ACANTHODII :Spiny sharks

Trefwoorden

Acanthodians Meer afbeeldingen

Stratigraphic range: Ordovician – Permian | ~ 488,3–251,0 Ma Baltoscandian species (in database): 62

Picture Gallery (Acanthodii)

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Selection of related publications

Mark-Kurik et al., 2013. Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia

Lukševičs & Zupinš, 2004. Sedimentology, fauna, and taphonomy of the Pavâri site, Late Devonian of Latvia

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Upeniece, 2001. The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode Quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia)

Mark-Kurik, 2000. The Middle Devonian fishes of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia) and Belarus

Märss, 1997a. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian-Devonian boundary beds in Europe

Valiukevičius, 1988. New Middle Devonian acanthodians of Baltics and Belarus

Märss, 1986b. Silurian Vertebrates of Estonia and West Latvia

http://outrasverdadesinconvenientes.blogspot.be/ http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii

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Acanthodii

AcanthodiiDe oudst bekende gewervelde dieren met kaken zijn de Acanthodii. Dit waren gestroomlijnde vissen met aan weerszijden van het lichaam vinnen met benige stekels. Ze worden daarom ook wel Stekelhaaien genoemd, maar ze waren geen familie van de haaien. De eerste Acanthodii verschenen tijdens het Siluur, onder andere door de opkomst van de primitieve beenvissen stierven zij tijdens het begin van het Perm uit.

Acanthodians, or spiny sharks, appeared in the late Silurian, about 410 million years ago, and became extinct before the end of the Permian, about 250 million years ago.

Acanthodians were generally small sharklike fishes varying from toothless filter-feeders to toothed predators. They are often classified as an order of the class Placodermi, another group of primitive fishes, but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians in a class by themselves (class Acanthodii) or even within the class of modern bony fishes, the Osteichthyes. It is commonly believed that the acanthodians and the modern bony fishes are related and that either the acanthodians gave rise to the modern bony fishes or that both groups share a common ancestor.

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small fish, generally less than 200 millimeters long. They had pelvic and pectoral fins modified into long spines, bony plates covering the head, and small scales covering their bodies.

Spiny shark, also called Acanthodian, class (Acanthodii) of small extinct fishes, the earliest known jawed vertebrates, possessing features found in both sharks and bony fishes. Acanthodians appeared first in the Silurian Period and lasted into the Early Permian (from about 438 to 258 million years ago).

A class of bony fish which has bony spines preceding all fins, living between the Silurian and Permian.

There are 3 main orders, Climatiiformes, Ischnacanthiformes, and Acanthodiformes.

They were a group of mostly small fish, a few cm in length, though the largest was 2 m long, that arose in the Silurian, reaching their peak of diversity in the Devonian. They were fusiform fish with enormous eyes, looking somewhat like modern fish. The small thin scales covering their bodies did not overlap. The pattern of the mosaic of dermal bones making up the skull appear similar to that found in modern bony fish, but when compared in detail it is difficult to see homologous structures. They had a heterocercal tail with the dorsal lobe larger than the ventral lobe, with the skeleton continuing to the very tip of the lobe. They had a number of solid fin spines, not only on the front of the paired fins, but also along the unpaired fins - 1 or 2 dorsal fins and an anal fin. They had pectoral fins and ventral fins, but also had up to 6 pairs in between the 2 usual pairs. Their vertebrae are of cartilage, the dorsal and ventral arches protecting the nerve cord and blood vessels. Bony ribs have never been found, so it is not known if they had ribs.

They show some similarities to more advanced fish, such as sharks and bony fish. The arrangement of the endoskeletal bones of the jaw is one of these features. These bones are preformed in cartilage then ossified with mesoderm-derived bone. Though the parts of the jaws have a similar origin, the teeth are very different from those of modern fish histologically, lacking enamel and apparently were not replaced, so had to last for the life of the fish. These teeth were of 2 types, laterally compressed with many cusps per tooth and fused to the jaw cartilage, or whirl-like structures that were held near the jaw cartilage by connective tissue.

Among fish they are unique in having ornamented bony spines in front of all fins, and very small scales with bulbous bases. They are distinctive in not having a pulp cavity and in having concentric layers of a dentine-like material. Dentine makes up the outer layer over a bone base. In primitive forms the bone is cellular, but in the more advanced forms it is acellular.

They seem to have been active swimmers, feeding in the mid-water to the surface. They probably got a head start because they were not in competition with the mostly bottom feeding fish of the time, the placoderms and agnaths. The evolutionary path they followed was to lighten the skeleton and make it more flexible. Over time, the spines became elongated and more firmly attached. They are thought to have had a defensive function, and it has been suggested that they may also have had a 'cutwater' role.

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The Acanthodiforms were the longest surviving group. They were present in the seas from Late Silurian to the Early Permian. They were fast-swimming filter feeders that lacked teeth, straining food from the water with gill rakers.

The 3 main types distinguished by the presence or absence of bony armour bracing the pectoral fins, 1 or 2 dorsal fins the tooth and scale types.

The Climatiiforms are the earliest type had elaborate bony shoulder girdle armour and many sharp spines.

The Ischnacanthiforms were predators, the teeth of which were fused to the jawbones.

Detailed fossils of these fish are lacking, so not much is known about them.

The oldest known Australian acanthodians are found in 2 deposits near Canberra, the Mirrabooka and Silverdale Formations near Canberra, and the Broken Creek Formation in the Broken River area of north Queensland.

The scales found are from several different types of acanthodian, such as climatiids and ischnacanthids, some being very similar to those found in other parts of the world. Some of these are Nostolepis and Gomphonchus. Some of the small bony platelets found in Silurian deposits may actually be from placoderms.

Basic Structure of the Acanthodians

They are nearly all slender, elongated fish with long heterocercal tails and short, blunt heads. Apart from a few specialised forms such as diplacanthids, the mouth is nearly always large, and the head has many small platelets called tesserae. All acanthodians had 2 dorsal fins, but the Acanthodiformes, had only 1 dorsal fin close to the tail. The eyes are surrounded by a varying number of sclerotic bones, and they had 2 pairs of nostrils, excurrent and incurrent nares, at the front of the head. The jaws are ossified as a single lower jaw cartilage, sometimes supported by a strip of external, ornamented bone (the mandibular splint), but lacks externally ornamented tooth-bearing bones. There are 5 gill slits at the sides of the head. They sometimes have branchiostegal plates preceding them, otherwise present only in bony fish.

Acanthodes was one of the most specialised acanthodians, it is the only one that gill arch bones and braincase are known from. Features of this acanthodian are a series of basibranchial bones, large hypohyals and ceratohyals, large epihyal and epibranchials, and short, rearward-facing pharyngobranchials. The upper jaw (palatoquadrate) may have a simple articulation with the brain case or have a complex double articulation (in some acanthodiformes).

The brain case of Acanthodes is composed of 4 bones that were held together by cartilage, as it was incompletely ossified. Most of the top of the head was covered by the large dorsal ossification that protected the brain. At the rear of the head there was a smaller ossification which also served as a site for trunk muscle attachment. There was a large anterior basal ossification, under the braincase, which was pierced by a canal for the hypophysis - a space where the pituitary is housed, and the internal carotid arteries converge from outside the braincase, and a small rear section below the occipital ossification. Overall, the shape and proportions of the braincase of Acanthodes looks similar

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to that of a primitive ray-finned fish. The inner ear canals of some acanthodians have been preserved. They had 3 semicircular canals, and some species had otoliths, ossified ear stones, in the inner ear, e.g., Carycinacanthus. The fish would have had an improved sense of balance, necessary for fast turns and maneuvers, as a result of these structures.

There was a shagreen of many tiny tight-fitting scales covering the body. The scales had swollen bases and no pulp cavity. The scales grew by the addition of concentric layers, like a an onion. There were 2 main scale types that are distinguished based on their histology.

The Acanthodes type had a crown composed of a true dentine layer on a thick acellular bone base.

The Nostolepis type scale had a dentine crown penetrated by vascular canals on a cellular bone base.

Ischnacanthids

The crowns of acanthodian teeth are usually flat to weakly domed, and are separated a well-defined neck from the base. There are well-developed jaw bones with teeth in Ischnacanthid acanthodians, and sometimes developed complex dentitions with tooth "fields". Spiny individual teeth and and complex tooth whorls at the front of the lower jaws of climatiid acanthodians.

Acanthodiforms

Acanthodiforms were toothless filter feeders. They had no teeth, but had gill rakers to strain food through the gill chamber. They were fast-swimming filter feeders. It is thought they probably went extinct at the close of the Permian because of competition with bony fish and sharks which were greatly expanding at the time, or through predation.

Several articulated, but incomplete, acanthodians from the Bunga Beds (late Givetian/early Frasnian) of the southern coast of New South Wales are tentatively identified as ischnacanthids. Heads are missing from all three prepared specimens. They exhibit the following characters: two dorsal fin spines; long, slender scapulocoracoids; slender, relatively deeply inserted, unpaired fin spines; minute scales with a fairly smooth, flat, crown; and an increase in size of normal body scales towards the tip of the tail. The fish are preserved in black, finely laminated shales, which were probably deposited as deep water, lacustrine sediments. The rarity, burial conditions, and headless state of the Bunga Beds acanthodians indicate that they might have died in shallow water, sunk to the bottom, refloated by gas-induced buoyancy, with the heads lost while drifting out to deeper waters, where the bodies finally sank to a scavenger-free, anaerobic substrate.

Sources & Further reading

1. John A Long The Rise of Fishes - 500 Million years of Evolution, University of New South Wales Press, 1995

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Illustrations of two acanthodians showing the large eyes, gills covered by an operculum, and the spine at the leading edge of the fins.

Their tails resembled those of sharks; keep in mind this tail form is primitive to many fish groups. They are the earliest gnathostomes to appear in the fossil record, and their skin was scaled.

Characteristic spines appeared on the leading edge of each fin, and their fin pattern was unique. Like many primitive fishes, they had both an anterior and a posterior dorsal fin; in addition to the pectoral and pelvic fins, acanthodians had multiple intermediate fin spines, up to six additional pairs.

Specimens of Acanthodii have been found in the Early Permian rocks of the Hennessey Formation in Tillman County. Other specimens have been found in The Boise 'd Arc Formation of Murray County (Early Devonian).

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Links More about Acanthodians (spiny fins)

Acanthus http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/acanthodii/acanthodii.html

http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/acanthodii/teleostomi.html

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The Acanthodians are jaw-bearing fish that still are the subject of dispute over their systematic position because they have features of both bony fish ( Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). They possess highly advanced, spindle-shaped bodies thought to have made them swift swimmers. The body was covered in small mosaic-like scales. They possessed small teeth that were typically confined to the lower jaw; some were toothless. The feature they all share in common is the fact that massive spines formed of dentine support all fins other than the caudal fins. Indeed, the name Acanthodii is derived from the Greek word for spine.

The oldest acanthodian lived during the late Ordovicain. They reached their peak during the Devonian, and became extinct during the Great Dying of the end-Permian extinction.

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Early Permian (~290 million years ago) //Size: 75 mm in length (along backbone) on 100 mm by 115 mm matrix //Fossil Site: Rotliegendes, ( Red Beds), Rockenhausen, Germany

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Acanthodes gracilis

Acanthodes gracilis

: Acanthodii, Order Acanthodiformes // Early Permian (~290 million years ago)

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/ Rotliegendes, ( Red Beds), Rockenhausen, Germany

click fossil pictures to enlarge

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This well-preserved example is known as Acanthodes gracilis, the patronymic genus. The genus died out in the lower Permian. As is typical, the most prominent feature to be seen here are the diagnostic spines

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Acanthodes bronni Agassiz, 1833

Acanthodii Acanthodiformes //Early PermianGermany

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Acanthodians, an exclusively Palaeozoic group of fish, are central to a renewed debate on the origin of modern gnathostomes: jawed vertebrates comprising Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and ratfish) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes and tetrapods).

Acanthodian internal anatomy is primarily understood from Acanthodes bronni because it remains the only example preserved in substantial detail, central to which is an ostensibly osteichthyan braincase.

For this reason, Acanthodes has become an indispensible component in early gnathostome phylogenies.

Here we present a new description of the Acanthodes braincase, yielding new details of external and internal morphology, notably the regions surrounding and within the ear capsule and neurocranial roof.

These data contribute to a new reconstruction that, unexpectedly, resembles early chondrichthyan crania. Principal coordinates analysis of a character-taxon matrix including these new data confirms this impression: Acanthodes is quantifiably closer to chondrichthyans than to osteichthyans.

However, phylogenetic analysis places Acanthodes on the osteichthyan stem, as part of a well-resolved tree that also recovers acanthodians as stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes. As such, perceived chondrichthyan features of the Acanthodes cranium represent shared primitive conditions for crown group gnathostomes.

Moreover, this increasingly detailed picture of early gnathostome evolution highlights ongoing and profound anatomical reorganization of vertebrate crania after the origin of jaws but prior to the divergence of living clades.

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7402/full/nature11080.html

http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/nature11080?utm_campaign=readcube_access&utm_source=nature.com&utm_medium=purchase_option&utm_content=thumb_version&tab=summary

Figure 1: Acanthodes bronni cranial reconstruction. a, b, Braincase (a) and braincase, jaws and hyomandibula (b) reconstructed in lateral view. c, Braincase dorsal ossification photographed in lateral view. d, Dorsal ossification articulated with palatoquadrate and hyomandibula, photographed in dorsolateral view. e, Dorsal ossification and basisphenoid photographed in anterior view. Ahm, hyomandibular articulation; Alop, anterolateral otic process; Art.p.d, dorsal postorbital articulation; Art.p.v, ventral postorbital articulation; Bsph, basisphenoid; Btp, basipterygoid process; Dor, dorsal ridge; Fos, fossa; Hm.v, hyomandibula ventral ossification; Jc, jugular canal; Jg, jugular groove; Lat.com, lateral commissure; Lop, lateral occipital plate; Lor, lateral otic ridge; Mcv, foramen for middle cerebral vein and anterodorsal lateral line nerve; Mpt, metapterygoid; Oof, otico-occipital fissure; Pop, postorbital process; Psc, posterior semicircular canal; Qu, quadrate; Tfr, trigemino-facial recess; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve exit. All photographs of NMS 2001.7.1 except c, basisphenoid from 2001.7.3. Scale bar, 10 mm.

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Figure 2: Acanthodes braincase: details of braincase morphology. a, b, Left trigeminofacial chamber anterior wall and rear of postorbital process, posterior view. c, d, Left postorbital process, trigeminofacial recess and otic capsule, posterolateral view. e, f, Right otic capsule, medial, parasagittal view. Blue, jugular vein location; orange,

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trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) nerve branches; pink, semicircular canal network. Asc, anterior semicircular canal; Cc, crus commune; Esc, external semicircular canal; Pa, posterior ampulla; Sac, saccular recess; Ss, sinus superior; Ur, utricular recess; II, optic (II) nerve exit; III, oculomotor (III) nerve exit; IX stp, glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve formanen, supratemporal branch. See Fig. 1 for other abbreviations. All photographs of NMS 2001.7.1 except basisphenoid in c and d, from 2001.7.3; a reversed for comparison with c. Scale bars, 5 mm.

Figure 3: PCO of early gnathostome character data. PCO 1 (17.5% explained variance) is plotted on the horizontal axis and PCO 2 (13.7%; left) and PCO 3 (10.1%; right) on the vertical axes. The four traditionally named groups (placoderms in green, acanthodians in red, osteichthyans in blue, chondrichthyans in purple) cluster in distinct and non-overlapping regions on the first three PCO dimensions. The two black points represent outgroups used in the phylogenetic analysis: Galeaspida and Osteostraci.

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Figure 4: Results of phylogenetic analysis, and early gnathostome braincases preceding conditions in modern jawed vertebrates. a, Strict consensus of 512 shortest cladograms; bold font signifies acanthodian genera; black branches indicate gnathostome stem group; coloured branches indicate the crown clade. b–g, Braincases in lateral view, anterior to right; simplified cladogram (grey) on left summarizes interrelationships of illustrated taxa; vertical bar (maroon) aligns braincases at level of pituitary vein canal. b–d, Placoderm-grade taxa: b, Brindabellaspis1; c, Macropetalichthys9; d, Dicksonosteus25. e–g, Crown group gnathostomes: e, Cladodoides (Chondrichthyes)20; f, Acanthodes (stem Osteichthyes); g, Mimia (crown Osteichthyes)23 (additional and primary data sources in Supplementary Table 6).

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Acanthodii Parexus ( spiny shark ) from Devonian era.( artist : Jarumo)

Illustrations of two acanthodians showing the large eyes, gills covered by an operculum, and the spine at the leading edge of the fins.

Brochoadmones milesi

An active predator, Brochoadmones milesi lived in the ocean roughly 410 million years ago. It is the first vertebrate known to have more than two pairs of fins. Other vertebrates have two pairs of fins or limbs: a pectoral pair (homologous to our arms), and a pelvic pair (homologous to our legs).

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This specimen has a small pair of pectoral fins and a large set of pelvic fins. Most remarkably, in front of the pelvic fins is a series of small, paired finlets, each with its own scale-covered fin web and a stout spine at the leading edge. The combination of the usual pectoral and pelvic fins with numerous additional paired pelvic finlets, proves that the more common complement of two pairs of fins or limbs is just one of many possibilities.

http://virtual-museum.sunsite.ualberta.ca/dig/naturalhist/fossils/vertpaleo/highlights/vert_col_high05.htm

Delorme Group (Lower Devonian)

Plaster model of complete fish

Climatius, genus of extinct, primitive jawed vertebrates common as fossils in Devonian rocks in Europe and North America (the Devonian period began 408 million years ago and ended about 360 million years ago).

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Climatius is representative of the acanthodians, spiny fishlike vertebrates related to the true “bony” fishes and their relatives from class Osteichthyes. Acanthodians are characterized by diamond-shaped scales and fins that possessed a strong bony spine at their leading edges.

Climatius had two dorsal fins and numerous paired ventral fins, each with a supporting spine.

Climatiidae : Lateral view of Climatius reticulatus (Climatiidae), about 6 in. (15 cm) long.

Early DevonianScotland, UKLength: 8 cm

Climatius reticulatus Agassiz, 1845

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Onder Devoon

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DIPLACANTHUS

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Midden Devoon

(click fossil pictures to enlarge)

Lower Devonian (375 Million years ago) //Size: 80 mm

Fossil Site: Achanarras Slate Quarry, Caithness, Scotland

The Acanthodians are jaw-bearing fish who still are the subject of dispute over their systematic position. Most possessed highly-advanced, spindle-shaped bodies thought to have made them swift swimmers. The body was covered in small mosaic-like scales. They possessed small teeth which were typically confined to the lower jaw; some were toothless.

The feature they all share in common is the fact that all fins other than the caudal are supported by massive spines formed of dentine. Indeed, the name Acanthodii is

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derived from the Greek word for spine.

The oldest acanthodian lived during the late Ordovician. They reached their peak during the Devonian, and became extinct during the Great Dying of the end-Permian extinction

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Acanthodii Climatiiformes Diplacanthida DiplacanthidaeMiddle Devonian, Middle Old Red SandstoneScotland, UK

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Diplacanthus crassissimus (Duff, 1842)= Diplacanthus striatus Agassiz, 1844

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Gladiobranchus probaton“Sword Gill” // Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977

Holotype (NMC 22700A): articulated skeleton.Referred Materials: UALVP 19259, 32448, 32469, 38679, 41669, 41857, 41858, 41862, 42095, 44046, scales: 45366-45396.

Length: 6-10 cm

Early Devonian (Lochkovian), Delorme Formation, District of Mackenzie, Central Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada.

Acanthodii Climatiiformes Diplacanthidae

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Reconstruction of Gladiobranchus probaton. After Hanke & Davis, 2008.

Specimen of Gladiobranchus probaton ((UALVP 41858). From hanke

Bernacsek G. M. & Dineley D. L. 1977. New acanthodians from the Delorme Formation (Lower Devonian) of N.W.T., Canada. Palaeontographica, abteilung A, 159: 1-25.Hanke G. F. & Davis S. P. 2008. Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships. Geodiversitas 30 (2) : 303-330.

http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/acanthodii/gladiobranchus

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Homalacanthus concinnus From the Devonian in Quebec

© 2008 Miguasha National Park, Quebec

ischnacanthid

Fig. 1 Jaws of an Early Devonian ischnacanthid from northern Canada. The upper palatoquadrate and lower meckelian cartilages have tooth-bearing jawbones along their facing edges. (From University of Alberta, Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology collection)

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Ischnacanthus gracilis

(EGERTON 1861)

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Fig. 2 Examples of acanthodians from the

*** Early Devonian of northern Canada.

a)Primitive climatiiform Lupopsyrus. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupopsyrus

b)Diplacanthid Tetanopsyrus.

c)Ischnacanthiform Ischnacanthus.

d)Unnamed mesacanthid acanthodiform. (From the University of Alberta, Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology collection)

http://egeology.blogfa.com/post-838.aspx

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Lupopsyrys

Machaeracanthus sp. . Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian Stage) of Koblenz, Germany

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Spine of the machaeracanthus sp

MESACANTHUS Afbeeldingen van mesacanthus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesacanthus

Mesacanthus ('middle spine') is an extinct genus of acanthodian fish from early Devonian Scotland. It is among the more primitive of the early Devonian acanthodians.

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Mesacanthus mitchelli

Specimen of a fossil fish, Mesacanthus mitchelli, collected from the Farnell (deposits), Lower Old Red Sandstone of Early Devonian age from Forfarshire (Scotland). Collected by J. Powrie. Mesacanthus mitchelli is the most common of the fossil fishes found in Forfarshire, Scotland. There are often many fossils of this fish found together, which suggests that this fish preferred living in large groups (shoals). This fish had a scaly body, and several fin-spines, which you can clearly see on this fossil. The specimen was found in Tayside. It is from the Devonian period (418 - 362 million years ago)

Found in Tayside : Devonian period (418 - 362 million years ago) Identifier: http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/geofinder/search/item.php?record=NEWHM:G38.13

Mesacanthus pusillus (Agassiz)

http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Fossils/Mesacanthus%20pusillus.htm

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This tiny acanthodian must have been the main food for most of the fishes. In the Sandwick Fish Bed laminites it can be found in certain layers by the hundreds on a surface of a square metre.

In literature two different species have been described, M. pusilles and M. peachi. Since many authors were not able after long research to distinguish between the two , both were lumped by them in the species M. pusillus (the first species named by Agassiz).

Two complete fish,Sandwick Fish Bed

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Complete fish, Sandwick Fish Bed

, , ,

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Drawing of specimen (after Egerton, 1861)

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Reconstruction (after Watson, 1937 ©)

Mesacanthus sp

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Mesacanthus sp //Infraphylum Gnathostomata, Class Acanthodii // Lower Devonian (375 Million years ago)// Size: 42 mm in length Turin Hill, Forfar, Scotland

click to enlarge

Nostolepis .

http://fossiilid.info/1654

Nostolepis was a genus of fish that lived during the Silurian and Devonian. The systematic paleontology of Nostolepis is:

Acanthodii Owen 1846 / Climatiiformes Berg 1846 /Climatiidae Berg 1940 //

Nostolepis Pander

Nostolepis Pander 1856

Nostolepis striata (type) Pander 1856

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N. costata Goujet 1976

N. arctica Vieh 1980

N. kernavensis Valiukevicius 1985

N. alta Marss 1986

N. minima Valiukevicius 1994

N. taimyrica Valiukevicius 1994

N. linleyensis Miller and Marss 1999

N. decora Valiukevicius 2003

N. parathleta Valiukevicius 2003

N. kozhymica Valiukevicius 2003

N. terraborea Valiukevicius 2003

N. amplifica Valiukevicius 2003

N. magnicostata Valiukevicius 2003

N. consueta Valiukevicius 2003

N. musca Valiukevicius 2003

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http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/11624/git_specimen_image_php_id_17817.html

fossil ; unspecified ; scale (Nostolepis striata ? ) // Dubovskoye borehole ; Russia ; Depth: 976 m ; Stratigraphy: Tilze Stage

http://fossiilid.info/3357

Taxon images

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* Nostolepis striata is the type species. Fossil remains of it have been found in the

Himmiste Beds Formation in Estonia. They date to the Paadla interval (422.9 - 418.7 million years ago) of the Silurian. Other remains were unearthed at the Vertebrates of Kuressaare stage (K3a) locality in Sweden (Gotland). They are dated to the Ludfordian interval (421.3 - 418.7 million years ago). Some fossil remains of this species have been discovered in the Lankey Limestone Formation in the Reefton area in New Zealand. They date to the Emsian age (409.1 - 391.9 million years ago) of the Devonian. [Note - The source of this information is The Paleobiology Database.]

http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app50/app50-635.pdf

 

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Parexus recurvus Agassiz, 1845

° Climatiiformes ClimatiidaeEarly Devonian /Scotland, UK

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_acanthodians

http:// fishindex. atw.hu/fosszilia%20taxa/acanthodii/acanthodii.htm

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A Bronni

† Acanthodii incertae sedis genus/species

genus: † Nostolepis.

Mittel) Middle Devon locality: Antarktica

genus: † Archaeacanthus - Devon locality: Pärnu Formation, Estonia

† Archaeacanthus quadrisulcatus (Kade, 1858)

genus: † Byssacanthoides - Lower Devon locality: Mulga Downs Group, western New South Wales, Australia

† Byssacanthoides debenhami (Woodward, 1921)

genus: † Campylodus (Rohon, 1893) Upper Silur

† Campylodus clavatus (Priem)

† Campylodus delgadoi (Sauvage)

genus: † Devononchus - Middle Devon locality: Plavinas Formation, Estonia, Latvia

† Devononchus concinnatus (Gross, 1940)

† Devononchus ketleriensis (Gross, 1947)

† Devononchus laevis (Gross, 1933)

genus: † Eupleurogmus - Lower Carbon locality: Snowy Plains Formation, Mansfield Basin, Australia

† Eupleurogmus cresswelli (McCoy, 1890)

genus: † Gemuendolepis - Devon locality: Germany

† Gemuendolepis muelleri (Gross, 1973)

genus: † Haplacanthus (Agassiz, 1845) Middle Devon

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† Haplacanthus ehrmanensis (Gross, 1942)

† Haplacanthus perseensis (Gross, 1942) locality: Teresina Formation, Passa Dois

Group southern Brazil

† Haplacanthus marginalis (Agassiz, 1845)

genus: † Holmesella - Lower Carbon locality: Gene Autry Shale, Johnson Formation, Morrowan, Oklahoma

† Holmesella triangularis (Sturch, 1926)

† Holmesella equilaterata (Gunnel, 1933)

genus: † Homacanthus (Agassiz, 1845) Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming,

western USA

† Homacanthus gracilis (Denison, 1979)

† Homacanthus arcuatus (Agassiz, 1845)

genus: † Kathemacanthus - Lower Devon locality: Mackenzie Mountains, Canada

† Kathemacanthus rosulentus (Gagnier & Wilson, 1996)

genus: † Monopleurodus - Silur locality: Saaremaa (Ösel) island, Estonian

† Monopleurodus ohhesoorensis (Pander, 1856)

genus: † Nodonchus (White, 1961) Lower Devon locality: Aztec Siltstone Formation, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

† Nodonchus bambusifer (White, 1961)

† Nodonchus cf. bambusifer (White, 1961)

† Nodonchus rectus (Gagnier, Turner, Friman, Suarez-Riglos & Janvier, 1988)

genus: † Onchus (Agassiz, 1837) Early Devon

† Onchus roemeri (Hoppe, 1931)

† Onchus peracutus (Bryant, 1934)

† Onchus cf. peracutus (Bryant, 1934)

† Onchus penetrans (Bryant, 1932)

† Onchus murchisoni (Agassiz, 1837)

† Onchus semistriatus (Agassiz, 1837)

52

† Onchus sicaeformis (Gagnier, Turner, Friman, Suarez-Riglos & Janvier, 1988)

† Onchus tenuistriatus (Agassiz, 1837)

† Onchus clintoni (Claypole, 1885)

† Onchus curvatus (Lehman, 1937)

genus: † Pinnacanthus - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, western USA

† Pinnacanthus inequistriatus (Bryant, 1934)

genus: † Protodus - Lower Devon locality: Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada

† Protodus scoticus (Newton, 1892)

† Protodus jexi (Woodward, 1892)

genus: † Sinacanthus (Wang et al. 1988) Silur locality: Kalpin region, Xinjiang, China

† Sinacanthus wuchangensis (Pan, 1957)

† Sinacanthus micracanthus (Chapman 1917)

† Sinacanthus fancunensis (Liu, 1973)

genus: † Rohonilepis - Late Silur locality: Wenlock-Pridoli Formation, Lithuania

† Rohonilepis breviornatus (Valiukevičius, 2005)

genus: † Striacanthus - Upper Devon locality: Mt. Jack Area, New South Wales, Australia

† Striacanthus. sicaeformis (Hills, 1931)

genus: † Trundlelepis - Lower Devon locality: Point Hibbs Formation, Tasmania

† Trundlelepis cervicostulata (Burrow, 1997)

genus: † Yealepis - Lower Devon locality: Mackenzie Mountains, Lake Winnipeg, Canada

† Yealepis douglasi (Burrow & Young, 1999)

class: † Acanthodii (Owen, 1846)ordo: † Ischnacanthiformes (Berg, 1940)

familia: † Poracanthodidae (Vergoossen, 1999)

genus: † Lupopsyrus - Early Devon locality: western USA † Lupopsyrus pygmaeus (Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977)

53

genus: † Paucicanthus - Early Devon locality: Mackenzie Mountains,

Northwest Canada

genus: † Apateacanthus (Woodward 1891) Silur locality:

Mackenzie Mountains, Canada

† Apateacanthus vetustus (Clarke, 1885)

† Apateacanthus peculiaris (Hussakof, 1913)

† Apateacanthus dentatus (Hussakof & Bryant, 1918)

genus: † Arcticacanthus - Devon locality: Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago,

North Kara Terrane, Russia

† Arcticacanthus bicostatus (Valiukevicius, 2003)

genus: † Atopacanthus - Late Devon locality: Hunter Formation

near Grenfell, New South Wales

† Atopacanthus peculiaris (Hussakof, 1913)

† Atopacanthus dentatus (Hussakof & Bryant, 1918)

† Atopacanthus ambrockensis (Otto, 1999)

genus: † Atopacanthus - Silur locality: Mikhailovskii Mine, Kursk Region,

Russia

† Atopacanthus ambrockensis (Otto, 1999)

† Atopacanthus peculiaris (Hussakof, 1913)

genus: † Bryantonchus - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah,

Wyoming, western USA

† Bryantonchus peracutus (Bryant, 1934)

genus: † Cacheacanthus - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho, Nevada,

Utah, and Wyoming, western USA

† Cacheacanthus utahensis (Burrow, 2007)

genus: † Grenfellacanthus - Late Devon locality: Hunter Formation

near Grenfell, New South Wales

† Grenfellacanthus zerinae (Long et al., 2004)

genus: † Gomphonchus (Gross, 1971) Upper Silur locality:

Red Downton Group of Manbrook, Great Britain

† Gomphonchus minutus (Valiukevičius, 2004)

54

† Gomphonchus hoppei (Gross, 1947)

† Gomphonchus cf. hoppei (Jutta Vieth, 1980)

† Gomphonchus mediocostatus (Vergoossen, 1999)

† Gomphonchus sandelensis (Pander, 1856)

† Gomphonchus cf. sandelensis

† Gomphonchus nordicus (Valiukevicius, 2003)

† Gomphonchus liujingensis (Wang, 1992) locality:

Queensland eastern Australia

† Gomphonchus volborthi (Rohon, 1893) locality:

Öved Sandstone Formation, East Baltic regio

† Gomphonchus fromensis (Burrov, 2002) locality:

Jawf Formation, Saudi Arabia

† Gomphonchus tauragensis (Valiukevicius, 1998

) locality: East Baltic regio

† Gomphonchus bogongensis

genus: † Helenacanthus - Silur locality: Mackenzie Mountains, Canada

† Helenacanthus incurvus (Bryant, 1934)

genus: † Ischnacanthus (Powrie, 1864) Early Devon locality: Arizona,

Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, western USA

† Ischnacanthus kingi (White, 1961)

† Ischnacanthus wickhami (White, 1961)

† Ischnacanthus gracilis (Egerton, 1861)

† Ischnacanthus cf. gracilis

genus: † Machaeracanthus (Newberry, 1857) Early Devon locality

: Simpson Park Range, Nevada

† Machaeracanthus kayseri (Kegel, 1913)

† Machaeracanthus cf. kayseri (Kegel, 1913)

† Machaeracanthus abnormis (Giebel, 1858)

† Machaeracanthus major (Newberry, 1857)

55

† Machaeracanthus cf. major (Zidek, 1975)

† Machaeracanthus minor (Newberry, 1857)

† Machaeracanthus peracutus (Newberry, 1857)

† Machaeracanthus bohemicus (Barrande, 1872)

XitunFormations, Qujing; eastern Yunnan, China

† Machaeracanthus polonicus (Gürich) locality:

Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland

† Machaeracanthus pectinatus (Burrow & Young, 2005)

Toomba Range, Georgina Basin, Australia

† Machaeracanthus sulcatus (Newberry, 1857)

† Machaeracanthus hunsrueckianum (Südkamp & Burrow,

2007) Hunsrück region, Germany

genus: † Persacanthus (Janvier, 1977) Late Devon locality:

Cavan Bluff Limestone, New South Wales, Australia

† Persacanthus kermanensis (Janvier, 1977)

† Persacanthus simpsonensis (Reed, 1986)

genus: † Taemasacanthus - Early Devon locality: Taemas Limestone,

Lake Burrinjuck, New South Wales, Australia

† Taemasacanthus cooradigbeensis (Long, 1986)

† Taemasacanthus narrengullenensis (Long, 1986)

genus: † Rockycampacanthus - Silur locality: Mackenzie Mountains, Canada

† Rockycampacanthus milesi (Long, 1986)

genus: † Uraniacanthus - Early Devon locality: Hunter Formation,

New South Wales, Australia

† Uraniacanthus spinosus (Miles, 1973)

genus: † Xylacanthus (Orvig, 1967) Silur locality: Mackenzie Mountains,

Canada

† Xylacanthus kenstewarti (Hanke, Wilson & Lindoe, 2001)

† Xylacanthus minutus (Gagnier & Goujet, 1997)

56

† Xylacanthus grandis (Orvig, 1967)

genus: † Granulacanthus - Silur locality: Mackenzie Mountains, Canada

ordo: † Climatiiform

s (Berg, 1940) († Diplacanthiformes - Berg, 1940)

† Granulacanthus joenelsoni (Hanke, Wilson & Lindoe, 2001)

subordo: † Climatiida (Berg, 1940)

familia: † Euthacanthidae

genus: † Euthacanthus - Early Devon locality:

Arbuthnott Group,

Tillywhandland, Scotland

† Euthacanthus macnicolli (Powrie, 1864)

† Euthacanthus grandis (Powrie, 1864)

familia: † Gyracanthidae (Woodward, 1906)

genus: † Aganacanthus - Early Devon locality: Shale Groups,

Scotland

† Aganacanthus striatulus (Traquair, 1884)

genus: † Antacanthus - Silur locality: Westphalian,

France and Belgium

† Antacanthus insignis (Dewalque, 1877)

genus: † Oracanthus (Agassiz, 1843) Middle Devon

† Oracanthus farringtoni

† Oracanthus vetustus (Leidy)

57

† Oracanthus bochumensis (Jaekel, 1921)

genus: † Gyracanthus (Agassiz, 1837) Early Devon locality:

Germany, South America, Saudi Arabia

† Gyracanthus alleni (Newberry, 1873)

† Gyracanthus alnwicensis (Agassiz, 1837)

† Gyracanthus compressus (Newberry, 1873)

† Gyracanthus convexus (Gross, 1933)

† Gyracanthus cordatus (St. John & Worthen,

1883)

† Gyracanthus denticulatus (Davis, 1880)

† Gyracanthus duplicatus (Dawson, 1868)

† Gyracanthus falciformis (Traquair, 1902)

† Gyracanthus incurvus (Traquair, 1890)

† Gyracanthus inornatus (Newberry, 1889)

† Gyracanthus maccalliensis (Mensah & Smit,

1972)

† Gyracanthus nobilis (Traquair, 1884)

† Gyracanthus obliquus (M´Coy, 1848)

† Gyracanthus ornatus (Agassiz, 1843)

† Gyracanthus parvulus (Bryant, 1929)

† Gyracanthus primaevus (Eastman, 1908)

† Gyracanthus rectus (Traquair, 1890)

† Gyracanthus sarlei (Hussakof & Bryant, 1918)

† Gyracanthus sherwoodi (Newberry, 1889)

† Gyracanthus seriponensis (Gagnier & Gagnier

et al., 1988)

† Gyracanthus formosus (Agassiz, 1837)

† Gyracanthus magnificus (Dawson, 1868)

58

† Gyracanthus youngi (Traquair, 1883)

† Gyracanthus rothrocki (Wells & Blickle, 1943)

genus: † Gyracanthides - Lower Carbon locality:

central Queensland, Australia

† Gyracanthides murrayi (Woodward, 1906)

† Gyracanthides warreni (White, 1968)

† Gyracanthides hawkinsi (

Turner, Burrow & Warren, 2005)

† Gyracanthides formosus (Agassiz)

familia: † Climatiidae (Berg, 1940)

genus: † Vesperalia - Late Silur locality: Jara Formation,

Pridoli, West Lithuania

† Vesperalia perplexa (Valiukevičius, 2004)

genus: † Brochoadmones - Early Devon locality:

Northern Canada

† Brochoadmones milesi

(Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977)

genus: † Brachyacanthus –

Early Devon locality: Tillywhandland Quarry Scotland

† Brachyacanthus scutiger (Egerton, 1860)

genus: † Cheiracanthoides - Lower Devon locality:

Cavan Bluff Limestone, New South Wales, Australia

† Cheiracanthoides planus (Valiukevičius, 1998)

† Cheiracanthoides proprius (Valiukevičius, 1985)

† Cheiracanthoides rarus (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Cheiracanthoides borealis (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Cheiracanthoides estonicus (Valiukevičius, 1998)

† Cheiracanthoides nativus (Valiukevičius, 1998)

† Cheiracanthoides wangi (Burrow et al., 2000)

59

† Cheiracanthoides dolosus (Burrow et al., 2000)

† Cheiracanthoides mosolovicus (Valiukevičius,

2003)

genus: † Endemolepis - Silur locality: Wenlock-Pridoli Formation

, Lithuania

† Endemolepis inconstans (Valiukevičius, 1998)

genus: † Eifellepis - Middle Devon locality: northeast Esfahan,

central Iran

† Eifellepis werneri (Vieth-Schreiner, 1983)

genus: † Climatius (Agassiz, 1845) Early Devon

† Climatius reticulatus (Agassiz, 1845)

Climatius, a representative eugnathostomate

(Acanthodian). Late Silurian;

Length about 8 cm. image from

www.prehistoria.piwko.pl, copyright

© whoever the artist is.

genus: † Latviacanthus - Devon locality: Lettland, USSR

† Latviacanthus ventspilsensis

(Schultze & Zidek, 1982)

genus: † Laliacanthus - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho,

Nevada, Wyoming, western USA

† Laliacanthus singularis (Karatajüte-Talimaa,

1986)

† Laliacanthus cf. singularis (Vidal et al., 1994)

genus: † Erriwacanthus (Orvik, 1967) Lower Devon

genus: † Nostolepis (Pander, 1856) Middle Devon

† Nostolepis alifera (Valiukevicius, 2004)

60

† Nostolepis alta (Märss, 1986)

† Nostolepis adzvensis (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis amplifica (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis arctica (Vieth, 1980)

† Nostolepis decora (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis consueta (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis costata (Goujet, 1976)

† Nostolepis gracilis (Gross, 1971)

† Nostolepis guangxiensis (Wang, 1992)

† Nostolepis halli (Blom, 1999)

† Nostolepis kernavensis (Valiukevičius, 1985)

† Nostolepis kozhymica (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis linleyensis (Miller & Märss, 1999)

† Nostolepis cf. linleyensis

† Nostolepis latvica (Valiukevicius, 2004)

† Nostolepis matukhini (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostolepis magnicostata (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis musca (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis parathleta (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis robusta (Brotzen, 1934)

† Nostolepis striata (sensu stricto) (Pander, 1856)

† Nostolepis minima (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostolepis taimyrica (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostolepis tcherkesovae (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostolepis terraborea (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostolepis valentinae (Valiukevičius, 2003)

61

† Nostolepis watsoni (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Canadalepis (Vieth, 1980) Upper Silur locality:

Öved Sandstone Formation, Sweden

† Canadalepis linguiformis (Vieth, 1980)

† Canadalepis basdenae (Burrow, 2002)

genus: † Hanilepis - Devon locality: Yunnan Province,

Southwest China

† Hanilepis wangi (Wang & Dong, 1989)

genus: † Minioracanthus - Lower Silur locality:

northeast Esfahan, central Iran, Asia

† Minioracanthus laevis (Valiukevičius, 1985)

genus: † Nostolepoides - Devon

† Nostolepoides platymarginata (Burrow, 1997)

† Nostolepoides mingyinensis (Wang, 2003)

genus: † Taimyrolepis - Lower Silur locality: northeast o

f Esfahan, central Iran, Asia

† Taimyrolepis composita (Valiukevičius, 1994)

genus: † Tareyacanthus - Lower Silur locality:

northeast of Esfahan, central Iran, Asia

† Tareyacanthus dissectus (Valiukevičius, 1998)

† Tareyacanthus magnificus (Valiukevičius, 1994)

genus: † Paranostolepis - Upper Silur locality: Öved Sandstone

Formation, southhern Sweden

† Paranostolepis glabra (Vieth, 1980)

genus: † Nodacosta - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho,

Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, western USA

† Nodacosta pauli (Gross, 1940)

† Nodacosta gemuendensis (Gross, 1933)

† Nodacosta denisoni (Burrow, 2007)

62

genus: † Parexus - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho,

Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, western USA

† Parexus recurvus (Agassiz, 1845)

† Parexus falcatus (Agassiz, 1845)

genus: † Pruemolepis - Lower Devon locality:

Jawf Formation, northwestern Saudi Arabia

† Pruemolepis wellsi (Vieth-Schreiner, 1983)

genus: † Ptomacanthus - Early Devon locality: Herefordshire

fossil fauna, Great Britain

† Ptomacanthus anglicus (Miles, 1973)

genus: † Sabrinacanthus - Early Devon locality: Arizona,

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, western USA

† Sabrinacanthus arcuatus (Miles, 1973)

genus: † Sevyacanthus - Early Devon locality: Arizona,

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, western USA

† Sevyacanthus elliotti (Burrow, 2007)

genus: † Vernicomacanthus - Devon locality:

Dundee Formation, Forfarshire, western USA

† Vernicomacanthus uncinatus (Powrie, 1864)

† Vernicomacanthus waynensis (Miles, 1973)

genus: † Watsonacanthus - Middle Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya Formation, Russia

† Watsonacanthus oervigi (Valiukevicius, 1979)

† Watsonacanthus costatus (Valiukevicius, 2003)

genus: † Wetteldorfia - Lower Silur locality: northeast

of Esfahan, central Iran, Asia

† Wetteldorfia triangula (Vieth-Schreiner, 1983)

genus: † Bracteatacanthus - Late Silur locality:

Wenlock-Pridoli Formation, Lithuania

† Bracteatacanthus assiduus (Valiukevičius, 2004)

63

genus: † Arenaceacanthus - Silur locality: Wenlock-Pridoli

Formation, Lithuania

† Arenaceacanthus arcuatacanalis

(Valiukevičius, 2004)

genus: † Acanthospina - Middle Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya Formation, Archipelago, Russia

† Acanthospina irregulare (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Acanthospina fructescens (Valiukevičius, 2003)

familia: † Vesperaliidae (Valiukevičius, 2004)

genus: † Acanthacanthus - Lower Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya Formation, Spokojnaya River

† Acanthacanthus ornatus (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Vesperalia - Upper Silur locality: Pridoli,

Rietavas Beds, Jűra Formation

† Vesperalia perplexa (Valiukevičius, 2004)

familia: † Acritolepidae (Valiukevičius, 2004)

genus: † Acritolepis - Lower Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya Formation, Matusevich River

† Acritolepis ushakovi (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Acritolepis urvantsevi (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Monospina - Upper Silur locality:

Timan-Pechora region, Pridoli, Greben Regional Stage

† Monospina erecta (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Pechoralepis - Lower Devon locality:

Ovinparma Formation, Timan region, Kozhym River

† Pechoralepis zinaidae (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Pechoralepis juozasi (Burrow,

Long & Trinajstic, 2009) Victoria Land, Antarctica

64

familia: † Tchunacanthidae

(Karatajüte-Talimaa & Smith, 2003)

genus: † Tchunacanthus - Lower Silur locality:

Siberia, Irkutsk Tchuna River

† Tchunacanthus obruchevi

(Karatajüte-Talimaa & Smith, 2003)

genus: † Lenacanthus - Lower Silur locality: South Yakutia,

Niuya River

† Lenacanthus priscus

(Karatajüte-Talimaa & Smith, 2003)

genus: † Fecundosquama - Upper Silur locality:

Pridoli, Minija Formation, Lithuania

† Fecundosquama basiglobosa

(Valiukevičius, 2004)

genus: † Nostovicina - Lower Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya Formation, Matusevich River

† Nostovicina fragila (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostovicina applicata (Vieth, 1980)

† Nostovicina athleta (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina curiosa (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina curta (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina fragilis (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostovicina gaujensis (Valiukevičius, 1998)

† Nostovicina lacrima (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina laticristata (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina multangula (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina multicostata (Vieth, 1980)

† Nostovicina paravolborthi (Valiukevičius, 2003)

65

† Nostovicina platycrista (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nostovicina spina (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina tareyensis (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Nostovicina timanica (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Nobilesquama - Lower Devon locality

: Khatayakha Formation, Timan-Pechora region

† Nobilesquama longipostera (Valiukevičius, 2003)

† Nobilesquama minilonga (Valiukevičius, 2003)

genus: † Peregrinosquama - Lower Devon locality:

Severnaya Zemlya, Spokojnaya River

† Peregrinosquama costata (Valiukevičius, 2003)

subordo: † Diplacanthida (Berg, 1940)

familia: † Culmacanthidae

genus: † Culmacanthus - Late Devon locality:

New South Wales & Victoria, Australian

† Culmacanthus pambulensis (Young, 1989)

† Culmacanthus stewarti (Long, 1983)

familia: † Tetanopsyridae

genus: † Tetanopsyrus (Gagnier et al., 1999)

Devon locality: Northwest Territories, Canada

† Tetanopsyrus lindoei (Gagnier et al., 1999)

† Tetanopsyrus breviacanthis

(Hanke, Davis & Wilson, 2001)

familia: † Diplacanthidae (Woodward, 1891)

genus: † Diplacanthus (Agassiz, 1844) Devon

66

† Diplacanthus longispinus (Agassiz, 1844)

† Diplacanthus crassissimus (Duff, 1842)

† Diplacanthus tenuistriatus (Traquair)

† Diplacanthus ellsi (Gagnier, 1996)

† Diplacanthus horridus (Woodward, 1892)

† Diplacanthus striatus (Agassiz, 1835)

† Diplacanthus carinatus (Gross, 1973)

† Diplacanthus kleesmentae (Valiukevicius, 1986)

† Diplacanthus gravis (Valiukevicius, 1988)

† Diplacanthus poltnigi (Valiukevicius, 2003)

† Diplacanthus solidus (Valiukevicius, 2003)

genus: † Gladiobranchus - Lower Devon locality:

Mackenzie Mountains, Lake Winnipeg, Canada

† Gladiobranchus probaton

(Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977)

genus: † Ptychodictyon - Early Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho,

Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, western USA

† Ptychodictyon rimosum (Gross, 1973)

† Ptychodictyon sulcatum (Gross, 1973)

† Ptychodictyon distinctum (Valiukevicius, 1979)

† Ptychodictyon ancestralis (Valiukevicius & Karatajute-Talimaa, 1986)

† Ptychodictyon americanum (Burrow, 2007)

genus: † Rhadinacanthus - Middle Devon locality:

Orkney Islands, northern Scotland

† Rhadinacanthus longispinatus (Traquair, 1888)

† Rhadinacanthus primaris (Agassiz)

67

genus: † Carycinacanthus - Perm locality: Siberia, Minusinsk and Tuva, Russia

† Carycinacanthus lopatini (Rohon, 1889)

genus: † Lodeacanthus - Late Devon locality: Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah,

and Wyoming, western USA

† Lodeacanthus gaujicus (Watson, 1937)

genus: † Pseudacanthodes (White & Moy-Thomas, 1941) Devon locality:

Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest, Canada

† Pseudacanthodes pinnatus (Fritsch, 1895)

genus: † Protogonacanthus - Upper Devon locality: northwestern Canada

† Protogonacanthus juergeni (Miles, 1966)

familia: † Mesacanthidae

genus: † Homalacanthus - Devon locality: Miguasha National Park,

Quebec Canada

† Homalacanthus concinnus (Rüssel, 1951)

† Homalacanthus bergi (Obruchev, 1962) locality:

Siberia, Tuva Basin, Russia

genus: † Mesacanthus - Middle Perm locality: Turin Hill Formation, Scotland

† Mesacanthus mitchelli (Egerton, 1861)

† Mesacanthus cf. mitchelli

† Mesacanthus pusillus (Agassiz, 1844)

† Mesacanthus peachi (Egerton, 1861)

genus: † Promesacanthus - Lower Devon locality: Mackenzie Mountains,

Northwest Territories, Canada

† Promesacanthus eppleri (Hanke, 2008)

genus: † Triazeugacanthus - Early Devon locality: Bear Rock Formation,

Anderson River, Canada

† Triazeugacanthus affinis (Whiteaves, 1887)

genus: † Utahacanthus - Early Devon locality: Utah, USA

68

† Utahacanthus guntheri (Schultze, 1990)

familia: † Cheiracanthidae

genus: † Cheiracanthus - Lower Devon locality: Achanarras Slate Quarry,

Old Red Sandstone, Caithness, Scotland

† Cheiracanthus latus (Egerton, 1861)

† Cheiracanthus brevicostatus (Gross)

† Cheiracanthus intricatus (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Cheiracanthus longicostatus (Gross)

† Cheiracanthus murchisoni (Agassiz, 1835)

† Cheiracanthus crassus (Valiukevičius, 1994)

† Cheiracanthus gibbosus (Valiukevičius, 1994)

Middle Devon locality: Rezekne Formation, Lithuania

familia: † Acanthodidae (Huxley, 1861) sensu (Carroll, 1988)

familia: † Acanthodidae (Huxley, 1861) sensu (Carroll, 1988)

genus: † Acanthodes (Agassiz, 1833) Early Perm

† Acanthodes sulcatus (Agassiz, 1835)

† Acanthodes ovensi (White, 1927)

† Acanthodes lopatini (Rohon, 1889)

† Acanthodes boyi (Heidtke, 1993)

† Acanthodes kinneyi (Zidek, 1992)

† Acanthodes bourbonensis (Heidtke, 1996)

† Acanthodes luedersensis (Dalquest et al., 1988)

† Acanthodes sippeli (Heidtke, 1996)

† Acanthodes tholeyi (Heidtke, 1990)

† Acanthodes wardi (Egerton, 1866)

† Acanthodes nitidus (Woodward, 1891)

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† Acanthodes gracilis (Beyrich, 1848)

† Acanthodes bronni (Agassiz, 1833)

† Acanthodes guizhouensis (Wang & Turner, 1985)

† Acanthodes lundi (Zidek, 1980)

† Acanthodes stambergi (Zajic, 2005)

† Acanthodes bridgei (Zidek, 1976)

† Acanthodes fritschi (Zajic, 1998)

genus: † Traquairichthys - Perm-Carbon locality: Slany Formation,

Plzeft Basin, Central Bohemian

† Traquairichthys pygmaeus (Whitley, 1933)

Links

[PDF]De visfauna's van vijf Boven-Silurische kalkstenen ... - natuurcultuur.nl natuurcultuur.nl/download?type=document&docid=405521

In cache (tabel 1b) terwijl de Acanthodii sterk ... De Acanthodii zijn de oudste vertegen- woordigers van de ... Figuur 2: A Ischnacanthus gracilis (EGERTON). 1861; B ...

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