A- FABRICATED PROPOSED ANTENNAS -...
Transcript of A- FABRICATED PROPOSED ANTENNAS -...
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APPENDICES
A- FABRICATED PROPOSED ANTENNAS
Figure (a) Fabricated rectangular patch antenna
Figure (b) Fabricated square patch antenna
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Figure (e) Fabricated fractal shaped pentagonal patch antenna
Figure (f) Measurement of pentagonal patch antenna using Vector Network Analyzer
(VNA)
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Figure (g) Measurement of dielectric loaded pentagonal patch antenna using Vector
Network Analyzer (VNA)
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B- IEEE FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATIONS
RADIO BAND DESIGNATIONS
Frequency Wavelength Radio Band designation
30 - 300 Hz 10 - 1Mm ELF (extremely low frequency)
300 - 3000 Hz 1000 - 100 km ULF (ultra low frequency)
3 - 30 kHz 100 - 10 km VLF (very low frequency)
30 - 300 kHz 10 - 1 km LF (low frequency)
300 - 3000 kHz 1000 - 100 m MF (medium frequency)
3 - 30 MHz 100 - 10 m HF (high frequency)
30 - 300 MHz 10 - 1 m VHF (very high frequency)
300 - 3000 MHz 100 - 10 cm UHF (ultra high frequency)
3 - 30 GHz 10 - 1 cm SHF (super high frequency)
30 - 300 GHz 10 - 1 mm EHF (extremely high frequency)
IEEE RADAR BAND DESIGNATIONS
Frequency Wavelength
IEEE Radar Band
designation
1 - 2 GHz 30 - 15 cm L Band
2 - 4 GHz 15 - 7.5 cm S Band
4 - 8 GHz 7.5 - 3.75 cm C Band
8 - 12 GHz 3.75 - 2.50 cm X Band
12 - 18 GHz 2.5 - 1.67 cm Ku Band
18 - 27 GHz 1.67 - 1.11 cm K Band
27 - 40 GHz 11.1 - 7.5 mm Ka Band
40 - 75 GHz -- V Band
75 - 110 GHz --- W Band
110 - 300 GHz --- mm Band
300 - 3000 GHz --- u mm Band
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SATELLITE TVRO BAND DESIGNATIONS
Frequency Satellite TVRO Band
1700 - 3000 MHz S-Band
3700 - 4200 MHz C-Band
10.9 - 11.75 GHz Ku1-Band
11.75 - 12.5 GHz Ku2-Band (DBS)
12.5 - 12.75 GHz Ku3-Band
18.0 - 20.0 GHz Ka-Band
MILITARY ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES BAND DESIGNATIONS
Frequency
IEEE Radar Band
designation
30 - 250 MHz A Band
250 - 500 MHz B Band
500 - 1,000 MHz C Band
1 - 2 GHz D Band
2 - 3 GHz E Band
3 - 4 GHz F Band
4 - 6 GHz G Band
6 - 8 GHz H Band
8 - 10 GHz I Band
10 - 20 GHz J Band
20 - 40 GHz K Band
40 - 60 GHz L Band
60 - 100 GHz M Band
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TRAFFIC RADAR FREQUENCIES
Traffic Radar Frequency Bands
Band Frequency Wavelength Notes
S 2.455 GHz 4.8 in
12 cm obsolete
X 10.525 GHz ±25 MHz 1.1 in
2.8 cm one 50 MHz channel
Ku 13.450 GHz 0.88 in
2.2 cm no known systems
K 24.125 GHz ±100
MHz
0.49 in
1.2 cm
one 200 MHz channel
Europe and some US
systems
K 24.150 GHz ±100
MHz
0.49 in
1.2 cm one 200 MHz channel
Ka 33.4 - 36.0 GHz 0.35 - 0.33 in
9 - 8.3 mm 13 channels; 200 MHz/ch
IR --
Infrared 332 THz 904 nm Laser Radar
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C- TABLES OF RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY AND LOSS TANGENT
Solids
Material Remarks t/°C f r´ 104 × tan δ
Cellulose (see also
paper)
Cellophane . . . . . . unplasticized 20 50 Hz/1 MHz 7.6/6.7 100/650
−30/70 50 Hz 7.2/8.0 100/150
Paper fibres . . . . . calculated 20 50 Hz 6.5 50
Ceramics
Alumina . . . . . . . pure 20/100 50 Hz/1 MHz 8.5 20/5
pure, porosity
1% 20 1 MHz 10.8
Calcium titanate . . a = −200 20 1 MHz 150 3
Lead zirconate . . . a = +140 20 1 MHz 110 30
Magnesium titanate .
20/150 50 Hz/1 MHz 14 1/4
Porcelain . . . . . . h.v. electrical 20/100 50 Hz/1 MHz 5.5 300/80
Rutile . . . . . . . a = −80 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 80 3/8
a = −40 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 40 15/30
a = −2 20
1 MHz/100
MHz 12 30
a = +6 20
1 MHz/100
MHz 15 1
Steatite . . . . . . . a = +13 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 6 20
(low loss) . . . . . a = +13 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 6 2
Strontium titanate . . a = −300 20 1 MHz 200 5
Strontium zirconate . a = +12 20 1 MHz 38 3
Crystals (single,
inorganic)
Alkali halides
LiF . . . . . . .
20/25 1 kHz/10
GHz 8.9/9.1 2
LiCl . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 11.8/11.0
LiBr . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 13.2/12.1
LiI . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 16.8/11.0
NaF . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 5.1/6.0
NaCl . . . . . . .
20/25 1 kHz/10
GHz 6.1/5.9 5/1
NaBr . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 6.5/6.0
NaI . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 7.3/6.6
KF . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 5.3/6.0
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KCl . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/10
GHz 4.9/4.8
KBr . . . . . . .
20/25 1 kHz/10
GHz 5.0/4.9 2/7
KI . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 5.1/5.0
RbF . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz 6.5
RbCl . . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz 4.9
RbBr . . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz 4.9
RbI . . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz 4.9
Calcite . . . . . . . . CaCO3 20 1 kHz/10 kHz 8.5
|| 20 1 kHz/10 kHz 8.0
Diamond . . . . . . C 20 500 Hz/100
MHz 5.7/5.5
Fluorite . . . . . . . CaF2 20 10 kHz/2
MHz 7.4/6.8
Gallium Arsenide . . .
20 1 kHz 12
Germanium . . . . .
20 1 kHz 16.3
Iodine . . . . . . .
17/22 100 MHz 4.0
Mica, muscovite (best)
20/100 50 Hz/100
MHz 7.0 10/2
Periclase . . . . . . MgO 25 100 Hz/100
MHz 9.7 3
Quartz . . . . . . . SiO2 20/25 1 kHz/35
MHz 4.43/4.43 −/0.4
|| 20/25
1 kHz/35
MHz 4.63/4.63 −/0.3
Ruby . . . . . . . . Al2O3 17/22 10 kHz 13.3
17/22 10 kHz 11.3
Rutile . . . . . . . . TiO2 20 50 Hz/100
MHz 86 100/2
|| 17/22 100 MHz 170
Sapphire . . . . . . Al2O3 20 50 Hz/1 GHz 9.4 2
|| 20 50 Hz/1 GHz 11.6 2
Selenium . . . . . .
17/22 100 MHz 6.6
Silicon . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz 11.7
Sulphur . . . . . . . rhombic
(100) 25 1 kHz 3.8 5
(010) 25 1 kHz 4.0 5
(001) 25 1 kHz 4.4 5
Urea . . . . . . . CO(NH2)2 17/22 400 MHz 3.5
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Zircon . . . . . . . ZrSiO4 , || 17/22 100 MHz 12
Glasses
Borosilicate . . . . . normal 20 1 kHz/1 MHz 5.3 50/40
low alkali 20 1 MHz 5 30
very low
alkali 20
50 Hz/100
MHz 4 15/5
Fused quartz . . . .
20/150 50 Hz/100
MHz 3.8 10/1
Lead . . . . . . .
20 1 kHz/1 MHz 6.9 17/13
Soda . . . . . . . average 20 1 MHz/100
MHz 7.5 100/80
Minerals
Amber . . . . . . .
20 1 MHz/3 GHz 2.8/2.6 2/90
Asbestos (chrysotile) purified, 50%
R.H. 25 50 Hz/1 MHz 5.8/3.1 1800/250
board 20 1 MHz 3 2200
Bitumen . . . . . . . Gilsonite 25 50 Hz/100
MHz 2.7/2.55 60/10
20 1 kHz 3.5 300
Granite . . . . . . .
20 1 MHz 8
Gypsum . . . . . . .
20 10 kHz 5.7
Marble . . . . . . . pure dry 20 1 MHz 8 400
Sand . . . . . . . . dry 20 1 MHz 2.5
15% water 20 1 MHz 9
Sandstone . . . . . .
20 1 MHz 10
Soil . . . . . . . . . dry 20 1 MHz 3
moist 20 1 MHz 10
Sulphur . . . . . . . cast 20 3 GHz/10
GHz 3.4 7/14
Paper and Pressboard
(see also cellulose)
Unimpregnated, dry
Kraft (tissue) . . . d = 0.8 20/90 1 kHz 1.8 10/15
d = 1.2 20/90 1 kHz 3.0 25/35
Rag (cotton) . . . d = 0.6 20/90 50 Hz/50 kHz 1.7 8/65
Impregnated, mineral oil
(εr´ = 2.2)
Kraft (tissue) . . . d = 0.9 20 50 Hz 3.6 22
d = 1.1 20 50 Hz 4.3 27
Rag (cotton) . . . d = 0.9 20 50 Hz 3.5 13
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d = 1.1 20 50 Hz 4.2 18
Impregnated
(Pentachlordiphenyl) .
Kraft (tissue) d = 0.9 20 50 Hz 5.7 33
d = 1.1 20 50 Hz 6.0 39
Fibre . . . . . . . .
20 1 MHz 4.5 500
Pressboard . . . . . dry d = 0.8 20 50 Hz 3.2 80
Plastics (non-polar,
synthetic)
Poly-
ethylene . . . .
20 50 Hz/1 GHz 2.3 2/3
isobutylene . . .
20 50 Hz/3 GHz 2.2 2/5
4-methylpentene
(TPX) . . . .
20 100 Hz/10
kHz 2.1 2/1
(dimethyl)
phenyloxide (PPO)
25 100 Hz/1
MHz 2.6 4/7
propylene . . . .
20 50 Hz/1 MHz 2.2 5
styrene . . . . .
20 50 Hz/1 GHz 2.6 2/5
tetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) . . . . teflon 20 50 Hz/3 GHz 2.1 2
Plastics (polar,
synthetic)
Poly-
amides . . . . . typical Nylon 20 50 Hz/100
MHz 4/3 200
carbonates . . . typical 20 50 Hz/1 MHz 3.2/3.0 10/100
ethyleneterephthalate
20 50 Hz/100
MHz 3.2/2.9 20/150
imides . . . . . typical 20 1 MHz 3.4
methylmethacrylate
20 50 Hz/100
MHz 3.4/2.6 600/60
vinylcarbazole . .
20 50 Hz/100
MHz 2.8 5/10
vinylchloride . . . unplasticized 20 50 Hz/100
MHz 3.2/2.8 200/100
Plastics (miscellaneous)
Aniline resin unfilled 20 3 GHz 3.5 500
paper filled 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 5/4 600/300
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100 1 MHz 6 800
Cellulose acetate
20 1 MHz/1 GHz 3.5 300/400
Cellulose triacetate
20 50 Hz/100
MHz 3.8/3.2 100/300
Ebonite unfilled 20 1 kHz/1 GHz 3/2.7 90/30
filled
(MgCO3) 20
50 kHz/1
GHz 4.1/3.8 100/180
Epoxy resin
25 1 kHz/100
MHz 3.6/3.5 200
Melamine resin
20 3 GHz 4.7 400
Phenolic resin fabric filled 20 1 MHz 5.5 500
paper filled 20 1 MHz/1 GHz 5 300/800
140
1 MHz/10
MHz 6 800/400
wood filled 20 1 MHz 5 400
Urea resin paper filled 20 1 MHz 6 300
Vinyl acetate (poly-) plasticized 20 1 MHz/10
MHz 4 500
Vinyl chloride (poly-) plasticized 20 1 MHz/10
MHz 4 600
(PVC)
Rubbers
Natural crepe 20/80 1 MHz/10
MHz 2.4 15/100
vulcan, soft 20
1 MHz/10
MHz 3.2 280/200
Butadiene/styrene unfilled 20/80 50 Hz/100
MHz 2.5 5/70
(GR-S) compounded 20/80 50 Hz/100
MHz 2.5 10/200
Butyl unfilled 20 50 Hz/100
MHz 2.4 35/10
Chloroprene Neoprene 20 1 kHz/1 MHz 6.5/5.7 300/900
Silicone filled 67%
TiO2 20
50 Hz/100
MHz 8.6/8.5 50/10
Silicone unfilled 25 1 kHz/100
MHz 3.2/3.1
Waxes, etc.
Chlornaphthalene
(tri and tetrachlor-)
20 50 Hz/100
MHz 5.4/4.2 7/2700
Ozokerite
20 50 Hz/100 2.3 5/10
197
MHz
Paraffin wax
20 1 MHz/1 GHz 2.2 2
Petroleum jelly
20/60 50 Hz 2.1/1.9 1/5
Rosin colophony 20 3 GHz 2.4 6
Wood (% water)
Balsa 0%
20 50 Hz/3 GHz 1.4/1.2 40/140
Beech 16% d = 0.62 20 1 MHz/100
MHz 9.4/8.5 580/830
Birch 10% d = 0.63 20 1 MHz/100
MHz 3.1 400/800
Douglas fir 11% d = 0.45 15 1 MHz/10
MHz 3.2 520/810
compressed d = 0.64 15 1 MHz/10
MHz 4.3 570/950
Scots pine 15% d = 0.61 20 1 MHz/100
MHz 8.2/7.3 590/940
Walnut 0%
20 10 MHz 2 350
Walnut 17%
20 10 MHz 5 1400
Whitewood 10% American 20 1 MHz/100
MHz 3 400/750
Liquids
Material Remarks t/°C f r´ 10
4 × tan
δ
Castor oil
. . . . . . . . 20 1 kHz 4.5
Chlordiphenyl
(tri) . . . . −10/100 50 Hz/20 kHz 7/5 2000/2
(penta-) . .
0/100 50 Hz 5.2/4.3 700/3
Parafin oil
. . . . . . . . medicinal 20 1 kHz 2.2 1
Silicone fluid
. . . . . . 0.65 cS 20 50 Hz/3 GHz 2.2 2/19
1000 cS 20 50 Hz/3 GHz 2.78/2.74 1/100
Transformer
oil . . . . . BS 138 20
50 MHz/100
GHz 2.2 1/42
20
100 MHz/10
GHz 2.2 42/8
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Material t/°C r´ a
Alcohols (primary)
Methanol 25 32.65 P − 588
Ethanol 25 24.51 P − 612
Propanol 25 20.51 P − 683
Butanol 25 17.59 P − 733
Pentanol 25 15.09 P − 775
Hexanol 25 13.3 P − 806
Hydrocarbons
n-Pentane 20 1.84 − 87
n-Hexane 20 1.89 − 82
n-Heptane 20 1.92 − 73
n-Octane 20 1.95 − 67
n-Nonane 20 1.97 − 68
n-Decane 20 1.99 − 65
n-Undecane 20 2.00 − 62
n-Dodecane 20 2.01 − 60
Benzene 20 2.284 − 88
Cyclopentane 20 1.96
Cyclohexane 20 2.025 − 79
Toulene 20 2.39 − 102
(Chloro/Fluoro)-
hydrocarbons
CCl4 20 2.24 − 89
CCl3F 29 2.28
CCl2F2 29 2.13
CClF3 −30 2.3
CHCl3 20 4.80 P − 368
CHCl2F 28 5.34 P
CHClF2 24 6.11 P
(—CCl2F)2 25 2.52
(—CClF2)2 25 2.26
(—CH2Cl)2 20 10.66 P − 550
( CCl2)2 25 2.30 − 85
CCl2 CHCl 20 3.4 P
F-pentane 20 4.24 P
F-benzene 25 5.42 P
Cl-benzene 20 5.70 P − 229
Miscellaneous
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Aniline 20 6.89 −341
Acetone 25 20.7 P −472
Diethylketone 20 17.0 P −520
Diethylether 20 4.34 P − 500
Cyclohexanone 20 18.3 P
Nitrobenzene 25 34.8 P − 518
CS2 20 2.64 − 101
Liquid gases T/K
Argon 82 1.53 − 220
Helium 4.19 1.048
,, 2.06 1.055
Hydrogen 20.4 1.22 − 280
Nitrogen 70 1.45 − 200
Oxygen 80 1.50 − 160
Note- Many of these liquids are hazardous, flammable or toxic. Chemical safety
manuals should be consulted before using them.
D- RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY OF GASES AND VAPOURS
Material t/°C 104
( r − 1) Material t/°C 10
4 ( r −
1)
Air dry . . . . . . . 20 5.361 Nitrous oxide . . . . . . 25 10.3
Nitrogen . . . . . . 20 5.474 Ethylene . . . . . . . . 25 13.2
Oxygen . . . . . . . 20 4.943 Carbon
disulphide . . . . 29 29.0
Argon . . . . . . . . 20 5.177 Benzene . . . . . . . . 100 32.7
Hydrogen . . . . . . 0 2.72 Methanol . . . . . . . . 100 57
Deuterium . . . . . . 0 2.696 Ethanol . . . . . . . . . 100 78
Helium . . . . . . . 0 0.7 Ammonia . . . . . . . . 1 71
Neon . . . . . . . . 0 1.3 Sulphur
dioxide . . . . . 22 82
Carbon dioxide . . . 20 9.216 Water . . . . . . . . . 100 60
Carbon monoxide . . 25 6.4 Water (10
mmHg) . . . 20 1.24
Sources;
C. J. F. Bötcher (1973) Dielectrics and Static Fields, Vol. 1, 2nd edn, Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
C. J. F. Bötcher and P. Bordewijk (1978) Dielectrics in Time Dependent Fields,
Vol. 2, 2nd edn, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
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V. V. Daniel (1967) Dielectric Relaxation, Academic Press, London. H. Fröhlich
(1958) Theory of Dielectrics, 2nd edn, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Nora E. Hill, Worth E. Vaughan, A. H. Price, Mansel Davies (1969) Dielectric
Properties and Molecular Behaviour, van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd.,
London. A. R. von Hippel (1954) Dielectrics and Waves, Chapman & Hall, London.
K. F. Young and H. P. R. Frederikse (1973) Compilation of the Static Dielectric
Constant of Inorganic Solids, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2(2), 313–410.
R. G. Jones (1976) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 9, 819–27.
S. Jenkins, R. N. Clarke, Measured values and uncertainties for the complex
permittivity of selected organic reference liquids at 20 to 30°C and frequencies up
to 3 GHz, (NPL Report DES 109).
E- TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
The Tx line model is the simplest of all, representing the rectangular patch as a
parallel-plate transmission line connecting two radiating slots (apertures), each of
width W, height h and z is direction of propagation of the transmission line (Fig h).
Fig h A rectangular patch antenna and fringing fields
The slots represent very high-impedance terminations from both sides of the
transmission line (almost an open circuit). Thus, this structure is suppose to have
highly resonant characteristics depending crucially on its length L along z. The
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resonant length of the patch is not exactly equal to the physical length due to the
fringing effect. The fringing effect makes the effective electrical length of the patch
longer than its physical length (Leff >L).
The dominant TM001 mode has a uniform field distribution along the y-axis at the slots
formed at the front and end edges of the patch. The equivalent conductance G is
obtained from the theory of uniform apertures while B is related to the fringing
capacitance.
The limitation is necessary since a uniform field distribution along the
x-axis is assumed and the equivalent circuit of a slot is constructed as a parallel R-C
circuit, using the values of G and B.
The equivalent circuit representing the whole patch in the TM001 mode includes the two
radiating slots as parallel R-C circuits and the patch connecting them as a transmission
line whose characteristics are computed in the same way as those of a microstrip
transmission line (Fig i).
Fig i The line parameters of a microstrip antenna
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Here, Zc is the characteristic impedance of the line, and βg is its phase constant. For
each slot, G represents the radiation loss and B = j C represents the capacitance
associated with the fringing effect. The thickness of the substrate is very small. The
waves generated and propagating beneath the patch undergo considerable reflection at
the edges of the patch. Only a very small fraction of them is being radiated.
At the feed point, the impedance of each slot is transformed by the respective
transmission line representing a portion of the patch.
Fig j Feed line impedances of microstrip antenna
The admittance transformation is given by
provided line is loss-less.
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