A Deuteronomistic Formula Shamar + Asa

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A Deuteronomistic Formula

Author(s): T. Muraoka and M. MalessaReviewed work(s):Source: Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 52, Fasc. 4 (Oct., 2002), pp. 548-551Published by: BRILLStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1585145 .

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SHORT NOTESHORT NOTES

TraditionalTechniquesn ClassicalHebrew Verse(JSOTSup 170; Sheffield, 1994), p. 249.10For the variation of singular and plural, see H. Ringgren, "A Law of StylisticBalance in Hebrew", HoraeSoederblomianaeI (Lund, 1964), pp. 9-14; A. Berlin, TheDynamicsof Biblical Parallelism(Bloomington, 1985), pp. 44-50." J. Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39 (AB 19; New York, 2000), p. 356.12This passage reoccurs with minor variations in Jer. xlviii 44; see W. McKane,Jeremiah I (ICC; Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 1195-96.13 Like Isa. xxiv 18, which begins with pahad, so Isa. viii 12-13 contains five refer-ences to fear (yr', three times) and dread ('rs, twice).14W. W. McCullough, "Net", IDB 3, pp. 539-40.

A DEUTERONOMISTIC FORMULA

According to the latest Biblical Hebrew lexicon, HALAT, in itsEnglish version, the Qal verb -t:Wis said to mean, when conjoinedwith another verb, "to do something carefully".'As an example, Deutiv 6 ni7 i 1?: is mentioned. Such an analysis is not new: in Gesenius'sdictionary of 1915 one reads: "M. folg. V.: acht geben und, d.h. etw.vorsichtig u. gewissenhaft ausfiihren, m. i:tl1 Dt 4,6.. ."2 In otherwords, the first verb of this collocation expresses an adverbial notion.According to this analysis, 10ti would be syntacticallysimilar to a verbsuch as Hifil 'D'.'T n 1 Sam xvi 17 ?l-5 ' tt.' R "a man who playswell" or Piel Trr1as in Gen xxvii 20 stw2 Fri_'Q"you have foundquickly".3In the case of our collocation the second verb can take theform of an inf. cst. as in Deut vi 3 "CoD: ni1_ . movii. As itwill become clear later, there is a good reason for keeping our syn-tagm apart from a case such as the following, also with the same twoverbs combined in the same sequence: Deut xiii 19 'nfl1-5-ntn ~lb7.'r~Stmrn '7D M. ~bMrw n1' n :: j, in which the inf. nlntL:represents an epexegetical use of the inf. cst.: "... by doing the rightthing in the eyes of the Lord".4Our deuteronomistic5formula comes in a number of distinct syn-tactic shapes: a) paratactic or hypotactic, b) with or without a directobject, c) an object with only one verb or with both, d) object fronting.By making grateful use of an exhaustive list of occurrences of the for-mula as compiled by Driver,6 one can attempt the following syntacticclassification:

A: ParatacticAa: 'Wt + Waw + il;D (no object)

1) Deut iv 6 Drr'iDl nrl.ni

TraditionalTechniquesn ClassicalHebrew Verse(JSOTSup 170; Sheffield, 1994), p. 249.10For the variation of singular and plural, see H. Ringgren, "A Law of StylisticBalance in Hebrew", HoraeSoederblomianaeI (Lund, 1964), pp. 9-14; A. Berlin, TheDynamicsof Biblical Parallelism(Bloomington, 1985), pp. 44-50." J. Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39 (AB 19; New York, 2000), p. 356.12This passage reoccurs with minor variations in Jer. xlviii 44; see W. McKane,Jeremiah I (ICC; Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 1195-96.13 Like Isa. xxiv 18, which begins with pahad, so Isa. viii 12-13 contains five refer-ences to fear (yr', three times) and dread ('rs, twice).14W. W. McCullough, "Net", IDB 3, pp. 539-40.

A DEUTERONOMISTIC FORMULA

According to the latest Biblical Hebrew lexicon, HALAT, in itsEnglish version, the Qal verb -t:Wis said to mean, when conjoinedwith another verb, "to do something carefully".'As an example, Deutiv 6 ni7 i 1?: is mentioned. Such an analysis is not new: in Gesenius'sdictionary of 1915 one reads: "M. folg. V.: acht geben und, d.h. etw.vorsichtig u. gewissenhaft ausfiihren, m. i:tl1 Dt 4,6.. ."2 In otherwords, the first verb of this collocation expresses an adverbial notion.According to this analysis, 10ti would be syntacticallysimilar to a verbsuch as Hifil 'D'.'T n 1 Sam xvi 17 ?l-5 ' tt.' R "a man who playswell" or Piel Trr1as in Gen xxvii 20 stw2 Fri_'Q"you have foundquickly".3In the case of our collocation the second verb can take theform of an inf. cst. as in Deut vi 3 "CoD: ni1_ . movii. As itwill become clear later, there is a good reason for keeping our syn-tagm apart from a case such as the following, also with the same twoverbs combined in the same sequence: Deut xiii 19 'nfl1-5-ntn ~lb7.'r~Stmrn '7D M. ~bMrw n1' n :: j, in which the inf. nlntL:represents an epexegetical use of the inf. cst.: "... by doing the rightthing in the eyes of the Lord".4Our deuteronomistic5formula comes in a number of distinct syn-tactic shapes: a) paratactic or hypotactic, b) with or without a directobject, c) an object with only one verb or with both, d) object fronting.By making grateful use of an exhaustive list of occurrences of the for-mula as compiled by Driver,6 one can attempt the following syntacticclassification:

A: ParatacticAa: 'Wt + Waw + il;D (no object)

1) Deut iv 6 Drr'iDl nrl.ni

? Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002Also available online - www.brill.nl? Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002Also available online - www.brill.nl VetusTestamentumII, 4etusTestamentumII, 4

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SHORT NOTES

2) Deut xxiv 8 DflM I-fl-A ~= nt.& 7irm -i3) Deut xxviii 13 libt~ mi'7T 'Zsm= k '-'2w 7 F,flfl'in nln-~A Untin

Ab: 'Invi+ Waw + MbiD obj.4) Deut vii 12 MDrMbM n-til i*WlTC'MZnilf 11f MVjn9Ac: 7W + obj. + Waw + ilt + obj. [NB: the two objectsare coreferential.]5) Deut xxix 8 MrADnl't-Unrnrtnnzn111-i-1T7nR MMM'oAd: obj. + -1W + Waw + flbVD6) Deut xxiii 24 n'Di bVin Sim',B: HypotacticBa: njfDDi IMt(and no obj.)7) Deut vi 3 nlb rn-itil8) Deut v 32 MmTT,Z 1VjK:ituU MntnVjI2Bb: nijtp~ -in + obj.

9) Deut v 1 MDfl1bS)'n-IC10) Deut vi 25 nMMlM1M2e tA njb.L -13Bc: 'InSi+ obj. + nflb-U + obj. [NB: the two objects are coreferentialandthe second obj. is a suffix.]11) Deut xix 9 r7n)ibD~1ttl-17SO, ?,-) A 1Mj4

Bd: obj. + nl1uoZ inv12) Deut viii 1 nl1bYL1-i 1'n -p'rzJ ': -17jAm1r7SM;Z'5The patterns with a fronted object, Ad and Bd, the latter in par-

ticular, may be interpreted as a variant on Ab and Bb respectivelywhether or not there is any pragmatic, functional difference depend-ing on the position of the object.Nor does there appear to be any difference in meaning or functionbetween (1) [Aa, paratactic, no obj.] and (7) [Ba, hypotactic, no obfl.1'The next important question is whether the pattern (b) with a sin-gle object and the pattern (c) with an object following each of the twoverbs, with the two objects being coreferential, are in functional oppo-sition. Is there, for instance, any functional difference between (10) and(11)? The adverbial interpretation of -107ican be postulated only for(10). Therefore one wonders how the JNRSVwould justify its transla-tion "we dilligently observe" (10) and "you difligently observe" (1 ).'1Since, as we said above, the object fronting does not probably affectthe function of the formula concerned, there would be no differencebetween (10) nlb.U 1nVi and (12) fl-invin MIDDu s regards the syn-tactic value of the hypotactic combination of the two verbs.Since there does not appear to be any real difference in meaningbetween M'pmflMiRnMD r-lt (Pattern Bb) and MFl=y 1'pFrFr - lot(Pattern Bc), and also because any alleged adverbial function of the

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first verb can only be postulated for Pattern Bb (and possibly Ab), itfollows that the pattern Bb is an elliptical variant on Pattern Bc andconsequently the verb 2Vt.of our formula has no adverbial value andit is an ordinary verb, though its semantic value does contain a com-ponent of gradation as indicated by the use of 'T7 as in (2) and Joshxxii 5 nriqb 'wrn lq pi ...mlrn1l nfl. To -tVi as a full verb wecould assign the sense "to be mindful, heedful of and attentive to". Innot a few cases our formula is preceded immediately by an injunctionto be attentive to divine message: Deut vii 12 "you shall hear thesejudgements"; xxviii 13 "you shall listen to the commandments of theLord"; v 1 "Hear, Israel, the statutes and ordinances" and the like.Though not belonging to our formula, the alternation between UITand DTrn the Decalogue is instructive:Deut v 11lni_1 ni-nl llQ2itiwp1 II Ex xx 8 lqTp-L nrln mr nl Ti .'18 Just as in this com-mandment in which the actual observance of sabbath is indicated bythe second verb, WTp,so is it Ml:o that indicates that one does andpractises what is demanded by laws, statutes, ordinances and the like.Another indication of the basicallyindependentnature of the firstverbis illustrated by 1 Kgs vi 12 rnM?lZ nortw in-n rl 'nprnl[n nlDMML:b 'Bnlrn-i-nB where the two verbs are reversed and the sec-ond follows a Waw inversive, which is a variant on the standardDeuteronomistic pattern. Also significant in this respect is the use ofthe Waw conversive with a second verb, a feature not attested bydefinitionwith verbs such as 'l7', Z'C'l: e.g., Lev xxvi 3 nl-rIn 'nl r nMln.l .nwrrt. 19

The infinitive of n:tD "lT of our formula may be, after all, epex-egetical in function.20Leiden T. Muraoka

M. Malessa

The Hebrewand AramaicLexiconof the Old Testament,ranslated and edited under thesupervision of M.EJ. Richardson (Leiden/Boston/Koln, 1999), p. 4, p. 1583a.2 WilhelmGesenius' ebrdischesnd aramaisches andwdrterbuchiberdas Alte Testament..bearbeitet von Dr. Frants Buhl (17th ed.: repr., Berlin/Gottingen/Heidelberg, 1962),p. 848.

3 For a description of this phenomenon, see P. Joiion - T. Muraoka, A GrammarfBiblical Hebrew(Rome, 1993), ? 124 n.4 For a discussion with more examples, see Joiion - Muraoka, Grammar, 124 o.This example, therefore, should be deleted from Driver's list.5 Some of the examples mentioned below, particularly in footnotes, fall outside ofthe strictly deuteronomistic source, but patently under its influence in locution.

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SHORT NOTESHORT NOTES 551516 S.R. Driver, A Criticaland ExegeticalCommentaryn DeuteronomyICC: 3rd ed.,

Edinburgh, 1902), p. lxxxiii, list 68a and 68b.7 We follow here the Massoretic accentuation with an athnach on MlD5. Furthermore,it is just possible to interpet a comparative clause introduced by the preposition Kaphas object clause, which applies to Deut v 32, xvii 10, xxiv 8, Josh i 7-8 and 2 Kgsxxi 8. Note in this connection 2 Kgs xxi 8 Dn7'I -ITN5= rMlT 1-nr2'r 112 Chrxxxiii 8 with... MntiSj nf.

8 Though not strictly "deuteronomistic", one may add here 2 Chr xix 7 -iU lnt,an example mentioned by F. Zorell, LexiconHebraicum t AramaicumVeterisTestamenti(Rome, 1968), p. 865a.9 Four more examples may be found at Deut xvi 12, xxvi 16, Josh xxiii 6, andNeh x 30.

'0 Also Lev xix 37, xx 8, 22, xxii 31, xxv 18, xxvi 3 (with a Waw conversive), Ezekxi 20 (ditto), xviii 19 (ditto), xx 19, xxxvii 24 (ditto), xliii 11, Neh i 9." This example is somewhat problematic and may not represent the formula inquestion: the object belongs to a semantic field totally distinct from that of all theremaining examples such as laws and ordinances. More "deuteronomistic" is Ezek xxxvi27 rnbi l'ntrnorinl.

12 Also Deut xvii 10, xxiv 8, Josh i 7-8, 2 Kgs xxi 8.13 Also Deut xi 32, xii 1, xv 5, xxviii 1, xxviii 15, xxviii 58, xxxi 12, xxxii 46, Joshxxiii 6, 1 Chr xxii 13, 2 Chr xxxiii 8.14 Also Deut vii 11, xi 22, xvii 9. In Ezek xx 21 WniR lMt .n-tQ 'E-rnnW l wehave a combination of the patterns Bc and Bd.15 Also Deut xiii 1, 2 Kgs xvii 37.16 Compare Gen xxvii 20 tQ.5 Fn17.rwith Gen xlv 13 T.'i3 .: nf Tnlinl c.lmnl1.17 Cf. Vulgate: (10) custodierimustfecerimus mniapraeceptaius,but (11) custodieris an-data eius etfeceris.18 At Ps ciii 18 Mnblt25 1'1 'rtbl ln"l'f -t the concluding inf. reinforces thesynonymity of the two verbs in question.19More examples are listed in n. 10 above.20 HALAT 4, p. 1583a mentions two other examples: 2 Kgs x 31 -1To p Wr'1Z,mm'nlin. n.:Z and Num xxiii 12 'i1_ 'tW in l. The first can be taken as an ellip-tical expression, an interpretation which can be supported by the following two cases:Lev xviii 4 nM n:b1 lnttrn 'rnpn nll l:iTn 'Dr2TI-n and Judg ii 22 Di D'"n-.,D: nM:IM1;T 1'1l-nr. The second probably means "That, namely the message indi-cated by my God, I shall bear in mind when I come to speak": cf. Vulg. aliudpossum

loquinisi quod usseritDominus.There is then no special difficulty with another examplementioned by Zorell, Lexicon,p. 865a: 1 Chr xxviii 8 .1ItlTOD ,l11P'ni?n-':. Seefurther Num xxviii 2 'T :"'pn5 l'nQln .. 'n-nl.

"ICH HATTE MEINE TORA IN IHRE MIT'IE GEGEBEN":DAS GEWICHT EINER NICHT BERUCKSICHTIGTEN

PERFEKTFORM IN JER. XXXI 33

Dieser Artikel richtet sein Augenmerk auf die Perfektform des Verbs"geben" (F7ni)n Jer xxxi 33d. Das anvisierte Satzpaar V 33d.e stehtgleichsam im Zentrum des Abschnittes vom Neuen Bund,Jer xxxi 31-34, und benennt das Neue am zukiinftigen Bund. Wie ich zeigen? Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002 VetusTestamentumII, 4Also available online - www.brill.nl

6 S.R. Driver, A Criticaland ExegeticalCommentaryn DeuteronomyICC: 3rd ed.,Edinburgh, 1902), p. lxxxiii, list 68a and 68b.7 We follow here the Massoretic accentuation with an athnach on MlD5. Furthermore,it is just possible to interpet a comparative clause introduced by the preposition Kaphas object clause, which applies to Deut v 32, xvii 10, xxiv 8, Josh i 7-8 and 2 Kgsxxi 8. Note in this connection 2 Kgs xxi 8 Dn7'I -ITN5= rMlT 1-nr2'r 112 Chrxxxiii 8 with... MntiSj nf.

8 Though not strictly "deuteronomistic", one may add here 2 Chr xix 7 -iU lnt,an example mentioned by F. Zorell, LexiconHebraicum t AramaicumVeterisTestamenti(Rome, 1968), p. 865a.9 Four more examples may be found at Deut xvi 12, xxvi 16, Josh xxiii 6, andNeh x 30.

'0 Also Lev xix 37, xx 8, 22, xxii 31, xxv 18, xxvi 3 (with a Waw conversive), Ezekxi 20 (ditto), xviii 19 (ditto), xx 19, xxxvii 24 (ditto), xliii 11, Neh i 9." This example is somewhat problematic and may not represent the formula inquestion: the object belongs to a semantic field totally distinct from that of all theremaining examples such as laws and ordinances. More "deuteronomistic" is Ezek xxxvi27 rnbi l'ntrnorinl.

12 Also Deut xvii 10, xxiv 8, Josh i 7-8, 2 Kgs xxi 8.13 Also Deut xi 32, xii 1, xv 5, xxviii 1, xxviii 15, xxviii 58, xxxi 12, xxxii 46, Joshxxiii 6, 1 Chr xxii 13, 2 Chr xxxiii 8.14 Also Deut vii 11, xi 22, xvii 9. In Ezek xx 21 WniR lMt .n-tQ 'E-rnnW l wehave a combination of the patterns Bc and Bd.15 Also Deut xiii 1, 2 Kgs xvii 37.16 Compare Gen xxvii 20 tQ.5 Fn17.rwith Gen xlv 13 T.'i3 .: nf Tnlinl c.lmnl1.17 Cf. Vulgate: (10) custodierimustfecerimus mniapraeceptaius,but (11) custodieris an-data eius etfeceris.18 At Ps ciii 18 Mnblt25 1'1 'rtbl ln"l'f -t the concluding inf. reinforces thesynonymity of the two verbs in question.19More examples are listed in n. 10 above.20 HALAT 4, p. 1583a mentions two other examples: 2 Kgs x 31 -1To p Wr'1Z,mm'nlin. n.:Z and Num xxiii 12 'i1_ 'tW in l. The first can be taken as an ellip-tical expression, an interpretation which can be supported by the following two cases:Lev xviii 4 nM n:b1 lnttrn 'rnpn nll l:iTn 'Dr2TI-n and Judg ii 22 Di D'"n-.,D: nM:IM1;T 1'1l-nr. The second probably means "That, namely the message indi-cated by my God, I shall bear in mind when I come to speak": cf. Vulg. aliudpossum

loquinisi quod usseritDominus.There is then no special difficulty with another examplementioned by Zorell, Lexicon,p. 865a: 1 Chr xxviii 8 .1ItlTOD ,l11P'ni?n-':. Seefurther Num xxviii 2 'T :"'pn5 l'nQln .. 'n-nl.

"ICH HATTE MEINE TORA IN IHRE MIT'IE GEGEBEN":DAS GEWICHT EINER NICHT BERUCKSICHTIGTEN

PERFEKTFORM IN JER. XXXI 33

Dieser Artikel richtet sein Augenmerk auf die Perfektform des Verbs"geben" (F7ni)n Jer xxxi 33d. Das anvisierte Satzpaar V 33d.e stehtgleichsam im Zentrum des Abschnittes vom Neuen Bund,Jer xxxi 31-34, und benennt das Neue am zukiinftigen Bund. Wie ich zeigen? Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002 VetusTestamentumII, 4Also available online - www.brill.nl

A Deuteronomistic Formula Shamar + Asa

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