A Dissipative Hydrological Model for Oasis in Arid Area TANG, Qiuhong Oki/Kanae Lab. The University...
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Transcript of A Dissipative Hydrological Model for Oasis in Arid Area TANG, Qiuhong Oki/Kanae Lab. The University...
A Dissipative Hydrological Model for Oasis in Arid Area
TANG, QiuhongTANG, Qiuhong
Oki/Kanae Lab.Oki/Kanae Lab.
The University of TokyoThe University of Tokyo
2003-112003-11
IHWR, Tsinghua Univ. IHWR, Tsinghua Univ.
2003-062003-06
About the model
Water & Salt Balance Model
World Bank projects in Tarimu River
I developed the model by making the water cycle relations more reasonable ,
adding the soil water module,
putting it into action.
BackgroundBackground
About the model
The key of sustainable development of arid area is water resources. A model for arid area will do favor for water resources management.
There are lots of famous conceptual hydrological model such as Standford, Sacramento, Tank… These models can work well at humid area.
A model for arid areaA model for arid area
Water cycle in river basin
A model focus on dissipative flowA model focus on dissipative flow
River basin in arid areaPh
Ps
Eh
Es出山口
产汇流区
耗散流区
P<<E P>E
RFA(Runoff flow area)
DFA(Dissipative flow area )
a mountainous area plain area
The region, a lake or a stream, a waterway, a reservoir supplies to water, or a lake or a stream, a waterway, a reservoir receives runoff which originates from precipitation.
watershed
Difference between dissipative flow model and runoff model
Research area is arid area .Usually, a dissipative flow model need not a module to simulate runoff, but it need a dissipative flow module.Human activities(irrigation, pumping groundwater,..) must be considered.Evaporation should been calculated more precisely. (soil water, crop, irrigation, management level…)
Profile of water cycle in DFA
耕地蒸发
林草地
蒸发
洼地蒸发
裸地蒸发
水库蒸发
河段蒸发
河段渗漏->农区 非农区
耕地蒸发
侧向入流
渗 漏
->农区 非农区 河段渗漏降水
channel water
River seepage Groundwater exchange
drainage
Agriculture area Agriculture area Non-agriculture area Non-agriculture area
Irrigated cropNon-Irrigated cropLowlandNaked land River Reservoir
•River is the main water supplier.•The transfer between atmospheric moisture, surface water, soil water and groundwater is very complex, and the dissipative flow is distinguished.
Precipitation
Water surface Water surface
Water decentralization in DFA
引水渠
河段入流 出流
渗漏
入流
出流
林草地
排水渠
排水
排水
泉
泉
水库 耕地
研究区内外地下水交换drainage
Reservoir
channel
Irrigated crop Non-Irrigated crop
Groundwater flow
Spring/well
channel
Riverinflow outflow
seepage
Framework of the model
排水 排水
I I GGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
Framework of the model
Atmosphere
Soil water
Groundwater
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
排水 排水
IIGGCHGCH
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
土 壤
地下水
裸 地 林草地 洼地沼泽 农林草
灌溉地 非 灌 溉 地
水 库 泉
河道
河段
井
裸地蒸发 河道蒸发水库蒸发灌溉地蒸发洼地沼泽蒸发 林草地蒸发
EG FGW
DW排水
人、畜
人畜耗水
Groundwater exchange
Agriculture area Non-agriculture area
IrrigatedNon-Irrigated LowlandNaked RiverReservoir
Water surface
Soil Soil Soil Soil
Industry
GW GW GW GW
Reservoir
River
Spring Well
Drainage Drainage
Drainage
Channel water
River seepage
Industry
Naked land Non-Irrigated Lowland Irrigated
Framework of the model
12
3
1. Agriculture area module
I,P: irrigation water, precipitationEU,EM: evaporation of Up-Soil layer and Down-Soil layerEG:groundwater supplying soil waterFWM:seepage water to Down-Soil layerFGW:seepage water to groundwaterIGW:groundwater from river, reservoir, …IIG:groundwater exchange between Agriculture area and Non-agriculture area
DR: drainage
E =EU+EM
GW地下水
WUM
WMM
WU
WM
I +PEU
FWM
EM
FGW
EG
I GW I I G
EU EM mm/ EG、 分别为上、下土壤层蒸散发, 月; 为mm/ WUM WMM毛管水上升补给作物水量, 月; 、 分别mm WU WM为上、下土壤层蓄水容量, ; 、 分别为上土
mm FWM壤层、下土壤层蓄水量, ; 为上土壤层渗入mm FGW下土壤层水量, ; 为下土壤层渗入地下水库
mm I GW / I I G水量, ; 为地下水侧向补给,万方 月;/ DR为农区非农区地下水交换量,万方 月; 为地下
/水排水,万方 月。
DR
渠系渗漏补给C
ha
nn
el S
ee
pa
ge
E
Note:All these parameters use water depth, unit: millimeter/ month.
Up-Soil
Down-Soil
Groundwater
Ea: Evaporation Ability
Let evaporation ability be Ea, potential evaporation be Ep, crop coefficient be Kc, then: Ea=Ep*Kc
Ep(FAO, Penman-Monteith )
Kc
2
2
2 34 . 0 1
273 900
34 . 0 1
1
U r
T e e rU
U r
G R
L Ep d a n
E=EU+EM
}
{
then If
then If
EMEUE
Surplus_EaWMM
WMEM
Ea-WUSurplus_Ea
WUEU
EaWU
EaEEaWU
EG:groundwater to Down-Soil layer
a Ddw 0 e E EG=Flux
a Dw 0 e E GFlux
DdwFl ux Gfl ux
ET_Kc
Dw
Dw
Ea
E0: Water surface evaporation
Phreatic water evaporation:
DR:drainage
We assume it is Dupuit flow, and use the Dupuit equation :
H0
IH
q
L
hH△
0 02
kq h IH h H H IH
L
0 022
2
q kH dt dt h IH H H IH
L L
0 022
2
kDR H A dt h IH H A H IH
L
Drain
Field
2. Non-agriculture area module
Non- i rri gated Naked l and l owl and …
Evaporati on
GN
IIG
GN: Seepage from ri ver, reservoi r, channel;
IIG: Groundwater exchange from agri cul ture area ;GCH为各种土 GCH: Groundwater exchange i nner non- agri cul ture area
GCH GCH GCH
Drai nage
Non-agriculture area Evaporation
a Ddw 0 e E Flux a Dw
0 e E GFlux E0
3. Groundwater Exchange System
Type1 Type…
Type3Type2
Also we assume it is Dupuit flow, and use the Dupuit equation to estimate groundwater exchange
Applications of ModelBased on the research on the pilot area of Akesu River basin oasis in northwest China, I will introduce the development and application of the dissipative hydrological model for arid oasis.
Both the evaporation in agriculture area and in non-agriculture area as well as groundwater exchange from Jan 1999 to Dec 2002 in Akesu River basin oasis are calculated by the model.
Research area
Tarimu River
Akesu River
Area: 12,000km2 Precipitation: 30-90mm/yearWater-surface evaporation : 1100-1300mm/year
Sketch of Research Area
阿拉尔
西大桥
温宿县
协合拉
乌什县
阿瓦提县
阿克苏市
沙里桂兰克
U1U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
Shaliguilanke
Xiehela
Alaer
Sketch of riverway
Legend
Station
Reservoir
Riverway
Comparison of the simulated and recorded hydrograph at Xidaqiao Station
Comparison of the simulated and recorded hydrograph at Yimapaxia Station
Comparison of the simulated and recorded hydrograph at Alaer Station 0
2468
101214161820
J an- 99 J ul - 99 J an- 00 J ul - 00 J an- 01 J ul - 01 J an- 02 J ul - 02
10径流量(
8 m3 )
计算出流实测出流
simulated
observed
run
off
02468
101214161820
J an- 99 J ul - 99 J an- 00 J ul - 00 J an- 01 J ul - 01 J an- 02 J ul - 02
10径流量(
8 m3 )
计算出流实测出流
simulated
observed
run
off
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
J an- 99 J ul - 99 J an- 00 J ul - 00 J an- 01 J ul - 01 J an- 02 J ul - 02
10径流量(
8 m3 )计算出流实测出流
simulated
observed
run
off
Water table
Comparison of the simulated and observed water table at Unit 3
Comparison of the simulated and observed water table at Unit 4
0. 00
0. 50
1. 00
1. 50
2. 00
2. 50
3. 00
J an-99 J ul -99 J an-00 J ul -00 J an-01 J ul -01 J an-02 J ul -02
模拟实测
simulated
observed
0. 00
0. 50
1. 00
1. 50
2. 00
2. 50
3. 00
3. 50
J an-99 J ul -99 J an-00 J ul -00 J an-01 J ul -01 J an-02 J ul -02
模拟实测
simulated
observed
Result: main water cycle
2.8 13.1 2.8 25.7 7.6 0.2 2.9 2.8
69.4
4.1
River
1.5
Notes:
Unit: 108m3/year.Based on the data of 1999 -2002 in Akesu river basin.
Naked Land
Non-
irrigated Crop Land
Reservoir OutsideLowlandIrrigated
LandChannel
Industry,
Rural water
supply
27.09
5.01 6.59
19.9Drain
Result14%
5% 47%
24%
5%
5%
Agri cul ture area Non- i rri gated crop Naked l and
Lowl and Reservoi r Channel
Summary
Out of the results in Akesu river basin, we can draw conclusion that the model works well in Akesu river basin which is a representative plain oasis in arid area, and more applications of the model in northwest China may be possible.
Further Research
The model, based on a typical DFA, focus on dissipative flow, runoff flow is simplified. How to establish a model which focus on both dissipative flow and runoff flow?The groundwater exchange system is complex, and it is hard to distribute groundwater to land types.It is hard to ascertain some parameters, such as drainage coefficient and channel coefficient.A model system is required.My colleagues are employing the model to other basin (Hetianhe river, Weiganhe river, Kai-konghe river )in Xinjiang. I will develop the model according to the applications.