdifrsm;xGef;nd‡um/ tvHrsm;ESifh ezl;pnf;pmwrf;rsm; a0S@,rf;+yD; vGwfvyf aoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;&efESifh tpkd;&topfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef awmif;qkd=uawmhonf? xkd@aemuf Adkufq&'f (Vysehard hill) awmifukef;okd@ xGufcGgoGm;=uonf? xdkae&mrSm tv,facwfbk&ifrsm;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ol&Jaumif;rsm;/ OyrmtvuFmpmqkdawmf}uD; tefwdkeif 'Adk&uf (Antonin Dvorak) uJhokd@aomolrsm; jr‡yfESHxm;&mae&mjzpfonf? xdkae&mrSwqifh csufESifh pvkdAuf trsKd;om;aw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd oDqkd+yD;/ csDwufolrsm;u AvwfAm (Vlatva River) jrpf urf;yg;qDokd@ av#mufqif;vm=uonf? vrf;wav#mufwGifvnf; vrf;ab;rS &yf=unfhaeolrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@ESifh yl;aygif;&ef atmf[pfawmif;qdkvm=uonf? xkd@aemuf jytenf;i,f tuGmta0;&Sd &ifjyifqDokd@ jyefvnfOD;wnfcJhygonf? [email protected];ukd t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;a&;&Jrsm;jzifh ydwfqkd@xm;onfudk awG@&aomtcg/ tcsKd@ausmif;omrsm;u tm;vkH;xdkfif=u&ef atmf=uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif "gwfykHq&mwa,mufu tvsLrDeD,Hjzifh ðyvkyfxm;onfhpufwpfck tay: okd@ wuf&yf+yD; "gwfykH&kdufygawmhonf? a&S@qkH;wef;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm EkdifiHawmftvHukd rDwmtenf;i,f tuGmwGif ajruGufwGif jzef@cif;vkduf+yD; &Jrsm;ESifh jcm;xm;vkdufavonf? za,mif;wkdifrsm;ukdvnf; ywfvnfwGif pdkufxm;vkduf=u onf? xkd@aemuf rdrdwkd@tm;cGifhðy&efESifh &ifjyifokd@ qufvufcsDwufcGifhðy&ef &Jrsm;tm;/ tm;vkH;rS oHòydifatmf[pf=uyg awmhonf? Tokd@jzifh (2) em&Dcef@=umaomtcg avmfpyDumrSaeI ‚if;wkd@tm;vkH;tm; csufjcif; vlpkcGJI tdrfjyef=u&ef owday;oH xGufay:vmonf? okd@aomf ta&S@ykdif;&Sd vlaxmif*%ef; tenf;i,fwkd@onf aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfh&ef jyifaomtcg taemufzufrSwufvmaom 'kwd,&Jrsm;t=um;wGif ydwfrdaeavawmhonf? ta&S@zufESifh taemufzufrS aeI *%ef;vufrykHo¿mef0kdif;vm=u+yD;/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk &dkufESuf=uawmhonf? ydwfrdaeolrsm; txJwGif uav;oli,frsm;ESifh touft&G,f}uD;olrsm;vnf;yg0ifavonf? “b,f&D[ufOD;xkyfeDeJ@ ppfom;awGu usaemfwkd@udk wkdufeH&HawGbufukd twif;wGef;ykd@=uw,f? tJ'DtcgusrS tumtuG,frJhaewJh ausmif;om;awGudk pdwfóuduf&kdufawmhw,f?” [k vifum &Grfrif[dkwD&dkAm (Lenka Schwammenhoterova) u jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? &Jrsm;[m a&S@okd@zdwufvmonfESifh qENjyolrsm; òydvJus+yD; tcsif; csif; wufeif;rdukef=uonf? “tJ'Dvkdxdwfvef@a=umufrufzG,f&mtjzpfrsKd; usr wcgrS róuHzl;ygbl;/ bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh tu,fI wa,mufa,muf[m ajcacsmfvJusoGm;wJhtcg 0&kef;okef;um;jzpfaewJh vltkyf}uD;u ol@ukd eif;rdwmeJ@wif aoqkH;oGm;Ekdifvkd@ygyJ?” uHtm;avsmfpGmyif olru vGwfvrf;ukd &SmawG@cJhonf? *smrefvrf;jy&Jrsm;ESifh wm;xm;aom tjcm;vrf;usOf;wckudk jzwfI/ trkd;ckH;p}uøatmufu tjcm;vrf;usOf;uav;wckudk xGufvmEdkifcJhonf? olrESifh tjcm;ol rsm;u &JawGu wGef;xkd;&kdufESufaepOfrSm vrf;usOf;uav;xJudk wkd;xGufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; txl;wyfzGJ@rsm;u vrf;.tqkH;wGif olwkd@ukd ydwfIapmifhqkdif;ae=uonf? tjzpftysuf+yD;qkH;oGm;aomtcg/ (200) ausmf '%f&m&cJhonf? xdknu ausmif;om;rsm; 0if;qvuf&ifjyifxJukd 0ifcGifhr&cJh=u? olwkd@onf aoG;rsm;/ '%f&mtemw&rsm;jzifh jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ t&_H;ray;cJh=uay? Todk@&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaomwkdufckdufr_u tpkd;&ukdqef@usifa&;twGuf tjcm; aomjynfolrsm;ukd Ekd;xtkHºuGapcJhonf? tpkd;&u owif;jyef=um;a&;Xmersm;ukd wif;=uyfpGm csKyfukdifxm;aomtwGuf a=umifh/ tjzpfrSefrsm;udk jyifyu od&efta&;}uD;onf? oDwif;wywfvkH; ausmif;om;rsm;[m tdrfwumvSnfh/ ausmif;0if; wumoGm;/ ZmwfyGJwcGif+yJ+yJpifqkdovkd vSnfhvnfI ‚if;wkd@. jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk y&mh*fòrd@om;rsm;tm; ajymjy=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u qENjyyGJESifh &Jrsm;. vlrqefpGm&uf&ufpufpuf wkH@jyefr_ukdrsm;ukd &kdufxm;aom AD'D,kdwdyfacGrsm;ukd jyo=uonf? vlrqef/ &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfr_rsm;ukd &_H@csonfh vufurf;a=unmpmapmifrsm;udk eH&Hay:rSmuyf+yD;/ oydwf wkdufyGJrsm;qifE$J=u&ef aqmfa=omawmhonf? taemufEkdifiHrsm;rS v$ifhxkwfonfh a&'D,kdowif;rsm;rSwqifh/ vlxku tjzpfrSefrsm;ukd odcJh=u&onf? aemufw}udrf csDwufqENjyyGJwGif jynfolrsm;ykdrkdyg0ifvmap&eftwGuf vSnfhvnfpnf;&kH;r_rsm;onf tpkd;&. jynfolrsm;tay: xdef;csKyf&efudpPudk &_yfaxG;vmapcJhonf? Tokd@jzifh Ekd0ifbmv (20) &uf/ wevFmae@wGif vlwpfodef; ausmfwkd@onf 0if;qvuf&ifjyifokd@ pkòyHa&muf&Sdvm=uawmhonf? olwkd@onf aomhcsdwfrsm;ukd wc|ifc|ifrnfatmifvkyfI tpkd;&tm; aorif;wref acgif;avmif;xkd;ae+yDjzpfa=umif; oHòydifaºuG;a=umf=uavonf? ezl;pnf;pmwrf;rsm;a0S@&rf;+yD; EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhay;&ef awmif;qkd=uavonf? &Jrsm;rS ‚if;wkd@tm; &yfwef@oGm;atmif rnfonfh t[ef@twm;rS rðyvkyfcJhay? aemufwae@wGif vltkyf}uD;.ta&twGufonf ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmum vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm ykdrkdtm;aumif;


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vmcJhonf? vlxkw&m;a[mpifwpfckukd tv#iftjrefwnfaqmufcJh=uonf? ,cktcgwGifrl twkduftcHtkyfpkopfrsm;. acgif;aqmifopfrsm;ay:vm=uonf? EkdifiHom;wkd@ESifhqkdifaom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmonf? =umjrifhpGm twkduftcHb0wGif aevmonfh Amqvyf [mAJvf (Václav Havel) u rdef@cGef;ajymI vlxkudkarwWm&yfcHonf? xdkolrsm;onf rdef@cGef; rsm;ajym&eftwGuf y&d\wf.yGJawmif;tcH&qkH;olrsm; jzpfonf? qENjyyGJonf wae@xufwae@ykdrkd}uD;rm;vm+yD; tjcm;òrd@ rsm;okd@yif jyef@ESH@oGm;avawmhonf? ajymif;vJr_twGuf atmf[pfawmif;qkdoHrsm;rSm us,favmifonfxuf us,favmif vmonf? TonfrSm vlxk}uD;tzdk@ olwdk@zmomyxrOD;qHk;usif;yaom/ tvGef}uD;us,fonfh av[mjyif vlxknDvmcH }uD;udk usif;yaeovkd&SdcJhonf? vlxku TudpPtay:wGif pdwfxufoefae=uonf? ,cifu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf t"du t[ef@twm;jzpfaecJhaom/ vufwkH@jyefcH&rnfhtajctaeukdvnf; a=umuf&GH@p&mrvdkawmh? Todk@jzifh uGefjrLepf tkyfcsKyf a&;,EW&m;. tm;ukd;&aom pufarmif;wHrsm; ,ckawmh p+yD; txpftaighawGjzpfvm=u+yD? owif;pmrsm;ESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;rSvnf; tkHºuGr_ESifhywfoufI tpD&ifcHr_pwifaeav+yD? tpkd;&. jynfol@tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rSm òyduGJoGm;av+yD? r=umrDwGifyif ygwDtwGif;Yvnf; tufuGJa=umif;rsm; ay:vmawmhonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;ukd uefxkwfvdkuf=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udpPrsm;udk tqdkðycJh+yD;/ twkduftcHrsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkdEdkif&ef vrf;zGifhay; cJhonf? okd@aomf ta&S@*smr%DrSmuJhokd@yif vkyfaqmifr_rsm;rSm tvGefenf;+yD;/ tcsdefvnf;aESmif;oGm;+yD jzpfonf? Ekd0ifbm (27) &ufae@wGif (2) em&D=um wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmqENjyoydwfarSmufcJh=u+yD;/ twkduftcHðyolrsm;onf y&mh*fòrd@&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ynmwwfvlwef;pm;wpkwkd@. omrefv_yf&Sm;r_ wckr#omr[kwfawmha=umif;ukd oufaojycJhonf? uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;. OD;aqmifr_jzifh !ïef@aygif;tpkd;&udk 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@wGif a=unmvkdufrSyif tajymif;tvJ twGuf awmif;qkdr_rSm avsmhusoGm;avawmhonf? vltrsm;ua=ueyfoGm;=uonf? 0if;qvuf&ifjyiftm; ykdifqkdifxm; &efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhaom tkyfpkd;olrsm;onf aemufqHk;EdkifiHawmf trdef@ay;pcef;udk vufeufcs tnhHcHvkdufjcif;jzifh tqkH; owfoGm;avawmhonf?

wDrDqkdtm&m ESifh blcg&ufpfòrd@ - aoG; ESifh usqkH;r_

(1989) ckESpf. aemufqkH;vwGif/ atmufajcvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ odk@r[kwf txufuvmaom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;rsm;u ta&S@Oa&my&Sd ,cifqkdAD,uf,leD,Htygt0if r[mrdwfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd tajymif;tvJrsm;ðyvkyfvm=uonf? Ttajctaersm;u &kdar;eD;,m;EdkifiHukd u,fwifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepftr_dufyHktwGif;wGif &kdar;eD;,m;EdkifiHonf ol.tkyfcsKyfola=umifh t&kdif;pdwft0ifqkH;aom EkdifiHwck jzpfaecJhonf? &dkar;eD;,m;EdkifiH. tkyfcsKyfol eDukdav acsmifquf pul; (Nicolae Ceausescu) onf ol. =oZmtm%m }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfr_twGuf jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vkH;ukd ,mZfylaZmfcJholwOD; jzpfonf? olonf orkdif;0if blcg&ufpfòrd@tm; qGJqkwf+yD; ol@ukd,fol *k%fðyzkd@twGuf }uD;rm;aom yvmZmwckukd wnfaqmufcJhonf? xkd@jyif ol. aqGrsKd;rdom;pkrsm;aexkdif&eftwGufvnf; eef;awmfrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxk twGufrl t&kyfqkd;tusnf;wefvSaom uGefu&d&JwdkuftaqmufttkHrsm;ukdom wnfaqmufcJhavonf? ol.v#Kd@0Suf&J rsm;onf &kdar;eD;,m;&Sd vufESdyfpufrsm;tm;vHk;. rnfonhfpmvHk;rsKd;rqdk rSwfyHkwif aumfyDwpfckukd odrf;xm;onf? okd@rS om a&S;&kd;tpOftvmukdqef@usifaom rnfonfhpmrsKd;ukdrqkd aemufa=umif;jyef vkdufEkdifrnfjzpfonf? &kdar;eD;,m;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;onf rD;,yfom;zGm;jcif;ESifhqkdifaom aq;ppfr_ tajzrsm;ukd tvsif;oihfovkd ol@tm;wifjyEdkif&ef pDrHxm;onf? okd@rSom wkdif;jynfonf vlOD;a&wkd;yGg;&eftwGuf ukd,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd tvSnfhus ukd,f0efaqmifckdif;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? ol.t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; ESifh EkdifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDjyefqyfEkdifa&; pdwfa&m*gonf pGrf;tif rvkHavmufr_/ tpm;tpmrvkHavmufr_/ a=umufrufzG,f aumif;aom avxknpfnrf;r_/ w[kefxkd; ckefwufaeaom rdcif ESifhuav;aoqkH;r_rsm;ESifh/ taxGaxGqkwf,kwfysufpD;r_rsm;. ab;xGufqkd;usKd;rsm;yifjzpfonf? tcsKd@u &kdar;eD;,m;ukd “Oa&my. tDoD,kd;yD;,m;” [kyif ac:cJh=uavonf?

qkdAD,uf-tar&duef tiftm;òydifr_rsm;ukd vdrRmyg;eyfpGmtokH;csjcif;jzifh acsmifqufpul;. pwmvifvufopf 0g'ukd EkdifiHjcm;'%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;EkdifcJhonf? olonf orRw &pfcswf epfqiftm; yGwfoyf ykd;yef;um/ armfpudkukdawmh yk0gwurf;xm;+yD; jynfwGif;qENjyolrsm;tm; &uf&ufpufESdyfuGyfavawmhonf? (1970) ckESpf


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wGif ykdvefY oydwfarSmufr_rsm;jzpfaomtcg &kdar;eD;,ef; tvkyform;rsm;. &kef;xr_ukd óudwif[ef@wm;onfh taejzifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyform;or*~rsm; ta=umif;ukd w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðycJhavonf? okd@aomf a&eH"mwk tvkyform;rsm;rS vGwfvyfaom or*~rsm;zGJ@cGifhðy&ef t}uHðypma&;om;aomtcg pdwfa&m*g tusOf;axmifokd@ twif;t=uyf ykd@cJhavonf? (1977) ckESpfwGif ausmufrD;aoG;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ðyvkyf+yD; acsmifcsufpul; ESifhwkduf&kdufawG@qkHpum;ajym&ef awmif;qkdcJhaomtcg ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd cGifhðy+yD;/ jznfhqnf;ay;&ef uwdðycJhonf? wpfvr#=umaomtcg oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vkH;onf tvkdtavsmuf aysmufuG,foGm;=u+yD;/ aemufykdif;Y oabmwlnDxm;r_rsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf; &kyfodrf;vkdufavonf? xkdrSpI aemuf (9) ESpfwmtwGif; tvkyf orm;rsm;. r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;onf (8) }udrfxufrenf; &SdcJhavonf? (1986) ckESpfwGif aygifrkef@&m&Sifrsm; av#mhcsr_ESifh ygwfoufI x&efqmvfaA;eD;,m; (Transylvania) wGif oydwfwpfck jzpfcJhonf? xkH;pHtwkdif;yif tav#mhay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ acgif;aqmif (25) a,mufwkd@ b,fqDb,f0,fa&mufrSef;rod/ tvkdtavsmufaysmufuG,foGm;+yD;aomtcg tav#mhay;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;vkdufavonf? (1987) ckESpfwGif tvkyform; ESpfaomif;ausmfwkd@onf b&maqmhAf (Brasov) òrd@wGif qENjycJh=uavonf? a'oEW&ygwDXmecsKyfwckukd zsufqD;cJhaomtcg ppfwyfrsm;udk Oya' pdk;rdk;&efta=umif;jyI ac:,ltoHk;ðycJhonf? acsmifqufpul;onf ol. wkdif;jynftm; qif;&Jom;ysHus&yfuGuftqifhokd@a&mufap+yD;/ tvkyform;tiftm; rsm;ukdvnf; olykefoluefrsm;tjzpf zefwD;cJhavonf? okd@aomf &kdar;eD;,m;onf (1989) ckESpfxJokd@a&mufonfhwdkif xif&Sm;aom twkduftcHrsm; wpkHw&mr&SdaecJh=uay? pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;rSmvnf; enf;yg;vS onf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm csdeJ@ ydefvSDjym;csyfaecJhonf? a*:AmacsmAfh. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ &kdar;eD;,m;tm%m&Siftm; wyfvSef@r_ wpkHw&m r&Sdao;ay? acsmifqufpul;. pdwftajymif;tvJjrefr_ ESifh pdwftvkdvdkufvG,fr_wkd@a=umifh ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;tm; ‚if;xHrS zJ=uOfaponf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;onf tpkd;&twGif;&Sd tjcm;aomolrsm;u acsmifqufpul;r&Sdv#if ‚if;wkd@taeESifh ykdaumif;rnf[lI pOf;pm;rdvm=uonf? pnf;&kH;vm=uonf? olwkd@taeESifh vkdtyfonfrSm xGufaygufwck&zdk@om jzpfonf? xkdxGufaygufonf 'DZifbmwGif/ wDrDqdktm&m (Timisoara) okd@a&muf&Sdvmavonf? wDrDqdktm&monf wkdif;jynftaemufzsm;&Sd òrd@wpfòrd@jzpf+yD; &lar;eD;,ef;/ [efa*&D;,ef;/ *smref/ *spfyfpDESifh qmhbfvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif=uonf? òrd@v,fwGif vmhZfvdkwkuf (Laszlo Tokes) bkef;awmf}uD;aexdkifonfh/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ausmif;awmf (Reformed Church) &Sdonf? Tausmif;awmfu vlenf;pk[efa*&D,ef;rsm; udk;uG,f=uonf? bkef;awmf}uD;wkufonf tpkd;& tm%mydkifrsm;. tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyr_rsm;ukd jypfwifa0zefonfhpum;rsm;udk ra=umufr&GH@ajymcJholjzpfonf? &Gma[mif; rsm;&Sdtdrfrsm;tm; zsufodrf;I cGJwrf;tdrf,mrsm;jzihf tpm;xkd;cJhonfudk [efa*&D,ef; &kyfjrifoH=um;rSaeI tpkd;&. pDrHudef;tm; jypfwif&_H@cscJhonf? ,if;twGuf ol@tm; 'DZifbmv (15) &uf/ aom=umae@ aemufqkH;xm;I wDrDqdktm&m rS xGufoGm;&ef tpkd;&rS &mZoHay;cJhavonf? olu xkdtrdef@tm; jiif;qkd+yD; vkyfaqmif+rJ&Sdonfwkd@ukd qufvufvkyfaecJh onf? “c&pfawmfwGif ,kH=unftyfESHxm;=uaom cspfvSpGmaom nD/ tukd/ nDr/ tr/ wkd@/ usaemf[m e,fESifh'%f ay;xm;cH&oljzpfygw,f” ay;xm;onfh aemufqkH;&ufrwkdifrD we*FaEGae@wGif ol. bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;wGif 0wfðyvmolrsm; ukd ajym=um;jcif;jzpfonf? “'Dtrdef@udk u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'ga=umifh usaemhtm; cifAsm;wkd@xHrSaeI twif;t"rR ,laqmifoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? xkd@a=umifh aus;Zl;ðyI vmrnfhaom=umae@wGif bmawGjzpfysufrnfukd rsufjrifoufaorsm;tjzpf vma&muf=unhf&_=uyg? vmcJh=uyg/ okd@aomf +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; ae=uyg/ odk@aomfvnf; rsufjrif oufaotjzpf&Sdygap”[k ajymcJhonf? ol@taejzifh vltrsm;tjym;vmvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifhxm;cJhay? okd@aomf aom=um ae@ rGef;vGJykdif;wGif vlwpfaxmifavmuf a&muf&Sdae=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm [efa*&Drsm;jzpfI tcsKd@rSm &kdar;eD;,m;rsm;jzpf=uonf? olwdk@twGufrl olwkd@. bkef;awmf}uD;tm; umuG,fjcif;onf/ tpkd;&tm; qef@usifjcif;vkyfief; wpfckyifjzpfonf? olwkd@ onf vufjcif;csdwfqufI vlweff;rsm;tjzpfzefwD;vkduf+yD; ppfwyfESifh &Jrsm;. tEW&m,frS umuG,fwm;qD;&ef bk&m; ausmif;tm;/ xkdae@ wnvkH;ESifh aemufwae@txd 0kdif;&Hxm;vkduf=uavonf? vltkyf}uD;onf wajz;ajz; }uD;xGm;vmaomtcg olwkd@. awmif;qkdr_rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ESifh qkdifvm+yD;/ jrifuGif; onfvnf; t"du&k%f;ykHo¿mef aygufvmcJhonf? “acsmifqufpul; usqkH;ygap” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;vnf; us,favmifvmavonf? vlrsm;a'gotrsuf ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufvm=uavonf? tpkd;&.v#Kd@0SufpkHaxmufrsm;rS pwif


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v_H@aqmfcJhonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufjzifh wdkufcdkufr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfvmcJhonf? vltkyfwtkyfonf ygwDXme csKyf&kH;okd@ rkefwkdif;qifwkdufckduf&ef csDwufoGm;=uavonf? tjcm;olrsm;u ppfom;rsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzifh ypf=uonf? ppfom;rsm;u a&ykdufrsm;/ rsuf&nf,kdAkH;rsm;/ eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh jyefvnf wkef@jyeftajzay;=uonf? we*FaEGae@wGif ppfwyfonfwòrd@vkH;tm; odrf;ykdufxm;vkduf+yD;/ bkef;awmf}uD;wkuftm; tusOf;om;tjzpf zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? acsmifqufpul;. trdef@jzifh qENjyolrsm;tm; ypfcwfcJh+yD;/ vlw&meD;yg;aoqkH;cJhavonf?

qkdzD,m/ y&mh*fESifh ta&S@bmvif rS acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfyJ/ acsmifqufpul;onf aoG;acsmif;pD; vlowfyGJ twGuf eJeJav;rS pdwfpEkd;paemifhjzpfaeolr[kwfay? okd@aomf wDrDqdktm&m&Sd vlowfyGJonfum;/ ,rf;acs;yef;jyef&dkufcwf vmcJhonf? aemuf&ufrsm;wGifvnf; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;onf qENjyyGJukd qufvufusif;y=u+yD; taxGaxGoydwfwck jzpfvm avonf? vlowfyGJt+yD; wwd,ajrmufae@wGif tajymif;tvJwck jzpfvmonf? ppfwyfrsm;u ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif qENjyolrsm;ESifh nDtukdozG,f yl;aygif;vkduf=uonf? &ufowWywfukefqkH;aomtcg ppfwyfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd &kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;/ òrd@udk vlxkrsm;uodrf;ydkufum/ awmfvSefa&;aumfrwD w&yfukd zGJ@pnf;I tkyfcsKyf=uonf? wwkdif;jynfvkH;&Sd jynfol vlxk}uD;onf EkdifiHjcm;owif;Xmersm;rSwqifh/ wDrDqdktm&mòrd@. tajctaersm;ukd =um;odae&avonf? aoqkH;r_ owif;rsm;ukd =um;od&aomtcg r+idrfroufr_rsm;onf tjcm;òrd@rsm;okd@yg ul;pufoGm;onf?

qENjyolrsm; owdrxm;rdyJ/ qENjyyGJrjzpfrD vtenf;i,f tvkduyifv#if xdyfwef;ygwD0ifyk*~dKvfwcsKd@onf v#Kd@0SufpGmjzifh trsKd;om;u,fwifa&;aumifpD (The Council of National Salvation) [kac:onfh twkduftcHtkyfpk wckudkzGJ@cJhavonf? qENjyolrsm;u blcg&ufòrd@awmfukd 0kdif;xm;aomtcg acsmifqufpul;onf ol. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; tm; vltkyfukd ypfcwfòzdcGif;&ef trdef@ay;avonf? 0ef}uD;rS ol@ukd,fol ypfcwftqkH;pD&ifvkdufjcif;jzifh acsmifqufpul;. trdef@ukd jiif;qef vkdufavonf? xkdtjzpftysufonf ppfwyftm; acsmifcsufpul;zufokd@ aoeufajymif;vSnfhvkduf&ef ulnDay;ovkdjzpfoGm;+yD;/ òrd@awmftwGif; ppfwyfESpfckuGJum tcsif;csif;wkdufckdufr_rsm; jzpfoGm;avawmhonf? 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif vltkyfpkwckonf A[kdaumfrwDXmecsKyfokd@ 0ifa&mufpD;eif;um/ tjyifokd@ xGufvmaom acsmifqufpul; tm; zrf;qD;vkdufavonf? c&pfprwfae@wGif acsmifqufpul;ESifh ol.ZeD;tm; tusOf;enf;jzifh ppfaq;pD&ifI uGyfrsuf vkdufavonf? aemufykdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@. tavmif;tm; &kyfjrifoH=um;rS jyoonf? topfzGJ@pnf;xm;aom trsKd;om; u,fwifa&;wyfOD; (National Salvation Front) rS tm%modrf;,lvkduf avonf? odk@aomf xkdtzGJ@. acgif;aqmifrSm uGefjrLepfa[mif;}uD;wOD;yifjzpfonf? zdvpfykdifrSmuJhokd@yif &kdar;eD;,m;wGifvnf;; jynfolvlxkonf vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@ tvkdtavsmufxGufvm=u+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_tiftm;onf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhavonf? ppfwyfonf tm%m&Siftm; tumtuG,fay;&ef qENr&Sda=umif; oufaojycJhavonf? okd@aomf OD;wnf&mvrf;a=umif;wnfhay;&ef/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@r&Sdonfhtcg/ aemufqHk; tm%m&SiftopfwOD;wufvmcJhonf? olujzpfay:aeaomr+idrfroufr_ tajctaersm;udkaxmufjyum/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGg;aeaom tajctaeudktumtuG,f,lI/ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk&,lcJhonf? wDrDqdktm&m&Sd vlxkrsm;u t"du&k%f;peufwHudkrD;&_d@vdkuf+yD; tm%m&Siftkyfpkd;olrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifvkdufonf? okd@aomf (1989) ckESpf wGif &kdar;eD;,m;onf ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepf0g'usqkH;av+yD;aom EkdifiHwckjzpfcJhaomfvnf;/ wnf+idrfaom 'Drkdua&pD pepfonf aemufrS vkdufIjzpfay:tpm;rxdk;EdkifcJhay?

Ð Ð Ð Ð ta&S@Oa&mywcGifwGif/ (1989) uGefjrLepfqef@usifawmfvSefa&;wGif t"duawmif;qkdr_toHESifh ajymif;vJapaomtcsufrSm t=urf;rzufqef@usifqENjyolrsm;u òrd@awmf.&ifjyifrsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;ukd odrf;ykduf&efóud;pm;jcif;/ vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifawG@jcif;wdk@rS pwifonf? xkdae&mrsm;onf AsL[mt& ta&;ygaom ae&mrsm;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf xkdae&mrsm;rSaeI jynfolvlxkonf aoG;xkd;v_H@aqmf pnf;&kH;r_rsm; ðyvkyfEkdif+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_onf axmifwufoGm; Ekdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tm%m&Sifrsm;onf xkdae&mrsm;udk xdrf;csKyfEkdif&efóud;pm;jcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom t&yfom;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf&efpnf;&kH;+yD; twkduftcHtkyfpkrsm;onf


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‚if;wkd@tm; ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;ukd tHwk=uavonf? &ufpuf=urf;ñuufpGmESdyfuGyfr_rsm;ukd a=umufvef@&rnfhtpm;/ jynfolvlxk onf a'goxGufvm+yD; ykdrkd&J&ifhvmum ‚if;[email protected]@v$wf&ef toifh jzpfvmavonf? EkdifiHawmf t=urf;zufr_ onf tmcHr_rsm;udk E_d;qGap+yD;/ ‚if;u acsr_ef;zsufqD;vdkaom tiftm;rsm;ukd }uD;xGm;aponf? qENjyoydwfrsm;onf vkHavmufpGm tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmaomtcg/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykH armif;cvkyfukd qGJðzwf vkduf=uonfhES,f&Sdonf? tm%mykdifrsm;taeESifh tpkvdkuftòyHvkdufzdESdyfjcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_ vrf;ESpfckt=um;wGif wckukd a&G;cs,f&awmhrnfomjzpfonf? ta&S@*smr%DESifh csufudkpvkdAufuD;,m;wGif vltkyfukd xdef;csKyf&ef b,fvkd enf;ESifhrSrjzpfEkdifawmha=umif; aocsmoGm;aomtcg/ tpkd;&onf aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_ukd a&G;cs,f&awmhonf? oabmxm; wif;rmolrsm;onf qkdAD,ufrS ‚if;[email protected];cHr_rsm;ukd rjznfhay;Ekdifawmh[k odcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif olwkd@onf olwkd@. ppfwyfonf tm;ukd;tm;xm; rjzpfEkdifrSef;od=uaomtcg tHhtm;oifh=uonf? blvfa*;&D;,m;ESifh &kdar;eD;,m; wGif uGefjrLepftkyfpkrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. twkduftcHrsm; t&Sdeft[kefaumif;rvmrD tm%mukd csKyfukdifxm;vkduf+yD; òydifzufrsm;tm; taESmuft,Sufrsm;ay;wwf=uonf? wkdif;jynfwkdif;wGif jynfolvlxkt=um;xJwGif t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_enf;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;onf tajymif;tvJvkyfvkdaomolrsm;ukd vkyfykdifcGifh tm%may;jcif;jzpfonf? ta&SOa&my&Sd todrf;ykdufcH EkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH;onf oDwif;ywftenf;i,ftwGif; vufatmufcHzdESdyfr_b0rS &kef;xGufEkdif+yD; tm%m&Sifrsm;tm; vufxdyf/ ajcxdyf cwfxm;Ekdifrnf[k q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm ,lqaecJh=uonf? qkdAD,ufppfwyfrsm;onf taemufzufokd@ csDwuf+yD; uGefjrLepftm%mcsJ@xGifr_rsm;/ ,cifvkd rvkyfEkdifawmhaomfvnf;/ tm%m&Siftpkd;&wkdif;onf ‚if;[email protected],fykdif zdESdyfEdkifaompGrf;&nfrsm; &Sdae=uao;onf? *sif;&Syf. tqkdt& “tkyfpkd;ol txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;rsm;tm;vkH;onf ‚if;[email protected]%mtwGuf tm%m&&Sd&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: rSDcdkae=u& onf? Todk@aom tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfcH=u&rnfh jynfolvlxkESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd tifpwDusL;&Sif; rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ay:wGif rlwnfonf?”[k qdkcJhonf? tu,fI ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;. wu,fh tm%mtppftrSefonf ‚if;wkd@. v#Kd@0Suf&Jrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;rS qif;oufvmonf[k xifaecJh=uv#if ‚if;[email protected]%m ae&mrsm;wGif qufvufwnfwHha&;twGuf xkdtm%mrsm;ukd tokH;ðyvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdktkyfcsKyfolrsm;u ydkI oabm ayguf=uygonf? tpkd;&qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u [email protected]&m;0ifr_udk vk,ufodrf;ykduf+yD;/ jynfol@tm%mukd atmif jrifpGm xlaxmifodrf;ykdufEkdifaomtcg/ olwkd@twGufpdefac:r_vmonfESifh tomt,myif/ yv†ifay:rSqif;oGm;cJh=uygonf? Tenf;onfom olwkd@twGuf taumif;qkH;jzpfonfukd odcJh=uavonf?

rGef*kdvD;,m; - 'Drkdua&pD cGifhðyvdkufjcif;

tD wG'fESifh cGef@cf? yGifhvif;r_ ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; tjyifwGifrl 'DZifbmESif;zGJzGJav;rsm; usqif;aeavonf? [mhpfbwf [lvef (Hashbat Hulan) onf ta&S@ wkdif;avhvma&;Xm (Oriental Institute) &Sd olr. &kH;cef;wGif tvkyfvkyfaepOf vlxkqENjyyGJwpfckrS toHrsm;ukd =um; ae&onf? xkduJhokd@ wcgrS rjzpfcJhbl;ay? olrESifh olr. nDr rif;*sif (Minjin) wkd@onf xkdae&mokd@ ajy;oGm;+yD; =unfhvkduf aomtcg qENjyol vlESpf&mcef@ukd awG@&aomtcg wkefv_yfoGm;onf? pdwf"gwfjyif;jyxufoefaeaom acgif;aqmifwcsKd@ onf 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_topfwcktwGuf awmif;qkdae=uavonf? xkdae@onf (1989) ckESpf tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@ tcGifhta&;ae@jzpfonf? wygwD tm%m&Sifwkd@onf rGef*kdvD,m;ukd (68) ESpf=umtkyfpkd;cJh+yD;/ xdkae@udk tcrf;tem;usif;y &ef/ owd}uD;pGmjyifqifxm;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;/ ygwDt&m&Sdrsm;. &Snfvsm;aom rdef@cGef;rsm;/ &kd;&m aw;oDcsif;ESifh tursm;tpm;/ tpkd;&onf róuHpzl;aom EkdifiHa&;qENjyr_tcif;tusif;ESifh óuHawG@&avonf? uGefjrLepfumvwGif òrdawmftrsm;pkukd wnfaqmufxm;onfhtwkdif; tlvefbmawm (Ulaanbaatar) òrd@awmfonfvnf; òrd@v,fwGif vlxktcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&eftwGuf wnfaqmufxm;avonf? òrd@v,fY 'rf'DeD qkufbmwm (Damdiny Sukhbaatar) [k trnfay;xm;onfh }uD;us,faom &ifjyif}uD;wpfckukd wnfaqmufxm; avonf? 'rf;'DeD qkufbmwm (Damdiny Sukhbaatar) qdkonfrSm rGef*kdvD;,m;. vDeifjzpfonf? olonf (1921) wGif &k&Sm;vljzLrsm;tm; armif;xkwfcJh+yD;/ rGef*kdvD,m;tm; vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHwpfcktjzpf a=unmcJhavonf? ‚if;.ykHjzifh


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}uD;rm;aom jrif;pD;&kyfwk}uD;wpfckudk xkvkyfxm;+yD;/ yvmusif;aeonfh yavZm. tqkH;wzufwGifxm;&Sdavonf? ab;ywfywfvnfwGif tpkd;&tdrfawmf/ }uD;rm;aom ygvDreftaqmufttkHESifh ,Ofaus;r_ eef;awmf wkd@wnf&Sdavonf? xkd,Ofaus;r_eef;awmfxJwGif acwfopf yef;csDjyyGJ/ EkdifiHawmf atmfy&mESifh bJav;uZmwf&kHwkd@ wnf&Sdavonf? rGef*kd vD,m;onf {&d,mtm;jzifh jyifopfjynfxuf okH;qus,f0ef;+yD;/ vlOD;a&tm;jzifh yem;rm;u|ef;&Sd vlOD;a&xuf enf;yg; onf? vrf;tm;vkH;onf tlvefbmawmokd@ OD;wnfxm;+yD;/ &ifjyifus,fonf òrd@awmf. ESvkH;om;ae&mwGif wnf&Sdae onf? xkdae@wGif acgif;pD;rsm;/ ykdpwmrsm; udkfifaqmifxm;+yD; “AsL&kdu&ufrsm;/ zdESdyfr_rsm; tqkH;owfay;a&;” ESifh vkyf aqmifrnf[k uwday;xm;aom (orchlon bajguulat) ESifh (il tod) (rGef*kdvD,ef;pum;jzifhac:jcif;jzpfonf? a*:Am acsmhAf.yJ&Dpx&GKufum/ *vyfpaemhESifht"dy`g,fqifonf?) wkd@ukd taumiftxnfaz:ay;&ef qENjyolrsm;rS awmif;qkdae =uonfukd ygwDxdyfwef;t&m&Sdrsm;u tpkd;&tdrfawmf.jyLwif;aygufrsm;rSaeI awG@ae=u&onf? qENjyolrsm;onf z&kdz&Jjzpfaejcif;rsKd; r[kwfay? vkHòcHa&;tapmifhrsm;onf vltkyftm; Ttwkdif;yif=unhfaeavonf? okd@aomf ygwDacgif; aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh cGef@cf Khonkh (bell) aw;*DwtzGJ@rS wD;r_wfaeonfrsm;ukdvnf;/ twkdif;om; =um;ae&avonf? aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@. rsufpdatmufwGifyif ajymifuspGmjzifh tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef awmif;qkdjcif;jzpfonf? xkdwESpfvkH; uGefjrLepfurBm}uD;ukd vSnf;usif;xkwfypfaeonfh qENjyv_dif;vkH;rsm;u olwdk@udk owd ay;onfhES,f &Sdaeonf? xkdwae@ukefqkH;aomtcg qENjyolrsm;onf wdwfqdwf+idrfoufpGmjzifh &ifjyifrS xGufcGgoGm;=uav onf? rGef*kdvD;,m;aqmif;&moDa=umifhr[kwfygyJ =uufoD;xcsrf;pdrfhr_rsm; tpkd;&tdrfawmf0if;twGif;Y usefae&pfcJhav onf?

iSufusm; ESifh oHwrmef.orD; tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;ESifh ywfoufI at;at;aq;aq;yif&Sdae=uavonf? qENjyolrsm;xJwGif tcsKd@ol rsm;rSm olwkd@. om;/ orD; t&if;rsm;jzpf=uonfukd rod=uay? qENjyol a,mufsm;/ rdef;r rsm;onf touf (20) ausmf (30) t&G,frsm;jzpf=u+yD; txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;rdom;pkrsm;. om;orD;rsm;jzpf=uavonf? olwkd@onf bGJ@&ynm wwfrsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ EkdifiHjyifyokd@ c&D;xGuf ajcqef@cJh=uzl;olrsm;jzpf=uonf? trsm;tjym;onf qkdAD,uf,leD,H&Sd txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;/ wuUokdvfrsm;wGif ynmoifcJh=uzl;onf? xkdae&mrsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; avxkukd &_&_dufcJh=u&ol rsm;jzpf=uonf? tm;vkH;wkd@onf &k&Sm;bmompum;ukd aumif;pGmajymEkdif=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm t*FvdyfESifh *smrefbmom pum;ukd wufu|rf;=u+yD; taemufEkdifiHrD'D,mrsm;ESifh pme,fZif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdus,fjyef@pGm avhvmaeolrsm;jzpf=uonf? qef*smql&D*sif Zdk&pf*f (Sanjaasuregiin Zorig) onf aemufykdif;wGif/ Golden Magpie of Democracy tjzpf vlodrsm;+yD; xkdtkyfpk. pHerlemjzpfonf? tlvefbmawm&Sd xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom t&m&Sdrdom;pkwGif arG;zGm;cJh onf? olonf xl;jcm;ol wOD;jzpfonf? ol.rdcifonf &k&Sm;aoG;w0uf/ rGef*kdaoG;w0ufygoljzpfonf? ol.tzkd;onf qkdAD,uftv$mrS z,fxkwfcHcJh&oljzpfonf? jzpfcsifawmh Zdk&pf*fonf armfpukdjynfe,fwuUokdvfwGif rGef;=uyfaom uGefjrLepfa&S;&kd;tpOftvmrsm;udk av#mhcs&efESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef wifoGif;cJholjzpfonf? armfpukd. EkdifiHa&;A[k0g'pdwf0ifpm;r_tay:wGif oHa,mifvkdufI rGef*kdvD;,ef; jynfe,fwuUodkvfrS ausmif; om;rsm;/ q&mrsm;ESifh tqkdyg tawG;tac:rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;cJhavonf? (1986) ckESpfwGif xkdwuUokdvfwGif olonf uxdu wa,muftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? tpkd;&.zdESdyfr_ AsL&kdua&pD,EWm&m;ukd pdwfysufaeaom tjcm;aom vli,frsm; ESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf 'Drkdua&pDESihf tajymif;tvJrsm;ðyvkyf&eftwGuf òrd@tESH ykdpwmrsm;ukd ykef;v#Kd; uG,fv#Kd;vkdufjzef@aeaom tkyfpkwckESifh qufoG,frdcJhonf? rsufrSefwyfxm;+yD;/ pdwfESvkH;El;nHhonfh Zdk&pf*fonf ynm&Sif wa,muftjzpf ausmf=um;avonf? ol. wkdufcef;onf ol@[email protected]_yf&Sm;r_. A[kdcsufrwckjzpfvmavonf? olonf t=urf;rzufenf;jzifh ajymif;vJr_ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef vkdvm;aomolwa,mufjzpfonf? “jy\emwckukd trSefwu,f av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;a0zefjcif;r&SdyJeJ@ ajz&Sif;vdkufwJhtcg usaemf pdwfysufrdw,f” “qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd r=umc% qkdovkd aoaocsmcsm rpOf;pm;yJ tv#iftjref/ taqmwv#if cscJh=uw,f” [k (1998) ckESpfwGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; a&'D,kdodk@ ajymcJhonf?? olonf y&d\wftkHºuGvmatmif v_H@aqmfw&m;a[mjcif;ukd b,fawmhrS rvkyfay? olonf 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@qENjyyGJwGif pdwfv_yf&Sm;aeaomvltkyfukd wnf+idrfvmatmif ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhonf?


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[mhpfbwf [lvef (Hashbat Hulan) onfvnf; txufwef;v$m rdom;pkrS qif;oufvmoljzpf+yD;/ pdwf"gwf wufºuGaeolrsm;xJrS wa,mufjzpfonf? t*FvdyfESihf &k&Sbmompum;udk u|rf;usifpGmajymqkdEkdifolwOD;jzpfonf? olr onf oHwrefwOD;.orD;jzpf+yD; qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdifcJhzl;onf? qDkAD,uf,leD,HwGif oli,fwef;av;rSpI bJG@& onftxd ynmoifcJholjzpfonf? olr.EkdifiHokd@jyefvmaomtcg olr. trdajronf jyifyurBmESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aexkdifaeonfudk awG@&aomtcg tHhtm;oifhcJhrdonf? xkd@aemuf rGef*kdvD;,ef;odyHtu,f'rDY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? aemufykdif;wGif ta&S@wkdif;odyHokd@ a&ï@ajymif;oGm;avonf? xkdXmewGif jynfywGifynmoif=um;cJh+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ukd vkdvm;aomolrsm;ESifh awG@cJhavonf? (1989) ck/ pufwifbmvrSpI rGef*kdvD;,m;tm; a&S@okd@ w[kefxkd; wkd;wufrnfh jzpfpOfudk &SmazGonfh v#Kd@0Suftpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhavonf? okd@aomf olronf 'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;tpDtpOfwGif ryg0ifcJhay? [lvefESifh Zdk&pf*fwdk@onf tpkd;&ukdqef@usifaom vli,frsm;xJwGif pHerlemrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚if;wkd@ tkyfpkonf (13) a,muf&Sd+yD;/ aemufykdif;wGif ‚if;wkd@tm; ueOD;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; [kac:=uavonf? ‚if;wkd@txJrS (11) a,mufonf qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif ynmoifcJh=u+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ESifh yGifhvif;r_ (perestroika and glasnost) wkd@ukd aumif;pGmavhvmcJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? okd@aomf tH=op&maumif;onfrSm rGef*kdvD;,ef; ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm; onf qkdAD,uf jynfaxmifpktm; pufqkyf&GH&Sm=ujcif;jzpfonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif tHhtm;oifhp&m aumif;onfhtcsufrSm trsm;pkonf wkdif;jynf. vlrsKd;}uD;tkyfpkkjzpfonfh cgvfcg rGef*kd (Khalkha Mongols) rsm; r[kwf=uay? tapmykdif;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;xJY vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaejcif;udkvnf; ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif tr_rJhtrSwfrJhyifxm;chJ=uonf? tlvefbmawmòrd@awmf&Sd ynmwwftkyfpkao;ao;av;onf 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;ukd ‚if;wkd@bmom qifE$JEkdif =urnf[k olwkd@xJrS tcsKd@onf &kd;tpGm ,kH=unfae=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;/ tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;/ u|JEGm;arG;jrLol rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom òrd@}uD;/ òrd@i,fESifh aus;vufa'orsm;. yhHykd;r_rsm; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfavonf? olwkd@taejzifh &J&ifhaom qkufbmwm&ifjyifokd@ csDwuf&efowWd&Sdaomolrsm;ukd vkHavmufpGmpkaqmif;EkdifcJhv#if/ xkd@aemuf &ifjyifY us,favmifpGm atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfEkdifcJhv#if uGefjrLepftkyfpkd;r_w&m;0ifr_ukd wkefcgapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? &ifjyifawmftm; &kyfykdif;qkdif&m xdef;csKyfEkdifr_onf tvGeftrif;ta&;}uD;avonf? òrd@awmf. tcsuftcsmvnf;jzpfavonf? rGef*kdvD;,m;. enf;yg;+yD; jyef@usJaeaom vlOD;a&. av;yHkwyHk&Sdaom òrd@awmftcsuftcsmudk xdef;rdjcif;tm;jzifh atmifyGJukd &,lEkdifrnfjzpfonf? tpkd;&tdrfawmftwGif;rS wygwDtm%m&SifpHepftm; pdefac:r_ukd òzdcGJrnfh t&dyfta,mif wpkHw&mxGufrvm ao;ay? ,if;onf tpkd;&ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJol rnfr#&Sdonfqkdonfukd rod&ao;jcif;ESifh òzdcGif;vkdufjcif;jzifh ‚if;wkd@tm; emrnfqkd;jzifh ykdrkdausmf=um;vmrnfukd pkd;&drfaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tpkd;&onfvnf; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJGoGm;rnfh tajctaeukd wGufrd[ef&Sdonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;okH;&mausmfu }uD;us,fcJhonf tifykdif,m}uD;onf pnf;vkH; nD!Gwfr_ òyduGJcJhonfhtwGuf w&kwfESifh refcsL;wkd@ tkyfcsKyfr_okd@ a&muf&SdcJh&onfrsm;ukd rGef*kdrsm;onf a=umufvef@aeqJ jzpfonf? 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@ qENjyolrsm;onf wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sdaeonfh tpkd;&ukd pdefac:&eftwGuf pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf r_udk jyojcif;jzifh ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unf=uonf?

jynfolwkd@. tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufjcif;

rGef*kdjynfol@awmfvSefa&;ygwD (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party - MPRP) onf qdkAD,uf ykHpH wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? tm%mpwif&,lpOfuwnf;uyif qkdAD,ufwkd@. t&Sdef=oZmonf wdkif;jynftay:wGif t&dyfxkd; v$rf;rkd;v#uf&Sdaeonf? MPRP acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ygwDt}uD;tuJa[mif;rsm;/ ppfwyft}uD;tuJrsm;ukd ygwD wGif;rS ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf vrf;pOfukd usifhokH;&ef wkH@qkdif;jcif;r&Sdacs? ,cifu wkdif;jynf. OpPm"etrsm;pkukd csKyfukdifxm;=u onfh Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;rsm;ukdyif okwfoifz,f&Sm;&ef 0efav;jcif;r&Sd=uacs? uGefjrLepfacwfrwkdifrDu bkef;}uD; wpfodef; cef@&Sd&mrS (1950) ESpfOD;ykdif;rsm;Y &m*%ef;tenf;i,fr#om usefawmhonf? bkef;}uD; (5) yg;wGif tenf;qkH; (1) yg;onf/ towfcHcJh&onf?

qkufbmwmaemufydkif;wGif/ c|dKifbmqef (Choibalsan) onfpwmvifacgif;aqmifr_ ykHpHukd atmifjrifpGm&,lEkdif

cJhonf? aemufydkif; (1952) ckESpfwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif aysmhajymif;aomrl0g'rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;vmaomfvnf;/


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pHepfukdawmh rajymif;vJcJhacs? wygwDwnf; vuf0g;}uD; tkyfpkd;r_onf wnf+rJaeao;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm vspfvsLðyxm;cH&qJjzpfonf? ðzwf/ xkwf/ owfvrf;pOfrsm;rSmvnf; qufvuf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif; ESifh jynfESif'%fay;jcif;wkd@onf z,f&Sm;r_enf;vrf;wckjzpfaeavonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm; tapmykdif; rwkdifrDu tpkd;&onf rwnfr+idrf pjzpfrvmao;ay? ygwDacgif;aqmif ,Grf*sm*sif qD'efabm (Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal) onf u&ifrvifrS vmonfh ykdrkdaysmhajymif;onhfvrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh/ qkdAD,ufESifh w&kwfwkd@. jyefvnfcspf=unfa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd jiif;qkd &ef a&G;cs,fvkdufavonf? ol. pD;yGg;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;onfvnf; atmifjrifr_ r&Sdacs? qkd;&Gm;aom pDrHcef@cGJr_tjyif/ qkd;&Gm; aom aqmif;&moDwkd@a=umifh wd&p>mefarG;jrLr_vkyfief;vnf; rsm;pGmusqif;cJhavonf? xkd@jyif pGrf;tifrvkHavmufr_/ pm;eyf &duQm&Sm;yg;r_ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;. ra=ureyfrsm;ESifhvnf; óuHawG@ae&avonf? ygwDau'grsm;vnf; tcsdeftcgtvdkuf z,f&Sm;cHae&avonf?

tm%m&Siftm; &k&SwGifvma&mufI aq;ukor_ cH,l&efvkdtyfonf[k ,Grf*sm*sifudkajym+yD;/ qdkAD,ufwkd@ &k&Sokd@

ac:aqmifoGm;pOfwGif ‚if;.&efolrsm;u ol.ae&mwGif *srfbif bwfrGrfcf (Jambyn Batmunkh) ESifh tpm;xkd; vkdufavonf? bwfrGrfcfonf tpkd;&a[mif;. tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfaomfvnf;/ ol@tzdk@ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mr&Sday? wckck awmh tajymif;tvJvkyf&awmhrnfom jzpfonf? olESifh ol@tzGJ@onf A[kdrS pDrHcef@cGJr_ukd avsmhenf;apjcif;jzifh pD;yGg;a&; jy\emukd OD;pGmukdifwG,f ajz&Sif;cJhonf? xkd@jyif rGef*kdvD;,m;. tpkd;&owif;pmrSaeI (1986) ckESpfwGif a*:AmacsmhAf qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD uGef*&ufY a'owGif; pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ukd ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ay;&ef ajymqkdcJh aom rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; ykHESdyfcJhavonf? (1987) ckESpfwGif/ bwfrGrfcfu “jynfolawG&J@ tawG;tac:a[mif;awGudk jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufzkd@twGuf }uD;rm;wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfzkd@vkdr,f”[k rSwfcsufcJhavonf? olu ykdrkdus,fjyef@ aom yGifhvif;jrifomr_ukd awmif;qkdcJhavonf? owif;pmrsm;rS tpkd;&tay:a0zefxm;onfh ay;pmrsm;ukd ykHESdyfaz:jycJh onf? rGef*kdvD;,ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tpdwftykdif;a[mif;rsm;ukd tpm;xkd;r_rsm; tenf;i,fomðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wkd@. tmabmfukd w&m;0ifa0zefr_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ jynfol@aqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm;ukd us,fjyef@pGmzGifhay;cJhonf? oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;rS xkdae&mzGifhay;r_ukd tusKd;&Sd&Sd tokH;cscJh=uonf?

‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifrsm;rS em;ylem;qm wusnfusnfvkyfr_a=umifh tpkd;&onf jyifyzdtm;ukdvnf; cHpm;ae&

onf? a*:AmacsmhAf. jyefvnftoufoGif;ay;r_udk qkdAD,ufpD;ygG;a&;u rwkef@jyefcJhacs? ukefypPnf;rsm;rSm &Sm;yg;v#uf&Sd+yD;/ tpkd;&rSm r=umc%qkdovkd vpmrsm;ay;&ef ysufuGufae&onf? ,if;onf rGef*kdvD;,m;wGifvnf; *,uf&kdufcJhavonf? ‚if;. ukefoG,fr_ 90μ onf qkdAD,uftkyfpk0if EkdifiHrsm;ESifhjzpf+yD;/ 30μaom jynfwGif;xGufukefpkpkaygif; (*sD'DyD) onf qkdAD,uf.tultnDukd &,lae&onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &k&S/ ta&S@Oa&myrS refae*smrsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh t}uHay;t&m&Sdrsm;onf rGef*kdvD;,ef; pD;yGg;a&;. t"du&mxl;rsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xkd@tjyif armfpukdonf w&kwfESifh ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;ukd wnfaqmufaeaomfvnf;/ w&kwf-qkdAD,ufyËdyuQ. tarGtESpftjzpf qkdAD,ufppfom; ajcmufaomif;cef@onf rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif qufvufwyfpGJxm;qJjzpf onf?

(1987) ckESpf {+yDvwGif/ a*:AmacsmhAfonf ,EW,m;vufeufukdifwyf&if;ukd &kwfodrf;&ef trdef@ay;cJh+yD;/ rGef*kd

vD;,m;wGif qkdAD,ufòrd@apmifhwyfzGJ@wckukdom wyfpGJxm;apcJhonf? yDuif;ESifh aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;ukd teH@cHI rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; oHa,mifvkduf+yD; e,fpyftjiif;yGg;r_rsm;ESifh enf;ynm;rsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf w&kwfESifh oabmwlnDr_ vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhavonf? a*:AmacsmhAfonf tar&duefESifh qufqHa&;wif;rmr_rsm; av#mhcsvdkufaom tcg/ rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; 0g&SifwefESifh ol. yxrOD;qkH;aom w&m;0if qufqHa&;ukd xlaxmifcJhonf? ,cktcg tpkd;& onf urBmESifh tjynfht0qufqHa&;ukd xlaxmifcJh+yD;/ =umjrifhpGmydwfyif wm;jrpfxm;aom tawG;tac:rsm;ukd xkwfazmf&ef zGifhay;cJhavonf?

(1988) ckESpfwGif/ rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif ,cif wcgr# rxkwfazmfzl;aom udef;*%ef;pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd jynfolxHokd@

pwifxkwfjyefavonf? aygvpfAsL&kd tzGJ@0ifwa,mufu AsL&kdua&pD,EW,m;. qkd;&Gm;r_rsm;ukd wkdufckduf&eftaumif;qkH; vrf;onf 'Drkdua&pDomjzpfonf[k 'Drkdua&pDukd csD;usL;cJhavonf? ynm&Siftrsm;pkESifh t&m&Sdrsm;onf v#Kd@0Sufxm; r_rsm;ukd jypfwif&_H@cscJhavonf? v#Kd@0Sufxm;r_rsm;onf pD;yGg;jy\emrsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuefokH;oyf&eftwGuf taESmuf t,Suf t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf? ynm&SifwOD;rS &J0HhpGmjzifh tpkd;&. &mxl;ae&mwkdif;wGif vnfywfEkdif&eftwGuf wOD; xufykd+yD;xm;&Sd&ef MPRP ygwDtm; t}uHðycJhavonf? (1989) ckESpf/ 'DZifbm (10) &ufqENjyyGJrwkdifrDvrsm;wGif


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tpkd;&ESifh ygwDonf tHhtm;oifhp&m a=unmcsufwck+yD;wck xkwfjyefcJhavonf? (1930) vGefESpfrsm;ESifh (1940) vGefESpf rsm;twGif;Y jzpfyGg;cJhaom ðzwf/ xkwf/ owfrsm;ukd pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef aumfr&Sifw&yfukd zGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=unmcsufESifh epfemol tenf;qkH;vlESpfaomif;tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfay;&efwkd@jzpfonf? bwfrGrfcf onf qD'efabmtm; tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;tm; axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;r_rsm;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;*kd%f;wnfaxmifr_wkd@twGuf pGyfpGJ ajymqdkcJhonf?

xkdpOftwGif; qkdAD,ufrsm;onf aemufxyf ppfom; (8000) ukd rGef*kdvD;,m;rS &kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;/ (1990) wGif

usefaeao;onfh 25 μ ukd &kyfodrf;&ef pDpOfaeavonf? rGef*kdvD;,m; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;onf taemufEkdifiHrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;/ taemufEkdifiHrsm;xHrS pDtJeftJefESifh trfwDAGDuJhokd@aom a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfrsm; rGef*kdvD;,m; wGif &&Sda&;wkd@ukd aqmif&Guf&ef EkdifiHawmftm; wkdufwGef;cJhavonf?

(1989) ckESpfaemufykdif;wGifrl tcsKd@aom t&m&Sdrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef

pdwfqEN&Sda=umif;xif&Sm;vmavonf? okd@aomfvufawG@taumiftxnfazmfr_rsm; r&Sdao;acs? MPRP onfomv#if w&m;0ifygwDtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaeao;onf? tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&efESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifr_ pD;ygG;a&;pepfrsm;ukd av#mhcs ypf&ef wkd@ukd tpkd;&onf taumiftxnfrazmfao;acs? v#Kd@0Suf&Jrsm;/ vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJrsm; ESifh ppfwyfrsm;onfvnf; oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;tay: zdESdyfaeqJyifjzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;ESifh wygwDtkyfpkd;r_pepfwkd@ukd ajymif;vJ&ef ykdpwmrsm; a&;om;olrsm;onf tvSnfhusqkdovkd zrf;qD;cHae&qJjzpfonf? twkdcsKyftm;jzifh tpkd;&onf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf pdwfESpfcGjzpfaeqJjzpfonf? ,if;onf vli,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;t=um;wGif pdwf&Snf onf;cHr_ukd ukefqkH;apcJh onf? ,if;onf xkdvli,frsm;tm; tcGifhtvrf;ukdvnf; ay;avonf? tu,fI tpkd;&. wyfrsm;onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifaev#if/ v_yf&Sm;r_ukd a&S@okd@ wkd;Ivkyfaqmif&eftwGuf tcsdeftcgaumif;ukd &&SdEkdifrnf jzpfonf?

wnfaxmifjcif; ESifh òzdcsjcif; 'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ+yD;aemuf/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;opfv_yf&Sm;r_ twGuf yxrqkH; óuHawG@&aom

tcuftcJrSm nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufr_onf rjzpfEkdif[laom ,kH=unfaer_ukd wefjyef&efjzpfonf? tu,fI tpkd;&onf ESpfykdif;uGJoGm;ygu pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_onf ol@zmomol vufeufwckjzpfvmayvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? yxrtqifhonf ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u wifoGif;aom ajymif;vJr_twGuf tm;vkH;oabmwlonfh xkwfjyefcsuf xkwf&efjzpfonf? 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@wGif ‚if;wkd@ a0S@,rf;cJhaom “ygwDpkHpepfonf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf”/ “vl@tcGifhta&;ukd t&mtm;vkH; xufav;pm;yg” ESifh “vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh” [laom acgif;pD;pmwrf;rsm;onf olwkd@. taxGaxGyef;wkdifukd a&mifjyef[yfcJhavonf? qENjyyGJwywftwGif;wGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf or*~ (Mongolian Democratic Union -MDU) opfonf vkyfief;tpDtpOf y&kd*&rfwckukd a&;qGJEkdifcJhavonf? vl ESpfaxmifcef@&Sdaom vlxktpnf;ta0;+yD; aemuf ygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif rsm;xHokd@ ‚if;wkd@vkdcsifaom toem;cHv$mukd wifoGif;cJhavonf? xkdtoem;cHv$monf EkdifiHom;rsm;. yxrqkH;aom xkwfjyefa=unmcsufvnf;jzpfavonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. t"du EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrSm (1990) ESpfv,fwGif ygvDreftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJopfudk a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;rsOf;topfrsm;jzifh usif;yay;&efjzpfonf? MPRP omr[kwfyJ tjcm;ygwDrsm;vnf; 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifcGifhay;&efjzpfonf? rJqENay;olrsm;Y ta&G;cHrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ukd +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; r&Sdap&bJ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf? ta&G;cs,fcH&aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onf aygvpfAsL&kd. =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_rS uif;vGwfap& rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@. tkyfcsKyfa&;vnfywfr_onf yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf EkdifiHawmf. Oya' jzpf&rnfjzpfonf? olwkd@onf pD;yGg;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;/ wHcg;zGifhpD;yGg;a&;pepf/ EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm;ukd yk*~vduykdifðya&; ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_tcGifhta&; tmrcHcsuf ponfwkd@ukdvnf; awmif;qkdcJhavonf? xkd@jyifolwkd@onf vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifh/ ajymqkdcGifh/ oGm;vmcGifh ponfwkd@yg0ifonfh vl@tcGifhta&; tmrcHcsufrsm;tjyif tcGihfxl;cH vlwef;pm; rsm;twGuf jyXmef;xm;onfh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdvnf; y,fzsufay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhavonf? aemufqkH;wGif tpkd;& onf c|dKifabmqef (Choibalsan) vufxuf t=urf;zufr_twGif;aoqkH;cJhaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;/ t&yfom;rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI 0efcHum vlxktm; today;&avawmhonf? xkd@aemuf ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;onf tqkdygtcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnfjyifqifonfh tajccHOaya'opfxJwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;&ef wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdcJhavonf?


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'DZifbm (11) ESifh (12) &ufae@wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh ygwDuGef*&uf tpnf;ta0;Y MPRP t&m&Sdrsm;onf yGifhvif;r_ESifh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; (glasnost and perestroika) wkd@. tajccHrloabmw&m;rsm;ukd xyfrHtwnfðyay;cJh avonf? xkd@jyif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ukdvnf; tenf;qkH; oabmw&m;tm;jzifh oabmwl twnfðycJhavonf? qkdAD,ufwkd@onf t=urf;zuf zdESdyfr_vkyf&yfrsm;xHokd@ jyefoGm;awmhrnf r[kwfqkdonfukd olwkd@ odxm;=uavonf? vGefcJhaom ajcmufvu wDtefrifqENjyyGJukd tpkd;&. t=urf;zufòzdcGif;r_ESifhywfoufI a*:AmacsmhAfu b0ifrus/ rESpfoufcJhonfukdvnf; olwkd@odxm;avonf? xkd@tjyif yDuif;&Sd oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkd@. ta&;t&mrsm;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufrnfukdvnf; pkd;&drf=uavonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf twdwfumvu w&kwfwkd@onf olwkd@ wkdif;jynftm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcs,fvS,fcJh=uaoma=umifh olwkd@onf w&kwfwkd@tm; tpOftvmt& a=umuf&Hë@aecJh&ovkdjzpfaeavonf? r+idrfroufr_rsm;ukd a&Smifv$J&eftwGuf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; rsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufawG@yËdyuQjzpf&efxuf ‚if;wkd@ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vkyf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uavonf? tpkd;&onf ygwDpkHpepf/ vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh jynfolvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;a&; ponfh t}uHðycsufrsm;ukd E_wfjzifhom qufvufvkyfaqmifaecJh+yD;/ ta&;w}uD; aqmif&Guf&rnfh t&mtjzpf rjyocJhay? ajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd ig;ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;/ wqifh+yD; wqifhvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef tpkd;&t}uD;tuJrS t}uHðycJhavonf? okd@aomf vli,fðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf 'DZifbm (10) &uf qENjyyGJ+yD;aemuf tpkd;&twGif;&Sd ajymif;vJa&;udk qef@usifaomolrsm;tm; &mxl;tqifhrsm;rS av#mhcsr_rsm; ðyvkyfvm&+yD;aemuf/ tm;vkH;oabmwlnDonfh tpDtrHwckukd atmifjrifpGm a&;qGJaeEkdifcsdefwGif/ ‚if;wkd@taeESifh t"dy`g,fjynfh0aom &vm'frsm;twGuf ESpfrsm;pGm apmifh&OD;rnfukd pdwfr0ifpm;=uacs? xkdtusKd;&vm'frsm;ukd wGef;tm;ay;&eftwGuf/ olwkd@taejzifh ‚if;wkd@. ynmwwftokdif;t0kdif; twGif;&Sd tajccHukd jyifyokd@ csJ@xGif&ef OD;pGmvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf? tlvefbmawm ukdausmfvGefa&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf/ olwkd@onf tm'Deuf (Erdenet) &Sd a=u;eDowˆKrkdif;wGif;&Sd tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;ukd OD;wnfcsufxm;vkdufonf? ,if; onf qkdAD,uf-rGef*kd zufpyfpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;jzpf+yD;/ xkdvkyfief;wGif &k&Stif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;pGmwkd@ vkyfudkfif ae=uavonf? xkdolwkd@onf ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom vkyftm;cukd &&Sd=uavonf? tm'Deuf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;rSm xkdrnDr#r_ tay:wGif ra=ureyfjzpfae=u+yD;/ 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;uwnf;uyif qef@usifqENjy&eftwGuf tpnf;ta0; ac:cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rS tqkdyg tvkyform;rsm;. ra=ueyfr_rsm;ukd tpkd;&xHokd@ OD;wnf&ef ulnDI vrf;a=umif;azmufay;vkdufavonf? 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf or*~onf odyHynm&Sif tm'DeD bwf-tl;vf (Erdenii Bat-Uul) ukd ‚if;wkd@ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf apv$wf vkdufavonf? tvkyform;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd vlxktkHºuGr_jzifh ajy+idrf;Ekdifrnf[k olu uef@uGufajymqkdavonf? xkdvlxktkHºuGr_onf t"dutajymif;tvJrsm;twGuf wkdufckduf&rnfjzpfonf? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_opfukd aemufrS usm;uefay; &efvdk+yD;/ tlvefbmawmtjyifrSaeI tpkd;&udk zdtm;ay;&efjzpfonf? xkd@aemuf bwftl;vfonf vkdtyfonfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfaqmifae+yD;aemuf òrd@awmfokd@jyefvm+yD; rGef*kdvD;,ef;'Drkdu&ufwpfor*~tm; vlxkaxmufcHr_ ykdrkd&,l&ef twGuf tjcm;aom òrd@rsm;okd@ vlrsm;apv$wf&ef ajymavonf? ESpfukefqkH;aomtcg ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;wGif &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom pDrHudef;wck ESifh rwluGJjym;aom r[mrdwfrsm; &&Sdae+yDjzpfonf? okd@aomf olwkd@wGif uspfvpfodyfonf;aom enf;AsL[m ESifh qENjyyGJtwGuf ta&;ay: zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh aumfr&Sifxufykdaom ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkdtyfaeao;onf? rGef*kdvD;,ef; or*~ onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&eftwGuf }uD;rm;vGef;aeojzifh olwkd@onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; aumfrwDwckukd zGJ@pnf; vkdufavonf? xkdaumfrwDrS ta&;awmfykH}uD;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm; tjrifhrm;qkH;aom oufa&mufr_ &&Sd&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf? vuf&Sd ygvDrefonf trsm;tm;jzifh ygwDxdyfykdif; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd wHqdyfwkH;xk&onfh tqifhwGifom&SdonfhtwGuf/ vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdaom pHerlemjy tjcm;aom ygvDrefwck ukd urf;vSrf;&eftwGuf MDU onf Zefe0g&DwGif ðyvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;}uD;okd@ vlwaxmiftm; qGJac:vmavonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;udk qkufbmwm&ifjyifrS ESpfuDvkdrDwmyifrjynfh (wrkdifausmfausmfcef@) aom vDeifjywkdufwGif ðyvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kef ykdrkd&vmap&eftwGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; aumfrwDonf Zefe0g&Dv (21) &ufae@wGif &ifjyifawmfY qENjyyGJ}uD;wckukd usif;y&efac:avawmhonf? 'DZifbm (10) &ufae@qENjyyGJonf pdwftm;xufoefaom


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vltkyfpki,fav;rS pwifcJh+yD;/ wajz;ajz;ESifh tvkdtavsmuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckt}udrfwGifrlum; &moDOwk tvGeftu|Hat;aeaomfjim;vnf; (tat;yrm%onf a&cJtrSwfatmuf -30 'D*&D pifwD*&dwf okd@ a&muf&Sdaeonf?) qENjyyGJtwGuf aocsmusepGm jyifqifxm;+yD;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@tm;vnf; pnf;&kH;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? ynmwwf vlwef; pm; tokdif;t0ef;r#om a&mufvmonfr[kwfyJ/ tm'Deufòrd@ESifh aus;vufa'orS vlrsm;vnf; a&muf&Sdvmavonf? ‚if;wkd@. awmif;qkdr_topfrsm;rSmvnf; 'DZifbm (10) awmif;qkdr_rsm;xuf ykdrkdI tao;pdwfavonf? qENjyyGJtwGuf xkdae@ukd &ufowfrSwfvkdufjcif;onfvnf; óuHovkd/ jzpfovkd owfrSwfvkdufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ/ xkdae@onf vDeifaoqkH;onfh ESpfywfvnfae@ jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? emrnf}uD;&kyf&Sifrif;om; wOD;rS vltkyf}uD;tm; wkdif;&if;om; &kd;&maw;oDcsif; rsm; a&S@rSoDqkdI OD;aqmifac:oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf a&S;a[mif; rGef*kd{u&mZf *sif*pfcef (Chinggis Khan) tm; atmf[pfaumif;csD;ay;=uavonf? ,if;onf awmfvSefaomtðytrlyifjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf tpkd;& onf &k&Stay:wGif av;pm;vkdufemvGef;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? xkd&k&Sukd bk&if*spf*pfcefrS usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufcJhzl;+yD;/ ,cifu *sif*pfceftm;vnf; tpkd;&rS }uD;us,faom bk&if{u&mZftjzpf rorkwfyJ/ wjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;. OpPm"ersm;tm; wkdufckdufvk,lol t&kdif;tpkdif;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? tpkd;&tm; zdtm;ay;r_ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;+yD; qENjyyGJrsm;ukd Zefe0g&D ESifh azaz:0g&D ESpfvvkH;/ oDwif;ywf tukefwkdif;wGif usif;yavonf? vrf;rsm;ay:wGif pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_urfydef;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr# tpkd;&onfvnf; csDwkHcswkHjzpfIvmavonf? ygvDreftrwfrsm;onfvnf; qENjyyGJpwifonfhae@uwnf;uyif wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd ykHrSefusif;yae&avonf? okd@aomf ygwD ESifh ygvDref rnfokd@vkyfaqmifrnf qkdonfESifh ygwfoufI oabmwlnDr_rsm; r&&SdEkdifjzpfaeonf? oabmxm; wif;rmolrsm;ESifh/ aphpyfajy+idrf;a&; orm; rsm;t=um; ESpfzufpvkH;rS tompD;r&Ekdifjzpfaeaomtcg/ olwkd@onf tcsdefqGJonfhtaejzifh wajz;ajz; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ rsm;ukd tav;ay;oGm;rnf[laom tESpfom&r&Sdonfh xkwfjyefa=unmcsufukd xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? wzufwGifvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;wGif aumv[mvrsm;ukd xkwfv$ifhaeavonf? ,if;rSm xkdolwkd@onf ukd,fusKd; pD;ygG;orm;rsm;/ tusifhysufvmbfpm;olrsm;/ rl;,pfaomufpm;olrsm;[lI tp&Sdonfh aumv[mvrsm;jzpfonf? xkd vkyf}uHtoa&zsufr_rsm;rSm em;r=um;olrsm;xHokd@oma&muf&SdoGm;avonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ta&;awmfykH. t"duyk*~dKvf. ykH&dyfukd &SmazGrawG@&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? vlowffvufeufrsm;r[kwfyJ/ twif;tzsif;owif;rsm;ukd &ifqkdifI ðyjyifa&;tkyfpkonf ppfrSefaom twkduftcHtiftm;pkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (16) &ufae@wGif/ abm*aA'ynm&Sif 'gAma'gh*sif *efbdk;vf'f (Davaadorjiin Ganbold) . vrf;!ïefr_jzifh trsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD (National Progressive Party - NPP) ukdzGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? 'Drkdua&pDpepf/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm; yk*~vduykdifðyvkyfa&;ESifh b%fvkyfief;pepf jyefvnfðyjyifrGrf;rHa&;wkd@udk tm;ay;cJhavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif/ bwftl;vfonf ukd,fpm;vS,f (611) a,mufukd pka0;+yD; rGef*kdvD;,ef;'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD (Mongolian Democratic Party - MDP) ukd zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf? ,cktcg ygwDwckwnf;ukdom tcGifhtm%may;xm;aom wkdif;jynf. tajccHOya'ukd raxrJhjrif ðyonfhtaejzifh ESpfqyifwkd;vmcJhavonf? tm%mykdifwkd@tm; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; oGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonfvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf? owif;orm;tkyfpkwckrSmvnf; tpkd;&. cGifhðycsufr&,lyJ (Shin Tol – New Mirror) a=u;rkHopf trnf&Sd owif;pmwapmifukd xkwfa0cJhavonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; yxrOD;qkH;xkwfa0aom w&m;r0if owif;pm jzpfavonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tpkd;&ESifh tjiif;tckHðy&ef enf;vrf;opfrsm;ukd wyfqifI vlxk. ESvkH;om;ukda&m OD;aESmufukdyg yef=um;cJhavonf?

‚if;wkd@txJrS tcsKd@onf jrifom xif&Sm;aom a&S;a[mif;tpOftvmrsm;ukd ypfrSwfxm; wkdufckduf&ef qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? rGef*kdvD;,ef; òrd@rsm;onf uGefjrLepfol&Jaumif;wkd@. &kyfwkrsm;/ ukd,fwykdif;ykH &kyfxkrsm;jzifh &_yfyGae avonf? okd@aomf ‚if;wkd@onf vdrfrmyg;eyfpGmjzifh qkufbmwmuJhokd@aom rGef*kdvD;,ef; &kyfwkrsm;ukdOD;rwnfyJ/ xkdtpm; EkdifiHawmfpm=unfhwkdufa&S@&Sd *sKd;Zufpwmvif. &kyfwka&S@okd@ csDwufvmcJh=uonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf wd&dp>mefuJhokd@ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom qkdAD,uf tm%m&Sif pwmvif. &kyfwkonf rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkd@. ,Ofaus;r_ orkdif;tarGtESpf jywkdufa&S@Y rwfwyf&yfapmifh=uyfaeonfukd tvGefyif pdwfysuf+iD;jiLae=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh xkd&kyfwk tm; òzdcs&eftwGuf vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif pnf;a0;vdkufavonf? azaz:0g&Dv (22) &ufae@nwGif/ trnfrodvlwpk onf pwifvif&kyfwktm; ta0;okd@ rxkwfoGm;+yD; tpazsmufvkdufavonf? rnfolawGckd;,loGm;+yD;/ &kyfwkrnfonfh ae&mokd@a&muf&SdoGm;onfukd ,ckwkdif&SmrawG@awmhacs?


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ESpf&ufr#=um+yD;aemuf ta&;awmfykH. tm&kHonf &kyfwkrsm;rS wzef tawG;tac:rsm;zufokd@ OD;vSnfhoGm;jyef avonf? vkHòcHa&;0ef}uD;XmerS olv#Kdrsm;&Sdaeonfhwkdif/ w&m;0if rGef*kdvD;,ef; vli,for*~onf (Mongolian Youth Union) jynfe,fwuUokdvfwGif tpnfta0;ðyvkyfavonf? ygwDpkH EkdifiHa&;pepfwck/ vl@tcGifhta&;/ pD;yGg;a&;wHcg; zGifhay;r_/ tpkd;&ykdifpuf&kHrsm;/ b%frsm;/ vufvDukefpkHqkdif}uD;rsm;tm; yk*~vduykdifðyvkyfa&;/ tp&Sdonfwkd@yg0ifonfh MDU . awmif;qkdr_rsm;ukd pdwftm;xufoefpGmaxmufcHcJh=uavonf? jywfom;aom acgif;aqmifr_/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;. axmufcHr_ ESifh jynfolvlxktwGif; xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifjcif; wkd@a=umifh rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_onf yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHa&;tiftm;ukd zGifhay;cJh avonf?

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[k ajymcJhavonf? qENjyolrsm;tm; vma&mufaumif;csD;ay;jcif;rSm vlom;wOD;taejzifh vuf&Sd cHpm;ae&r_rsm;ukd vma&mufjyojcif;omjzpfonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrwDrS wwkdif;jynfvkH;tESH@ taxGaxGoydwf}uD;usif;y&ef rac:qkdrD/ tm;'Deuf (Erdenet) rS tvkyform; (500) wkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_ukd jyoonfhtaejzifh wem&D=um vkyfief;rsm; &yfqkdif; onfh oydwfukd usif;ycJhavonf? “u|efawmfwkd@ rkdif;vkyfief;ukd wem&D=um=um tvkyfrqif;jcif;yJae+yD; qENjycJh=uw,f” [k ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifrS owif;ykd@cJhavonf? “'g[m wu,fhcHpm;r_wckr[kwfao;ygbl;” [k qufvufajymqkdcJh avonf? “'g[m tpyJ&Sdygao;w,f/ tvkyform;awG[m MDU ukd axmufcHtm;ay;zkd@twGuf tuef@towfrJh oydwfwkdufyGJukd qifE$Jzkd@ toifhjzpfae=uyg+yD” [kvnf; qufvufajymqkdcJhavonf? tvkdtavsmufyif 'gcef (Darkhan)/ rdk&Gef (Moron) ESifh tjcm;aom òrd@rsm;rSvnf; vkyfief;&yfqkdif;r_oydwfrsm;ukd tm;'DeufrS tvkyform;rsm;uJhokd@ vkdufygvkyfaqmif=uavonf? xkduJhokd@aom tjzpfrsKd; rGef*kdvD;,m;wGif wcgr# rjzpfcJhzl;ay? aygvpfAsL&kdonf ‚if;wkd@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd qufvufusif;y=uavonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSmvnf; tpkd;& tdrfawmfrS ‚if;wkd@ txufvl}uD;rsm;. a'gorsm;ukd ae@pOfjrifawG@=um;ae&avonf? jyify&Sd qENjyolrsm;ukd apmifh=unfh aeonfh wkdif;jynftESH@&Sd ‚if;[email protected];*sifhrsm;xHrSvnf; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; vSdrfh0ifvmaeaomtcg ‚if;wkd@onf orkdif;wGif wcgr#róuHzl;aom jyif;xefonfh pdefac:r_rsKd;jzifh &ifqkdifae&onfukd em;vnfvmavonf? ESpf (40) =um ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf yGJrsm;twGif; &Sifusef&pfcJhonfh tcsKd@aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm zdESdyft=urf;zuf ESdyfuGyfr_ vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI at;at;aq;aq;yif &Sdae=uavonf? 'rfcsD*sif rdkvGrf*srf (Demchigiin Molomjamts) uJhokd@ oabmxm; jyif;xef aomolrsm;onf t=urf;zuftiftm;okH; ESdyfuGyfòzdcGif;r_enf;vrf;ukd okH;pGJ&ef wkH@qkdif;jcif;r&Sday? olonf tpkd;&. xdyfwef;&mxl; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif xrf;aqmifcJhzl;oljzpfonf? (1998) ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;onf vlxk. av#mhwGufjcif;ukd cHae&avonf[kyif ajymqdkcJhavonf? ‚if;uJhokd@oabmxm;wif;rmolrsKd; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; orm;rsm;xH tv#iftjref vufeufcstnHhcHr_udk umuG,f&ef aygvpfAsL&kdtwGif;Y tvkHtavmuf&Sdaeavao;onf? oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf &ifjyifukd &Sif;vif;a&;vkyf&eftwGuf ppfwyfukdqifhac:&ef qEN&SdaecsdefwGif/ tjcm;aomolrsm;onf wkdif;jynfukd t&kyfqkd; tusnf;wefcJhapaom wDtefrif&ifjyif tjzpftysufukd owd&aumif;&ae =uayvdrfhrnf/ okd@aomf odyfawmh raocsmvSay? xkd@a=umifh aygvpfAsL&kdonf tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ yxrae@wGifyif rqkwfom rwkd;om tajctaewGif&Sdaeavonf? aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0if (2) a,mufonf atmufokd@qif;oGm;+yD; qENjyol rsm;tm; &yfwef@&efESifh/ ‚if;wkd@. usef;rma&;udk rdrdwkd@taeESifh pkd;&drfa=umif;udk arwWm&yfcHajymqkdavonf? okd@aomf olwdk@. arwWm&yfcHcsufukd ,Ofaus;pGmjzifh jiif;y,fvkdufavonf? rlv tpmiwfcHqENjyol (10) a,mufESifh xkdnaewGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;ol (3) a,muf wkd@onf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnD!Gwfaom tpkd;&tm; ðzwfcs&ef pdwfqkH;jzwfxm;=uav onf? xkdt=uyftwnf;onf tpkd;&rS tprf;oabmjzifh r&Jw&J vkdufavsmr_wckukd rðyvkyfrD aemufwae@txd qufoGm;avonf? 0ef}uD;rsm; aumifpD 'kOuUX (1) 'g&Sif Asefbmql&if (Dashiin Byambasuren) rS aemufykdif;wGif jyef ajymjyonfrSm “tcsKd@aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifa[mif;}uD;wkd@onf qENjy oydwfqifE$Jaeor# umvywfvkH; vli,frsm;ESifh rnfonfhaphpyf aqG;aEG;a&;udkrqkd ðyvkyf&ef qef@usif=uavonf?”[k qdkonf? olESifh tjcm;aom tv,ftvwf oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;onf xkduJhokd@aom olwkd@. qef@usifuef@uGufaer_rsm;ukd jzwfausmfum nae (4) em&Dcef@wGif ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;ESifh awG@qkH&ef tpkd;&tdrfawmfrS xGufvmcJhavonf? Asefbmql&ifonf bwftl;vfESifh tjcm;aom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wOD;ESifh aqGrsKd;awmfpyfoljzpfonf? ESpfzufpvkH;rS ‚if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;ukd wifjy=uavonf? ,if;ukd a&'D,kdESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;wkd@rSvnf; xkwfv$ifhay;avonf? okd@aomf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rS rnfonfhtajzr# xGuf rvmcJhyg? tpmiwfcHqENjyr_rSmvnf; aemufwae@okd@ qufoGm;avonf? rwfv (8) &ufae@onf tjynfjynfqkdif&mtrsKd;orD;rsm;ae@jzpfavonf? qkd&S,fvpf rGef*kdvD;,m;EkdifiH. ta&;}uD;aom ae@wae@jzpfonf? xkdtm;vyf&ufae@onf pdwf0ifpm;pl;prf;olrsm;ukd &ifjyifokd@ ykdI OD;wnfapcJhonf? jy\em&Smrnfholrsm;vnf; ygavonf? tcsKd@rSm rl;,pfaomufpm;xm;=uonf? olwkd@onf tiSg;,Ofrsm;ESifh òrd@wGif; bwfpfum;rsm;ukd acsmqGJ+yD; OD;pGm qkdAD,ufoH&kH;okd@ oGm;cJh=uonf? xkd@aemuf bwfrGrfcf. &kH;awmfokd@ qufoGm;cJh=uonf? vrf;wGif [Gef;rsm;wD;+yD; qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&;ESifh MPRP qef@usifa&;rsm;ukdvnf; atmfoGm;=uavonf? aemuf ESpf&uf


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=umaomtcg 0&kef;okef;um; t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf &ifjyifESifh tlvefbmawmae&mtESH@tjym;wGif jzpfyGg;avawmhonf? vl (7) OD;cef@xdckduf'%f&m&&SdoGm;+yD; wOD;onf"g;jzifhtxkd;cH&+yD; aoqkH;cJhavonf? tjzpftysufrsm;onf rxdef;csKyfEkdif awmhonfhtajctaeokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ukd ,kH=unfaom MDU acgif;aqmifrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd rxdef;csKyfEkdifawmhonfh tajctaeokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf? tpkd;&udk rwnfr+idrfjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k olwkd@ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf? okd@aomf TuJhokd@aom t"du&k%f;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k óudwifrjrifcJh=uacs? xkd@a=umifh jzpfvmEdkifonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;twGufvnf; vkHòcHa&;t& óudwifumuG,f jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyfrxm;cJh=uacs? xkduJhokd@ qlqlylyl &_yf&_yfaxG;axG; jzpfvmaomtcg/ ta&;awmfykH. t&G,fyrm%rSmvnf; }uD;xGm;vm+yD; aygvpfAsL&kdtm; ykdrkdpOf;pm;vmapawmhonf? vltkyf}uD;. t&G,fyrm%rSm “aomif;*%ef;tcsKd@” rSonf “ukd;aomif;” txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfvmavawmhonf? okd@aomf rnfokd@aom ta&twGufyifjzpfapumrl tpkd;&onf wyfvSef@xm;vkduf avonf? jynfol@vkHòcHa&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf t"du&k%f;rsm;tm; acsr_ef;ESdrfESif;&eftwGuf ppfwyfukd tokH;ðyvmygu ppfwyfonf xkdtrdef@udk rvkdufem&[k trdef@ay;xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;aom om"uyifjzpfonf? tvkdtavsmufyif qkdAD,ufonf t"du&k%f;rsm; t&Sdefjrifhwufrvmatmif umuG,f&efESifh ajy+idrf;oGm;atmif pDrHaqmif&Guf&ef rGef*kdvD;,ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; t}uHay;avonf? oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf ta&S@Oa&my&Sd uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm; wGif yËdyuQrsm;txGwftxdyfokd@a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg òydvJoGm;cJh=uonfukd odxm;cJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;wkd@. tqifhtwef;rsm;ukd u,fwif&eftwGuf xGufaygufwckukd =unfhxm;rnfrSm aocsmavonf? qENjyolrsm;xHrS zdtm;rsm; jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr#/ tpkd;&twGif;ESifh u&ifrvif&Sd tv,ftvwf oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;vnf; jrifhwufvm+yD;/ oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif rwfv (9) &ufae@ rGef;vGJykdif;Y t&_H;ay;tnHhcHvkduf=uavonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ðyvkyfygu olwkd@onf txufpD;rSmyif &Sdaeao;onf[k odxm;cJh=uonf? olwkd@. tajccHau'grsm;onf wkdif;jynf. jynfe,f/ c&kdifwkdif;Y &SdaecJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? wzufwGif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t&0gEk=uolrsm;jzpf=uonf? tav#mhay;+yD; aemufokd@wvSrf;qkwfjcif;tm;jzifh/ aemufqkH;Y tjiif;ryGg;EkdifbJ tm%mukd atmifjrifpGm&&Sd+yD; a&S@okd@ESpfvrf;wuf+yD;om; jzpfoGm;rnf[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uonf? xkduJhokd@aom (okd@r[kwf) tvm;wl tawG;tac:rsKd;jzifh/ bwfrGrfcfonf xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf rl=urf;wckudk a&;qGJ+yD; rwfv (9) &uf/ aom=umae@ naewGif olonf aygvpfAsL&kd twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfrS tem;,lvkdufa=umif;ESifh/ tjcm;aom aygvpfAsL&kdtzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf; E_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmvkdufavonf? tpmiwfcHqENjyr_vnf; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? MDU acgif;aqmif;rsm;vnf; qENjyolrsm;tm; jyefEkdif+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymvkdufavonf? wevFmae@wGif/ rGef*kdvD;,m; wEkdifiHvkH;&Sd ukd,fpm;vS,f (370) wkd@onf jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0; wcktwGuf pka0;cJh=uonf? vGefcJhaom ig;&ufu tpmiwfcHqENjyolrsm; xkdifcJh=uaom ae&mESifh rDwmtenf;i,f r#om uGma0;avonf? tjyeftvSef tjyif;txef aqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf MPRP . wygwDwnf; vuf0g;}uD; tkyfcsKyfr_ukd cGifhðyxm;aom tajccHOya' yk'fr-82 ukd &kyfodrf;cJhavonf? aemuf ig;&ufcef@ =umaomtcg olwkd@onf a&t[kefuJhokd@tiftm;}uD;rm;aom tkyfpkrsm;. tHhtm;oifhzG,f&m arwWm&yfcHcsuf wckESifh wkd;wkdufrdavawmhonf? xkduJhokd@ r,kH=unfEkdifzG,f&mtjzpfrsKd; ,cifu r&SdcJhzl;acs? rGef*kdvD;,m; pdrf;vef;pkdajya&;ygwD (Mongolian Green Party)/ rGef*kdvD;,ef; bmoma&;,kH=unfouf0ifolrsm; jynfaxmifpk (Union of Mongolian Believers)/ vGwfvyfaom rGef*kdvD;,ef; tvkyform;rsm; aumfrwD (Mongolian Free Labor Committee)/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf wkdif;jynfukd rnfuJhokd@vnfywfrnfqkdaom t}uHtpnf pdwful;rsm;ukd xkwfaz:=uavonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif ygwDwGif;Y vnf; ajymif;vJr_ukd ykdrkdwdrf;!Gwfaom vli,facgif;aqmiftopfrsm;ukd a&S@okd@wifay;jcif;jzifh ygwDwGif;jyefvnfwnf aqmufr_rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifv#uf &Sdaeavonf? aemufqkH;Y ygvDrefonf a&G;aumufyGJtopf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd twnfðyvkdufavonf? ,SOfòydifolr&Sdaom ta&G;cHrnfh wckwnf;aom uGefjrLepftrwfavmif; pm&if;a[mif;rSm wykdif;wppDjzpfoGm;+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS a&G;aumufyGJ0ifrnfh trwfpm&if;ESifh wuG toD;oD;rSwfykHwifcJh=uavonf? xkduJhokd@ tav#mhay;r_rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;yJ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm owd&Sdae=uavonf? MPRP onf aiGa=u;ydkrkdjynfhpkH+yD;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&;owif;Xmersm;ukdvnf; qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfonf qkdonfukd olwkd@od xm;=uavonf? xkdvuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r_rsm;ukd qef@usif&eftwGuf qENjyr_topfrsm;ukd qifE$JcJh=uonf? xkdqENjyyGJ rsm;onf {+yDvtukefwGif qkufbmwm&ifjyifESifh tjcm;aom ae&mtoD;oD;Y vlaxmifaygif; rsm;pGmukd vrf;rsm;ay:okd@


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qGJac:vmEkdifcJhonf? qENjyolrsm;tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&ef wkdufwGef;aepOfwGifyif qENjyyGJonf r=umc%qkdovkdyif xdef;csKyfr_rJhjzpfoGm;avonf? aumif;pGmpnf;&kH;xm;aom vlxkqENjyyGJwckwGif cE<mukd,f ao;auG; aom Zdk&pf*fonf axmufcHtm;ay;ol wOD;. yckH;ay:okd@ wuf+yD; a'goxGufaeaom vlxktm; t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd rðyvkyf&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;ykHwkd@udk txl;tav;xm;ajymoGm;avonf? (0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm xkd t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufcHtm;ay;cJholonf &SpfESpfcef@=um+yD;aemuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcHcJh&avonf? xkd&mZ0wfr_rSmvnf; ,ck xdraz:EkdifyJ &SdaecJhao;onf?) qENjyolrsm;ESifh vkHòcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um;wGif wif;rmr_rsm;qufvufjzpfyGgaejcif;onf tpkd;&tm; ppfwyfudk ac:&ef wGef;tm;ay;vkdufovkdjzpfaecJhonf? ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; tm%mzDqefa&; (civil disobedience) okd@ jyefa&mufoGm;avawmhonf? olwkd@onf {+yDvtapmykdif;Y [dk@Af*dk; tdkifruf Hovsgol aimag wGif a'otm%mykdif rsm;. cGifhðycsuf r&,lyJ tpnf;ta0;wckukd usif;ycJhavonf? av;a,muf tzrf;cHcJh&+yD;/ axmifwGif;Y tESdyfpufcHcJh& avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; (13) a,mufrS tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukdðyvkyfcJhavonf? {+yDv (30) &ufae@wGif tajccHOya'a&;&mrsm; ESifh a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm; (ygwDtm;vkH;twGuf wajy;nD pnf;&kH; v_H@aqmfcGifhrsm;) ukd aqG;aEG;&ef awG@qkHcJh=uavonf? ESpfzufpvkH;rS aoG;xGufoH,kdr_rsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;cJh=uonf? arv (7) &ufae@wGif tpkd;&. cGifhðycsufrvdkyJ tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;ukd w&m;0if usif;yEkdifa=umif; oabmwlnDcJh=u+yD;aemuf tpmiwfcH qENjyr_rsm; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf ygvDrefrS vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd ZlvkdifvwGif usif;yrnf[k a=unmvdkufaomtcg/ arv (10) &ufae@wGif qENjyr_rsm;tm;vkH; tqkH;owfcJhavonf? ,cktcg v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfykHonf qENrJykH;rsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&ef OD;wnfoGm;avawmhonf?

oD;jcm;trnfwckjzifh atmifyGJcH,ljcif;

ESpfw0ufyifrjynfhaomumvtwGif;rSmyif rGef*kdvD;,m;&Sd 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf &mpkESpf0ufausmfausmf tkyfpkd;cJhaom wygwDtpkd;&tm; t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh ,drf;,kdifoGm;apcJhavonf? okd@aomf xkd&mpkESpftwGif;&Sd tjcm;aom t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh E_dif;,SOfv#if ‚if;. jzpfpOfukd,fYyif acgif;aqmifolta&twGuf enf;yg; cJhavonf? xkd@a=umifh v_yf&Sm;r_onf teuf&_dif;qkH;txd a&muf&ef tcsdefr=umcJhay? xkd@jyif tm%mykdifwkd@onf t=urf;zufvufwkH@jyefjcif; rðyvkyfyJ/ tm%mcsKyfukdifxm;r_ukd pGef@v$wfcJhonfhtwGuf ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom &efvkdpdwfrsm; jrifhwufrvmEkdifcJhay? trSefwGifrl/ uGefjrLepfrsm;onf owfowfrSwfrSwf&Sdxm;+yD;aom rJqENe,fajrrsm;ukd rsufESmvkd rsufESm&vkyfonfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;. a'goukd avsmhenf;ap&efvnf;aumif;/ vpmrsm; wkd;jr‡ifhay; jcif;/ ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tusKd;tjrwfykdrkdI jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; ponfwkd@jzifh v#ifjrefpGm a&$@ajymif;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? zdvpfykdif ESifh ykdvefrSmuJhokd@ rJ&kH;rsm;Y tóudprf;oyfr_wGif twkduftcHrsm;onf tvkdtavsmuf rsufESmom r&cJhawmhacs?

ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm csKd@wJhr_rsm; &Sdaeojzifh u|rf;usifpGm rupm;EkdifcJhacs? tpkd;&rS ta&;ygonfh

vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh tav#mhay;jcif;ESifh tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fay;jcif;wkd@jzifh rJrsm; E_dufxkwf ,lEkdifcJhonfhtwGuf ta&;awmfykHrSm tpdwfpdwftr$mr$mjzpfoGm;cJh&avonf? bwftl;vfonf rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpf ygwD (Mongolian Democratic Party - MDP) ukd wnfaxmifcJh+yD;jzpfonf? *efbdk;vf'fonfvnf; trsKd;om; wkd;wufa&;ygwD (National Progressive Party - NPP) ukdzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? MDU . OuUXjzpfcJhaom Zdk&pf*fonf tpyxrY a&G;aumufyGJwGif woD;yk*~vtjzpf &yfwnfcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; aemufwESpfwGif olonf aemufxyf &DywfbvpfuefygwDukd wnfaxmifcJhonf? xkd@tjyif pwkwˆwckjzpfonfh rGef*kdvD;,ef; qkd&S,f-'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD (Mongolian Social Democratic Party - MSDP) onfvnf; 'Drkdua&pDukd axmufcHcJhavonf? okd@aomf tjcm; aom ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;uJhokd@ EkdifiHawmfuapmifha&Smufaomvlr_zlvkHa&;pepf (social welfare state) ukd pGef@y,f&ef rurf;vSrf;cJhay?

xkdygwDrsm;tm;vkH;onf vlOD;a&. 35 μ rS 40 μ jzpfaom wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;ukd rpnf;&kH;EkdifcJhay?

rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD. yxrt}udrf uGef*&ufY 53μ rSm ynmwufvlwef;pm;rsm;/ 40μrSm tvkyform;rsm;/ ESifh wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;rSm 7μ om&Sdavonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf òrd@jy. todynm/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf aus;vuf&Sdvlxkukd rnfuJhokd@ pnf;&kH;&rnfukd aumif;pGmrodcJhay? xkd@jyif


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jynfe,fwkdif;&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;rSm MPRP tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? xkd@jyif wd&p>meftkyfxdef;ausmif;olrsm;rSm tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;tay:wGif av;pm;vkdufemr_rSm acguf&kd;usKd;ae+yDjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;rªrsm;rS axmufcHwifoGif; aomtrwfrsm; rJ&&Sd&ef ykdItav;omavonf?

ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm rnfolr# EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;r[kwf=uacs? xkd@a=umifh olwkd@ukd,fwkdif

tpGrf;tp&Sdaom 0ifa&mufta&G;cH ,SOfòydifEkdifrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ukd rawG@EkdifyJ&Sdaeonf? MPRP Y v$wfawmfxkdifckH wckpD wkdif;twGuf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHrnfh olrsm;&Sdaeavonf? xkd@jyif ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wkd@. OD;aqmifygwD}uD; okH;ckwkd@. pkpkaygif;rSm ae&m (430) twGuf (346) a,mufom&Sdavonf? ‚if;wkd@. tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd odaeaomfvnf; xkdygwD rsm;rSm r[mrdwfrzGJ@cJh=uacs? csDvDEkdifiH&Sd yDEkda&S; ukdqef@usifonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;uJhokd@ r[kwfcJhay? xkdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf jywfom;onfh qkH;jzwfcsuf&Sdonfh twkduftcHrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rS rGef*kdtrsm;pkonf MPRP tay: ‚if;wkd@uJhokd@ &efvkdonfh pdwfxm;rsm;&Sdae=urnf[k &kd;pif;pGmyif aumufcsufqGJcJh=uojzifh ‚if;wkd@. pnf;&kH; v_Haqmfr_rsm;rSm xkdif;r_dif;tm;enf;aecJh=uavonf?

Zlvkdif a&G;aumufyGJrSm olwkd@. aemufqkH; &_H;edrfhyGJyifjzpfavonf? MPRP onf (357) ae&m tEkdif&&Sd+yD;/

MDP rSm (16) ae&mom &&SdcJhavonf? NPP rSm (6) ae&m&&SdcJh+yD;/ MSDP rSm (4) ae&mom &&SdcJhavonf? jynfol vlxk. rJxnfh0ifr_rSm 60μ rSonf 40μ txd avsmhuscJhavonf? 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykHonf rGef*kdvD;,m;tm; EkdifiHa&; acwfopfwckukd wGef;tm;ay;cJhaomfvnf;/ orkdif;wGif EkdifiH. yxrqkH;aom vGwfvyfonfha&G;aumufyGJrSm uGefjrLepf rsm;tm; tm%mukd qufvufay;tyfcJhavonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl tm%m&ygwDtwGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; pdwf"gwf&Sdolrsm;onf oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;. ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd tpm;xkd;ae&m,lcJhavonf? tpmiwfcH qENjyyGJtwGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vkyfcJhol tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&Sdol wOD;rSm EkdifiH awmf orwjzpfvm+yD;/ 'g&Sif Asefbmql&ifrSmrl EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhavonf? wvtwGif;rSmyif Asefbmql&if onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh/ *efbdk;vf'ftm; uufbdeuftzGJ@wGif 'kwd, ta&;}uD;qkH; aom &mxl;jzpfonfh 'kwd, 0ef}uD;csKyf (1) tjzpfcef@tyfvkdufavonf? xkd@aemuf olwkd@ESpfa,mufrSm pD;yGg;a&; ðyjyif ajymif;vJr_ (2) ESpf pDrHudef;ukd pwifvkyfaqmifvkduf+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmifae avonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rSm twkduftcHae&mwGif &&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wkd@. ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;rsm;rSmrl atmifjrifae+yDjzpfonf?

ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ygwDrsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif 'Drkdu&ufwpfor*~ (Democratic Union) tjzpfokd@ aygif;pnf;

oGm;+yD; MPRP tm; (1996) ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk òyduGJ+yD;aemuf &k&S. taxmuftyHht}uHt^m%fuif;rJhoGm;um/ olwkd@onf tultnDtwGuf taemufzufokd@ vSnfhvkduf&avonf? xkd@tjyif pD;yGg;a&;"gwf=urf;wkdufukxkH; &v'ftusKd;quf xGufay:vmpOfwGif/ puf&kHrsm;rS ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rsm; xkd;pkduf usqif;oGm;cJhonf? òrd@jy tvkyfvufrJhOD;a& 20μ txd wkd;vmcJhonf/ vl (10) a,mufwGif (4) a,mufcef@onf qif;&J rGJawr_tqifhtwef;jyrsOf;atmufokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? &k&SrSmuJhokd@ vmbfpm;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? rlv ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; tcsKd@onfyifv#if tjrwftpGef;rsm;ESifh uvdefuuspfusr_rsm;/ r&Sif;rvif;jzpfr_rsm; jzpfvmcJh=u onf? EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;ygG;a&; rwnfr+idrf jzpfr_rsm; &Sd+rJ&Sdaeao;avonf? &mpkESpftukef&Sd tjcm;aom 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHopf rsm;uJhokd@ rGef*kdvD;,m;onfvnf; wkd;wufr_twGuf &kef;uefaeqJyifjzpfavonf?

Ö Ö Ö

rGef*kdvD;,m;. wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf aoqkH;oGm;jcif;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. &v'fyifjzpfonf? txufwef;v$m vlwef;pm;wkd@. om;orD;rsm; wygwDtm%m&Sifwkd@ESifh oabmxm;tjrifrwlol twkduftcHrsm; jzpfvmI/ &ufowWywf tenf;i,ftwGif; vlxktzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wck zGJ@pnf;EkdifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;&eftwGuf jynfol@&ifjyif ESifh jynfol@taqmufttkHrsm;udk odrf;ykduftokH;ðyvmEkdifcJh+yD; tm%m&Sifa[mif;tm; tHwkEkdifcJhavonf? tvm;wltjzpftysufrsKd; ,cifu t,fvfqmaA;'kd;/ zdvpfykdifESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif jzpfygG;cJhI


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oufOD;qHykdiftm%m&Sifukd z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhaomfvnf;/ ,ckt}udrfwGifrl wjcm;bmr# rodaom wkdif;jynfwckY pHepfwckvkH;ukd z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhavonf?

rGef*kdvD;,ef;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhaom ta&;awmfykH ESifh tokH;ðycJhaom AsL[monf

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifaomrSwfwkdifrsm;txJrS wckjzpfcJhavonf? olwkd@. wwfodynm&Siftokdif;t0kdif;ukd ausmfvGefI tvkyform;rsm;/ vli,frsm;/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ESifh tjcm;aomolrsm;ukdyg qGJac:cJhonf? olwkd@onf pum;vkH;tenf;i,fjzifh azmfjyEkdifaom &kd;pif;onfh yef;wkdifrsm;ukd azmfaqmifcJhonf? olwkd@onf qENjyyGJrsm; wqifh+yD;wqifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh rdrdbmom ESpfodrfha=ueyfaeaom tpkd;&w&yftm; tHhtm;oifhapcJhonf? qENjyyGJrsm;tm; acsr_ef;&eftwGuf qkdAD,ufrsm;. tultnDrygbJ/ tpkd;&. oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;rSm ‚if;wkd@ESifh tqifhwl tv,ftvwform;rsm;. zdtm;ay;r_ukd cHcJh&onfhtjyif/ ESpfOD;pvkH;rSm tu,fI rwnf+idrfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeygu w&kwfjynfuJhokd@ jzpfvmrnfukd oabmaygufem;vnfxm;=uonf? xkd@aemuf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tpkd;&. rjywfrom;jzpfr_rsm;tay: t&if;tESD;ðyum ta&;awmfykHtm; atmifyGJqDokd@ armif;ESifEkdifcJhavonf?

t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_wckonf yËdyuQukd t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif&efqkH;jzwfxm;+yD;/ tm%m&Siftm; ajrokd@

ðzwfcsòzdvSJrnfqkdygu a&S@okd@qufwkd;&eftwGuf avSmfcwf&ef tenf;qkH; avSmfwufESpfacsmif; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? jy\emrsm; wkd;Ijzpfvmwkdif; tm%m&Sifwkd@. tpnf;ta0;cef;ukd csKyfudkif&eftwGuf ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfr_ enf;topfrsm; ukd tokH;ðy=u&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? okd@r[kwf ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd csJ@xGifqwkd;yGg;awmif;qdk=u&rnf jzpf onf? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh apmpD;pGm t=urf;zufòzdcGif;r_rsm;ukd &ifqkdifIvnf;aumif;/ tpkd;&twGif; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;ap &ef tufa=umif;rsm;az:ay;ouJhodk@ jzpfvmEdkifonf? (1990) ck rwfvwGif tpmiwfcHqENjyr_ukd az:aqmifaomtcg t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_rsm;jzpfvmEkdifonfh tajctaer&Sdaoma=umifh rGef*kdvD;,ef; 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_onf xkdt&mrsm; tm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhonf? vGefcJhonfh wESpfu w&kwfjynf wDtefrif&ifjyifwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;v_yf&Sm;r_u aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@u enf;twlwludkyif toHk;ðyum/ yËdyuQrsm;ukd ydkI}uD;xGm;ap Edkif cJh=uonf? okd@aomfvnf;&vm'fESifh tjzpftysuf.t&Sdeft[kefrwlcJhyg? w&kyfjynfwGif v_yf&Sm;r_u jyefvnfqkwfoGm;cJh& onf? ta&S@Oa&my&Sd vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; vlxkonf w&=urf; jynfol@ae&mrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;um/ tkdrif;a[mif;EGrf;aeaom tm%m&Sifwkd@udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uavonf?

yËdyuQrsm;+yD;qkH;oGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf; atmifyGJonf rGef*kdvD;,ef;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; tqkH;rowfcJhao;acs?

ykdvefvlrsKd;rsm;onf tajymif;tvJvkyf&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@ vlxktwGif;&Sd jynfol@tiftm;ukd &&Sd&ef ESpfrsm;pGm tokH;ðy cJh&onf? okd@aomf rGef*kdvD;,ef; ðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;onf ynmwwftokdif;t0ef;tenf;i,fjzifhpwifcJh+yD; wkdif;jynfukd ajymif;vJEkdifcJhonf? rGef*dkvD;,m;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;udk tvGwfoabmqefqefpcJh=u+yD;/ ,ckwdkif wdkif;jynfudk a&$@ajymif;armif;ESifEdkif&eftwGuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vdktyfaomtajccHtaqmuftODrsm; tenf;tusOf; om &Sdaeygonf? xkd@jyif awmiftmz&duESifhrwlnDaomtcsufrSm/ jynfolróudufESpfoufaomolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;I tm%mudkcsKyfukdif,l&rnfhtpm;/ r,lEdkifcJh=uyg? rGef*kdvD;,ef;tm%mykdifrsm;u t=urf;zufenf;vrf;rsm;udk a&Smifv$J cJh=uonf? Tenf;jzifh [email protected]&;tcGifhtvrf;aumif;ukd xdef;odrf;EkdifcJh=uonf? awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifr_wckonf tawG@tóuHrsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;rygyJ/ v_yf&Sm;r_onf jynfolvlxkudk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckyGifhvif;vmap&eftwGuf rnfuJh okd@ qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;Ekdifrnfukd rodEkdifay?

armfpukd. ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tay: &efvkdpdwfr&SdawmhyJ/ tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyvm+yD;aemuf qkdAD,uf acwf

a[mif;vufxufu uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;onf/ / 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd v#ifjrefpGmtoGif;ul;ajymif;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf xkdokd@ toGiful;ajymif;vmatmif wGef;tm;ay;aom tjzpftysufrsm;onf jynfwGif;zdtm;oufoufa=umifhomjzpfonf? tpkd;&. pHepftkd}uD;wkdif;wkd@onf ðyjyifajymif;vJ&efvkdvm;onfh tiftm;opfwckESifh &ifqkdifcJh&onfomjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;. t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_enf;jzifhtpysKd;r_ryg ygu/ pHepfa[mif;onf xkdtwkdif;yif qufvufwnf&Sdaernfomjzpf+yD;/ &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;Y ol@zmomol wajz;ajz;om tkda[mif;ysufpD;oGm;=urnfjzpfonf? ykdrkd}uD;rm;onfhtiftm;wck rygyJ/ orkdif;[laom wif;ykwfonf oHr%duef@vef@umwdk@ukd z,f&Sm;Ekdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?


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tcef; (4) t=urf;zufr_ESifh tm%m

t=urf;zufr_tm;jzifh w&m;r#wr_udkyif rw&m;rr#waomenf;jzifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf? aomrwf umvdkif; t=urf;zufr_. ,HkrSwfrSm;csufrsm; jynfolvlxk}uD;. tjynfht0axmufcHr_r&Edkifonfudk od&Sd+yD;/ aemufqkH; t=urf;zufenf;emrsm;udk a&G;cs,fum ,if;enf;vrf;jzifhomolwdk@&nfrSef;csufrsm;&&SdEdkifonf[k awG;xifae=uolrsm;onf ao;i,faomtpktzGJ@av; rsm;omjzpfonf? *s0g[mvmae&l; &mpkESpf. tpOD;qkH;t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;rSm pdef@yDwmpbwfòrd@u tvkyform;rsm; aqmif;&moD eef;awmf qDodk@csDwufcJh=ujcif;u ponff? odk@aomfvnf;t&ufpnfrsm;xm;aom ajrwdkufcef;wGifwm0efcsxm;onfh tapmifht=uyfrsm;udkawmholwdk@rxdef;EdkifcJh=uay? tapmifht=uyfrsm;onf csmwl; 'D uGifrf (Chateau d'Y quem 1847) jyifopf0dkifrsm;udk armhypf=uonff? xdk0dkifonfZmbk&iftvGefESpfoufvSonfh jyifopf0dkifjzpfonf? aAm'umt&ufykvif;rsm;udkrl tjyifuvltkyfxHa&mif;pm;ypf=uonf? ,if;vltkyfonf rl;&l;aygufajrmufvm =uum teD;tem;&SdawG@&mtrsm;ydkifypPnf;rSefor# zsufqD;ypf=u+yD;/ aomif;usef;csifwdkif; aomif;usef;aecJh=u onf? t&ufrsm;onfvrf;rawGay:rSm acsmif;pD;ae+yD;vlrsm;uvrf;ab;ajrmif;xJr‡ cyfaomuf=u onf? “'g[m atmufwef;pm;awG&J@ t=urf;zufvufpm;acswJh rif;rJhtkHºuGr_*,ufygbJ” [k &k&Spma&;q&m}uD; r*~Zifa*:uDu rcsdwifuJjiD;wGm;cJhonf? “'g[m vDeifeJ@ol@ygwDa=umifhjzpfvmwJh t=urf;zufaygufuGJr_om jzpf w,f”[kolu ajymcJhygonf? pma&;q&m}uD;u ol@ZeD;xHa&;aompmwapmifwGifvnf; “pdefyDwmpbwf[m òrd@awmf r[kwfawmhbl;/ 'kp&dkufe,fajr}uD;jzpfoGm;+yDuGm” [krcsdwifuJa&;cJhonf? “w&m;r#wr_awmifrS opPm azgufaoGzDjcif;cH&+yD;/ aomif;usef;olvltkyfu &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefolawGudk vrf;ay:rSmyJ w&m;pD&if=uw,f/ zrf;rdvmwJholcdk;wa,muf&J@ rsufESmudk jzwf&dkufvdkufvdk@ rsufvkH;wvkH;u|wfxGufoGm;w,f? 'gudk0dkif;=unfhae =uwJh uav;awGu vufckyfwD;=obmay;ae=uw,f? 'Duav;av;awG[m igwdk@&J@uav;awGyg? igwdk@&J@tem*wfudk wnfaqmuf=ur,fh uav;awGyguGm/ 'Dt=urf;zufr_}uD;udk Zufóud;v$wfvdkufwJh awmfvSef a&;u igwdk@ b0awGudkajymif;vJatmifvkyfay;EdkifrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ cg;oD;r_eJ@emusnf;r_awGudkom jzpfaprSmyg”[k olua&;cJhonf? a*:uDonf xdk&mpkESpffxJu jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk0efcH&efjiif;qef=uonfholrsm;udk oludk,fwdkifod&Sd=uKHawG@cJholjzpf onf? odk@aomfvnf; ol@acwfol@tcgrSmawmh acwfa[mif;tpdk;&[email protected]_atmufuae vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf pHerlem,lp&m[lI Oa&mywGif jyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;om jzpfcJhonfr[kwfygavm? ‘aoG;xGufoH,dk jzpf&r_udk tqifhtwef;jr‡ifhwifa&;udk *k%fwifxm;wJhtrsKd;om;oDcsif;udk xdkjyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;uyif aqmifusOf;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfawmfvSefa&;onf t=urfzuftqkH;pD&ifr_rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa[mif; udk cyf=urf;=urf;z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD;/ tqdkygawmfvSefa&;ykHpHudk EdkifiHwumvuQ%maqmifonftxd xda&mufr_ &SdapcJhonf? wu,fwef;qdkv#if qdkAD,ufpepfonfyifv#if ppfrSefaom tcGifhta&;rsm; odk@r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDESifh EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmatmifvkyfEdkifcJhonfr[kwfay? xdka=umifhajcmufjcm;oGm;avmufaponfht=urf;zufr_onf zdESdyfolkrsm;udkz,f&Sm;okwfoifypfa&;rSm taxmuf tuljzpfaponfqdkaom rufavmufp&maumif;vSonfh ,kH=unfr_udktm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjzpfapcJhonf? Todk@ qdkygu ,if;awmfvSefa&;onf ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;udk wdkufwGef;vkyfcJh=uonfhoabmom jzpfaecJhawmh onf? (1949) ckESpfu tm%m& trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;udk atmifyGJcHcJhonfh aysmuf=um;uGefjrLepf wyfrsm;udk armfpDwkef; u acgif;aqmifcJhaomtcg ,if;awmfvSefa&;ykHpHudk tr$ef;wifay;vdkufovkdjzpfcJhjyefonf? tu,fIom t=urf;


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zufawmfvSefa&;u urBmhajray:&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;&SdonfhEdkifiH}uD;wGif ‘jynfol@tpdk;&’ w&yfudkxlaxmifEdkif atmif aqmifusOf;ay;cJhonf[kqdkygu/ b,fae&mrSmrqdk tvkyfjzpfEdkifonf[k oabm&cJhonf? (1950) ckESpf rsm;ESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;wGif qdkAD,uftkyfpku olykefxolrsm;udk oabmw&m;a&;tjyif vufeufawGyg axmufyHhr_ ay;cJh=uonf? TonfESifhtwl tmz&duwdkufESifhtm&Swdkufu Oa&my.udkvdkeDe,frsm;onf e,[email protected];csKyfr_uae &kef;xGufvm=uaoma=umifh ajymufusm;ppf rsKd;qufopfw&yf xyfrHay:aygufvm cJhjyefonf? t=urf;zufr_onf pdwftm;wufºuGp&maumif;vSonfh vGwfajrmufa&; tmrcHcsuf[k odjrifae =u+yDjzpf+yD;/ ,cktcgvGwfajrmufa&; atmifyGJ&zdk@twGuf wu,fhomvGefaumif;rGefaom r[mAsL[m}uD;w&yf tjzpf ,kH=unfvufcHxm;cJh=uaom tajctaejzpfaeyg+yD? TykHpHudk 0g'jzef@=u&mwGif rmwDepf (Martinique) Zmwd/ pdwfynm&SifESifh pma&;q&m z&ef@ZfzmEGef (Franz Fanon) wdk@uJhodk@ t,ltqjyif;xefolrsm;&Sdonf? zmEGefu ol@. ‘pufqkyfzG,f&m ajrurBm’ (The Wretched of the Earth) [laompmtkyfwGif “udkvdkeDpepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ. yuwdtrSefw&m;u usaemfwdk@udk trSwf &apcJhonfrsm;rSm vlowfyGJr‡m;/ tqkH;tjzwfwdkufyGJrsm;/ tqkH;owf+yD;onfhaemuf vGwfajrmufr_a&mufvm jcif;ESifhtwl avmifu|rf;aeaomusnfqHrsm;ESifh/ aoG;pGef;xif;aeonfh "g;rsm;udktusKd;quf tjzpf&&Sdvdkufjcif; yif” jzpfonf[k jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? ,if;wdkufyGJyHkpHrSm &mZ0wfr_xuf bmrSrydkcJhay? vlqdk;*dk%f;om;awGu jynfolvlxkawGudkvrf;jyay;=uygvdrfhrnf[k us,fus,favmifavmifajymcJhonf? pum;ajymtvGefaumif;onfh jyifopftawG;tac:ynm&Sif ,ef;aygvfqwf (Jean-Paul Sartre) u zmEGef&J@pmtkyfrSm trSmpma&;ay;onff? olu“xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&aomt=urf;zufr_”. “&l;oGyfonfha'go” jzifhom tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;udk “vlrsm;jzpf vmapcJhonf” [k ol@trSmpmwGif a&;cJhonf? ,cktcg ,if;onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m&,lzdk@enf;vrf;w&yftjzpf y&dkrDoD,yfpf. pGrf;tm;vdk tm*wefcdk;pGrf;tm;w&yfjzpfvmcJhygonf? tm%mudkodrf;ydkufolrsm;uawmh awmawG/ awmifawGuae qif;vm=uaom ppf0wfolykefrsm;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? (1959) ckESpfu zD',fuwfpx&dku usL;Am;wGif xdktwdkif; waoGrwdrf;vkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? usL;Am;EdkifiH qdkonf rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh rdkif (90) r#avmufoma0;onf? TtajctaewGif Tajymufusm;acgif;aqmif tay: tawmfav;,kH=unftm;udk;p&m jzpfvmapygonf? aemufydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uferfESifh AD,ufaumif; rsm;u tar&duefudk q,fESpf=um yifv,fatmfxJrSm xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; (1975) ckESpfwGif tar&duefu urux vkyfwifxm;onfh awmifAD,uferftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsvdkuf=uonf? urBmay:rSm tiftm;t}uD;rm;qkH; wdkif;jynf udkyif t=urf;zuftEdkif&vddkufonfh atmifyGJjzpfcJhonf? Todk@yif rvGJraoGjzpfudkjzpf&vdrfhrnf[k xifp&myif? udpPr&Sdyg? t=urf;zuftEdkif&olrsm;onf tjrJwrf;awmhatmifyGJrcHEdkifyg? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@onf t=urf;zuf r_udkom tokH;ðy=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? acwfopfrD'D,mrsm;u xkwfv$ifhcJh=uonfh &mpkESpfw0uf =um awmfvSefa&;0g'jzef@csufawGESifh t=urf;zufaomif;usef;r_rsm;udktom;ay;ykHaz:vSkH@aqmfr_rsm;onf aemufydkif; acwf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_tawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf wm;qD;r&cJhay? tdkif;&pforwEdkifiHwyfrawmf/ (tdkiftm&f at)/ ygvufpwdkif;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf/oD&dvuFmEdkifiHu wrD;vfusm;rsm;/ bwfpf tD;wDat (the Basque ETA) ESifh tjcm;jynfol@ppf ppfyGJrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_udk yÉdyuQajz&Sif;onfh enf;emrsm;tjzpf vufcH ,kH=unfcJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif vufeufudkif=uzdk@ awmif;qdkrnfqdkygu pOf;pm;&eftcsdef enf;enf;awmh&Sdygonf? *ENDESifhrwlyJ aemuf ydkif;t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ESpfq,f&mpk. t=urf;zufr_ESifhqdkifaom ewfbk&m;rsm;u =oZm tm%m ykHpHa[mif;awGae&mrSm vGwfvyfr_twGuf/ tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;Edkifzdk@ olwdk@a&G;cs,fcJhaom ypfcwfwdkufckdufr_rsm;/ AkH;cGJr_rsm;/ vrf;ray:wdkufyGJrsm; odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_udpPrsm;udk ,ckwdkif b,fykHb,fenf; pOf;pm;=uonfvJqdkonfudk/ pepfwus oabmaygufem;vnfr_r&Sd=uao;acs? pOf;pm;p&m aumif;aom t=urf;zufr_tiftm;tay: pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;ESifom om,m+yD; a,mif0g;0g;jzpfae=uygonf? txifu&jzpfaomudpPtenf;pkwGif atmifjrifr_&SdcJJhonfhudpPrsm;udkjyI t=urfzufaomif;usef;r_udktrSwfay;+yD; vlrkef;rsm;aomtkyfpdk;olwOD;OD;udk ðzwfcs&ef/ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;vdktyfonf[k a=umfjimay;EdkifcJh=uonf? t=urf;zufr_udk rjzpfraevkyf&rnf[k em;vnfoabmaygufvdkufonfESifh wòydifeuf t=urf;zufr_u zsufqD; ypfvkdufonfh qkH;&SkH;r_wefzdk;udk vspfvsLðy rodusdK;u|efxm;vdkuf=uawmhonf?


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rw&m;r_ odk@r[kwf &ufpufonfhtkyfcsyfr_rsm;twGuf ukocsuftjzpf t=urf;zufr_udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vufcHvm=ujcif;a=umifh/ txdtcdkuf av#mhyg;apzdk@rufvkH;r&Sdawmhonfomru tm%m&,lzdk@tjcm; a&G;cs,f p&menf;rsm;ESifhygwfoufI vlrsm;udk v_H@aqmfr_ygav#mhenf;vmygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap t=urf;rzufr_ rsm;onf twdwfu xda&mufr_&SdcJhygonf? oufaorsm;pGm &Sdygonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif; t=urf;rzufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf tdENd, EdkifiHudkvGwfvyfa&;&&SdapcJhonff? ydkvefEdkifiHrSm'Drdkua&pD&&SdcJhonf? tar&duefvlrJrsm;/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;&&SdapcJhonf? xdk@aemuf zdvpfydkif/ csDvDEdkifiHrsm;ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHwoDwwef;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifcJh=uygonf? ,if;yÉdyuQtoD;oD;wGif wdkufyGJenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;&vm'ft=um; qufpyfr_&SdaecJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ppf+yD;acwfumvtwGif; ppfa&;t&ykefuefxºuGr_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zuf+yD;tm%modrf;r_rsm;jzifh tm%m&,lcJholrsm;onf jynfol wdk@udk tppftrSefvGwfvyfr_rsm;ray;cJh=uyg? t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pGmu vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;qkyfudkifr_&csifaom/ t&l;trl;vdkvm;ae=uaom tjzpfudk tm%mu a&Smif&Sm;cJhygonf? t=urf;zufr_tay: ,HkrSwfrSm;csuf&Sd=uonfhtwGuf/ urBmhrD'D,mrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk/ xdkodk@ratmifrjrifjzpf&r_rsm;tay: rsufapharSmufoGm;wwf=uygonf? jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u t=urf;rzufaomaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzifh/ ajymif;vJoGm;Edkif=uonfudkvnf; *&krðyrdyJ jzpfaewwf=uygonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif apmapmydkif;t=urf;zuf qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; ysufjym;oGm;+yD;aemufydkif; aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJh@udk tpGef;a&mufaomudpPrsm; qufrvkyfawmhap&ef/ oabmaygufoGm;apcJhonf? awmif tmz&duEdkifiH. òrd@e,frsm;wGif vrf;ay:wdkufcdkufr_rsm;.ta[moduHjzpfr_u nD!Gwfaom 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (,l'Dtufzf) ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&mwGif oydwfrsm;udk pepfwustokH;csa&;udk em;vnfvufcHvmapcJhonf? vljzLtpdk;tm; vufeufESifhpDeif;wdkudcdkufr_rsm;u owif; rsm;ydkrdkjzpfapcJhaomfvnf;/ vlrJt&yfom;rsm;. t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifhom ordkif; tajymif;tvJudk jzpfapcJhygonf? ordkif;onf vltm;vkH;yg0ifr_udk/ vltenf;i,f.t=urf;zufr_ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef wdkufwGef;olrsm;udk pD&ifcsufcs aom tjyif;xefqkH;w&m;ol}uD;jzpfygonf? aA:&SDApfykHpHonf awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;w&yfudk tjrifhqkH;ae&mrSm tjrJ xm;onf? jynfolrsm;onf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? ta&;awmfykH. acgif;pD;oauFwtjzpf jynfolrsm;udkyif &nf!$ef;=uygonf[k xdkolrsm;uqdk=uygonf? odk@aomfatmifyGJ [email protected]&muf&SdonfESifhwòydifeuf/ tpdk;&a[mif;. eef;awmfrsm;udk 0ifa&muf+yD;vk,uf=urnf jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@onf/ tajymif;tvJtwGuf/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;r[kwfyg? olwdk@vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m&vmjcif;onfvnf; ,if;ta&; awmfykH. tusdK;&vm'fr[kwfyg? jzpf&yfrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_jzifh ajymif;vJapEdkifonfqdkonfrSm,HkrSwfrSm;csufom jzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;u jynfol rsm;udk tm%mtyfESif;ay;vdrfhrnfqdkaomtcsufomv#if ,HkrSwfrSm;csufjzpfygawmhonf? oD&dvuFm vufeufrsm;ESifh prf;oyfjcif; “qif[mvdpfrsm;om” tdENd,EdkifiHrSxGufcGm+yD; aemufwESpf/ (1948) ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf oD[dkVfEdkifiH (oD&dvuFmEdkifiH) uae qkwfcGmcJhonf? oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf taemufAm*sDeD,m;jynfe,fcef@t&G,ftpm;&Sd+yD; tdEdN,EdkifiH ta&S@awmif tpG,frS oabmusp&maumif;vSonfh tpdrf;a&mifu|ef;av;wu|ef;jzpfonf? awmiftm&S. ,if;EdkifiH ESpfEdkifiHonf tckawmhvGwfvyfonfhEdkifiHrsm;jzpfae=uyg+yD? ESpfEdkifiHvkH;uvnf;}uD;rm;vSonfh EdkifiHa&;jy\em rsm;toD;oD; &Sdae=ujcif;vnf; wlygonf? xdkjy\emrSmwusufusufjzpfaeaom / vlrsKd;rsm;jym;pkHvifvSonfh ‚if;[email protected]@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif/ vlrsm;pktkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vlenf;pkrsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfodk@xdef;nd‡rnfenf;? olwdk@jynfoltm;vkH;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDuwdu0wfrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfykHay;rnfenf;qdkonfh jy\em/ ar;cGef; rsm;yifjzpfonf?


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oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif vlrsm;pku qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ qif[mvDpftrsm;pku Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpf=u onf? odk@aomf u|ef;ay:&Sd vlig;a,mufv#ifwa,mufrSm wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@trsm;pku [dENL bmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? wrD;vfrsm;onf ajrmufydkif;ESifh ta&S@bufurf;ajcwav#muf txl;ojzifh *sufzem u|ef;qG,fwGif pkpnf;aexdkif=uygonf? udkvdkeDacwf tapmydkif;u +Adwdo#rsm;onf qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsmudk wckwnf;aom jynfe,fxJ qGJoGif;xm;cJhygonf? tqdkygvlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;xJurS t*Fvdyfpmwwf txufwef;v$mrsm;udk AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m;rsm;twGuf pkaqmif;cJhonf? udkvdkeDEdkifiHudk wnfaqmuf&mrSm ydk+yD; ajymydkifqdkydkifcGifh&&Sdvdk=uaom qif[mvDpfESifh wrD;vftxufwef;v$mrsm;u (1919) ckESpfwGif ‚if;[email protected]; pOfudkzdtm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf oD[dkVftrsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwDudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf olwdk@acgif; aqmifrsm;. pdwfxufoefr_rsm;u wa,mufwaygufjzpfcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg wrD;vfrsm;. taetxm;u cH&onfhzufujzpfcJhonff? oD[dkVfEdkifiHtwGuf +Adwdo#rsm;a&;ay;onfh tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykHOya'u ygvDrefrSmvlenf;pkrsm;twGuf trwfae&mw0ufay;&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fzsufxm;onf? ,if;tpm; e,fajra'ot&om udk,fpm;ðyap+yD; vufawG@t& qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;v$rf;rdk;xm;r_udkom tmrcHxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfvmcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufrSm ygvDrefu Oya'wckudktwnfðycJhygonf? xdkOya't& (19) &mpktwGif;u oD[dkVf rSm vufzufvkyfief;/ =uufaygifap;yifpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif&eftwGuf tdEdN,rSac:vmaom wrD;vf vlrsKd;rsm;rSqif;oufvmolrsm;udk rJay;cGifhwm;jrpfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? (xdkolwdk@udk tdEdN,wrD;vfrsm;[kac:=uyg onf?) wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@ae&ma'o[k&_jrifxm;=uonfh usOf;ajrmif;aom urf;qG,f/ tajccsaexdkif&ma'o rsm;Y qif[mvDpfvlrsKd;rsm;udkae&mcsxm;&ef tm;xkwfvmonfhtcg/ wif;rmr_rsm;ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygonf? EdkifiH awmftvHvdkoauFwowfrSwfcsufjy\emrsKd;vnf; &Sdygao;onf? tvHrSmygonfh jcaoFhykHonf udkvdkeDacwf rwdkifcifuwnf&SdcJhaom qif;[m;vdpfbk&ihfEdkifiHtrSwfoauFwjzpfonf? xdkoauFwt& wrD;vfynmwwfrsm; t=um;rSmyif olwdk@onf EdkifiHopfrSmvufatmufcHtjzpf tqifhav#mhcscH&onf[k cHpm;csuf&SdcJh=uygonf? xdk@a=umifhtvH'DZdkif;jy\emu wif;rmr_udk xyfjznfhqnf;ay;vdkufouJhodk@ jzpfcJhonf? bmompum;jy\emonf tjcm; aygufuGJaomjy\emjzpfonf? wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;a&m/ qif[mvdpfrsm;yg trsm;pku t*Fvdyfpum;udk em;rvnf=uacs? xdk@a=umifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;ESifh ynma&;ydkif;wGif okH;pGJ&rnhfh bmom pum;tjzpf/ t*Fvdyfbmomae&mwGif wckcktpm;xdk;owfrSwf&ef vdkvmygonf? wrDf;vfacgif;aqmifawGu wdkif;&if;bmompum;ESpfrsKd;pvkH;udkwef;wl owfrSwf&ef ajym=uonff?odk@&mwGif aus;vufausmif;q&mrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/ Ak'<bmom&[ef;rsm;u “qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;rsm;twGufom” [lIv_yf&Sm;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_u tawmf}uD;rm;ygonf? olwdk@uoD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;awGaexdkifaom/ qif[m vdpfbmompum;ajymonfh/ Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfxm;=uygonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif oD&d vuFmvGwfvyfa&;ygwDu trsKd;om;a&;0g'udkaz:xkwfcJh+yD;/ “qif[mvDrsm;om” qdkonfhOya'udkjyXmef;rnf[k aºuG;a=umf+yD; tm%m&vmonf? wrDf;vfrsm;twGufuawmh TudpPonfydkIcHjyif;p&m jzpfygonf? olwdk@u t*Fvdyfpmudk oGufvufpGmajymwwf+yD;/ aumfvmjzL&kH;tvkyfrsm;onf [email protected]&S@wufvrf;twGuf taxmuftultjzpf/ ar#mfrSef;xm;=uIvnf;/ ydk+yD;rausrcsrf;jzpfcJh=uonf? &nfrSef;csuf}uD;aomvli,frsm;u tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrSm toufarG;0rf;a=umif;vkyfief;rsm;&SmazG=uonf? odk@r[kwf tjcm;bmompum;udkavhvm =uonff? wrD;vfrsm;onf Ttjzpfudk }udwfrSdwfcHpm;ae=uonfawmhr[kwfay? (1950) ckESpfrsm;wGif wrD;vfrsm;u [email protected]&ef tufpf/ a*s/ AGD cs,fvfAm,muefacgif;aqmifaom zuf'&,fygwD (Federal Party) jzpfvmygonf? cs,fvfAm,muef . tajzu zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tajymif;tvJvkyf&efjzpfonf? olu oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiHjzpf&rnf? wrD;vfvlrsdfK;trsm;pkaexdkifaoma'orsm;onf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf us,fjyef@aomtcGifhtm%m &Sd&vdfrfhrnf[k apm'uwufonf? t=urf;rzufa&; wdkuf&dkuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wc%wmjzpfcJhao;onf? wrD;vfrsm;.udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh wrD;vfrsm;tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f a&;twGuf zuf'&,fygwD (tuffzfyDygwD) u ygvDrefEdkifiHa&;wGif vufwnfhprf;=unfhcJhao;onf?


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qENvufeufrsm; (1956) ckESpfwGif tufzf/ yDygwDu t=urf;rzufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk yxrqkH;tokH;ðycJh=uonf? xdktcsdefuwrD;vf ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh udk,fqENESifhudk,fvma&mufqENjyolrsm;u/ “qif[mvDpfrsm;om” qdkonfh Oya'=urf; ESifhygwfoufonfh ygvDreftajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyvkyfae=uaomtcsdefwGif udkvHbdkòrd@awmf. yef;jcHwckwGif xdkifoydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? uef@uGufqENjyr_rsm;u ydkrsm;vmonf? bk&m;yGJwckwGif wrD;vfrsm;u tufzf/ yD ygwDtaejzifhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&ygu/ wrDf;vfrsm;.òrd@awmftjzpfowfrSwfrnfqdkonfh x&ifcdkrmvDòrd@odk@ csDwuf chJ=uonf? wrD;vfpum;ajymaoma'orsm;wGifajy;qGJaom bwfpfum;rsm;&Sd qif[mvdpfbmomESifh a&;xm; onfhpmrsm;udkuwW&maq;jzifh okwf+yD;zsufypf=uonf? xdkodk@v_yf&Sm;qENjyuef@uGufr_rsm;jzpfvmaomtcg tpdk; &u ESdyfuGyfr_rsm;vkyfvmonff? wrD;vftenf;pkaexdkif=uaomae&mrsm;Y wrDfvfqef@usifa&; aoG;xGufoH,dk ta&;tcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? (1961) ckESpftpwGif tufzf/ yD ygwD. pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_rSm t}uD;rm;qkH;jzpfonf? uef@uGufqENjyolrsm;u tpdk;& taqmuftOD 0ifaygufrsm;udk ydwfqdk@xm;=uonf? wrD;vftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u ‚if;[email protected]; rsm;wGif qif[mvdpfbmompum;udk okH;pGJzdk@jiif;=uonf? tufzf/ yDygwDu udk,fydkifpmydk@vkyfief;udk zGifhvdkuf onf? wrD;vf&JwyfzGJ@wzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;zdk@ pDpOf=uonf? =uufaygifap;ESif@ vufzufpdkufysdK;a&;wdk@ESifhygwfoufaom qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;wGif/ tdENd,EG,fzGm;wrD;vfrsm;uyg yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? tufzf/ yD ygwD. t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ r[mAsL[mu ygvDrefwGif;/ olwdk@vdkufpnf;&kH;aeonfxuf tenf; i,fydk+yD;xda&mufr_&SdcJhonff? tufzf/ yD ygwDu wrD;vf tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&ef/ tm%m&ygwD ESifhoabmwlnDcsufrsm;&&Sd&ef nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? aqG;aEG;onfhtcgwdkif; tpdk;&txJa&m/ tpdk;&tjyifrSmyg &Sdonfh qif[mvdpfvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;u awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk zsufvdkzsufqD;vkyf&ef tcGifhtm%mokH;cJh=uonf? trSefwu,fyif (1960) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; jyXmef;onfh Oya'opfrsm;ESifh tajccHOya'qdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ydkIyiftusdK;rJhxdcdkufapcJh&onf? Oyrm (1970) ckESpfujy Xmef;aomynma&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm/ wuUodkvf0ifcGifhtwGuf vlrsm;pkqif[mvdpfvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf om udk,fpm;ðyaqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tpydkif;wGif wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;t=um;/ “abmif;bD0wf*END”[k vlodrsm;=uonfh cs,fAmem,muefu wrD;vfrsm; .&nfrSef;csufrsm;&&Sdap&eftwGuf “pdwfqENcGeftm;eJ@ &dk;om;wJh&nf&G,fcsufudkawmif;qdkwJhvufeufawGeJ@om &&SdatmifjrifEdkifw,f” [ktav;teufajymcJhao;onf? “tdENd,EdkifiH.vGwfvyfa&;udk tJh'DvkdrSefuefwJh pGrf; tm;eJ@&&SdcJhwmyg” [kvnf;olu ajymcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif*END}uD;enf;emrsm;udk rwljcm;em;aom tajctaeESifh aygif;pyf+yD;rusifhokH;Edkifv#ifo=uj*[wdkufyGJac:r_rSm jynfhpkHvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs? wrD;vfrsm;u rwlaom &efolrsm; udk &ifqdkifcJh&onf? oD&dvuFmudk tkyfcsKyfae=uolrsm;onf ykefuefaeaomEdkifiHwckudk a&&SnftkyfcsKyfzdk@tm; xkwfonfh EdkifiHjcm;utkyfpdk;olrsm;r[kwfyg? olwdk@onf qif[mvdpfvlrsm;pk}uD;. a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif; cHxm;&olrsm;jzpfonff? olwdk@onf qif[mvdpfrsm;tay:rSmvkH;0 wm0efcHxm;&olrsm;jzpf=uygonf? ,if;onf wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfonfh vlrsKd;pkvlrsKd;}ud;a&SmifAif0g'jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif0g'r[kwfay? wrD;vfrsm;. t=urf;rzufa&;tm;xkwfr_u ydkrdk pOf;pm;p&maumif;ygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpku jynfol vlxktcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSaeI pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;&Edkifygonf? wdus&Sif;vif;aomwefzdk;rsm;&&Sdap&efESifh zdESdyfoltrsm;pkudkae&mwumrSm oduQmusatmifrnfodk@aqmif&Guf&onfudk ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS avhvmod&SdEdkif ygonf? (1970) ckESpfrsm;.tapmydkif;umvwGif cs,fAmem,muefESifh [email protected] *k%foduQmusqif;p&m jzpfcJh& onff? wrD;vfvli,frsm;. tvkyfvufrJhjzpf&r_ESifh tpdk;&ynma&;ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh tawmftxdemcJh=u+yD; t=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: pdwfr&SnfEdkifjzpfcJh=uonf? (1971) ckESpfY ta&S@ygupPwefrS ykefuefr_onff tdENd,ppfwyf. ausmaxmufaemufcHay;r_jzifh vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHwck (b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH) jzpfvmonfudk wrD;vfvli,frsm;u awG@cJh=u&onf? wrD;vf v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolwcsKd@onf tusOf;axmifxJwGif tpdk;&uòzdcGif; ESdfrfeif;vdkufaom qif[mvdpfvuf0JtkHºuGr_acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwlaecJh=u&onff? ajymufusm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.


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qGJaqmifr_tm;aumif;onfhacwfumvwGif/ ppfaoG;ºuG wrD;vfvli,frsm;twGuf pdwfnGwfp&merlemwck jzpfcJhonf? vGwfvyfaomwrD;vf EdkifiHtwGufwdkufyGJ0if&efvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;udkzGJ@pnf;vmcJh=uonf? wrD;vf olykefxr_onf wjznf;jznf;pwifvmjcif;jzpfonff? tufzf/ yD ygwDudkqufcHcJhaomygwDu ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm Oya'wGif;ygvDrefvrf;a=umif;rSaeI/ wrD;vfta&;udpPtwGuf zdtm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf? odk@&mwGif aemufydkif;rSm AkH;cGJr_rsm;/ b%f"m;jywdkufr_rsm;/ vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_rsm;udk vufeufudkiftzGJ@i,frsm;u vkyfcJh=u onf? Todk@jzifh t=urf;zufr_ESifhwefjyeft=urf;zufr_rsm;u tqdk;oHo&mvnfcJh&onf? (1977) ckESpf/ (1981) ckESpfESifh (1983) ckESpfrsm;wGif wrD;vfqef@usifa&;t"du&k%f;rsm; jzpfcJhonf? aemufqkH;jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du&k%f;wGif tenf;qkH;vl (1000) ausmfaoqkH;cJh+yD; vlwodef;ausmf'kuQonfjzpfcJh=u&onf? tqdkyg umvtwGif; tpdk;&uvnf; wrD;vft=urf;zufr_a=umifh jynfolvlxktcGifhta&;awGuef@owf&a=umif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJudkqdkif;iHhzdk@ qkH;jzwf&a=umif;ajym+yD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk udkifpGJusifhokH;vmcJhonff? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya' jyifqifa&;udpPvnf; ygvDreftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif aysmufjcif;rvSaysmufoGm;+yD;/ wrD;vfqef@usifa&; t=urf;zufr_awGjrifhvmjcif;ESifhtwl ajrmufydkif;ESifhta&S@ydkif;rS wrD;vfrsm;onf tpGef;a&muform;rsm;. aemufuG,fuvlrsm;ESSif@ydkrdkeD;eD;pyfpyf&Sdvm=uonf? (1983) ckESpftpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_rsm;jzpfay:+yD; r=umcifrSmyif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf vkH;0O\kH jynfwGif;ppfjzpfcJh&awmhonf? wrD;vfaysmuf=um;tkyfpkwckrSm wrD;vf tDvefvGwfajrmufa&;usm;rsm; (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam – LTTE) jzpfonf? LTTE .acgif;aqmifrSm òrd@awmf0efwa,mufudkowf+yD; emrnf&vmoljzpfonf? vltiftm; (10000) txd&Sdaom urBmhtawmifhwif;qkH;ajymufusm;tzGJ@wzGJ@tjzpf emrnf}uD;ovdk aemuf vdkufrsm;vnf;/ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&SdaomtzGJ@jzpfonff? (1987) ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif wrD;vfusm;rsm;onf olykef xr_udkESdrfeif;&efESifh wrDf;vfrsm;tm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;a&;yg0ifaom +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufw&yf &&Sdvmapzdk@twGuf/ ydk@v$wfvdkufaom tdENd,ppfom;wodef;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? LTTE u/ vGwfvyfa&; qdkonfhtcsufrygonfh rnfonfhajz&Sif;csufrsKd;udkr# vufcHrnf r[kwfa=umif;jiif;qdk+yD; ppfqufwdkufonff? olwdk@tm;acsr_ef;ypfa&; óud;yrf;r_rsm;tm;vkH;udk vufwkH@jyefcJh=uonf? (1990) jynfhESpfwGif tdENd,ppfwyfrsm; &kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonff? odk@aomfppfyGJuawmh qufjzpfyGm;cJhygonf? &mpkESpfukeftxd qufjzpfaeqJjzpfonf ? (1999) ckESpfa&mufonfhtcg vlOD;a& (18) oef;&Sdaom EdkifiHtwGif; wrDf;vlrsKd;ESifhqif[mvDvlrsKd; (50000) cef@ onf/ ppfyGJtwGif;aoqkH;cJh=u&+yD;/ tjcm;vl (30000) ausmfrSmaysmufqkH;oGm;cJh=uygonf? wdkif;jynf.bwf*suf okH;ykHwykHrSm ppfa&;vdktyfcsufpm&if;xJa&mufoGm;onf? u|rf;usifaomtvkyform;rsm;onf wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGgajy;oGm;=uonff? ajrmufydkif;&Sd }uD;rm;us,fjyefaom a'otpdwftydkif;onf t}uD;tus,fysufpD; oGm;onf? t=urf;zufr_onf vl@tcGifhta&; jy\emrsm;vnf; eufeuf&d_if;&d_if;ay:aygufvmapcJhonf? Oyrm ajrmufydkif;ppfZkHwGifuav;oli,f (13000) cef@onf ‚if;[email protected];ESifhuGJuGmcJh&+yD; udkvHbdkòrd@awmfESifh awmif ydkif;yifv,furf;ajca'orsm;odk@ oabFmESifhwifydk@cH=u&onf? olwdk@onfEdkifiHjcm;om; urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;xH vdifa&mif;pm;&aom b0a&mufcJh=u&onf? wdkif;jynf. vlr_nDr#r_tajctaeESifh EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_rSm ysufpD; oGm;cJh&onf? tawmrowfwdkufcdkufaeonfh emusnf;rkef;wD;r_rsm;tay:om,m+yD;/ tjrwf&aeolrsm;uawmh qif[mvdpfESifh wrD;vftpGef;a&muform;rsm;yif jzpfonff? oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif jzpfaeaomyÉdyuQonf wae@rSmawmh tqkH;owfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? tajzuawmh wrD;vf vlrsKd;awGtwGuf a'oqdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;yg0ifonfh wpkHw&maom aphpyfnd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;r_ ykHpHwckjzifhom jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdygonf? tu,fIom LTTE tzGJ@onf xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk&rnfqdkygu ‚if;wdk@. &Snf=umcJh+yD jzpfaomvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf &&SdonfhatmifyGJ[k aºuG;a=umfrSmuawmhrvGJay? Ttcsufudk oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? odk@aomfvnf; t=urf;rzufaomawmfvSefa&;twGuf r[mAsL[mtopf wckr[kwf/ wckuawmhh wrD;vfrsm;. &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf rwlonfh vrf;a=umif;wckudk zGifhvSpfay;Edkif&ygvdrfhrnf? jzpfay:vmaomt=urf;zufr_rsm;twGuf rsm;oxufrsm;vmonfhay;qyf&aomtzdk;tcrsm;/ taota=ursm; oufoufESif@ jynfolawGb0 upOfhuvsJjzpf&r_rsm;onf ydkItewuUr jzpfvmayvdrfhfrnf? wrD;vfvGwfvyf a&;tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfaz:cJhaomr[mAsL[mw&yftjzpf ajymufusm;ykHpHrSm aoG;ESifha&;zGJ@onfh wufºuG zG,faw;wyk'fom jzpfcJhayawmhonf?


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z&efudk.tm%moufqdk;&Snfr_onf bwfpfrsm;.oEMdXmefudk ydkrdkcdkkifrmapcJhonf? cGJxGufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1950) ckESpfrsm;wGif tESH@tjym;ay:aygufcJhonf? oabmxm;jyif;xefolrsm;u xdktcsdefrSm tjynfht0 vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? (1959) ckESpfwGif ‚if;wdk@onf wzufrSm z&efudk.zdESdyfr_tm; wdkufcdkuf acsr_ef;ypfa&;udk&nfrSeff;csufxm;&Sd+yD;/ tyfpfum'Dwm tufpfum&mqlem (bwfpftrdajrESifh vGwfvyfa&;) odk@r[kwf ETA ( Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ) udk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? t=urf;zufr_udk tokH;ðyonfh ta=umif;awmh bmrSrajym=uay? AwfpfudkeD,m qdkonfhpmtkyfxkwfa0cJhaom (1963) ckESpfwGifawmh ajymif;vJoGm;ygonf? ,if;pmtkyfonfbwfpfrsm;. ta&;awmfykHwGif=oZm}uD;cJJh+yD;/ *smrefpufr_vkyfief;&Sif wOD;u pydefrSmolaexdkifpOfa&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf? bwfpf trsKd;om;a&;0g'. vufpGJ orRmusrf;pm pmtkyfjzpfvmcJhJ+yD;/ ,if;pmtkyfu vGwfajrmufa&;atmifyGJcHzdk@ wdkuf&dkufv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfzdk@ awmif;qdkxm;onf? t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;/ usL;Am; awmfvSefa&;rsm;tjyif (z&efZf zmEGef ESifh acsa*GAm;&m;wdk@. tqdktrdef@rsm;) ESifh pdwftm;wufºuGzG,fa&;om;xm;+yD;/ vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;tjzpf ajymufusm;ppfyGJqifE$J&ef pmtkyfrSm wdkufwGef;xm;onf? (1968) ckESpf/ ZGefvrSm tD;wDattzGJ@0ifwOD;udk ol.um;xJuqGJcs+yD; pydefjynfol@vkHðcHa&;wyfzGJ@u owfypf vdkuf=uonf? aemufESpfvt=umrSm tD;wDatu vufpm;acsonfhtaejzifh pydef&Jrif;}uD;wOD;udk owfjzwfypf vdkuf=ujyefonf? t=urf;zufr_onf pwifoHo&mvnfcJh+yD; pydeftm%mydkifrsm;u vkdufvH&Sif;vif;I tDwDat tzGJ@0ifwa,mufaoqkH;ygu olonf tmZmenfol&Jaumif;wa,mufjzpfvm+yD;/ TaoqkH;r_onf bwfpfrsm; . cGJxGufa&;rD;udk qufvufawmufavmifap&ef "mwfqDavmif;ay;vdkufovdkjzpfoGm;cJhonf? tDwDat tzGJ@ 0ifOD;a&rSm tvsiftjrefw[kefxdk; wdk;vmcJhonf? ajymufusm;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk. &moufyeftcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f=uaom &JpGrf;owWdjynfh0onfh ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf pwif&_jrifcJh=uaom bwfpfrsm;onff tenf;pk r#r[kwfay? tD;wDatu jynfwGif;ppf txdOD;wnfxm;onfh taxGaxGtkHºuGr_wck jzpfatmifv_H@aqmfay;zkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;cJygonff? odk@aomf‚if;wdk@. t=urf;zufr_tay:t&l;trl;jzpfr_u/ tpdk;&rSm aoewfawGydkrsm;+yD;/ bwfpfawGrSm vufudkifwdkufyGJudk pdwful;,OfqefwJhpdwf0ifpm;rdsK;xufydk+yD;tjrif&Sdol bwfpfawGqdkvdk@ tenf;i,f om&Sdonfqdkaom wu,fhtjzpfudk aumif;aumif;rjrif=uacs? z&efudk oufqdk;r&Snfcif ydkrdkoabmaumif;aom tpdk;&w&yftm%majymif;,lvdrfhrnf[k trsm;pku awG;xifae=uonf? “usaemfwdk@ jifrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifygw,f”f (1975) ckESpfrSm z&efudkaoqkH;oGm;aomtcg xdkar#mfvifhcsufrsm; jynfh0cJhonf? bk&if [Gef um;pfvdk@pf (King Juan Carlos) ESifh0ef}uD;csKyfopfwdk@u us,fjyef@aombwfpf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' topfrSm xnfhoGif;ay;zdk@oabmwlcJh=uygonf? tajccHOya'topft& bwfpfrsm;u zuf'&,ftcGefrsm; ay; p&mrvdkawmhacs? orwwOD;udka&G;cs,fay;onfh udk,fydkifvGwfawmfw&yf&SdvmrSmjzpfonf? ausmif;rsm;/ &JESifh w&m;&kH;rsm;udk udk,fha'oESifhudk,fpDrHtkyfcsKyfvmEdkifrSm jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfrS cGJxGufa&;twGufrJay;jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf; pydef EdkifiH.A[dkcsKyfudkifr_av#mhcsaompepfu tem*wfwGif tckxufydkrdk+yD; udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsufudkay;xm;onf? bwfpfrsm;t=um;wGif trsKd;om;ygwDonf EdkifiHa&;t&tom pD;&cJh+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rSmyJ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufoGm;zdk@udk oabmwlnDcJh =uonf? odk@&mwGif twdwfu zufqpfEdkifiHpydefu cGJxGufrnfqdkonfh ta&;}uD;aomtcsufudkudkif+yD; tD;wDat tzGJ@u/ [email protected]&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrSm bwfpfvGwfvyfa&;omjzpfa=umif;/ pydefEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDydkrdk&&Sda&; r[kwfa=umif;jiif;csufxkwfum [email protected]&; tay:ouf0if,kH=unfr_udk pGefhv$wfzdk@ jiif;qdk =uonff? olwdk@u wzufowfvufeufðzwfay;zdk@ qENr&Sd=uay/ xdk@jyif owday;+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf owjfzwfr_rsm;udkomtm;rxm;yJ tjcm;r[mAsL[mwckckvnf; rpOf;pm;rawG;ac:Edkif=uacs? t=urf;zufr_udk om t&Sdefjr‡ifhvkyfcJh=uonf? (1980) ckESpfrsm;twGif; tD;wDatESifh pydefjynfol@ppfrsm;t=um;jzpfyGm;cJhaom “npfywfaomppfyGJ”wyGJwGif bwfpftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dta,muf (30) aoqkH;oGm;cJh&onf? aemufqkH;awmh pydef t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ a'ocH &Jrsm;udkypfrSwfrxm;awmhyJ csrf;omaombwfpf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;xHrS “awmfvSefa&;tcGefaiG”qdk+yD; awmif;vm=uonf? aemufydkif;wGifrl pydefrSm urBmvSnfhc&D;onfvkyfief;ysufpD; ygu tpdk;&u vufav#mhvmrnf[k ar#mfvifh+yD; pwdk;qdkif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;tm; qGJaqmif aom,Ofaus;r_taqmuftOD;ae&mrsm;wGif AkH;cJG=uonf? TuJhodk@ r+idrfroufjzpfatmifvkyfaqmifr_rsm;u bwfpfrsm;.


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t=urf;zufr_uif;aom atmifyGJ t=urf;zufr_onf jynfolvlxktrsm;u vufcHxm;aom t&mrsm;udk b,fawmhrSrzsufqD;Edkifyg? qef@usifzuftm;jzifh jynfolvlxktrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;udk zsufqD;aprnfht=urf;zufr_rsm;udk jynfol rsm;.oabmxm;u vkH;0O\kHqef@usifygonf? vD,dk awmfpwdGKif; (1989) ckESpf Edk0ifbmv ae@vnfcif;wckwGif y&m*fòrd@rS &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh jyZmwf avmurSvlrsm;onf o&kyfrSef&D,,fvpfpwpfjyZmwf&kH}uD;wGif qkHcJh=uonf? xdkae@rwdkifcifnu tpdk;&vkHðcHHa&; wyfzGJ@rsm;onf t=urf;rzufonfh qENjyolrsm;udk 0if;pvuf&ifjyif (Wenceslas Square) jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf Edkifa&;twGuf udk,fxd vuf a&mufwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? jyZmwftu,f'rDausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf uef@uGufonfhtaejzifh qENjy=u&ef qkH;jzwf cJh=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGif olwdk@ujyZmwfavmurSvlrsm;udk olwdk@ESifhyg0ifyl;aygif;apcsif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; &D,,fvpfpwpfjyZmwf&kHxJrSm pdk;&drfv_yf&Sm;pGmjzifhxdkifae =uoltawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh qENjyzdk@ra&r&mjzpfae=uonf? tpdk;&u qdk;qdk;0g;0g;tjypfay;Edkif+yD;/ vlxkuvnf; olwdk@udk axmufcHcsifrSaxmufcH=urnfjzpfonf? vlrsm;u jyZmwf&kHrS pwifxGufcGmae=ucsdefrSmyif jyZmwf'g&dkufwmwa,mufjzpfaom tmaemhpf *dkvfzvefu ajymvmonf? “'Dae&mrSm xdkifaevdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@b,fol@udkrS n$ef=um;csufay;EdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'Dudka&mufrvmEdkif=uwJh u|efawmfhwdk@&Jhvkyfaz:udkifzuf jyZmwf&kHawGuvlawGtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@tqkH;tjzwf ray;Edkifygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@tm;vkH; b,fvdkrSa&Smif&Sm;r&wJhudpPuawmh udk,fhudpPudk udk,fhzmom qkH;jzwf&zdk@yJ &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@pGef@=u&r,f? t&m&m[m tajzay:vmvdrfhr,fqdkwm,kH=unf=u&r,f/ wu,fvdk@tJh'Dvdk rjzpfvmcJh&ifvnf;/ tJh'gudk cifAsm;wdk@zmomvkyfwmyJqdk+yD; oabmxm;=u&rSmyJ?”[k xajymvdkufonf? *dkvfzvefu ol@jyZmwf&kHtzGJuqENjyrnf[kajymcJhonf? xdk@aemuftjcm;olrsm;uvnf; ol.OD;aqmifr_aemuf vdkufcJh=uonf? xdkae@vnfcif;u jyZmwfrsm;=unfh&_&ef òrd@tESH@rSvmcJh=uonfh y&d\wf}uD;onf jyZmwf r=unfh=u&yJ jyZmwfo&kyfaqmifrsm;u EdkifiHa&;a=unmcsufrsm;zwf=um;oGm;=uonfudkom em;axmifvdkuf=u &ygonf? apmapmydkif;vGefcJhaom q,fESpfu csufjyZmwfa&;q&mjzpfol/ aemifaomtcgEdkifiHawmf orw jzpfvmonfh/ Amqvyf[mA,fu ajratmufwGifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzef@csDxkwfa0cJhaom“ tm%mrJhrsm;. tm%mcGeftm;”[lonfh wdk;wufonfh tufaq;pmtkyfwtkyfudka&;om;jzef@csDcJhygonf? [mA,fu jiif;csuf xkwfcJhonfrSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&ESifh ol.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkwdk@t=um; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_jzpf=uonfrSm t&ifqkH; &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtqifhwGifjzpfysufonfr[kwfyJ/ b0&yfwnfa&;qdkif&m jzpfwnfaer_tqifhrSm pwif jzpfysufonf[kqdkonf? xdktqifhwGif twdkuftcHwdk@. =oZmtmtm%monf “jzpfEdkifacsr#om&Sd+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;w&yfvkH;tESH@wGifzHk;uG,faeaom tvm;tvm&Sdonhf pGrf;tm;yifjzpfonf/” [k azmfjycJhonf? Ttvm; tvmonf “ppfom;rsm;udk,fY”tay:rlwnfonfr[kwfyJ/ rkom;rsm;t=um; aexdkif=u&aom vlwdkif;tay:Y rlwnfygonf? wcsdefcsdefrSm æ æ trSefw&m;.tiftm;u &dkufykwfv_yfEd_;r_cH&Edkifonfhvlwdkif;tay:rSm rlwnf ygonf? ” [mA,fonf ol. tufaq;udkra&;om;rD (2) ESpfu/ ppfwyftkyfcsKyfaom tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH. qlyl rjidrfoufr_rsm;twGif; b,folb,f0grSef;rod&aomvufeufudkifwyfzJ@Grsm;. jyefay;qGJoGm;jcif;cH&onfh om; rsm;. rdcifwdk@onf/ olwdk@ om;orD;rsm;. tjzpfrSefudkodcsif=u+yD;/ orweef;awmfESifhrsufESmcsifqdkif&Sd uGufvyfodk@ tywfpOfcsDwufqENjyjcif;udk pwifðyvkyfcJh=uonf? aemufqkH;wGif olwdk@onf vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm udk “aysmufqkH;” oGm;atmifvkyfcJhaom tpdk;&tm;ðzwfcsvdkufonfh jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wckudk v_yfEd_;vdkuf=u ygonf? tm*sifwD;em;rdcifrsm; csDwuf=ujcif;rwdkifcif tESpf (50) cef@u opPmj*[vrf;pOftajccHonfh jynfol@ v_yf&Sm;r_wGif *END}uD;onf raumif;qdk;&Gm;.tjzpfrSefESifhywfoufI xkwfazmfajymqdkcJh&mwGif “wa,mufu wa,mufudk ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;ae&rSmr[kwfbl;/ æ æ tm;vkH;[m acgif;aqmifawG jzpf+yD; tm;vkH;[m aemufvdkufawG jzpfw,f”qdkonfh trSefw&m;udk xkwfaz:&Sif;jycJhygonf?


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zdESdyfr_ESifhywfoufaom jzpf&yfrSefonf vlrsm;.pdwfxJwGif vSnfhvnfjyef@ESHvmonfESifhwòydifeuf Tjzpf&yfrSefudk a&Smifwdrf;Ir&awmhay? Todk@zdESdyfr_rsm;udk twdkuftcHðyonfhtvkyfrsm;onf yxrqkH;yk*~dKvf wOD;csif;u t&ifpwifvmonf? aemuftpktzGJ@jzpfvm=u+yD; aemufqkH;wGif r[mAsL[majrmufpGm/ qkyfudkif rd+yD;/ qxufwydk;wdk;yGg;rsm;jym;vmaomtcg jynfolvlxkonf rsufpdrSdwfacgif;jidrfhae&r_udk pGef@cGgvmawmhonf? zdESdyfolrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rSvnf; a0;uGmvm=uonf? ESpfaygi;f;&mESifhcsDI +Adwdo#wdk@onf ajrmuf tar&du&Sd [email protected],frsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tar&duefrsm;.oabmwlnDcsufjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJh +yD; aemufydkif;tdENd,udkvnf;xdkuJhodk@=um&SnfpGmtkyfcsKyfcJhonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk &kwfodrf;vdkuf=uonf ESifhwòydifeuf/ olwdk@onf ppftiftm;udktokH;ðyIom udkvdkeDrsm;udkxdef;csKyfEdkif=uawmhonf? ESpfq,f&mpkxJwGif xdktiftm;pkrsm;udk/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ usL;ausmfolrsm;vufxJrS vGwfajrmufa&;/ tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdk@twGuf óud;yrf;=uonfh jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzifh t}udrf}udrf wGef;vSefcJh=uonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@&ifqdkif&aomtpdk;&rsm;xuf ppfa&;t&wGiftompD;&aom taetxm;rsKd; rnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_wGifrS r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umihfyif ‚if;wdk@taejzifh t=urf;rzufonfhenf;vrf;rsm; udk r=umc%a&G;cs,ftokH;ðyavh&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf? r=umc%qdkovdk [email protected];wufr_onf olwdk@&efzufrsm;. t=urf;zufr_a=umifh aESmifaES;=u&onf/ odk@r[kwf &_wfaxG;r_rsm;jzpfcJh=u&onf? odk@&mwGif rnfonfhyÉdyuQr# tqkH;owftajzr&&SdcJhacs? jyZmwf&kHw&kHtwGif;u toHwoHomru/ puf&kH*dwfrsm;rS yk*~dKvfwOD;csif;wGif rw&m;r_udkqef@usifaomjynfolvlxkudkv_H@aqmfEdkifonfh t&Sdef=oZm&Sdonf? olwdk@a&G;cs,faom t=urf;rzuf onfh tvkyfwGiftpdk;&rsm;aemufqkH;cdkv_Htm;udk;&m t=urf;zufr_tay: tEdkif&onfh r[mAsL[musonfh wefbdk;vnf; yg&Sdaeonf? odk@&mwGif t=urf;rzufa&;tvkyfonf t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_ESifhwlnDonfhtcsuf/ tenf;qkH; ESpfcsuf awmh&Sdonf? tvdktav#mufatmifjrifr_r&onfhtcsufESifh xl;xl;uJuJv#Kd@0Suf arSmfqefqefvkyfaqmif&onfh tvkyfr[kwf qdkonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf? rdrdòydifzuf.aysmhuGufudk az:xkwf+yD;/ ‚if;.xdef;csLyfxm; Edkifr_pGrf;&nfudk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzifhom tvkyfvkyfonf? tu,fI tpdk;&w&yfu ‚if;.tm%mudk tcsdeftuef@towfr&Sd &,lxm;zdk@=uH&G,fxm;ygu/ us,fjyef@aom/ ‚if;tkyfcsKyfrnfholrsm;ESifh a&&SnftjyeftvSef qufqH&r_rsm;&Sd&efvdktyfygvdrfhrnf? Ttcsufrsm;u tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf t=uyftwnf;w&yfudk zefwD; ay;ygonf? tpdk;&.xdef;csKyfxm;r_pepfu us,fjyefhavav/ ‚if;.aysmhuGufu ydkrsm;avavjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ol@tm;ckcHqefhusif=uolrsm;udk wdkufcdkufqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_udk tmrcHzdk@ aqmif&Gufay;&rnfholtajrmuftrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? twdkuftcHwckcku/ tpdk;& wGifTtm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeonfudk ol@aemufvdkufrsm;tm; jyovdkufonfESifhwòydufeuf tpdk;&vdktyfonfh taxmuftulrsm;udk av#mh&JoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? tpdk;&. tcGef%¾m/ tpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHol rsm;udk av#mh&JoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf ‚if;.ppfwyfuJhodk@aom taxmuftulrsm;udkyif tm;enf; av#mhusoGm;atmifvkyfEdkifygonf? xdkodk@vkyfaqmifonfhtcg v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf r[mAsL[mw&yf&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? r[mAsL[mr&Sdv#if v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf atmifjrifr_&&ef cufcJygonf? atmifyGJonf uH=urRm. twdkif;jzpfvmaomudpPr[kwfyg? ay;&onfhwefzdk;ESifhtnD xdkufxdkufwefwef&onfht&momjzpfonf? rsm;pGmaom (20) &mpkt=urf;rzufaom yÉdyuQrsm;wGif atmifjrifr_udk tjynfht0xdkufxdkufwefwef &&SdcJh=uygonf? ta&S@*smreDom;rsm;ESifh rGef*dkvD,ef;rsm;onf (1989) ckESpfwGif t=urf;zufr_rygyJ uGefjrLepf tpdk;&rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkifrsm;onf zm'Deefrm;udk@pftm; (1989) ckESpfwGif txl;wvnf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tiftm;rygyJ ðzwfcscJh=uonf? tar&duefvlrJrsm;onf (1950) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm; twGif;/ awmifydkif;jynfe,frsm;Y trsm;jynfolqdkif&mae&mrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mae&mrsm;wGif tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r_udk aoewfwvufudkr#aumufrudkif&yJ z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=uonf? tjcm;yÉdyuQrsm;wGifvnf; atmifjrifr_ wpdwfwydkif;&&SdcJhonf? t=urf;rzufonfhawmfvSefa&;wGif t=urf;zufonfhenf;emrsm;a&maESmvmonfhtcg awmfvSefa&;onf ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf? 'def;rwftzGJ@rsm;u ‚if;[email protected]: emZDrsm;aoG;pkwfaer_udk vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_rsm;jzifh qef@usif=uaomtcg/ EdkifiHom;rsm;onf emZDwdk@. jyif;xefvSaomvufwkH@jyefr_udk cHcJh=u&onf? tifwDzm'g


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tajccdkifaeonfh tm%mydkifudk qef@usif&aom jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf acwfopftrsKd;om;EdkifiHawmf (nation-state) ay:aygufvmcJhonfESifhwr# oufwrf;=umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfonf? ESpfq,f&mpkxJa&mufvmaomtcg jynfolwdk@onf/ t=urf;zufolykefxr_tpm;/ t=urf;rzufonfh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk/ rw&m;trdef@ tm%mrsm;udk y,fvSef&efenf;vrf;wcktaejzifh tokH;ðycJh=uonf? t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_udk yk*~dKvfwOD; csif;utokH;ðy=uonf? odk@aomf ‚if;.tusdK;oufa&mufr_onf aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmrnfh ta&;,l aqmif&Gufr_jzpf&yfrsm;/ wpwptiftm;w&yftjzpf wdk;yGm;vmr_wGif yg0ifqufpyfaeonf? TtajctaewGif tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sdzdk@vdktyfvmygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfvdktyfvmygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wdk;wufjzpfay:vm+yD;/ aemuf rSvdkufygvmrnfholrsm;udk &Sif;vif;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh qufoG,frdaponfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd; jzpfvmapygonf? ‚if;v_yf&Sm;r_u udk,fpm;ðyajymay;rnfh jynfolrsm;twGuf Tjynfolrsm;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf nDnGwf+yD;/ tawmftwefus,fjyef@udk,fpm;ðyr_vnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? (1929) ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif;/ +Adwdo#udkvdkeDjzpfaom tdENd,Edkifw0Srf;rSjynfolrsm;onf/ tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&uf.ESpfywfvnf tpnf;odk@wufa&muf=u&eftwGuf vm;[dk;òrd@odk@oGm;cJh=uonf? ,cifwESpfu/


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(1929) ckESpfukefwGif +Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif;Y tdENd,EdkifiHtm; 'dkrDeD,Hudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; owfrSwfay;&ef uGef*&ufuawmif;qdkcJhonf? TowfrSwfumv rukefqkH;rDav;wGifyif uGef*&uf acgif;aqmif rsm;onf vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;om vufcHrnf[ka=unmcJh=uonf? yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf Tvlóudufrsm;aom ar#mfvifhcsuftdyfrufudk v_yf&Sm;r_.w&m;0if &nfrSef;csuftjzpf owfrSwfcJh=uonf? T}uD;rm;aom wm0efopf ESifhtwl/ uGef*&ufonf/ wdkufyGJenf;vrf;tjzpfaºuG;a=umfxm;aom vlxktm%mzDqefr_. tcuftcJ/ t=uyf twnf;rsm;udk cHEdkif&nf&efE_d;aqmfEdkifcJh=uonf? vltrsm;. pdwful;udk xufoefwufºuGapcJhonf? (1980) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvu ydkvefEdkifiHwGif/ *'ef@a'orS puf&kHaygif;pkHoydwfaumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,f tvkyform;rsm;onf vDeifoabFmusif;&Sd tcef;wcef;wGifawG@qkHcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf tpdk;&nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;rsm; xHwifjyrnfhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf? vGwfvyfonfhtvkyform;or*~rsm; ay:aygufa&;onf [email protected];&nfrSef;csufjzpfoifhonfqdkonfhtcsufudk tm;vkH;uoabmwlnDcJh=uonf? tcsKd@u/ vGwfvyf aoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yay;a&;ESifh pme,fZif;rsm;tay:pDppfr_rsm; (qifqmvkyfjcif;) udkwm;jrpfay;a&;wdk@udk awmif;qdk&eftxd qEN&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;trsm;pku EdkifiHa&;t& odyfus,fus,fjyef@jyef@rawmif;qdkzdk@ qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif tvkyform;rsm;. pGef@v$wfr_ESifhxdkufwefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;jzpf&kHomru/ acsr_ef; EdkifonfhtajctaewckqDodk@ wGef;ydk@onfhtjzpfrsKd;vnf;rjzpfap&efvnf; qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk jrifhjrifhrm;rm;xm;cJh=uonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u vltrsm;udkwufºuGv_H@aqmfEdkifpGrf; &Sd onfrSm rSefygonf? Oyrm (1905) ckESpfu 'Drdku&ufwpf&k&SorwEdkifiHwnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsKd;/ (1929) ckESpfu tdENd,EdkifiHwGifawmif;qdkcJhaom vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;/ usL;ausmfe,fajrrsm;wGif tpPa&;rsm; wnf&Sdaer_ udk vHk;0y,fzsufay;a&; ponfwdk@uJhodk@aom&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfonf? xdk&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf wdkufyGJodk@yl;aygif;vmolrsm;xHrS pdwftm;xufoefjyif;jypGmjzifhwkH@jyefr_rsKd; &&Sdaumif;&Edkifygonf? odk@&mwGif avwvHk; rdk;wvHk;rjzpfEdkifaom pDrHudef;rsm;udk &nfrSef;xm;Iaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh/ wpdwfwa'o atmifjrif r_jzifhomed*Hk;csKyf&Edkif+yD;/ qef@usifzuftiftm;pkudkvnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;apEdkifygonf? wzufuzdESdyfr_rsm;udk ydkrdkvkyf vmEdkifp&m&Sdonf? T&mpkESpftwGif; tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_trsm;onf rdrdzmomtuef@towfxm;I vkyfaqmifcJh =uonf? olwdk@u tEWdr&nfrSef;csufrsm;xufavsmhenf;aom OD;wnfcsufrsm;udkcsrSwfvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? xdktEWdr&nfrSef;csuftwGuf vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom vkyfydkifcGifhtaetxm;udk tokH;csI ydkrdkcsJ@xGifEdkif&ef óud;yrf;=u onf? atmifjrifr_vnf; ydkrdk&&SdcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ydkvefEdkifiH OyrmrsKd; jzpfonf? tvSrf;us,fvGef;onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh oifhwifhaom&nfrSef;csufrsm;/ pojzifha&G;cs,f&mwGif vufawG@us&efvdkygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;onf ordkif;udkra&;rDtajctaewGif/ wdk;wufr_&Sdatmifawmhvkyf&rnf jzpfonf? TtwGuf vufawG@ us&rnfjzpfonf? (1940) ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif;u/ udkyifa[*ifòrd@wGif vlxk}uD;onf *smrefrsm;odrf;ydkufxm;aom ò[email protected];rrsm;YvSnfhvnf+yD; 'def;rwfbk&if/ '\rajrmuf c&pf&Sef.arG;ae@tcef;tem;udk ðyvkyfcJh=uonf? t&G,fa&mufolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf oDcsif;oHòydifoDqdkyGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;yJGrsm;wGif yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? xdktcrf; tem;yGJrsm;wGif ,cif ESpfaygif; (80) u/ *smreDEdkifiHtm;qef@usifcJh=uaom 'def;rwfvlrsKd;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm csD;usL;*k%fðycJh=uonf? jynfolrsm;onf usL;ausmfolppfwyf. ppfzdeyfrsm;atmuf wGif [email protected] tcdkiftrmðy&mwGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? Todk@nDnGwfr_tESpfom&r&SdyJ/ 'def;rwf*sL;rsm; tm;u,fwifjcif;/ odk@r[kwf 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;. ppfyGJumvtwGif; ckcHqef@usifa&;rsm;. aemufydkif; atmifjrif r_rsm;&EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? (1989) ckESpfwGif/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom rGef*dkvd, 'Drdku&ufwpf ,leD,efonf/ ‚if;. 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOftwGuf axmufcHr_rsm;&&Sdap&ef v_H@aqmfóud;yrf;cJh onf? ‚if;[email protected];aqmifwOD;onf a=u;eDrdkif;vkyfief;Xmewckodk@oGm;a&mufcJh+yD;/ rdkif;wl;tvkyform;rsm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifhawGG@qkHcJhonf? olwdk@tm;/ xdyfydkif;u EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJuom/ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wuf atmifjrifr_rsm;twGuf vrf;zGifhay;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmaygufem;vnfapcJhygonf? aemufva&mufaom tcg/ òrd@awmftwGif; qENjyol/ vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;/ aus;vufaeolrsm;yg yg0ifvm=u ojzifh v_yf&Sm;r_ ydkrdkus,fjyef@vmcJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif vlxkuyg vdkufygv_yf &Sm;vmap&ef qGJaqmifEdkifonfudk tpdk;&tm;jyocJhygonf?


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jynfol@v_yf&Sm;r_trsm;pkonf v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol tðrawwpku pwifavh&Sdygonf? tEdN,trsKd;om; uGef*&uf/ qefqmvfaA;'dk;òrd@rS wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;/ *'efZfòrd@rS vGwfvyfaomtvkyform;rsm;or*~tzGJ@/ ponfwdk@onf tjcm;vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcHr_udk tm;ðy+yD; olwdk@.&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf us,fjyef@ aom oabmwlnDr_rsm;udk ydkfifEdkfifpGm&,lEdkfifzdk@twGuf qufvufóud;yrf;cJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? rnfol@wdk@. axmufcHr_udk &&SdEdkfifrnfenf;/ tajymif;tvJtwGuf cdkifjrJ+yD;us,fjyef@aomtiftm;w&yfudk ykHaz:&ef rnfonfh tydkif;rsm;udk aygif;ul;xm;rnfenf;qdkonfh ar;cGef;twGuftajz&Smzdk@vkdygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf Tvkyfief; rsm;xuf ydkrdkcufcJaomwm0ef[lIr&Sday? &k&Sa&S@aersm;ESifh ygarmuQrsm;onf &mpkESpftvSnfhtajymif;ESifh ywfoufI olwdk@. vGwfvyfaomvltzGJ@tpnf;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif vSvSyyajymqdkoGm;cJh=uygonf? tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufudk acgif;aqmifcJh=uaom[dENLEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; aemufydkif;ESpf (20) ausmf =umaomtcg/ olwdk@aemufodk@vlwdkif;rvdkuf=uawmhonfudkawG@vdkuf=u&ygonf? &k&S tvkyform;rsm;onf Zmbk&if.ESdrfeif;r_udk wnfhwnfh&ifqdkif&ef OD;aqmifcJhonfh xa&mhpuD;uJhodk@aom ppfaoG;ºuGrsm;.pum;udk em;axmifcJh=u.? tdENd,. rlqvifESifh qpfrsm;onf *END.wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh zmodzmom aecJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif (1905) ckESpfwGif &k&SY EdkifiHa&;tufa=umif;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifcJhygu/ aemuf+yD; tu,fI tdENd, wdkufi,fwckvkH;udk/ (1930-31) ckESpfrsm;twGif; vlxktm%mzDqefr_udkvdkufyg&efom v_H@aqmfay;cJhygrl &k&SEdkifiH u'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJESifh tdENd,jynfuvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJonf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lcJh=u&vdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

òydifyGJudk xdef;csKyfjcif; vrf;rsm;ay:ESifh puf&kH*dwf0rsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pwifjzpfay:vmonfESifh wòydifeuf/ vlxktrsm;. ae@ w"l0b0rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pwif&yfqdkif;oGm;onfESifh wòydifeuf/ rnfodk@yifjzpfap wenf;r[kwf wenf;tmjzifh rw&m;tkyfpdk;r_tay:&Sdae=uaom yÉdyuQrsm;aygif;qHkrdoGm;=uawmhonff? tiftm;udktokH;csrnf avm/ v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdeft[kefudk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;xm;rnfenf;paom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSefuefpGmcsrSwfEdkifa&;onf/ v_yf&Sm;r_.xda&mufr_udk tqkH;tjzwfay;ygonf? ta=umif;rlum; jzpfysufaeaomtajctaeonf t&nf tcsif;tay:wnfrSDaeaom òydifqdkifr_wckjzpf+yD;/ xGufvmEdkifaom&vm'fuvnf; raorcsm&Sdaeao;onf? yÉdyuQ. t&Sdeft[kefudk &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&S@&_aomOD;wnf&modk@ajymif;ypf&eftwGuf t=urf;rzufaom v_yf &Sm;r_onfus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ar#mfjrifxm;&ef vdktyfonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&tay:zdtm;ay;ta&;,laqmif&Guf oGm;rnfhudpPrsm;udk enf;vrf;aygif;pHktoHk;csEdkifa&;/ Edk;=um;aeaom xdk;ppftoGifaqmifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tpdk;&[efcsufysufatmifvkyfa&;/ zdESdyfwkef@jyefvmrnfhtEW&m,frS rdrdtajccHvlxkudkumuG,fay;a&;/ tm%m &SifzufrS vdkufavsmurf;vSrf;vmrnfh tcGifhta&;rSefor#udk tjrwfxkwfEdkifa&;/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&u toH aumif;[pfaºuG;a=umfaeaom w&m;0iftaetxm;qdkonfudk tm;aysmhcsdeJ@apa&;/ tm%mudkqufvuf xdef; csKyfxm;apa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeonfh enf;vrf;rSefor#udk tm;enf;qkwf,kwfvmapa&; pojzifhudk ar#mfjrif pOf;pm;xm;&rnf jzpfonf? òydifzuf&efoltm;/ awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk jiif;qefaeonfhtwGuf tjypfay;ta&;,l &rnfhenf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;&rnfhtjyif/ ‚if;uvufwkHjyefonfhvmrnfhtiftm; enf;vmap&eftwGufudkvnf; vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf? (1984) ckESpfu òrd@e,frsm;twGif; r+idrfroufykefuefr_ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&&mwGif awmiftmz&du tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;tpdk;&onf/ ‚if;.twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk aysmufusm;ppfonfrsm;[k rSm;,Gif; ,lqcJh=u+yD;/ ‚if;[email protected];a&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh=u onf? xdk@a=umifh =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;zdESdyfr_enf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;cJhonf? odk@&mwGifòrd@e,frsm;&Sd wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol rsm;u tdrfiSm;cray;a&;oydwfrsm;/ tvkyfrqif;yJae+yD; qENjyr_rsm;/ pm;okH;oloydwfrsm;udk pDpOf=uaomtcg/ òrd@e,faumifpDvl}uD;rsm;/ &Jt&m&Sdrsm;udk tpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uojzifh olwdk@u&_wfcs=uaomtcg/ vrf; aumfrwDrsm;u oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfief;/ &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;rsm;uJhodk@aom vlxkvkyfief;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;azmfxkwfaqmif&Gufvm=uaomtcg/ y&Dwdk&D;,m;tpdk;&u csrSwfxm;onfh trmcHppfaoG;ºuGrsm;udk az:xkwfokwfoifa&;r[mAsL[monf/ tvkyfrsm;awmhonf? ae&mwdkif;wGif ol@rsufESmjzpfaeawmhonf?


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(1988) ckESpfu *gZma'oESifh taemufzufurf;wGif tpPa&;umuG,fa&;wyfzJG@rsm;u tifwDzm'gwdk@ udkacsr_ef;&efóud;pm;cJh=uaomtcg/ ygvufpwdkif;rsm;pGmonf udk,fxdvufa&mufxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_udk rvkyfcJh=u yJ/ tpPa&;tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk wdkufEdkfifor#&yfpJcJh=uonf? olwdk@u tcGefray;aqmifyJae=u onf? &Jrsm;u orRmpmqifh ac:ygu rodusKd;u|efðy=uonf? tpPa&;EdkifiHrS tvkyftudkifrsm;udk rvkyfyJa&Smif=u onf? rSwfykHwifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jyo&ef jiif;qef=uonf? tpPa&;vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf =uonf? ygvufpwdkif;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;udk tvkyfrSxGufckdif;=uonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. TuJhodk@aomtESH@tjym; twdkuftcHykHo¿mefrsm;onf tpPa&;wdk@zufu wkef@jyef&mwGif tiftm;udkusJuGJapcJhygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rðya&;wGif yg0if=u&ef ygvufpwdkif;vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;udk pkaqmif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh/ aoG;qlolrsm;.ykefuefr_wcktjzpf tifwDzm'gudk vspfvsLðyxm;&ef/ cufcJapcJhygonf? (1978) ckESpfwGif ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; 'kwd,ajrmuf*|efaygvfonf/ ykyf&[ef;jzpf+yD;aemuf yxrqkH;t}udrf tjzpf ol.ZmwdEdkfifiHodk@ jyefvmcJhaomtcg/ ydkvefjynfolrsm;onf ol.tvnftywfc&D;wGif yg0if*k%fðy=u&ef vGwfvyfpGm pDpOfcJh=uygonf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&onf ta&;}uD;onfh TtjzpftysufwGif yxrqkH;t}udrf tjzpfab;a&mufoGm;&onf? &kwfw&uf=unfhygu txl;tqef;ozG,fjzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf; ydkvefwdk@. tpOftvmtwdkif;/ olrsm;ESifhrwlwrlxl;onfhoauFw/ trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%m. tjcm;trSwftom;wck tjzpfvnf; xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmapcJhonf? ydkveftwdkuftcHrsm;onf yifudk,ftoda=umifhr[kwfyJ/ jynfolwdk@ zufu&yfwnfay;cJh=uonf? TuJhodk@jzpfysufcJh+yD;aemuf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;or*~tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf oydwfqENjyyGJrsm;wGif aemufydkif; ykyf&[ef;rif;.tvHav;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf csufwdkcsdK;0gbk&m;ausmif;&Sd teuf a&mifrufa'gem;r,fawmf&kyfykHudk csDwufyGJrsm;wGif udkifaqmifcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfpepfxuf jrifhjrwf+yD;/ ydkI oufwrf;&SnfcJhonfh tm%mydkifoauFwwcktjzpf Todk@udkifpGJcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? (1986) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif zm'Deefrm;udk@pfonf ol.tm%m qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef twGuf aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk r&dk;rom;pDpOfcJhonf? xdkpOfrSmyif apwemh0efxrf; rJ&kHapmifhvkyftm;ay; ol (2) odef;cef@onf olwdk@xnfhonfh rJrsm;udkolwdk@ udk,fwdkifa&wGuf=uonf? tm%m&Sif. tm%mjyef vnf&&Sda&;twGuf tvdrfZmwfudk zGifhcsjyEdkifvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf wnf&Sdaom w&m;0ifr_ csnfóud;tm;vkH;ajyoGm;cJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif/ tpdk;&.w&m;0ifr_ysufjym;oGm;&jcif;onf rlvuwnf;u jynfolvlxkurvdkvm;/ rESpfouf+yD;jzpfaeaom tpdk;&w&yfudk z,f&Sm;Edkifvdkufonfh wdkkufyGJ. tvSnfhtajymif;w&yfyif jzpfawmhonf? tpdk;&onf ‚if;wGif trsm;jynfoluay;aom tcGifhtm%m&Sdonf qdk+yD; [efaqmifIr&awmhay? xdk@a=umifh‚if;wdk@ u|rf;usifonfh tiftm;oHk; vkyf&yfrsm;tay:om tm;udk; tm;xm;ðy&awmhonf? xl;jcm;onfhtajymif;tvJrsm;udkjzpfapcJhaom ta&;ygonfh ESpfq,f&mpkk. t=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;ygonfh yÉdyuQwdkif;wGif/ tm%ma[mif;rsm;onf ‚if;.tm%mtm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef zdESdyfonfhtiftm;udk tokH;ðycJh=uonf? Oyrm (1905) ckESpf &k&Sm;aqmif;&moDeef;awmf vlowfyGJ/ (1919) ckESpfu tdENd,trR&pfqmtpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowfjzwfr_/ (1944) ckESpfu qefqmvfaA;'dk; vlowfwyfzGJ@rsm;/ (1950) ckESpfrsm;ESifh (1960) ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefawmifydkif;Y vlrJrsm;tay: Oya'rJh&rf;um;olrsm;ESifh &Jrsm; . &ufpufr_rsm;/ (1970) ckESpfu *'ef@Zfòrd@wGif tvkyform;rsm;tm;ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ (1970) ckESpfrsm; u tm*sif;wD;em;ESifh csDvDEdkifiHwdk@wGif vlrsm;aysmufqkH;oGm;cJh&r_rsm;ESifh (1983) ckESpfu bifepfEdk tuGDEdk vkyf=uHcH &r_rsm;onf om"ursm;jzpfonf? Temrnfqdk;vSaom ta&;tcif;rsm;onf ESpfq,f&mpk.}uD;rm;aom t=urf;rzufonfhwdkufyGJrsm;udk&ifqdkif&aom tkyfpdk;olwdk@. vuQ%mudk ykHaz:jyay;aeygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_ toD;oD;. acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;onf/ tajymif;tvJjzpfap&ef/ tiftm;ESifhvkyfzdk@ ra&G;cs,frD olwdk@taejzifh t=urf;zufr_udk&ifqdkif&rnfudk em;vnfxm;cJh=uygonf? yÉdyuQ. tusdK;&vm'ftoD;oD;wGif/ rnfonfhtcef; u¾uyg0if+yD;/ rnfodk@wkef@jyef=u&rnfudkvnf; olwdk@oabmaygufcJh=uygonf? (1944) ckESpf/ ylaEG;aom aEGOD;&moDwckwGif qefqmvfaA;'dk;òrd@Y wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol ausmif;om;rsm; onf olwdk@EdkifiH. ppfzuforwudk rnfodk@z,f&Sm;=urnfenf;qdkonfudk tacstwifaqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf? xdkrwdkifcif wvu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rm;wDeufonf vufeufudkifykefuefr_wckudk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD;/ ykefuefr_udk OD;aqmifolrsm;udk tqkH;pD&ifypfcJhonf? aq;ausmif;om; zmAD,dk uwfpwDvdkonf orwudkqef@usif&ef t=urf;zufr_udktokH;ðyjcif;onf rdrdudk,fudkowfao&myJusvdrfhrnf// tm;vkH;udk ypfowfrSmyJ[k jiif;csufxkwfcJh onf? xdk@a=umifholwdk@trsm;u


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b,frSrxGufyJ rdrdwdk@tdrfxJrSmyJae+yD; qENjyonfh taxGaxGoydwfw&yf qifE$J &efoabmwlcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh zdESdyfr_jzpfEdkifp&m enf;vrf;udka&Smifv$JEdkifcJhonf? onfhaemuf wvrjynfhcif rSmyif rmwDeufZforwtjzpfu E_wfxGufoGm;cJh&onf? (1905) ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif/ taxGaxGoydwfwckonf &k&SEdkifiH&Sd rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;/ 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;udk oGufcsmyg'vdkufoGm;apcJhonf? Zmbk&ifppfom;rsm;.&dkifz,frsm;twGuf tokH;wnfh onfhypfrSwf tenf;tusOf;awmh ay;cJh&onf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif;/ 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm; tvkyfrqif;yJae=ujcif;tm;jzifh/ vG,fvG,fululyif *smrefwdk@twGuf ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfay;aom puf&kH/ tvkyf &kHrsm;udk ukefxkwfvkyfr_aES;auG; oGm;apcJhonf? tdENd,ESifh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwdk@wGifvnf; tcray;aqmifa&; oydwfrsm;onfvkyfcJh=uonf? Todk@tcGeftcrsm;udk ray;yJay;aeonfhtwGuf t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk umuG,f aeolrsm;udk epfemapcJhonf? tar&duefawmifydkif;ESifh tpPa&;odrf;ydkufxm;aome,fajrrsm;wGif cGJjcm;qufqH onfhOya'/ odk@r[kwf tcGeftaumufrsm;twGuf tr_p&dwfrsm;ay;&ef pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; oydwf arSmufcJh=uonf? Todk@cGJjcm;qufqHr_twGuf wef&mwefzdk; pD;yGg;a&;tzdk;tcudk&apcJhonf? TyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; tpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;udk tvkyfuxGufapcJhonf? tpdk;&tm; axmufcHonfh b%frsm;wGifaiGrsm;tyfESH&efjiif;qefcJh=uonf? jyuQ'defESpfwESpfvkH; odk@r[kwf EdkfifiHwv$m;jyef@ES@Honfh Tta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf/ t=urf;zufr_ pcef;qDodk@/ vlxk}uD;ra&muf&SdapyJ tpdk;&w&yftm; jynfolrsm;.tm;jzifh xdk;ESufEdkifcJhonf? umvH/ a'oHt& t=urf;rzufonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk jyef@ESH@atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ zdESdyfr_vufvSrf;udk tuef@ towfjzpfap+yD;/ tjzpftysufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfEdkifonfh tpdk;&.pGrf;&nfudk rEdkifreif;usqif;apygonf? (1986) ckESpfu rm;udk@pf tm;qef@usifonfh jynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_/ odk@r[kwf (1989) ckESpftwGif;jzpfyGm;onfh w&kwf/ ta&S@Oa&my EdkifiHrsm;ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;tpdk;&rsm;udkqef@usifonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;uJhodk@aom/ tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usif=u onfh uGJjym;+yD;/ tvdktav#mufjzpfay:aom/ odk@r[kwf &kwfw&ufaygufuGJonfh tkHºuGr_rsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif; wckwnf;aom tqHk;owftxGÉftxdyftiftm;òydifyGJodk@ qdkufa&mufcJh=uygonf? tiftm;}uD;onfh ppfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifonfh tajctaeudk vlxktm;xdyfwdkufawG@ap&ef wGef;ydk@jcif;onf/ tvGef tEW&m,f }uD;rm;onfh r[mAsL[mw&yfjzpfygonf? ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rsKd;onf zdvpfydkifrSmuJhodk@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; atmifyGJrsKd;udk &&SdapEdkifouJhodk@/ w&kyfEdkifiH/ wdef@tefrif&ifjyifrSmuJhodk@ tpdk;&u ‚if;.twdkuftcHrsm; tpktðyH }uD;rm; vmaer_udk acsr_ef;&ef tcGifhtvrf;udkvnf; jzpfapEdkifygonf? Ttcg vkH;0ta&;edrfhr_rsKd;ESifhvnf; &ifqdkif&Edkifyg onf? ESdyfuGyfonfhtpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;udk xdyfwdkuftjynfht0/ r&ifqdkifyJ tpdk;&tm;pdefac:tuJprf;onfh tjcm; r[mAsL[mudk/ tdENd,EdkifiH'g&moemqm;csufyGJESifh vyfufaemif;wGifawG@&ygonf? tvm;wl tar&duefEdkifiH awmifydkif; eyf&SfAD;vfòrd@wGif ae@vnfpmpm;onfhpm;yGJawGY 0ifxdkifI xdkifoydwfarSmufr_Y awG@=u&ygonf? }uD;rm;aom oydwfrsm;udkzefwD;&eftwGuf rdrdqENtav#mufyg0ifvdkol apwemh0efxrf;rsm;xJrS vufa&G;pOf wyfzGJ@rsm;pepfwusa&G;cs,f+yD; avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? Ttjzpftysufudk vlod rsm;onfhtjzpfa&mufvmap&ef/ &Jrsm;a&muf&Sdvmapzdk@/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyfwyfzGJ@rsm;a&mufvmapzdk@ zdwf=um; vdkufovdkjzpfapcJhygonf? wrif=uH&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifhvkyfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf tiftm;tokH;ðyzdESdyf&ef pay;vdkufovdk/ v_H@aqmfovdk jzpfapygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;jzifh zdESdyfr_udk zGifhcsjyEdkif+yD;/ tpdk;&tm; usef&Sdaeonfh vlxkaxmufcHr_udk jzwfawmufypfEdkfifygonf? tpdk;&. t=urf;zufr_vkyfvdkaom qENudk vSpfjy Edkifygonf// ydkrdkus,fjyef@ap&eftEW&m,f ydkrdkenf;aomenf;emrsm;udk toHk;ðyI tpdk;&rsm;udk&ifqdkifjcif;tm;jzifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; vltrsm;tjym;udkyg0ifvmapzdk@pnf;&Hk;Edkif+yD;/ tajymif;tvJjzpfapa&;twGuf zdtm;rsm;udk csJ@xGiftokH;csEdkifygonf? tpdk;&w&yfonf t=uyftwnf;tEW&m,fESifh&ifqdkifae&onfhtcg t=urf;enf;tpm;/ tEkenf;udkt okH;vmwwfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rD;udk jidrf;owfEdkif&efvdkufavsmr_rsm;jyvmwwf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;w&yfjzpfvmrnfh tpm;/ jyefvnfoifhjrwfapa&;udk a&S@&_+yD;xdef;a=umif;oGm;&ef óud;pm;wwfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Todk@ tEkenf;tm;jzifh jyefvnfxdef;csKyfr_ jyefvnfwnfaqmufoGm;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfonf? (1982) ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&du0ef}uD;csKyfu tdENd,tEG,fzGm;rsm;ESifh tom;ta&mif&Sdolrsm;udk tcGifhta&;wpHkw&may;I uef@owfrJay;cGifhðyrnf[k zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'jyifqif&ef tqdkðycJhzl;onf? tmz&duefvlrsKd;rsm;tm; a'o qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif ydkrdkajyma&;qdkcGifh&aprnf qdkcJhonf? odk@aom aemufESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;pGm u nDnGwfaom


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'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (,l'Dtufzf) udk zJGJ@pnf;I/ udk,fpm;vnfrsm;u tpdk;&. aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;onf vdrfnmvSnfhpm;r_rsm;omjzpfonf[k &_wfcsajymqdkcJh=uonf? “tcGifhta&;awG tjynfht0usKyfwkd@ vdkcsifw,f æ æ tcGifhta&;rSefor# csufcsif;&vdkw,f æ æ” [kaºuG;a=umfcJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_acgif;aqmif rsm;onf tpdk;&udkwGef;vSefqef@usifae=uaom jynfolrsm;taejzifh onf;cHEdkfifpGrf;r&Sdawmhonfomru/ wpdwf wydkif;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vufrcHEdkif=uonfudk odxm;=uonf? tcktcsdeftxd pum;ajymzdk@ tcsdefra&muf ao;ay? wcgw&H tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf olwdk@udk,fwdkifrvkyfonfhudpPrsm;twGufa&S@&_Edkifaom w&m;0ifvkyfief;pOf wckudk zGifhvSpfay;wwf=uonf? (1988) ckESpfu csDvDEdkifiHwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;yDEdkacs;u vmrnfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif ol@taejzifh wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;jzpfoifh/ roifh jynfolvlxktm; wdkuf&dkufrJay;ap&ef tcGifhay; cJhonf? vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_wckrS uHoDvGwfajrmufoGm;+yD;aemuf/ vuf0Jykefuefr_wckudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifcJh+yD; aemuf/ olu tjcm;rnfolr#tEdkifr&Edkifawmh[k wGufqxm;onf? odk@&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHrsm;onf tepfemcHI owd}uD;pGmjzifhpDpOfaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;&kH;uvnf; rJ&kHrsm;udk tav;xm;apmifh=uyfay;cJhonf? aemufqHk;AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &_H;edrfhcJh&ygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_u rnDr!GwfòyduGJaeonf? tm%m&Sifudk w&m;0ifr_ay;todtrSwfðyvdkuf&rnfh tEW&m,fuvnf;&Sdao;onf? odk@aomfvnf; Ttajc taerS v_yf&Sm;r_onf wdkufyGJudk qufvufqifE$Ja&;twGuf t&Sdeft[kefudkwnfaqmufEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf; uvnf;&Sdaeao;onf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&w&yfESifh jynfolvlxku ylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;onf atmifjrifr_twGuf r&Sdrjzpf tcsufjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif tcGifhtvrf;topfudk&v#if&ovdk vufawGtokH;cszdk@ vdkonf? atmifjrifr_u v_yf&Sm;r_udkvufurf;vmaomtcg r[mAsL[mESifhruGJvGJygu toHk;cs&efvdkonf? tpdk;&w&yf. w&m;0ifjzpfr_twGuf aemufqkH;usef&Sdonfhopf&Gufonf ajr}uD;ay:odk@aºuGusoGm;onfh tcg/ ol.vdkufavsmcsufrsm;u t=uyftwnf;udk ajyav#mhoGm;atmifrvkyfEdkifawmhonfhtcg/ odk@r[kwf ‚if;.twdkuftcHrsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvmap&ef rodrf;oGif;Edkfifawmhaomtcg/ ol@tm;pepfwus qef@usif aeaom t=urf;rzufonfhtiftm;pkudk tm%mtiftm;jzifh rpGrf;omatmifrvkyfEdkifawmhaomtcg/ tpdk;&. twif;w=uyfwdkufwGef;Edkifonfh tm%monf usqif;pðyvm+yDjzpfonf? xdktcg pdwfra=ueyfjzpfae=uonfh oabmxm;uGJvGJolwpkESifhpcJh&onfh wdkufyGJav;wckonf/ wu,fhb0twGuf yÉdyuQ/ wdkufyGJwyGJ jzpfvmawmh onf?

tusdK;&vm'fxGufap&ef tiftm;oHk;jcif; zdvpfydkifvlrsKd;arqiftzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfaom &Demwdk csmAufZfonf (1986) ckESpfwGif zm'Deefrmudk@pfudk qef@usifaom jynfol@tm%mykefuefr_wGif yg0ifcJholwa,mufjzpfonf? tm%m&SifxGufajy;oGm;+yD;n/ orw tdrfawmfjzpfaom rmvmumeef eef;awmf.wcg;aygufrsm;rS t&ifqkH;twif;0ifa&mufoGm;=uolrsm;xJwGif oludk,fwdkif yg0ifcJhonf? orwtdrfawmfxJodk@0ifa&mufcJh+yD;aemuf zefrD;yef;qGJrsm;jzifh crf;em;pGmqif,ifxm; aom cef;r}uD;wcef;+yD;wcef; vSnfhywf=unfh&_cJhonf? csmAufonf pm=unfhwdkuftwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufoGm; aomtcg eef;awmfudk pGef@oGm;=uonfrSm odyfrSr=umao;ojzifh pm;yGJwvkH;ay:Ywifxm;aom zefyef;uefvkH;}uD;xJ&Sd pjypfoD;rsm;rSmvwfqwfaeqJ&Sdao;onf? olonfpjypfoD;rsm;udkwvkH;rusef pm;ypf vdkufonf? rm;udk@pfonf ol.tpDtpOftwdkif; xGufcGmoGm;jcif;awmhr[kwfay? olonf tm%mrSz,f&Sm;cHcJh &jcif;jzpfonf? t=urf;rzufonfhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wckonf atmufazmfjyygenf;vrf;okH;ckteufrS wckckjzifh aumif; aomtajymif;tvJudk jzpfvmapwwfonf? tkyfpdk;olu tm%mpGef@v$wf&ef odk@r[kwf pGef@cGmoGm;&ef t=uyfudkifjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? wenf; aphpyftay;t,lvkyf&efaqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;ay:odk@ wGef;ydk@Edkifjcif; ESifh vkdufavsm&eftpdk;&tm; wdkufwGef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf yÉdyuQqufvuf&Snfaejcif;tm;jzifh tusdK;&vm'fraumif;/ rdrdvdkvm;onfhtwdkif;vnf; qkH;jzwfrvkyfEdkifawmhonfhtaetxm;jzpfa=umif; ,kH=unfvmonfhtwGufa=umifh/ tpdk;&.tjrifudkajymif;vJapjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_.wzuf tiftm;pk.aysmhuGufrsm;onf/ rwlonfhtajctaersm;tvdkuf uGJjym;ygonf? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; uGJjym; wwfygonf? TtcGifhtvrf;rsm;tay:toHk;csI vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u &kyfydkif;qdkif&mudk,f xdvufa&mufwdkufyGJrsm; udkrcsKyfudkifEdkifrD/ pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m,SOfòydifyGJudk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef/ tompD;&ap&efóud;yrf;&ygrnf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rmwDeufZfESifh rm;udk@pfwkd@twGuff rnfonfhtcGifhae&mrS r&SdcJhyg? vlxkb0tay: olwdk@v$rf;rdk;xm;r_udk tqkH; owf&efwdk@tjyif/


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z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_onf/ 'Drdkua&pDvufeufud&d,mrsm;udkom tokH;ðycJhygonf? &mpkESpfukefwGif/ TEdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;onf tm;rmeftjynfhESifhwufºuGonfh'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uonf? ae&mtESH@tjym;rS tajymif;tvJrsm;udkjzpfapcJhonfh t=urf;rzufonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;u|rf;usifolrsm;onf nGefh aygif;r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;/ trdef@ay;jcif;xuf pnf;&kH;ajzmif;zsjcif;jzifh OD;aqmifr_ay;jcif;/ tpdk;&. twnfðyajym=um;r_udkxnfhrpOf;pmyJ/ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh vlxk.ae&mudk zefwD;ay; jcif;ponfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;pGmod&Sd em;vnf=uonf? jynfolvlxkb0tay: xdef;csKyfr_udk eef;awmfrS vlxkqDodk@ ajymif;onfhtcg EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcm tm%mw&yf. wnf&monf vdkufajymif;a&$@oGm;&awmhonf? ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;/ csDwufqENjy=u+yD;/ puf&kHtvkyf&kHrsm;ESifh vrf;rrsm;udk odrf;ydkuf=uonfh tcsKyf tjcmtm%mudk jyefawmif;qdk=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf/ urBmhwdkuf}uD;wdkif;wGif/ &efolrsKd;pkHudk qef@usifv#uf/ ol@[email protected]&;rsm;tay: tzufrwefovdkoabmxm;cJh=uaom tkyfpdk;olrsm;vufxJrS olwdk@. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;cJh=uonf? (1848) ckESpfu“vlxk. tm%mzDqefr_”qdkonfh ‚if;.a=unmcsufESifhausmf=um;cJhaom/ [ife&D a';Apfaomf&dk;onf aiG0,fu|efpepfudk umuG,fcJhonfh tpdk;& ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;zdk@ tar&duefrsm;tm; a=unmcJhonf? tpdk;&u qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tkyfcsKyfvmonfhtcg/ tpdk;&tay:opPmcHr_udk jiif;y,fcGifh&Sd+yD;/ tpddk;&udkvnf;awmf vSefcGifh&Sdonf[k aºuG;a=umf cJhygonf? tu,fIom vl (1000) u t=urf;zuftkyfcsKyfaeonfh tpkd;&udk [email protected];udkay;aqmif&ef jiif;qdkvmcJhygu ,if;onf +idrf;csrf;aomawmfvSefa&;w&yf[laom teuft"dy`g,fyifjzpfonf[k oluqdkyg onf? tESpf (60) =umaomtcg/ vD,dkawmfpwGdKif;u aomf&dk;onf ol@tay: “xl;xljcm;jcm;=oZmv$rf;rdk;” cJhonf[k a&;om;cJhygonf? aemuf&SpfESpfcef@=umaomtcg/ *ENDu awmfpwGdKif;xH ol.tufaq;wyk'fudk jyef vnfykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhðyzdk@/ cGifhawmif;&mwGif/ awmfpwdGKif;tm; “xl;jcm;jrifhjrwfonfhvlpdrf;”[k a&;om;cJhygonf? ,if;odk@jyefvnfxkwfa0cJhaom tufaq;pmtkyfwGif olutrSmpma&;&mY/ *ENDonf awmfpwdKGif;. o0%fv$m yg pum;jzpfonfh “tu,fIom u|Ekfyfwdk@u ol. qdk;&Gm;onftm%mpufudk vkdufemzdk@jiif;qefv#if zdESdyfol wOD;. zdESdyfa&;óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfvdrfhrnf” [k jyefvnfaz:!$ef;cJhygonf? t=urf; rzufonfh awmfvSefa&;onf tdENd,twGufomru/ vlom;w&yfvkH;twGufyg “ta&;t}uD;qkH; jy\em w&yfjzpfa=umif;” ta=umif;jyefcJhaom awmfpwGdKif;xH aemufwESpft=umwGif *ENDupmxyfa&;cJhygonf? (1910) ckESpfwGif *ENDxHodk@a&;cJhonfh aemufqkH;pmwGif/ awmfpwdGKif;onf ol@udk,fol “ aozdk@eD;uyfae+yD” [kod&Sd cHpm;ae&+yD;/ *END.pum;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay:ol. odem;vnfr_udkaz:jycJhonf? &k&SEdkifiHwGif aygufuGJvm rnfh ol.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;twGuf jynfhjynfh00 jyefvnfay;qyfonfht&mrsm;tjzpf odem;vnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ol.ESvkH;om;xJY xdkt&monf awmufavmifaeqJjzpfcJhonf? vlom;ta&;udpPrsm;wGif t=urf;zufr_rS/ tqkH;tjzwfay;onfha&G@vsm;r_twGuf/ “x&efpfA,frSm oifaqmif&GufcJhaomvkyfief;rsm;onf urBmhA[dkcsufESifhtvSrf;a0;aeonf[kxif&aomfvnf;/ ,cktcgurBm}uD;uyg r#a0cHpm;&mrSm tav;eufqkH; vufawG@oufaojzpfcJhwma=umifh 'g[m/ u|Ekfyfwdk@twGuf tajccHtusqkH;ESifhta&;t}uD;qkH;jzpfcJhygonf?” [k olua&;cJhonf? &mpkESpftprSmyif urBm}uD;onf xdkoufaojycsufudk tjynfht0oabmwlcJhonf? odk@&mwGif &mpkESpf ukefqkH;aomtcg t=urf;zufr_0g'/ vlrsKd;wkH;owfjzwfr_/ *dk%f;*%o¾mefrsm;/ rkef;wD;olrsm;/ tpGef;a&mufol rsm;. wcgw&Ht=urf;zufðyrlvkyffaqmifaom 'kp&dkufr_rsm;/ EdkifiHrsm;/ vltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif u|if;usefaecJh ao; onfrSmvnf; tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkay? t=urf;zufr_a=umifh tajymif;tvJrsm;wGif raumif;onfhtusdK;qufrsm; txift&Sm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ t=urf;zufr_udk rqifrjcif qufvuftoHk;ðyae=uqJjzpfonf? TtawG@tóuH rsm;t& tm%mESifhygwfoufaom t,ltqa[mif;onf csKyf+idrf;&efeD;uyfvm+yD jzpfonf? [efeef t&ef@'f (Hannah Arendt) olr. “ t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI” qdkonfh òydifzufuif;onfh tufaq;wGif t=urf;zufr_onf tm%mzefwD;&mwGif vkH;0rpGrf;aomt&mjzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjycJhonf? ‚if;onf ta&;awmfykHrsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufatmifrvkyfEdkifcJhay? ordkif;udka&m/ awmfvSefa&;udkyg wdk;wufatmif rvkyfcJhay? wdk;wufr_ESifh jyefvnfwkH@jyefr_udkvnf; jrifhrm;atmif rpGrf;EdkifcJhacs[k jiif;csufxkwfcJhonf? T tufaq;wGif olronf awmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfvmrnfholtrsm;tjym;. tóudufukxkH;tjzpf armfpDwkef;u oabmw&m;tESpfxkwfxm;onfh “


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tm%monf aoewfajymif;0uxGufonf” qdkonfh emrnfausmf aqmifyk'fudk acsyxm;onf? Ttqdkonf [pfwvm. rdef;uifh (Mein Kempf) pmtkyfrS pma=umif; wa=umif;jzpfEdkifacs&Sdygonf? odk@&mwGif t=urf;zufr_trsm;tjym;udkawG@jrifcJh&aom ‚if;&mpkESpfrSmyif tm%m &Sift,ltq òyduGJysufpD;oGm;r_rsm;udkvnf; jrifawG@cJh&onf? tºuGif;rJht=urf;zufr_ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_ tEW&m,fu tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk tmrcHr_ray;EdkifcJhay? t=urf;zufr_onf tpdk;& (odk@r[kwf) vufeufudkiftzJG@rsm;. vufeufud&d,mjzpfygonf? t=urf; zufr_onf tcsdefumvwckwGif ta=umufw&m;udk wajz;ajz;oGif;ay;Edkifygonf? emcHatmifvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@r[kwf b0rsm;ESifh "eOpPmrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; t=urf;zufr_0g'ukd tokH;ðyolrsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfr_jzpfap&efaomf vnf;aumif;/ [email protected]&mESifhtcGifhtm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;&efvdktyfrnfh oabmwlnDr_udk jr‡ifhwifay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sday? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. wnfjidrfr_ESifhcHEdkif&nf&Sdr_wGif t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf uawmh vkH;0a&S;qefaom ydkrdktqifhjrifhonfh t,ltqw&yfudk olrtaejzifhawG@jrifcJhonf? “a&mrrsm;onf olwdk@. vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;/ tpdk;&ykHpH (civitas) udkajymqkd=u+yDqdkygv#if [email protected] trdef@ay;/ trdef@cH qufqHa&;tay: tm;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtm%mESifh Oya'qdkif&mcH,lcsufw&yf udef;atmif;ae+yD;jzpfygonf?” Tt,ltqudk orwEdkifiHrsm;xlaxmif&mwGif jyefvnfaz:xkwfcJh=uaom }uD;jrwfvSonfh (18) &mpkawmfvSef a&;orm;rsm;u jyefvnfazmfxkwfcJh=u+yFD;/ “w&mOya'pdk;rdk;+yD;/ jynfolvlxk.tm%mtay:wGif r¾dKifðyxm; onfh tm%mudkxlaxmifum/ vludkvlcsif;pkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_udk tqkH;owfypf=uayvdrfhrnf” jzpfonf? ESpfq,f&mpk jynfol@tm%monf aoewfajymif;0uxGufjcif;r[kwfcJhay? olwdk@udkemcHap&ef óud;yrf;chJ aom/ [email protected]_ (odk@r[kwf) vdkufavsmr_jzpfonfh [email protected],fhtm%mt&if;tjrpfudk zsuf odrf;ypfjcif;jzifh t=urf;zufr_qddkonfrSmtm%m[k ,kH=unfxm;=uaomtkyfpdk;olrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? rw&m;onfh Oya'rsm;udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdawmhaomtcg/ vlxku tvkyfrvkyf=uawmhojzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ &yfqdkif;oGm;onfhtcg/ tpdk;&0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tvkyfrvkyf=uawmhonfhtcg/ ppfwyfudk vlrsm;updk;&drfa=umuf&GH@r_r&Sd=uawmhonfhtcg/ tpdk;&u tokH;ðyEdkifonfh t=urf;zufr_onf ta&; r}uD;awmhay? vlxkudkemcHatmifvkyfonfh [email protected]%monf aysmufuG,foGm;&avawmhonf? vGefcJhonfhtESpf w&mu urBmhajrykHudk tifyg,mrsm;/ bk&ifhEdkifiHawmfrsm;u vGrf;rdk;xm;cJh=uygonf? ESpfq,f&mpktpwGif urBmhwdkuf}uD;rsm;onf orwEdkifiHrsm;ESifh jynfhESufoGm;ygonf? a&mrtifyg,m&Sif uavmuf'D,wfpf (Emperor Claudius) onf a&mrorwEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk wrf;wcJhbl;onf[kqdk=uonf? odk@aomf ol.&efolawmfrsm;u ol@tm;rnfonfhtcgur# cGifhrðycJh=uay? ,ae@tcg a&mrpDADwyfpf (civitas)/ a&mrvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; pdwf"gwfonf urBmvkH;qdkif&m pHE_ef;jzpfvmcJh+yDjzpfonf? c|if;csuftenf;tusOf;usef aeao;aomfvnf;/ ‚if;.&efolawmfwdk@onf uG,faysmufus&_H;ae&+yD jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;. tm%mqdkif&mt,l tqonfvnf; us&H_;ta&;edrfhae&+yDjzpfonf?


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A Force More Powerful in Burmese

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