Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Biology Week #22Week of: January 26th – 30th

Day Root Words In-Class Homework

1/26: Monday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture: -Goals- Notes on Exercise and Fermentation-Pink Notes-Grade Graph

1/27: Tuesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

- Exercise Lab

1/28: Wednesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:- LATE ARRIVAL!!-Finish Exercise Lab-Begin Plant vs. Animal Lab

1/29: Thursday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture: -Quiz Exercise Lab-Finish Plant vs. Animal Lab-Pink Notes Sheet

1/30: Friday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:-Plant vs. Animal Lab Quiz-Week #22 Quiz-Finish Packet

Need Help? Talk to me in class. I’m available during periods 4, 5 and 8. You can call me at 708-434-3616 or email clundgren@oprfhs.org Also, Mr. Hill is in the Tutoring Center before school on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Be sure to use the website

mrlscience.weebly.comExercise and Fermentation Notes

Problem: How does your body get energy when you exercise? Where does the energy come from?

_________________________________________________________________1

Name: ___________________________Period: ________________________________________________________________________

Evidence:

There are three ways in which your body can obtain energy.

Name Description Reactants Products Amount ATP

What is fermentation?

What are the two types?

Name Reactants Products What goes through it

How much ATP

Conclusion: What process is the best for our bodies to go through to get energy when we exercise? What do we have to do to go through this process?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Exercise and Cellular Respiration Lab What happens when you exercise? To obtain energy, the body uses ATP already

stored in the muscles and new ATP made by lactic acid fermentation. These sources can only supply enough ATP, about 2 ATPs, to last about 90 sec. For exercise longer than 90 sec., cellular respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP, about 36 ATPs. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation, which is why you have to pace yourself and maintain a steady supply of oxygen by breathing a lot during long sessions of exercise.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______What are three ways to obtain energy during exercise?

1. _________________________________________________________________2. _________________________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________________________

Lactic Acid Fermentation produces how many ATPs? ____________

Cellular Respiration produces how many ATPs? _____________

Circle which process gives your body more energy? Fermentation / Cellular Respiration

PROBLEM QUESTION: What happens to the rate of cellular respiration when I exercise?

Procedure:

1. Obtain a flask. Put 50-100 mL of BTB in the flask. Cover the flask with parafilm. Then stick a straw through the parafilm.

REMINDER: When carbon dioxide combines with the BTB it changes the color from BLUE to YELLOW/GREEN.

2. While a partner times you, SLOWLY (at normal rate) blow air through a straw into the bottom of the flask until the solution turns yellow/green. Do not let the water get in your mouth! Record how long the color took to change in SECONDS in your data table.

3. Dump out the BTB in the flask and repeat step #1. Exercise for 1 min. Repeat step 2 using your flask.

4. Dump out the BTB in the flask and repeat step #1. Exercise for 2 min. Repeat step 2 using your flask.

5. Now repeat all steps with another person.

My initial hypothesis was:

IF ____________________________________________________________________

THEN _________________________________________________________________

BECAUSE ______________________________________________________________

Independent variable: _____________________________________________________

Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________

DATA TABLE/GRAPH:

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Time Elapsed Before Color

Change – Person ATime Elapsed Before Color

Change – Person B

Before Exercise

After 1 min. of Exercise

After 2 min. of Exercise

Conclusion:1. Describe what you did? (3 things)

a. ____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________c. ____________________________________________________________

2. If a person __________________ and blows into the ____________ then cellular respiration will ________________ because _______ cellular respiration produces _________ carbon dioxide meaning the color of the BTB will change _____________.

3. My hypothesis was (SUPPORTED / REJECTED) because: I predicted that __________________________________________________ and this is what actually happened _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______4. What gas was present in your breath that caused the BTB to change color?

_________5. What process in your body produces this gas in order to give you energy?

______________________________________6. How did exercise affect this process? Speed up / Slow down / Stayed the same7. What are the three sources of energy during exercise?

a. Stored ATP in your ___________________________b. New ATP produced by ________________________ fermentationc. New ATP produced by ___________________________________________

8. Lactic acid fermentation is: aerobic or anaerobic (circle the correct answer)9. Cellular respiration is: aerobic or anaerobic (circle the correct answer)10.How many molecules of ATP are produced by lactic acid fermentation? ___________11.How many molecules of ATP are produced by cellular respiration? _____________12.Which gives you MORE energy, fermentation or respiration? Why? ______________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13.Why is breathing important during exercise? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise Reading FermentationAs humans, we perform the process of cellular respiration to release energy from food. We digest the food we eat to charge our cellular batteries – ATP. At the same time we also create energy in the form of heat. This heat warms our bodies to approximately 98.6˚ F (or 37˚C). The oxygen we breathe is used in cellular respiration. It is said to be aerobic when oxygen is used in a process. Some organisms can create energy in the absence of oxygen. It is said to be anaerobic when oxygen is not used in a process. Organisms not using oxygen cannot perform cellular respiration. Instead, those organisms will perform fermentation. Therefore, fermentation is a process to release energy from food in the absence of oxygen.

1. What is aerobic? ____________________________________________________2. What is anaerobic? __________________________________________________3. What is fermentation? ________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________5

Yeast Budding

Name: ___________________________Period: _______

There are two different types of fermentation – alcoholic & lactic acid fermentation.

Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, which produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are single cell Eukaryotic microorganisms (they have a nucleus, are very small, and their bodies are made of one cell only). They reproduce asexually by a process called budding. During budding yeast grows a new organism on its side. When a certain level of maturity is reached, the bud will split from the parent yeast and develop on its own.

A summary of alcoholic fermentation used by yeast for energy is listed below:Sugar (food) + electrons → Alcohol + CO2 + Energy

4. What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? ____________________________Alcoholic fermentation is used to produce alcoholic beverages. The alcohol by yeast is the same found in beer and wine. It is also the process that causes bread dough to rise. When yeast cells in the dough run out of oxygen, the dough begins to ferment, giving off tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide. These bubbles form the air spaces you see in a slice of bread. The small amount of alcohol produced in the dough evaporates when the bread is baked.

5. How does alcoholic fermentation cause break dough to rise? _____________________________________________________________________________________

Lactic Acid Fermentation Most organisms carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid. Remember we perform cellular respiration to receive energy. The steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC). Pyruvic acid is the product of glycolysis – basically sugar that has been broken down further. Unlike alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation does not give off carbon dioxide.

Lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis can be summarized as:

Pyruvic acid (from food break down) + electrons → Lactic acid + energy

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______6. What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? __________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Certain bacteria that produce lactic acid as a waste product during fermentation are important to industry. For example, Prokaryotes (such as bacteria) are used in the production of a wide variety of foods and beverages—such as cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream—to which the acid contributes the familiar sour taste. Pickles and sauerkraut are also produced using lactic acid fermentation.

7. How do we benefit from prokaryotes performing fermentation? __________________________________________________________________________________

Humans are lactic acid fermenters. During brief periods without oxygen, many of the cells in our bodies are capable of producing ATP energy by lactic acid fermentation. The cells best adapted to doing that, however, are muscle cells, which often need very large supplies of ATP energy for rapid bursts of activity.

Energy and ExerciseBang! The starter's pistol goes off, and the runners push off their starting blocks and sprint down the track. The initial burst of energy soon fades, and the runners settle down to a steady pace. After the runners hit the finish line, they walk around slowly and breathe deeply to catch their breath. Let's look at what happens at each stage of the race in terms of the pathways the body uses to release energy. Humans have three main sources of ATP energy: ATP already stored in muscles, ATP made by lactic acid fermentation for quick bursts of energy, and ATP produced by cellular respiration for long term energy. At the beginning of a race, the body uses all three ATP sources, but stored ATP and lactic acid fermentation can supply energy only for a limited time.

8. List the three ways we have energy available to use. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Stored EnergyWhat happens when your body needs lots of energy in a hurry? In response to sudden danger, quick actions might make the difference between life and death. To an athlete, a sudden burst of speed might win a race. Cells normally contain small amounts of ATP produced during cellular respiration. When the starting gun goes off in a footrace, the muscles of the

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______runners contain only enough of this ATP for a few seconds of intense activity. Before most of the runners have passed the 50-meter mark, that store of ATP is nearly gone.

9. Where do you get the energy to start a race (or some other quick movement)? _________________________________________________________________

10.How long does it last? ________________________________________________Quick EnergyAt this point, the runners’ muscle cells are producing most of their ATP energy by lactic acid fermentation, which can usually supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. Fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct. When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic acid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen. For that reason, you can think of a quick sprint as building up an oxygen debt that a runner has to repay with plenty of heavy breathing after the race. An intense effort that lasts just 10 or 20 seconds may produce an oxygen debt that requires several minutes of huffing and puffing to clear. For quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation.

11.Why do you breathe heavy after intense exercise? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12.Where does the body get ATP energy for quick bursts of energy? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Long-Term Energy

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______What happens if a race is longer? How does your body generate the ATP it needs to run 3 miles or more, or to play a basketball game that lasts more than an hour? For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does, which is why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves during a long race or over the course of a game. Your body stores energy in muscle and other tissues in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen. These stores of glycogen are usually enough to last for 15 or 20 minutes of activity. After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy. This is one reason why aerobic forms of exercise such as running, dancing, and swimming are so beneficial for weight control. Some organisms, like bears count on energy stored in fat to get them through long periods without food.

13.Where does our body get the energy for long term exercise? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14.How do you burn fat during exercise? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15.How do bears survive hibernation? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Plant and Animal Use of Energy Lab Introduction: In this demonstration we will study the relationship of energy use by plants and animals. We know that plants are autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis in their chloroplast organelles. Light is required for photosynthesis. Animals and plants obtain energy by breaking down consumed food through cellular respiration in their mitochondria organelles. This

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______food has to come from the plant itself, eating plants directly, or eating animals that eat plants.

In this experiment we will demonstrate plants and animals utilizing energy at the molecular level. We will use BTB (bromthymol blue) solution. BTB solution has a blue color. In the presence of CO 2 the BTB solution turns yellow . We know that CO2 is a product of cellular respiration and not photosynthesis. This will show the presence of cellular respiration only by measuring the occurrence of the CO2 gas.

PROBLEM QUESTIONS: What gas is produced by photosynthesis? What gas is produced by cellular respiration? Which organisms go through photosynthesis? Cellular respiration? Or both?

Hypothesis: If CO2 is present, then the solution in the flask will turn _____________ because BTB turns __________ in the presence of _____________. If O2 is present, then the solution in the flask will remain __________ because BTB remains _____________ when there is no ______________ present.

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What process do plants go through to create food using light? _____________________________________

2. How can we control photosynthesis in plants? _____________________________________

3. What process do plants and animals go through to obtain energy? _____________________________________

4. Can animals go through photosynthesis? Why?______________________________________________________________Can plants go through cellular respiration? Why?______________________________________________________________

5. BTB indicates the presence of ________ by turning from blue to _____________Procedure:We will set-up 8 flasks to test whether photosynthesis or cellular respiration is occurring. Two sets of four flasks will have the same set-up. One set will be placed in the dark the other in light for 24 hours. Write the color of the flasks below their pictures. After 24 hours, write the color of the flasks below their picture on the following page.

Before 24 hour LIGHT exposure.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

P = ____________ P = ____________ P = ____________ P = ____________

Before 24 hour DARK enclosure.

P = ____________ P = ____________ P = ____________ P = ____________

AFTER 24 hours of LIGHT.

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1 2 3 4

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

5 6 7 8

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Name: ___________________________Period: _______

AFTER 24 hours of DARK.

My initial hypothesis was:If CO2 is present, then the solution in the flask will turn _____________ because BTB turns __________ in the presence of _____________. If O2 is present, then the solution in the flask will remain __________ because BTB remains _____________ when there is no ______________ present.Independent variable: _____________________________________________________Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________

DATA TABLE/GRAPH: Make a data table below of your results from before the experiment and after the experiment. DON’T FORGET A TITLE!!!!

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1 2 3 4

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

5 6 7 8

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Conclusion:

1. Describe what you did? (3 things)

a. ____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________c. ____________________________________________________________

2. If a flask has BTB in it and nothing else and is in the light it will turn _____________ because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and elodea and is in the light it will turn _________________because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and a goldfish and is in the light it will turn _______________because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and elodea and a goldfish and is in light it will turn __________because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and nothing else and is in the dark it will turn _____________ because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and elodea and is in the dark it will turn _________________because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and a goldfish and is in the dark it will turn _______________because _________________________________________________ is happening.If a flask has BTB in it and elodea and a goldfish and is in dark it will turn __________because _________________________________________________ is happening.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______3. My hypothesis was (SUPPORTED / REJECTED) because: I predicted that

__________________________________________________ and this is what actually happened _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What gas was present in your breath that caused the BTB to change color? _________

5. What is an autotroph? What process is used by plants as an autotroph to obtain energy? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is a heterotroph? What process is used by animals and plants as a heterotroph to obtain energy? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What happens to plants if light is taken away? Are they still about to acquire energy from the stored sugars at the cellular level? How? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. During cellular respiration, does light affect animals the same as it affects plants during photosynthesis? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. If we put seaweed and a snail in BTB in the dark what would happen? Why? In the light? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comparing Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration

Place the following events in the correct boxes in the table below.

Energy Capture CO2 and H2OEnergy Release C6H12O6 and O2Plants Plants and AnimalsMitochondria ChloroplastsCO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O26CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function

Types of organisms

Location

Reactants

Products

Equation

Analysis Questions:

1. The products of photosynthesis are the of cellular respiration.

2. The reactants of cellular respiration are the of photosynthesis.3. Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts, as cellular respiration is to

4. Cellular respiration is to mitochondria, as photosynthesis is to

5. Photosynthesis only takes place in .

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______6. Cellular respiration takes place in and

. ANSWER THE FOLLOWNG IN COMPLETE SENTENCES

7. If there was no photosynthesis going on then what would the Earth be like?

8. If there was no cellular respiration going on then what would the Earth be like?

9. Label the diagrams below:

Use the Diagram below to answer the following questions.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

1. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? ________________ ______________ ___________________

2. What are the products of photosynthesis? _______________ ___________3. Where does photosynthesis take place? __________________________4. What are the reactants of cellular respiration? ______________________

____________ 5. What are the products of cellular respiration? ______________ _______________

___________________6. Where does cellular respiration take place? ________________________7. What is ATP used for? _________________________________________8. Extra energy after cellular work is completed is released from the cell as

_______________ energy.

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