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THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN Registered Charity No. 290185 Officers: President: Prof. Kim Bard (10) (Centre for the Study of Emotion, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DY) Hon. Secretary: Dr Sarah Elton (10) (Functional Morphology and Evolution Unit, Hull York Medical School, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD) Hon. Treasurer Dr Gillian Brown (09) (School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Mary’s College, South Street, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9JP, UK) Membership Secretary: Dr Clare Cunningham – Assistant Member of Council (Department of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, University of Abertay, Kydd Building (Level 5), Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG) e-mail: [email protected] Council Members: Dr K. Balolia (University College London) (09) Mr G. Banes (Cambridge) – Student Representative (11) Dr H. Chatterjee (University College, London) – Marketing Committee Convenor (09) Dr S. Cheyne (Oxford University) (11) Dr D. Custance (Goldsmiths) (11) Prof. R. Dunbar (Oxford University) (09) Dr A. Fletcher (University of Chester) (09) Dr R. Kendal (Durham) (10) Dr J. Lehmann (Roehampton) (10) Dr B. Majolo (Lincoln) (11) Dr V. Nijman (Oxford Brookes University) (09) Dr C. Schwitzer (Bristol Zoo) (10) Dr S. Shultz (Oxford University) (11) Dr A. Smith Anglia Ruskin) – Meetings Officer (08) Dr S. Thorpe (Birmingham) (10) Convenors of Working Parties: Dr C. Harcourt (Dept of Veterinary Clinical Science, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK) - Convenor, Conservation Working Party Dr S. Hill (North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester, Chester, CH2 1LH) - Convenor, Captive Care Working Party Assistant Members of Council: Dr S. Evans (Du Mond Conservancy, c/o Monkey Jungle Inc., PO Box 246, Miami, Florida 33170, USA) - for US membership Dr T.C. Rae (Roehampton) - Editor, Primate Eye Mr C. Rosen MBE (IPPL) - Financial Advisor Honorary Auditors: Messrs Morris & Co., Chester Subscription Rates: Annual subscription rates (send cheques and sterling drafts to the Treasurer): Full members and Associate members: Payment by Banker's Order £25.00 Payment by cheque, postal order, cash, credit card £27.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate student membership £15.00 (Membership of P.S.G.B. includes Primate Eye and supplements) Institutions wishing to receive Primate Eye and supplements only: Annual subscription £30.00

Overseas subscriptions may be paid at longer intervals by arrangement with the Treasurer

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN founded on May 22 1967 by the Primate Group of the Zoological Society of London

Founding Council: J.R. NAPIER (President), R.P. MICHAEL (Hon.Sec.), R.J. ANDREW (Hon.Treasurer), E.H. ASHTON, L.D. BROOKES, C.R. COID, P. COTES, J.H. CROOK, J. DAVIES, R.N. T-W-FIENNES, R.A. HINDE, G.H. MANLEY, I. ROWLANDS, A.C. WARREN, L. WEISKRANTZ Past Presidents: 1967 - 1970 J.R. NAPIER 1986 - 1969 B. WOOD 1970 - 1973 R.P. MICHAEL 1989 - 1993 R.I.M. DUNBAR 1973 - 1976 R.N. T-W-FIENNES 1993 - 1998 H.O. BOX 1976 - 1979 M.H. DAY 1998 - 2001 P.C. LEE 1979 - 1982 R.D. MARTIN 2001 - 2005 R. BARTON 1982 - 1986 D.J. CHIVERS 2005 - 2010 A. MACLARNON Past Secretaries: 1967 - 1970 R.P. MICHAEL 1987 - 1990 R.C. HUBRECHT 1970 - 1974 K.R. HOBBS 1990 - 1993 P.C. LEE 1974 - 1975 V. REYNOLDS 1993 - 1996 C. ROSS 1975 - 1978 R.D. MARTIN 1996 - 1999 H. BUCHANAN-SMITH 1978 - 1981 A.F. DIXSON 1999 - 2005 J. LYCETT 1981 - 1985 S.K. BEARDER 2005 - 2010 C. SCHAFFNER 1985 - 1987 H.O. BOX Past Treasurers: 1967 - 1970 R.J. ANDREW 1987 - 1990 S. KINGSLEY 1970 - 1974 A. JOLLY 1990 - 1994 R. CROMPTON 1974 - 1977 D.J. CHIVERS 1994 - 1998 G. R. HOSEY 1977 - 1980 E.B. KEVERNE 1998 - 2002 C. EVANS 1980 - 1984 L. AIELLO 2002 - 2009 R. HILL 1984 - 1987 A. MACLARNON Past Editors: 1974 - 1977 N.R. CHALMERS 1993 - 1996 D. BRANDON-JONES 1977 - 1993 J.C. INGRAM 1996 - 2006 W. SELLERS Osman Hill Memorial Lecturers (established 1977): 1978 M.H. DAY 1996 T. ROWELL 1980 R.A. HINDE 1998 C.B. STRINGER 1982 F. BOURLIERE 2000 A.F. DIXSON 1984 P.M. BUTLER 2002 I. TATTERSALL 1986 J.P. HEARN 2004 C. VAN SCHAIK 1988 H. KUMMER 2006 A. JOLLY 1990 R.D. MARTIN 2008 W. MCGREW 1992 J.H. CROOK 2010 A. WHITEN 1994 R.I.M. DUNBAR Napier Memorial Medal Winners (established 1991): 1991 CHRISTOPHER PRYCE 2001 RUSSELL HILL 1993 MARTA LAHR 2003 SUSANNE SHULTZ 1995 CARLOS DREWS 2005 CORRI WAITT 1997 NICOLA KOYAMA 2007 ANNIKA PAUKNER 1999 MARK COLLARD 2009 ERIK WILLEMS Occasional Medal Winners (established 1996): 1997 JANE GOODALL CBE: Conservation 2007 CYRIL ROSEN MBE: Conservation 2008 STEPHEN NASH: Special Contributions to Primatology Charles A. Lockwood Medal Winners (established 2009): 2009 CLAIRE SANTORELLI 2010 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY

The content of Primate Eye is printed on recycled paper by Top Copy, Bristol, BS16 6JE

Primate Society of Great Britain

PRIMATE EYE No 103 FEBRUARY 2011

• CONTENTS •

Page

Editorial … … … … … … … 1 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting 2010 … … 3 Abstracts for Winter Meeting 2010 talks/posters … … 10 Report: Winter Meeting 2010 , ‘Gombe 50’ … … … 42 Future Meetings: Spring 2011 … … … … … 46 Napier Memorial Medal 2011 … … … … 48 Obituary: Bobby Buba … … … … … 49 Announcement: Primate Research Collection… … … 51 Conservation Grant Reports: Exploring capacity of eco-hotels for the conservation of the endangered Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites) … … … … … 53 Bittersweet Knowledge: Can people and orangutans live in harmony? … … … … … 54 Book Reviews: Beautiful minds: the parallel lives of great apes and dolphins 56 Indonesian Primates … … … … … 58 Seed Dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world 59 ISSN 0305-8417

Primate Society of Great BritainNo. 103FEBRUARY 2011

EDITORIAL February is a funny time here at P.E. central. That slight giddiness that accompanies the start of a new year has well and truly worn off and there is still business from the old year to be tidied up. We have witnessed comings and goings, with new members of Council (including some familiar faces) and new Society members to welcome. We are also still working through that huge stack of papers in the ‘I’ll-get-to-them-in-the-new-year’ pile… So, let’s start off with last year’s stuff. In these pages, you’ll find the minutes of the PSGB AGM, held during the Winter Meeting 2010. You’ll also see the abstracts for the talks and posters that didn’t make it into the October issue, plus a report of that record-breaking event; it was standing-room-only for the first time! Thanks to all who attended, and to Sonya Hill, who did a great job as organiser. As for the year-in-progress, we would like to take this opportunity to remind you of the Napier Medal 2011 – get your nominations for best young primatologist in as quickly as you can. We are also happy to announce the call for abstracts for the Spring Meeting; we are all looking forward to visiting the northwest in April (and I’ve got plenty of both ceramic AND travel mugs, so get ready to raid the piggy bank). Those of you who glance at the inside cover opposite from time to time will notice some changes, too. Four new Council members make their debuts this month: Susan Cheyne and Susanne Shultz (Oxford), Bonaventura ‘Bino’ Majolo (Lincoln), and Debbie Custance (Goldsmiths). We are happy to welcome Graham L Banes (Cambridge) as our Student Representative for a two-year term, as well. We say goodbye to Hannah Buchanan-Smith, Simone Pika and Nick Newton-Fisher, who finished their ‘tour of duty’ – many thanks to them for their service. Clare Cunningham has also reached the end of her normal tenure, but Council has appointed her (with the AGM’s approval) to an Assistant Council position to continue her role as Membership Secretary. Susannah Thorpe will also be absent for a while, but for the best possible reason – she’s on ‘maternity leave’ from Council. We wish her all the best and look forward to seeing her again in the autumn. In addition, we are losing two Council members before their term is complete. Sonja Koski is swapping jobs (and countries), and so has asked to step down. We wish her the best of luck with her new position in Switzerland. Kirsten Pullen, who has done sterling service as both Council Member and Book Reviews Editor, is also leaving us; she will be missed. With the AGM’s approval, Council has appointed our former Student Rep Katharine Balolia (UCL) and current Meetings Officer Andrew Smith (Anglia Ruskin) to mid-term full Council vacant positions for one and two years respectively.

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Sadly, we are also saying a final goodbye to a highly-valued member of any behavioural research team; a habitat-country field assistant. James Higham’s touching obituary of Bobbo Buba illustrates how much we have to learn from those who are privileged enough to grow up and live with primates in their everyday lives, and who help us to discover new aspects of our cousins’ lives. Our thoughts go out to his family, friends and colleagues. The articles and abstracts included in Primate Eye are not for citation or quotation without permission of the authors. The deadline for the next issue of Primate Eye is 15th May 2011. Items (manuscript or electronic in any standard format) for future issues should be sent to: Todd C. Rae Editor, Primate Eye Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology Department of Life Sciences Whitelands College Roehampton University Holybourne Avenue London SW15 4JD Email: <[email protected]> Tel: +44 (0)20 8392 3726 Fax: +44 (0)20 8392 3527 PSGB correspondence unrelated to Primate Eye should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary. Notification of change of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary. The PSGB WebSite can be found at <www.psgb.org>

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MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

13.00 – 13.40 hrs on 8 December 2010

Zoological Society of London (ZSL), Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY 1a) Present Katharine Balolia (Student Representative), Kim Bard (President), Simon Bearder, Mark Beeson, Hilary Box, Helen Chatterjee (Marketing Working Party convenor), Christelle Colin, Debbie Custance, Lorraine Docherty, Jason Dunn, Sarah Elton (General Secretary), Alison Fletcher, Caroline Harcourt (Conservation Working Party convenor), Betsy Herrelko, Sonya Hill (Captive Care Working Party convenor), Tatyana Humle, Alison Jolly, Rachel Kendal (Research Working Party convenor), Mandy Korstjens, Sonja Koski, Phyllis Lee, Julia Lehmann, Emma Nelson, Nick Newton-Fisher, Pia Nystrom, Sophie Pearson, Gemma Price, Ian Redmond, Caroline Ross, Sharon Redrobe, Cyril Rosen, Stuart Semple, Natalie Uomini, Christian Wagner, Sian Waters, Lizzie Webber, Janice Wilson, Juliet Wright. 1b) Apologies for absence Gillian Brown (Treasurer), Hannah Buchanan-Smith. 2) Minutes of the last meeting (1st December 2009) Accepted as a correct record. 3) Matters arising from the minutes AOB: In response to Hannah Buchanan-Smith’s request for PSGB members to stand for the International Primatological Society (IPS) Council, several PSGB members were nominated for various positions and Jo Setchell (Durham University) was elected to Vice President for Research. PSGB extends its congratulations to her. 4) President's report The President reported that PSGB continues to be very active, with a growing membership and secure finances. PSGB has a strong presence in the UK, in Europe and internationally. She thanked Council and the Working Parties for their work throughout the year and extended special thanks to the outgoing Council members (Hannah Buchanan-Smith, Clare Cunningham, Sonja Koski, Nick Newton-Fisher, Simone Pika and Kirsten Pullen) for their service. She also thanked the outgoing Student Representative, Katharine Balolia for her enthusiasm and commitment. The 2009 Winter Meeting at ZSL on ‘Primate Stress: Causes, Responses and Consequences’ was very successful, as was the Spring Meeting at the University of Abertay Dundee, with stimulating plenary presentations on

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social cognition and evolution as well as high-quality proffered papers and workshops on ‘Getting Published’ and ‘Training Primates for Cognitive Research: Principles and Practice’, held at Edinburgh Zoo. The Napier Medal was awarded to Erik Willems and the Lockwood Medal for best student presentation to Stephen Montgomery. Christiane Caesar won the prize for the best student poster at the Spring Meeting. The President reported that she represented PSGB at the council meetings of the IPS and European Federation for Primatology (EFP) in Kyoto. Along with being elected Vice President for Research for IPS, Jo Setchell has also been appointed editor of the International Journal of Primatology. The next EFP meeting to be held in September 2011 in Portugal and the 2014 IPS meeting will be in Vietnam. She also reported that a PSGB Research Working Party, with Rachel Kendal as convenor, had been established.

5) Secretary's report The General Secretary reported that thanks to a generous donation from the family of the late Charlie Lockwood, eight Lockwood Memorial PSGB Grants for Students had been awarded (with the recipients listed in the June 2010 issue of Primate Eye). She also reported that the PSGB website would be redesigned to make updating easier and refresh the design, and thanked Nick Newton-Fisher and Mandy Korstjens, the most recent webmasters, for their hard work. 6) Treasurer's report The following was reported on behalf of the Treasurer: The financial status of PSGB is good, which has allowed the Society to continue its core activities, such as providing grants and supporting the PSGB conferences, and also to set up new initiatives. The end-of-year accounts (Oct 2009 – September 2010) show that total income for the year was around £29k and the expenditure was around £28k. The total assets at the end of the year were approximately £26k (including £21k maintained in a Cooperative Bank savings account). Both income and expenditure are up by approximately 33% compared to the previous year, mainly due to the success the success of the Winter 2009 and Spring 2010 meetings. I’m extremely grateful to the organisers of these PSGB conferences for running their conferences as cost-effectively as possible and keeping clear budgets. Regarding future expenditure, I suggest that the reserve is kept at an absolute minimum of £15k (£10k to cover exceptional circumstances that might result in complete cancellation of a conference, plus £5k to cover day-to-day running costs). If we wish to increase expenditure, we would have to consider an increase in membership fees, although other sources of income (e.g. advertisements in Primate Eye) could also be discussed by Council. The most important initiative over the past 12 months has been our

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continued move towards an electronic membership application and renewal process. In conjunction with these changes, the PSGB website will be redeveloped in the coming year to provide a more up-to-date platform for the Society.

PSGB Totals

Income £ Expenditure £

Membership fees 7515.58 Primate Eye 2056.66

Winter meeting income 12050.26 Winter meeting expenses 9671.81

Easter meeting income 3718.68 Easter meeting expenses 4186.62

Other income 23.12 Council expenses 1728.93

Interest 13.30 Student speakers & prizes 2680.00

General donations 2854.95 Conservation grants 4520.50

Conservation donations 1693.09 Captive Care grants 1502.50

Captive Care donations 84.26 Web resources 135.75

Advertising 0.00 Other Charges 62.28

Marketing 1000.00 Bank fees 308.77

Marketing 1257.82

Totals 28953.24 28111.64

7) Forthcoming meetings The Spring Meeting 2011 will be held in Liverpool on the topic ‘From the laboratory to the field’. The AGM was asked to note the new dates of 27th April (half day) and 28th April (full day). Proposals for the Winter Meeting 2011 were being sought: suggestions include forest ecology and linking with EFP at its meeting in Portugal in September. The forest ecology proposal was well-received by the AGM but some concerns over its organisation were expressed.

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The Spring Meeting 2012 is likely to be in Kent, co-organised by University of Kent and Howlett’s Zoo Park. The Winter Meeting 2012 may be on primate biogeography, co-organised by HYMS and Durham University. Council is discussing the suggestion that the meetings officer role be altered to include a more organisational element. 8) Working party reports

a) Conservation Working Party The Conservation Working Party (CWP) convenor gave the following report: This year, the members of the Conservation Working Party met just once, as with only two applications in August, we decided it was more time and cost effective to communicate by email about those. In February, we had a total of 20 grant applications, of which 6 were selected and awarded £500 each. Born Free Foundation funding went to Mbunya Francis Nkemnyi. Grants awarded: Person ProjectAndrea Höing Monitoring population trends of threatened

primates on Siberut Island, IndonesiaGabriel Ramos-Fernandez

Shooting the documentary “Tras los últimos primates mexicanos” (Seeking the last Mexican primates)

Kathryn Shutt Anthropozoonosis and wildlife tourism: assessing disease risks and stress impacts of gorilla conservation via ecotourism.

Larry Ray Ulibarri Conservation of the red-shanked douc on Son Tra Nature Reserve, Vietnam

Mbunya Francis Nkemnyi

Reconciling communities’ livelihoods and conservation strategies: a case study of the proposed Bechati gorilla sanctuary, South West Cameroon

Onja H. Razafindratsima

Effects of lemur species’ behaviour on the distribution of their host-plants

In addition, Cyril Rosen, via IPPL, personally funded Alice Martin’s project in Sri Lanka: Exploring capacity of eco-hotels for conservation of the tufted grey langur Semnopithecus priamthersites through a study of ranging and feeding behaviour with environmental education in Sri Lanka. We are very grateful to him for this extra grant. Neither of the projects submitted in

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August were considered suitable by the CWP members. This was a great disappointment as both applicants were from habitat countries. In the present economic climate, BFF felt they could not, in that case, provide their usual grant. We are, though, extremely grateful that they agreed to give Gabriel Ramos-Fernandez £250 to top up his award to the requested £750. CWP members have selected the next conservation project and it has been approved by Council. The organisation to be supported is Neotropical Primate Conservation, a registered charity dedicated to the conservation of monkeys and their habitat in the tropical rainforests of South and Central America. See <neoprimate.org/lang/en/> for more information. However, funding for this cause will not begin until the Spring meeting as this timing will fit in better with PSGB’s financial year. As ever, many thanks to all members of the Working Party for their support throughout the year, and to Helen Chatterjee and Christoph Soligo for finding us rooms in UCL.

b) Captive Care Working Party The Captive Care Working Party (CCWP) convenor reported that it had met in April at Chester Zoo, and welcomed Geoff Hosey back to CCWP. More effort had been made to advertising grants in 2010 and eleven eligible applications were received. The applications were of a very high standard, and the following awards were made:

i) Claire Watson (University of Stirling) received £500 towards her project, entitled “Promoting marmoset welfare through the establishment of an open access website”.

ii) Richard Moore (Oxford Brookes University) was awarded £750 for his project, “Protocol, field methods and follow-up: Measuring the viability of Indonesian slow loris re-introductions, with a focus on the Critically Endangered Nycticebus javanicus”.

iii) Kathryn Shutt (University of Durham) was awarded £250 towards her project, “Validation of a faecal glucocorticoid metabolite assay for the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)”.

The call for the 2011 grant round will be made soon. In November 2009, CCWP submitted substantial comments towards a Consultation on a Draft Code of Practice on the Welfare of Privately Kept Non-Human Primates, by Defra (http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/pets/cruelty/documents/primate-cop.pdf) but very few of CCWP’s comments were incorporated. The Scottish Parliament has similarly sought

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our comments on the Scottish version of the Code (very similar to the English one), which were submitted to the Scottish Parliament in April 2010. CCWP provided support to the owners of the Owl and Monkey Haven, Isle of Wight, following a visit of one of the CCWP members. The owners were facing the forced removal of some of their siamangs after complaints had been made to the local Council about the noise made by their songs. As these animals were surplus zoo animals, who were at the sanctuary as alternative homes had not been found for them, forced removal would almost certainly have meant euthanasia of healthy animals. The complaints had been made to the Council, despite the area being sparsely populated by people, and records kept by the sanctuary showed that the gibbons did not call at ‘anti-social’ hours, but between mid-morning and midday, for a very short period of time. The CCWP felt that the siamangs (who apparently call at about 80 db, based on data collected from Marwell Wildlife) would not be causing significant noise pollution considering the distance that any sound would have to travel to disturb anyone. In addition, the siamangs are well housed and cared for, are in good health and contribute towards the education of the public (the sanctuary has an education building for schools too, and if the siamangs were euthanased then this would undermine the role of the haven, in its ability to care for surplus primates. Support for the sanctuary from CCWP, as well as from other reputable organisations, such as the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA), helped the Council to re-assess their verdict and the sanctuary has been allowed to continue to keep the siamangs. CCWP is preparing a letter based on the IPS template to express its concern over the use of primates in adverts for Costa Coffee.

c) Marketing Working Party

The Marketing Working Party convenor gave the following report: The marketing team has been busy sourcing and stocking up on merchandise for the Gombe 50 and future events. New stock to the tune of ~£650 has been purchased comprising stockpiles of mousemats, mugs, travel mugs, magnets and cards - we now have significant stockpiles of stock that should last the Winter and Spring meetings. Two chimp mug designs were created in collaboration with the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) displaying joint PSGB/JGI Gombe 50 logos specifically for the Gombe 50 event. Many thanks go to Katharine Balolia for all her hard work seeking out suppliers and ordering stock - Katharine is now an honorary member of the Marketing Team. All profits from the sale of PSGB merchandise go to the supported conservation cause, which is currently the Malagasy non-governmental organisation FANAMBY.

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d) Research Working Party The Research Working Party (RWP) convenor reported that the main role of the RWP is to support primatological research across the general spectrum (other than captive care and conservation). Council has allocated a budget of £1000 to the RWP, and grants (restricted to PSGB members) will be capped at £750 per award. Terms of reference will be taken to the next Council meeting. Alison Fletcher, Simone Pika, Christophe Soligo and Andrew Smith have agreed to join the RWP. 9) Ratification of Council Members Four nominations for Council members were received and the following people were deemed elected to Council: Susan Cheyne, University of Oxford Debbie Custance, University of London (Goldsmiths) Bino Majolo, University of Lincoln Susanne Shultz, University of Oxford The AGM noted that Council had appointed Katharine Balolia for a one- year term and Andrew Smith for a two-year term to replace resigning members. The AGM also noted that Clare Cunningham would remain on Council as an Assistant Member to continue her role as Membership Secretary. Several applications were received for the Student Representative on Council, and following a selection process, Council recommended that Graham Banes, University of Cambridge, be appointed. This was ratified by the AGM. 10) Election/Re-election of Officers The existing PSGB officers were re-elected: Kim Bard, University of Portsmouth (President) Gillian Brown, University of St Andrews (Treasurer) Sarah Elton, Hull York Medical School (General Secretary) 11) Any other business Ian Redmond reported on the adoption of the Nagoya protocol for the conservation of biodiversity and its relevance to the CWP. He also suggested that PSGB stock ‘Earth’s Green Heart’ on the marketing stall.

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ABSTRACTS

PSGB Winter Meeting 2010 GOMBE 50 Organised by: Sonya P. Hill

(North of England Zoological Society - Chester Zoo)

ABSTRACTS FOR PODIUM PRESENTATIONS Plenary Lecture Fifty Years of Gombe: Discovery and Change Jane Goodall DBE Founder - The Jane Goodall Institute (www.janegoodall.org and www.janegoodall.org.uk) & UN Messenger of Peace Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzees; scientific discoveries; long-term data, community-centred conservation; ‘TACARE’; ‘Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots’ 2010 marks the 50th anniversary of the chimpanzee research at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Observations made there in 1960 challenged the prevailing scientific view that only humans had personalities, and the capacity for rational thought and emotions, such as happiness and sadness. Data collected over 50 years provide an opportunity to analyze the effects on adult behaviour of different types of early experience. We have accumulated demographic data on three neighbouring communities, including the causes of death. During the 50 years, new technologies (such as DNA profiling from faecal samples) have enabled us to collect data in new ways and ask new questions. But the greatest change lies in the decrease in numbers of chimpanzees throughout their range in Africa, due to commercial hunting for food (the bushmeat trade), and human population growth and habitat destruction. Many chimpanzees are now isolated in fragmented patches of forest. By the 1990s, the once-forested hills around the tiny (30 sq m) Gombe National Park had been converted to treeless, infertile farmland and its three chimpanzee communities were isolated, their long-term viability in doubt - and the desperately poor people were suffering too, destroying the remaining forest in a desperate effort to grow more food and make a livelihood. Only by helping the people is it possible to conserve the chimpanzees, and, in 1994, the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) established ‘TACARE’, a community-centred conservation programme designed to improve the lives of the villagers in a holistic way through reforestation, sustainable agriculture, health and education programmes, micro-finance opportunities especially for women, and family planning. Today, thanks to village cooperation, there is a buffer zone around Gombe

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where the trees are already 20 feet high and corridors move out towards other remnant chimpanzee groups. TACARE is now being replicated around other chimpanzee habitats in other countries. In 1991, we established ‘Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots,’ our environmental and humanitarian education programme for young people from kindergarten through university, which is now in over 120 countries worldwide, with tens of thousands of members (there are nearly 1,000 groups in the UK). Roots & Shoots informs its members of the problems facing our planet and empowers them to design and implement projects that will help people, animals and the environment. JGI is effecting positive change worldwide: giving us reason for hope that we can prevent the extinction of chimpanzees and other primates. Chimpanzee Conservation Efforts in Western Tanzania and Related Challenges Shadrack M. Kamenya1, Emmanuel R. Mtiti1, Sood A. Ndimuligo1 and Lilian Pintea2 1The Jane Goodall Institute, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania 2The Jane Goodall Institute, Arlington, VA, USA Email: [email protected] Keywords: Conservation; awareness; natural resources; sustainability Chimpanzee conservation efforts in Gombe started when Gombe Game Reserve was established in 1943, and it went on to became a national park in 1968. Dr Jane Goodall DBE’s research since 1960 has contributed greatly to the understanding of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) socio-ecological behaviour and has promoted awareness of chimpanzees’ conservation status among scientists and the general public. The past 16 years have been significant in the conservation of the chimpanzee population in Gombe National Park and other sites in western Tanzania. There have been remarkable efforts to promote chimpanzee conservation in protected areas, villages and open lands. These efforts are exemplified by chimpanzees of Gombe, Zashe, Kwitanga and Masito Ugalla sites. Lessons and experiences learned at these sites show that sustainability of chimpanzee communities in western Tanzania require intensive collaboration of many key players, including; local people, land use planners, scientists and professionals from different ministries from the government, donors and policy makers. The lives of chimpanzees in western Tanzania lie in the hands of people who understand and have the will to help them.

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Chimpanzee Protection Through Community Participation in the Budongo Forest, Western Uganda Vernon Reynolds1,4, F. Babweteera3,4, K. Zuberbuhler2,4 and A. Tanna5 1 School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, UK 2 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK 3 Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, Uganda 4 Budongo Conservation Field Station, Uganda 5 Freelance broadcast journalist Email: [email protected] Keywords: Conservation; community participation; chimpanzee; Budongo Forest Injuries to wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from snares are a prime cause of conservation concern. In 2001 the Budongo Conservation Field Station (BCFS) received a grant from the Jane Goodall Institute enabling us to begin a snare removal programme. This paper describes a new scheme for chimpanzee conservation through community participation. In the Budongo Forest one third of the chimp population of 650 individuals suffers from snare-inflicted injuries. Snare removers employed by BCFS have in the past removed up to 200 snares per month from the forest. Snares are set by local farmers seeking to supplement their diet with bushmeat. Since 2009 a pilot scheme has been running in villages on the southern side of the Budongo Forest. In return for giving up hunting, farmers have received two female goats and veterinary care. Male goats are mated with the females so that farmers can build up a herd, and feed their families on goat meat instead of bushmeat. Over 50 farmers from four villages have received support. Penalties are in place for any who default by setting snares and to date only one has defaulted. Figures will be presented indicating a marked reduction in the number of snares recovered from the forest since the scheme began. Chimpanzees: Successful Single Mothers Carson M. Murray1, 2 1 Lincoln Park Zoo, Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Chicago, IL, USA 2 University of Chicago, Institute of Mind and Biology, Chicago, IL, USA Email: [email protected] Keywords: Female chimpanzees; reproduction; stress; maternal behaviour Finding a positive relationship between high social status and reproductive success in Gombe female chimpanzees represented a paradigm shift in our understanding of their social dominance. It demanded research on the nuances of female relationships, especially given their low levels of

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aggression as compared to other primate species that have reported rank effects. My research examines the behavioural and proximate mechanisms that may confer the observed differences in reproductive success. In this presentation, I focus on the period of dependency when offspring are most reliant on their mothers. I first present research on behavioural patterns during reproductive efforts that suggest low-ranking females adjust their behaviour to mitigate poorer nutrition. I then pair the unrivalled 40-year (and growing!) Gombe mother-infant dataset with new physiological data, to examine the relationship between maternal behaviour and stress. Hormonal differences in glucocorticoid concentrations match well with behaviour and seem to translate into differences in maternal behaviour that give higher-ranking offspring a ‘right of birth.’ This integrative research addresses one of the most fundamental topics in our field. That is, it will shed light into how mothers influence their offspring and go towards a greater understanding of the same topic in humans. David Greybeard, Fifi, And Gilka – New Behaviour-Based Research Approaches Confirm Jane Goodall’s Early Observations That Each Chimpanzee Has a Unique Personality Jana Uher Comparative Differential and Personality Psychology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, JK 25/121f, 14195 Berlin, Germany Email: [email protected] Keywords: Personality; individual differences; research methods; empirical quantification; Gombe chimpanzees; behavioural measurement In the 1960s, Jane Goodall gave the Gombe chimpanzees names, such as David Greybeard, Fifi, or Gilka, and described the chimpanzees as having unique personalities. These ideas were highly unconventional, and established scientists considered them unscientific. Goodall’s descriptions challenged long-standing beliefs in the scientific community that only human beings can have a personality. Yet even in the 1970s, psychologists published an empirical study on personality differences among Gombe chimpanzees. These measurements, although based on subjective ratings, were shown to predict deviant social behaviour in a female chimpanzee several years later. But, despite these promising results, and although chimpanzees are commonly given individual names, researchers continued to study the behaviour and mind of the average individual, thereby ignoring pronounced individual-specific patterns that go beyond those described by differences in age, sex, and rank. Now, 50 years after Jane Goodall’s pioneering personality descriptions of the Gombe chimpanzees, primatologists are increasingly interested in empirical measurements of personality differences. However, definitions of personality are often vague,

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and suitable methods of analysis not well known. In fact, objective personality measurements are complicated because individual-specific patterns are always masked by considerable ephemeral variations. Fundamentally different analytic strategies are thus needed, compared with those used in other areas of primatology. I introduce the conceptual and methodological foundations that allow analysing personality differences using ethologically-obtained behavioural measurements. Using data from my own studies in captive chimpanzees, I illustrate two basic approaches with which an individual’s behavioural uniqueness can be quantified based on empirical comparability with other individuals. Animal Minds: Abnormal Behaviours, Mental Illness, and Suffering Lucy Birkett University of Kent, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Darwin; consciousness; subjective; welfare; suffering; abnormal behaviour Charles Darwin, Georges Romanes, and more recently Jane Goodall and Donald Griffin, saw consciousness and emotions as common to the evolution of minds across animal species. Their approach is amplified here: conscious experience is a biological process like any other ongoing biological process in an organism, and is recognisable in many species that have homologous or analogous brains. Jane Goodall brought the personalities of the Gombe chimpanzees to life through scientific research that was groundbreaking not only in results, but in approach, whereby individuals were ascribed character, emotion, intention, and belief. Later she campaigned on behalf of animals trapped in all forms of captivity, and encouraged scientists to stop the suffering caused by modern scientific laboratory practices. Empirical findings from the animal behaviour literature indirectly corroborate Goodall and Griffin’s view, and indicate that many species possess abilities beyond general expectations. In terms of suffering, this is worrying, because it is likely that many species also have the potential to experience deep distress. This presentation is part of a larger empirical project investigating the signs of mental illness in captive chimpanzees. Abnormal behaviours that occur in millions of captive animals worldwide are of great concern, because they are indicators of possible mental dysfunction, which is likely to reflect suffering. Some abnormal behaviours, such as self-mutilation, are likely to cause, and be caused by, extreme emotional pain, and we must make the utmost efforts to eradicate conditions that evoke these behaviours.

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Monitoring Health Status of Habituated Western Lowland Gorillas at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic F. Blake Morton1, Shelly Masi2, Angelique Todd3 and Chloé Cipolletta4 1 Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland, UK 2 CNRS and USM 0104 Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Buffon, 75 005 Paris 3 WWF, Dzanga-Sangha Project, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic 4 WWF, African Great Apes Programme, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon Email: [email protected] Keywords: Western lowland gorilla; habituation; ecotourism; disease; health monitoring Over the last five decades, researchers at Gombe have documented major declines within the primate community as a result of disease-related mortality. Such case studies clearly provide a warning to conservationists as to the detrimental impact a disease outbreak can have on a primate population. As humans, domestic animals, and primates come into increasingly closer contact via encroachment into habitats, research, and ecotourism, the long-term research and monitoring at Gombe presents an invaluable contribution towards our understanding of anthropozoonotic impact on wild primate health. In light of Gombe's known disease risks and the responsibility that park managers have towards reducing these risks, we present health data collected from one western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) group that has been habituated for tourism at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. This 3-year study is part of a larger health monitoring programme initiated by the WWF Dzanga-Sangha Project and the WCS Field Veterinarian Program in 1999. The current study aims to (1) provide baseline data on clinical conditions commonly observed within the gorilla group, and (2) tentatively discuss the health-related impact close human presence may have on the gorillas. Tool Use and Field Experiments as a Window on the Mind of the Chimpanzee Thibaud Gruber and Klaus Zuberbühler Department of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Tool use; field experiments; culture The first observations of wild chimpanzees using tools at Gombe showed that tool use was not human-specific and pushed chimpanzees into the realm of ‘cultured’ animals. However, claims for chimpanzee culture

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currently rest on empirical evidence from population and group-specific behavioural differences. Sceptics have emphasized the role of social learning in human cultures and argued that ecological or genetic factors provide a more parsimonious explanation for the behavioural diversity observed in wild chimpanzee populations. Work with captive chimpanzees has shown that experimentally-created traditions can be transmitted through social learning, but it is unclear to what extent such findings apply to the wild. Here, we evaluate the role of field experiments to address the question of chimpanzee culture directly with wild populations. We discuss several paradigms suitable for fieldwork, which have the potential to produce answers to the points of contention. One key feature is to expose genetically-related populations (which originated from the same ancestral population in the recent past) to the same task. In this way, it is possible to study the impact of recent ecological changes on the maintenance or disappearance of potential cultural traits, and how chimpanzees rely on this common knowledge to solve tasks in community-specific ways. Second, diffusion experiments in the field can be useful to study the transmission of newly acquired behaviours and will allow analysis of the learning mechanisms at work. In combination, such paradigms can bring a deeper understanding of what should be considered as cultural in chimpanzees, and how this compares to human cultures. Ants and Apes: Army Ant Harvesting Strategies of Nigerian Chimpanzees Alejandra Pascual-Garrido, Oliver Allon and Volker Sommer Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Pan troglodytes vellerosus; insectivory; tool-use; predation; army ants Insect-eating behaviour of chimpanzees has received considerable attention in the scientific and popular literature – not least because it is associated with the first case of tool use in a non-human animal documented by Jane Goodall at Gombe in Tanzania half a century ago. Insectivorous behaviour has since been recorded at various chimpanzee study sites across Africa. Nevertheless, harvesting strategies with respect to specific insect species are often still poorly understood. This is particularly true for army ants, given the constraints posed by the insects' nomadic lifestyle. We investigated members of the least known chimpanzee subspecies at Gashaka, Nigeria. At this savannah-forest habitat, insectivory – aided by long stick tools – is more frequent than elsewhere, as 42% of all chimpanzee faeces contain ant remains. The likelihood to encounter army ant trails varied considerably

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with weather conditions. Nevertheless, the occurrence of Dorylus fragments in faeces did not. Chimpanzees are thus unlikely to use ant trails to locate their prey; instead, they must rely on encounters with ant nests. However, repeated nest attacks are viable only in the short term, given that simulated attacks cause colonies to migrate sooner. Moreover, ants rarely reuse old nests, rendering revisits to former cavities a likewise inefficient strategy. Low reoccupation rate may actually reflect a predator avoidance strategy on the ants’ part. The question is then: How do chimpanzees manage to locate army ant colony sites on a regular basis - despite the fact that nests are typically well hidden beneath ground? Our data suggest that the apes zoom in on certain characteristics of locations preferentially occupied by insect colonies, using these physical features as clues for detection. The extensive tool-use and high frequency of army ant consumption at Gashaka probably reflects an adaptation to a relatively harsh and seasonal environment. Interestingly, however, Gashaka chimpanzees never seem to consume termites, which raises the possibility of the existence of a "food taboo" that may aid the construction of a particular "social identity". A better understanding of the cognitive demands imposed by the ecology of an important prey such as army ants may also shed light upon the significance of insectivory in early hominin diet – thus continuing a research quest that was initially set in motion at Gombe. Constraints on Tool Selection and Social Learning in Captive Chimpanzees Lisa M. Riley1, D. Custance1 and W.C. McGrew2 1 Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK 2 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Tool selection; social learning; problem solving Fifty years of research at Gombe has revealed chimpanzees to be prolific, efficient tool users and makers, particularly regarding termite fishing, the first example of wild chimpanzee tool use described scientifically. In captivity, where learning opportunity is reduced, are chimpanzees still efficient tool users? We investigated tool selection in six captive chimpanzees. Three extractive foraging tasks were presented: 1) Hook Task. A long vertical tube from which food could be removed using a hook tool. 2) Spade Task. A vertical tube into which a small spade could be inserted to lift food toward an access hole. 3) Magnet Task. An L-shaped tube containing a magnet, to which a second magnet could be attached. By dragging the magnets along the tube, food could be pushed to an access hole. Participants were given a selection of five tools: plastic hook; wooden

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spade; magnet; cable tie; non-functional version of the most efficient tool for each task (i.e. Task 2, spade handle with no blade). Chimpanzees preferentially selected the cable-tie, which shared the physical characteristics of a termite fishing probe. Participants used the cable-tie to fish on all three tasks. In Task 1, where successful functionality depended on tool length, the chimpanzees eventually selected the correct tool (hook). In Task 2, cable-tie use became increasingly proficient. This success inhibited exploration of other tools, and social learning of spade-use. Task 3 baffled the chimpanzees, who quickly lost interest. This inhibited social learning of magnet use. The chimpanzees proved to be conservative tool selectors. Bonobos Extract Meaning From Call Sequences Zanna Clay and Klaus Zuberbuhler University of St Andrews, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Bonobo; vocal communication; call combinations; language; foraging Jane Goodall’s seminal study of the vocal repertoire of the Gombe chimpanzees has had a significant impact the study of primate vocal communication and, in particular, has provided the key frame-work for studying chimpanzee vocal communication. Whilst there has since been considerable progress in studying chimpanzee vocalisations, corresponding research into the natural vocal communication of the close relative of chimpanzees, the bonobo (Pan paniscus), has largely been neglected. We address this issue with the first playback study on the natural vocal behaviour of bonobos. Bonobos produce five acoustically distinct call types when finding food, which they regularly mix together into longer call sequences. We found that individual call types were relatively poor indicators of a caller's perceived food quality, while context specificity was greater at the call sequence level. We therefore investigated whether receivers could extract meaning about the quality of food encountered by the caller by integrating across different call sequences. We first trained four captive individuals to find a preferred and non-preferred food at two different locations. We then conducted naturalistic playback experiments during which we broadcasted sequences of four calls, originally produced by a familiar individual responding to one of these two foods. Following playbacks, subjects devoted significantly more search effort to the field indicated by the call sequence. Rather than attending to individual calls, bonobos attended to the entire sequences to make inferences about the food encountered by a caller. Our results feed new and relevant data into debates on the role of call combinations in primate vocal communication.

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Gombe, Gorillas and Global Warming Ian Redmond, OBE UNEP-GRASP Email: [email protected] Keywords: Human population expansion; long-term field studies; seed dispersal agents; REDD+ scheme; natural forest ecosystems Fifty years ago the world was a very different place. In just a few weeks from now, the global human population will pass seven billion; in 1960 it was about three billion - and some were worried even then about over-population! We don’t know exactly how many apes lived in Africa and SE Asia when Jane Goodall began her work at Gombe, but altogether it was probably in the low millions. Scientific knowledge of primates was based almost entirely on anatomical studies of museum specimens and behavioural observations in captivity. Since then, inspired by the methodological and philosophical approach pioneered at Gombe, we have seen a proliferation of long-term field studies, with Dian Fossey beginning her study of mountain gorillas in 1967, Biruté Galdikas starting her study of Bornean orangutans in 1971 and dozens more subsequently. Why? Both because primates are intrinsically fascinating and as our zoological next-of-kin their behaviour offers insights into our own. But, while the shelf-space devoted to primate monographs increases every year, the number of non-human primates on the planet decreases annually. This should not just be of concern to primatologists. Many primates are keystone species in tropical and sub-tropical forests and woodlands, important especially as seed dispersal agents. Around the tropics, between 51-98% of tree species have their seeds dispersed by animals, although in many cases we do not yet know which species of plants are successfully dispersed by which species of animal. These same forests are increasingly being valued for their eco-system services, both locally and globally – especially carbon sequestration and storage, but also their role in the water cycle, such as rainfall generation through evapo-transpiration. Current political efforts to halt tropical deforestation and degradation are driven largely by fear of dangerous climate change and global efforts to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The REDD+ scheme (to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation + co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction) is being finalised at the UN Climate talks in Cancun, Mexico, around the time of this Winter Meeting. For the long-term success of REDD+ it is essential that natural forest ecosystems are managed in ways that ensure the survival of seed dispersal agents, such as frugivorous primates, birds, bats and elephants.

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ABSTRACTS FOR POSTER PRESENTATIONS Fission-Fusion Dynamics in Olive Baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis), Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria Nienke Alberts, Julia Lehmann, and Stuart Semple Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Roehampton University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Olive baboons, fission-fusion dynamics, social network analysis Understanding social systems is a key goal for primatology. ‘Fission-fusion dynamics’ describes variation in group membership and spatial cohesion over time. As yet, little is known about the determinants of intermediate levels of fission-fusion, and how this might impact on social relationships and their maintenance. The aims of this study are to identify the social and ecological determinants of fission-fusion dynamics in olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis), and to explore its effects on the nature and maintenance of social relationships. Social network analyses will be used to determine the extent to which fission-fusion patterns are driven by individual social strategies and to explore the effects of subgrouping on the nature and maintenance of social networks. In addition, network metrics will be related to measurements of food availability and predation risk. We collected behavioural and ecological data from two troops of olive baboons in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria, over one year. We found that the social networks of the two troops differed markedly - the association network of the Gamgam troop was more dense, clustered and compact than that of the Kwano troop. Gamgam baboons had more direct connections, and were connected to a greater proportion of their troop, suggesting that they have a lower degree of fission-fusion dynamics, allowing them to maintain closer social relationships. Furthermore, seasonality was found to have a major effect on social structure, with both troops being more cohesive at the end of the dry season compared to other seasons. This research will give new insights into primate social systems and how the maintenance of primate social relationships is affected by grouping patterns. Dynamics of Foraging Ecology in the Golden-Backed Uacari, Cacajao ouakary (Pithecidae), in Amazon Seasonally-Flooded Forests Adrian A. Barnett, Caroline Ross, Ann MacLarnon Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, UK Email@ [email protected] Keywords: Cacajao ouakary; diet; time budget; variation

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The golden-backed uacari, Cacajao ouakary, primarily inhabits seasonally-flooded forests (igapó) within the Rio Negro basin, north-western Brazilian Amazon. Igapó floods by up to 15m for nine months annually. Off-set pulses of fruit production and leaf-flush produce three phases of resource availability: no fruit-no leaves (phase 1), fruit-no leaves (phase 2), no fruit-leaves (phase 3). From skull morphology alone, C. ouakary was long-considered a specialist predator of unripe seeds of hard-husked fruits. The current 19-month study recorded 189 items from 148 species, and found that unripe seeds dominate the diet (68.3% of feeding records) and hard-husked fruit are important (60% of fruits). However, soft fruit, flowers, immature leaves and pith are eaten during the phase 3 fruit-dearth (92% of diet in that phase). Seasonal migration to non-flooded forest occurs in phase 1. Though at all times dominated by travel (44-59%), time budgets also change seasonally, with feeding-while-moving increasing during fruit-dearth as patch size becomes smaller and inter-patch distance increases. This, the first long-term study of C. ouakary foraging ecology, has shown unexpected flexibility in resource and habitat use by a morphologically highly-specialized primate. Assessment of an Unprotected Forest Corridor for the Dispersal of Isolated Cross River Gorilla and Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee Populations in Southwest Cameroon Lucy d’Auvergne1, Ymke Warren2,3 and Catherine Hill1 1 Oxford Brookes University, UK 2 Roehampton University, UK 3 WCS Takamanda-Mone Landscape Project, Cameroon Email: [email protected] Keywords: Cross River gorilla, Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, dispersal, corridor, survey Despite the significance of forest corridors for the dispersal and long-term survival prospects of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti), these crucial areas have been largely overlooked by research efforts, with little attention given to their preservation. This project addresses this through detailed surveying and mapping of the unprotected Mawambi Hills area, home to an important population of gorillas and a small number of sympatric chimpanzees, connected to the Takamanda National Park, Southwest Cameroon, via a small forest corridor. In addition to ongoing human encroachment, the integrity of this corridor is now under threat from a proposed motorbike road, which could seriously curtail future ape dispersal. While the project did not aim to prevent the building of the road, (i) the key factors that define ape ranging in the area were established; (ii) the value of the corridor as a dispersal route for apes was assessed; and (iii) both current anthropogenic activity and potential impact of the road were measured. Results concurred

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with previous studies, finding a correlation between ape nesting and degree of slope, with apes also selecting areas of least anthropogenic interference. While no evidence was found of apes within the corridor, gorillas were found to range further than previously recorded and the corridor contained the main elements that defined ape presence in other parts of Mawambi, suggesting its suitability as ape habitat. Future management options are explored that consider both human and ape needs, while preserving a vital thread of connectivity. Analysis of Play Behaviour in a Group of Pre-Released Orphaned Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) Halit Khoshen, Benoit Goossens, Aliette Jamart, Noël Kiyindou and Corri Waitt Oxford Brookes University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzee, development, Pan troglodytes, play, pre-release, skills acquisition The last decades have seen many primate release initiatives come into place, yielding varied degrees of success. Although pre-release monitoring is of great importance, few studies have been published in this regards. In-depth monitoring and documenting of behaviours during pre-release stages may aid in identifying and modifying unwanted behaviours and in encouraging skill-acquisition. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) infants must observe, imitate and practise behaviours in order to learn the appropriate way of performing, and the situations in which to use those behaviours. Their long developmental period aids in acquiring needed behaviours, and play behaviour has an important role in practising, perfecting and acquiring many of those skills in a relatively safe manner. The current study took place over a period of 11 weeks, in which species-specific play behaviours were analyzed in a group of pre-released pre-adult orphaned chimpanzees at H.E.L.P. Congo. This was done though the analysis of lone and social play frequencies, durations and forms, success rates, initiation and termination forms, and partner preferences. Results were similar to play behaviour studies of immature chimpanzees living in wild troops or in captivity where both mothers and adults are present. The orphaned chimpanzees are likely using play for both short- and long-term benefits. Short-term benefits included chimpanzees reducing confrontation during stressful situations. Long-term benefits could be locomotive and object skills acquisitions, as well as relationship formation and social skills acquisitions.

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‘Chimpanzoo,’ a Study of Former Laboratory Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Safaripark Beekse Bergen, The Netherlands Thirza A.C. Loffeld, L. J. de Vries, W. van de Meerendonk, M. K. Noordewier, S. M. Breugelmans and M.A. van Amelsvoort Jane Goodall Institute, Polstraat 48, 7411 KC Deventer, The Netherlands Oxford Brookes University, Department of Anthropology and Geography, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Stereotypy; captive; aberrant; activity; pattern; welfare New legislation imposes a general ban within Europe on the use of chimpanzees in scientific tests. Throughout the EU, chimpanzee laboratory colonies are being downsized; this will leave us with an obligation to provide appropriate care for these retired apes. A group of 13 former laboratory-housed West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), currently living in the Dutch zoo Safaripark Beekse Bergen, are a case in point. We quantified the time budgets and behavioural patterns of these chimpanzees four years after their transfer, so as to provide recommendations for their welfare. A total of 245 hours of data were collected using the ChimpanZoo ethogram, developed by Dr Jane Goodall DBE. This used focal animal sampling and instantaneous sampling with one-minute sampling intervals. Additionally, observers made written reports after each observation session to record long-term developments. Overall, the group seemed to be well-integrated, and showed a diverse pattern of species-specific behaviours. However, aberrant behaviour, such as ‘coprophagy’ and ‘R&R’, was among the top-ten of the most frequently observed behaviours. Incompetent mother-infant behaviour and fear to move freely outside were observed as well. This pilot study will be used to develop further research, by comparing the data of the current study to data of non-former laboratory chimpanzees. Furthermore, this research group will focus on the methods of improving the well-being for former laboratory chimpanzees. Impacts of Tourism on Anxiety and Physiological Stress among Wild Barbary Macaques in Morocco Laetitia Marechal, S. Semple and A. MacLarnon Roehampton University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Wildlife tourism impact; human/macaque interactions; Macaca sylvanus; anxiety; physiological stress; Morocco Primate-based tourism is a rapidly growing industry, and understanding the impacts of tourism on wild primate populations is consequently a key conservation challenge. Non-invasive techniques to assess levels of anxiety

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(by quantification of rates of self–directed behaviours) or physiological stress levels (by measurement of faecal glucocorticoid concentrations - FGCs) provide powerful and complementary tools to assess such tourism-related impacts. We used these approaches to investigate potential negative effects of exposure to tourists on wild male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. We found animals’ anxiety levels were positively related to the mean number of tourists present at the site, but were unrelated to maximum tourist number, the percentage of time tourists were present or their proximity to the macaques. FGCs were unrelated to any of these measures of tourist number or proximity. Anxiety levels were also positively related to the frequency of three types of human/macaque interaction (feeding, agonistic or neutral). FGCs were positively associated with the rate of agonistic interactions with tourists, but not with the rate of feeding or neutral interactions. These results provide evidence that a number of aspects of tourism induce anxiety among Barbary macaques at this site, and that direct agonistic interactions with tourists are additionally sufficient to produce a physiological stress response. Results from studies such as this could inform the management of tourism to minimise its impacts on wild primate populations. Tool-Use to Obtain Honey by a Newly-Studied Community of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Bulindi, Uganda Matthew McLennan Oxford Brookes University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzees; honey-gathering; tool-use; Uganda Honey-raiding from bee nests is a near-ubiquitous activity of chimpanzees across their range in tropical Africa. Different populations employ different strategies, ranging from simple ‘smash-and grab’ techniques to the habitual use of tools. Chimpanzees in the northern part of Uganda’s Rift Valley stand out among studied populations in showing limited tool-use in extractive foraging. In particular, Sonso chimpanzees in Budongo Forest do not use sticks during feeding and rarely eat honey. In this report, I present new findings of tool-use in honey-gathering by unhabituated chimpanzees at Bulindi, a highly disturbed forest–farm mosaic 25 km south of Budongo. On 11 occasions during June–December 2007, indirect evidence was found that Bulindi chimpanzees use tools to excavate subterranean bee nests (Meliponula spp.) to access honey. Tools included sturdy digging sticks encrusted with soil and more slender sticks largely devoid of soil that may have functioned to probe narrow entrance tunnels and/or extract honey from subterranean chambers. Honey-digging is reported from a number of sites, but seems largely confined to Central African populations. It has not been reported for Ugandan chimpanzees previously. Whether the apes learnt this behaviour from local people, who sometimes also dig up the honey, is

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unclear. Evidence strongly suggested that Bulindi chimpanzees also use sticks in predation on carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.) nests, perhaps as probes to determine the presence of adult bees. These preliminary observations indicate that further research at Bulindi might uncover additional tool-use. With the rapid conversion of unprotected chimpanzee habitat to other land-uses regionally, populations with potentially unique behavioural repertoires are being lost. 30 Years of Primate Trophy Hunting in Africa Vincent Nijman, K.A.I. Nekaris Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 OBP, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: CITES; safari; sustainable use; wildlife trade Primates are utilised for a variety of reasons. One of the lesser known utilities is primates as a source for trophy hunting. We analysed 30 years of international exports in primates hunted as trophies, using data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) database. Apart from Angola and the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, all African countries are Party to CITES. Primate trophy hunting appears to be exclusively confined to the African continent. In total almost 20,000 primates were exported from Africa, showing a steady increase from a few dozens a year in the 1980s to over 1500 a year in the noughties. At least 32 species are recorded as being hunted for trophies, with Papio ursinus [9342 individuals], Chlorocebus aethiops [3446] and Papio hamadryas [2315] comprising the top-3. Less likely trophy primates are five species of bushbabies and pottos [33 individuals] and gorillas and chimpanzees [six individuals]. The vast majority of trophies involved species that are not considered globally threatened, although 18 individuals of nine threatened species were included. The majority of primates shot were wild, but some 1%, exclusively South African, comprised captive-born individuals. The countries that export the most primates as trophies are South Africa [7722], Zimbabwe [4364], Namibia [2296] and Tanzania [1448]. With over 60% of the total, the United States is by far the most significant importer. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Ethnoprimatology: Using Participatory-Film-Making to Explore Human-Wildlife Interactions among the Tikuna Indians of Amacayacu in the Colombian Amazon Hannah E. Parathian Oxford Brookes University, UK Email: [email protected]

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Keywords: Ethnoprimatology; human-wildlife interactions; Colombian Amazon; Participatory Film-Making; knowledge sharing This study is part of a PhD thesis that explores human-wildlife interactions in Amacayacu National Park (latitude: 3o53’S, longitude: 70o15’W) in the Colombian Amazon. Where human territory overlaps habitat used by non-human primates, local perceptions of wildlife will influence the propensity for their sustainable management [Hill, 2002]. This presentation will focus on the use of Participatory Film-Making (PFM), an innovative research method that promotes all-inclusive participation and empowers local people [Lunch and Lunch 2006]. Participants from Mocagua (511 inhabitants) and San Martín (480 inhabitants) made films about the cultural significance and utilisation of local wildlife, over a 12-month period (February – May 2008; November 2008 – June 2009). Local people designed and implemented films, choosing topics relevant to them. Women produced films documenting the preparation and cultural importance of food, men recorded traditional dances and ceremonies, young people and children filmed interviews with village elders and documented re-enactments of local folk stories. PFM proved a thoughtful and sensitive method, achieving a sense of community ownership from the outset, encouraging people to reflect on their own lives and experiences. The films support the conservation of non-human primates, such as the critically endangered woolly monkey (Lagothrix lugens), by presenting information about the current pressures faced by the Tikuna of Amacayacu National Park. These films have been used as educational tools to facilitate information-sharing across generations and between communities, and hope to provide economic support through sales to tourists, and yielding fund-raising opportunities for local projects developed by local people. The Development of Gap-Crossing Behaviour in Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Abigail Phillips1, Maria van Noordwijk2 and Susannah Thorpe1 1 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, UK 2 Anthropological Institute & Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Keywords: Orangutan; locomotion; ontogeny; gap crossing As the largest predominantly arboreal animal, gaps in the canopy present a particular problem for orangutans (Pongo spp.). The shortest routes between trees often lie between thin flexible branches and orangutans have a diverse repertoire of locomotor behaviour to travel across discontinuous canopy. As flexible branches deform in response to the weight of the animal using them, ontogenetic changes in body size are likely to influence the gap-crossing behaviour of orangutans. Orangutan gap-crossing locomotion often

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involves manipulation of compliant vegetation and these skills can be both cognitively and physically challenging for young orangutans to learn, which makes them a key area to focus on when investigating the development of independent travel. Orangutans have a long immature phase and spend the first 6 to 9 years in exclusive association with their mother. During a 1-year study at Tuanan Research Station in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, data on locomotor behaviour, support use and distance travelled were collected for orangutan gap-crossing events. Both immature and adult orangutans were sampled and the ages of the immature subjects ranged from 1 to 11 years. Over 1000 hours of focal data were collected from 16 individuals. Here we demonstrate the ontogenetic changes in gap-crossing behaviour and maternal assistance during gap-crossing events, and discuss the results with respect to orangutan life history and conservation. The Evolution of Multi-Male Associations in Primates and Other Mammals Markus Port1, Peter M. Kappeler2,3 and Rufus A. Johnstone1 1 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK 2 Department of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 3 Department of Sociobiology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Email: [email protected] Keywords: Social organization; reproductive competition; cooperation; demography The majority of primate species lives in permanently stable associations. To explain the size and composition of primate groups, primatologists have generally made use of a theoretical framework known as the socioecological model. This framework has recently been criticized, as it fails to predict primate social organization in an increasing number of species. We argue that theoretical models developed in the context of cooperative breeding provide a useful framework for the study of primates and show how they can be modified to explain the evolution of multi-male associations in primates and other mammals. We adopt a demographically explicit approach in which the rate of births and deaths, as well as the dispersal decisions of individuals in the population, affect the turnover rate of territories and the competition for breeding vacancies thus arising. Furthermore, we incorporate communal defence of territories as a major benefit of living in a multi-male group. Our results suggest that the average fecundity and adult mortality of a population are the key factors affecting the evolution of multi-male groups. Communal defence of territories by co-resident males may outweigh the costs of reproductive competition in situations where breeders would otherwise suffer a high takeover risk.

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While our model is not incompatible with the socioecological framework, it accounts for variation in primate social organization which the latter leaves unexplained. Rehabilitated Ex-Pet Capuchins (Cebus): the Persistence of Abnormal Behaviour and Presence of Human-Directed Behaviour Jean Troughton1 and Corri Waitt2 1 School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Animal welfare; rearing history; social impairment Abnormal behaviours are associated with sub-optimal environments, rearing history and poor welfare. In regards to primates, all of these are linked with being kept as pets. Although research has been conducted into abnormal behaviour in other species, there is only a small body of research focusing on non-human primates. Of that research only two studies have been conducted on the effects of keeping primates under private ownership. In most cases, pet primates are hand-reared in social confinement. Rearing history has a strong link with abnormal behaviours, social impairment, impaired sexual and reproductive behaviour and human-directed behaviour. To test this further, we made an assessment of 14 ex-pet Cebus, at The Monkey Sanctuary, Looe. We related time since rescue to abnormal behaviours and whether increased abnormal behaviour was associated with impaired social and sexual behaviour, using continuous focal sampling. We also assessed human-directed behaviour and whether degree of human interaction related to conspecific interactions. Time since rescue had no effect on abnormal behaviour. Monkeys who spent the longest period engaging in abnormal behaviours also spent longer in negative social behaviour and less time in positive social behaviour. All individuals performed human-directed behaviour, with a minority performing more than with conspecifics. We have demonstrated that there are associated welfare issues with the private ownership of primates. This study highlights the need for further research to make informed decisions about the suitability of primates as pets and for the new primate code of practice to be enforced. Tool Use Activity of Captive Chimpanzees in Relation to an Artificial Termite Nest Marina Vancatova Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzee; tool; artificial termite nest; lateralization

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Tool use in Chester Zoo’s chimpanzees is closely connected to their activities related to an artificial termite nest in their enclosure. We observed 925 cases of tool use during 1999, 2000 and 2002 summer seasons. Such activities have been mostly connected with feeding or parental behaviour. The formation of sexual differences in tool use and modification and hand lateralization has been found. Females use tools significantly more frequently than males in all ontogenetic phases. They show a left-hand preference in all ontogenetic phases, while males have no significant hand preference. Left-handedness is very strong in adult females, while statistically insignificant in males. Relatively high use of both hands is typical for non-adult individuals, namely for juvenile males, which can be explained by lower motor abilities and experience in non-adult individuals. The effort to imitate mother and juvenile play behaviour seems to be the most important factor that could influence the high frequency of both-hand use in juveniles. However, strong left-handedness in only females at Chester Zoo is much more difficult to explain. We can speculate on two main factors – behavioural tradition in the Chester group, and some hereditary factors. Such strong left-handedness in females only is very unique and our other studies have proved left-handedness to be quite rare in chimpanzees. Artificial termite nest activities were very common for the Chester chimpanzees at the time of this study. Therefore imitation, motivation and routine feeding behaviour have probably caused a specific feeding tradition in this chimpanzee group. Description of Microflora of Gastrointestinal Tract of Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Klara Vlckova, J. Mrazek, K.J. Petrzelkova, and J. Kopecny Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague Email: [email protected] Keywords: Microflora; gastrointestinal tract; bacterial DNA; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; PCR-DGGE; real-time PCR Although great apes are recognised as our closest relatives, little is known about their normal intestinal microflora. We analysed faecal samples from captive and wild western lowland gorillas. Non-cultivation molecular techniques (PCR-DGGE and Real-time PCR) were used for profiling microflora and comparing different methods (freezing, RNAlater, 96% ethanol) used for long-term storage of bacterial DNA in the faecal samples of gorillas. Bacterial DNA from DGGE analyses was identified by

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sequencing and subsequently compared with the EMBL nucleotide database. Sequences that were obtained belonged mostly to uncultured microorganisms. Bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were the most frequently identified species. By using PCR-DGGE, it was found that both 96% ethanol and RNAlater fixative are suitable for preserving bacterial DNA, as well as freezing. Significant differences among bacteria counts in frozen, RNAlater and ethanol samples for all measured groups were detected by Real-time PCR, with the exception of Bacteroides group. The highest values of bacteria counts were found in the frozen samples with the exception of Enterobacteriaceae, for which the highest counts were detected in ethanol samples. No difference in bacteria counts in samples stored in ethanol between wild and captive gorillas were observed with the exception of all eubacteria and Lactobacillus group, where the counts were higher for captive subjects. There was no effect of age or sex on counts of any bacteria in captive animals, with the exception of all eubacteria, where the counts are higher in males. Gombe’s Galagos: a Biogeographic Approach to Unravel the Enigmatic Nocturnal Primates of Western Tanzania K.A.I. Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, M. Anderson and S.K. Bearder Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 OBP, UK Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Keywords: Taxonomy; GIS modelling; Galago; Otolemur; Perodicticus In Africa, the past decades have witnessed the discovery of many species of nocturnal primates, with at least 24 species of galago and four species of potto recognized. Despite this diversity, most species remain unstudied, and even their geographic ranges are hazy. A case in point are the nocturnal primates of the long-term Tanzanian study sites, Gombe and Mahale. Examination of the vast literature available for these sites paints a confusing picture. For example, the southern needle-clawed bushbaby Euoticus elegantulus is listed as present at Gombe; this seems implausible as this species does not range that far east. The only evidence for occurrence of the thick-tailed greater galago Galago [=Otolemur] crassicaudatus comes from a single field note, when one was seen in Mitumbo Valley. Otolemur is not included as present at Gombe by another key source for the site, which instead lists a Galago sp. A species of Galagoides recorded at Mahale remains unidentified. Pottos have not been seen at either site, although the habitat is highly suitable. Indeed, for Gombe and Mahale, where primatologists have worked for 50 years, there is no consensus whether one, two, three or possibly more nocturnal primate species are present. Here we use GIS layers of nocturnal primate distribution in Africa to provide a ‘best guess’ of those nocturnal primates likely present at Gombe and Mahale. We

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present the calls and images of these species to provide researchers with a basis to at long last identify Mahale and Gombe’s nocturnal primates. Edge Effects on the Behavioural Ecology of Black & White Colobus (Colobus Guereza) Nicola Bryson-Morrison1,2 and Deborah Curtis1,3 1Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK 2School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK 3School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Edge effects; black and white colobus; feeding ecology Edge effects are a significant component of tropical forest degradation and are caused by complex interactions in abiotic and biotic conditions at edge habitat. Edge effects influence species interactions, as well as the abundance and distribution of organisms and their resources. The present study focuses on edge effects on black and white colobus (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park, Uganda, by examining the behavioural ecology of one group found on the forest edge and one group found within the forest interior. No significant difference was found in feeding rate, plant parts eaten or activity budget allocation. These results suggest that C. guereza are behaviourally flexible, allowing them to adapt to their environment. We found that the edge group fed on a greater number of vegetation species and individual trees per day than the interior group. Canopy use during feeding also varied significantly between the two groups. The differences found in feeding ecology may be a reflection of what is available within the two habitat types, with C. guereza in both areas selecting for the highest quality food. Trees found on the forest edge may have more young leaves and be of higher nutritional quality due to increased light intensity levels. The clear microclimatic differences found between the two areas suggest that changes in abiotic conditions associated with forest edges are present within the edge group’s home range. Some evidence for the biotic changes associated with edge effects, namely tree species composition and dendrometrics, were also found. Baboon Masticatory Biomechanics: Linking Variation in Subspecific Form to Dietary Adaptation Jason Dunn Hull York Medical School, Hertford Building, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK Email: [email protected]

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Keywords: Biomechanics; mastication; baboons; diet; skull; Papio Environmental variation has been observed to exert an effect on the morphology and socioecology in a number of Old World Monkeys. Recent work on the baboon (Papio hamadryas spp.) has found environmental variables such as rainfall and temperature account for relatively less of the variance in morphology than for the ecologically similar vervet monkey. Also, environmental variables explain markedly more variation in size than in shape. Across their geographic range baboons inhabit vastly different environments, presenting differing dietary challenges in terms of food physical properties and availability. Consequently, it is valid to suggest a biomechanical function of shape variation in the skull of Papio hamadryas. Lever arm mechanics is a useful and frequently used approach for assessing the efficiency of muscle geometry. Calculating mechanical advantages of vectors representing the temporalis and masseter, as well as calculating gape values, can reveal biomechanical adaptation. Significant differences in these parameters between baboon subspecies are found and presented along with their relationship to size. The Kinda baboon (P. h. kindae) has a mechanical advantage greater than expected for its diminutive size on the basis of allometric trends of other subspecies. Differences between subspecies are related to diet. The Guinea baboon was found to have a lower gape value than other subspecies, suggestive of chewing smaller fragments of food. This fits the observation of its highly frugivorous diet relative to the roots and tuber-eating savannah subspecies. Masticatory differences between the sexes are discussed. Affiliation Patterns & Partner Diversity of Immature Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Their Mothers In Captivity Samina H. Farooqi and Nicola F. Koyama Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology & Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool- UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Affiliation; social partner diversity; social network; kinship; immature; captivity Although much is known about the maintenance of social networks in adult male and female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the affiliative networks of immature chimpanzees remains a largely unexplored area. We examined the patterns of affiliation, partner diversity and kinship in six immature chimpanzees (36-117 months) and their mothers housed at Chester Zoo, UK. Because juvenile primates must be incorporated into the social network of adults, it is likely that assimilation proceeds via the development of social relationships among peers and with adults in the group. Our results showed that captive immature chimpanzees distribute their patterns of

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affiliation in similar ways to their mothers, albeit at a higher rate but sharing ‘same’ social partners as those of their mothers’ network. Infant and juvenile chimpanzees showed higher partner diversity index values for play and proximity, whilst mothers showed higher diversity in grooming and proximity partners. All subjects had more positive affiliative interactions with close kin than expected by chance. These findings are the first to demonstrate the similarity between immatures’ social networks and those of their mothers, and the importance of their mothers’ network in establishing their own networks. As expected, play behaviour played a more vital role in immatures’ networks and was the main way in which immatures contacted other group members. Likewise, grooming played a more central role in mothers’ networks compared to that of their offspring. The importance of kinship was highlighted as a fundamental determinant of social interactions in captive chimpanzees. People and Protected Areas: a Case Study of Attitudes towards Wildlife Tourism and Conservation around Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India Rosalind Johnston Roehampton University, UK Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Keywords: Participatory conservation; ecotourism; attitudes Protection of biodiversity in National Parks often impacts negatively on the rural community, leading to conflict with wildlife and conflict with conservationists. In recent years a participatory approach has been advocated, alongside ‘ecotourism’, which claims to be a panacea for this conflict. Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh, houses the highest density of tigers in the world. A survey of 119 households was carried out between April and June 2010 to determine attitudes of these groups towards the park, conservation and tourism, and a secondary survey of 78 tourists to determine their role in ecotourism. It was found that the majority of local people were highly positive about the park. Specific predictors were: engagement in the tourist industry, job, education, sex, and whether or not they perceive costs and benefits. However, the cost-benefit ratio was not distributed evenly. Tourists prioritised wildlife conservation over human development schemes and perceived low costs and high benefits for the area from their visit. I conclude that strengthening the participation of local actors in the tourist industry would further ensure the eco-development and support of local people to Bandhavgarh.

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Sex Differences in the Stability of Grooming Relationships in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Nicola Koyama, Clare Caws and Kirsty Morrison Liverpool John Moores University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Grooming; long-term; relationship stability The majority of studies tracking relationships over time to assess their flexibility or stability tend to focus on male-male relationships. Here, we investigated sex differences in long-term patterns of grooming relationships among adult male and female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Chester Zoo, U.K. Data were collected over a four-year period enabling comparison of grooming relationships at 3 time points (during 2000, 2002 and 2004). This included a period of group instability that was highest during 2002 when a new alpha male became established. Scan, instantaneous sampling was used to collect data on grooming dyads, and row-wise matrix correlations were used to assess stability in relationships across years. Female-female grooming patterns were remarkably consistent over the four- year period with reciprocity in grooming given and received significantly correlated within each period. In contrast, there was much greater flexibility in male-female, female-male and male-male grooming patterns especially during the period of instability within the group (2002). Grooming reciprocity between males was found in all years except 2002, when a new alpha male became established, highlighting a lack of reciprocity during periods of instability in the hierarchy. Genetic Analysis of Chimpanzees from Czech and Slovak Zoos Mwanahamisi I. Mapua1,2, P. Vallo1, K.J. Petrželková1,3, D. Nejedlo3, C. Hvilsom4, J. Kalnová5 and J. Bryja1,2 1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic 2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 3 Zoo Liberec, Czech Republic 4 Zoo Copenhagen, Denmark 5 Zoo Ostrava, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzee; mtDNA; microsatellites; captivity; hybridization Common chimpanzees are currently classified into four subspecies: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, P. t. troglodytes, P. t. verus and P. t. ellioti. These taxonomic classifications are based on geographical origins that accomplish with sequence variation in mtDNA. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of chimpanzees living in captivity, resulting in frequent hybridizations between subspecies. A combination of mtDNA

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sequences (D-loop) and nuclear markers (microsatellites) were used for determination of subspecies of chimpanzees in Czech and Slovak zoos. A total of 40 samples from 8 zoos were sequenced on an approximately 300-bp fragment of the hypervariable part of the control region of mtDNA. With the exception of P. t. ellioti, other mitochondrial lineages of subspecies P. t. verus and P .t. troglodytes / P. t. schweinfurthii were present. Analysis of microsatellites (STRUCTURE and GeneClass 2) slightly differed depending on the number of loci used. However, results were sufficiently consistent. Based on the combined genetic analysis and pedigree analysis, three distinct groups were identified: (1) P. t. verus and (2) P. t. troglodytes + P. t. schweinfurthii, (3) potential hybrids. No nuclear DNA from P. t. ellioti were detected, however P. t. ellioti could be included in the P. t. verus clade. Differentiation of P. t. schweinfurthii from nominal subspecies P.t. troglodytes seems to be problematic. Until extensive geograhic-genetic data from the distribution area of both potential subspecies are available, it makes no sense to discriminate taxonomically between these two groups. On the other hand, P. t. verus is a geographically isolated taxon, which is also well distinguishable genetically, and individuals of this subspecies should not be interbred with other subspecies. More detailed knowledge on genetic structure of natural chimpanzee populations is required to decide on breeding programmes concerning these taxa. Exploring Capacity of Eco-Hotels for the Conservation of the Sri Lankan Grey Langur Semnopithecus priam thersites Alice L. Martin and K.A.I. Nekaris Department of Anthropology and Geography, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 OBP, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Colobine; tourism; home range; feeding Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot characterised by detrimental deforestation, habitat fragmentation and human exploitation. With little natural forest remaining, companies owning large plots of land, like hotels, are beginning to play a more prominent role in offering long-term protected areas to wildlife, including primates. A secondary effect to this seemingly positive approach is that primates are pushed into close proximity and conflict with humans. We investigated how tourism initiatives can be tailored towards conserving Sri Lanka’s endemic primate taxa, with an emphasis on the endangered Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites). We used Ranges 8 software to investigate spatial and temporal movement of groups on-site, employing MCP and kernel analyses. We found that home ranges were small (15-20 ha) and primarily restricted to the hotel grounds. Core areas of high-use were identified, where managed tours and education material can be instigated to promote conservation messages. Observations of feeding behaviour suggest S. p. thersites are seed predators, consuming five species regularly. We propose that these species could be

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planted on-site to maintain resources, enhance habitat and act as food lures away from man-made structures. Further research is required in order to refine tourism recommendations across seasons. Our study shows the potential for private industry to promote primate conservation in Sri Lanka and beyond. Primary Seed Dispersal by the Black-And-White Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata) in the Manombo Forest, Southeast Madagascar Kara L. Moses and Stuart Semple Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Carbon storage; dispersal distance; lemur; Madagascar; seed dispersal; Varecia Seed dispersal is one of the most important ecological processes on Earth, but remains poorly understood on Madagascar. Black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) possess a suite of behavioural and ecological attributes often associated with effective seed dispersal, but no previous studies have investigated dispersal effectiveness in this species. This three-month study investigated primary seed dispersal by two V. variegata groups in Manombo forest, southeastern Madagascar, by describing feeding and ranging behaviour and aspects of dispersal effectiveness using direct feeding observation, faecal analysis and germination trials. The lemurs dispersed seeds of 40 species, most of which were large (>10 mm). The two study groups dispersed an estimated average of 984 seeds/ha/yr within their home range; the Manombo population dispersed as many as 55,115 seeds/km2/yr. Passage through the lemurs’ gut was rapid (4 h 26 mins) and generally had beneficial effects on seeds, increasing germination success and reducing latency period, compared to controls. The vast majority of seeds were dispersed away from their parent plant (mean/maximum distance 180 m/506 m respectively). Dispersal distance is relatively low compared to many anthropoid primates; lemurs in general are predicted to disperse seeds over relatively short distances. Suggestions for how this may have arisen are made. Overall, these preliminary results suggest V. variegata may be an effective seed disperser in terms of both quality and quantity, and may be critical for dispersal of large-seeded species. Loss of such large-bodied dispersers may have potentially far-reaching ecological consequences including impacts on tropical forest structure, dynamics and carbon storage capacity.

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Postural Strategies Employed by Orangutans (Pongo abelii) During Feeding in the Terminal Branch Niche Julia P. Myatt and Susannah K.S. Thorpe University of Birmingham, UK [Current institution of J.P.M.: Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK] Email: [email protected] Keywords: Positional behaviour; compliance; arboreal Obtaining food in an arboreal habitat is complex due to the irregular and flexible nature of the supports available. As the largest, predominantly arboreal primate, orangutans are expected to have developed particular postural strategies to enable them to feed successfully. In particular, they need to be able to cope within the terminal branch niche (TBN), as this is where the smallest, most compliant supports are, and also where the majority of the fruit and leaves are situated. We recorded feeding posture, along with a number of ecological and behavioural variables from different age-sex classes to enable analysis of the interactions between these and the compliance of the supports (as estimated from stiffness score). Suspensory postures with a pronograde orientation were used on the most compliant supports for all age-sex classes, and appear to play a particular role in facilitating safe use of the TBN by distributing body weight and using limbs for balance across multiple supports. Adult males appear to use the same postures and feeding zones as the other age-sex classes, but appear to use stiffer supports where possible due to their larger body mass. Feeding method and feeding bout stage differed between the age-sex classes in relation to support stiffness, with larger adult males taking fewer risks due to their larger size, compared to infants and juveniles. The feeding behaviour of adult females, however, appears to be influenced by social factors in relation to the behaviour of dependent offspring. Functional Morphology of the Trunk in Chimpanzees Johanna Neufuß1, S.K.S. Thorpe2, M.S. Fischer1 and N. Schilling1 1 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany 2 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Chimpanzee; locomotion; perivertebral; epaxial; hypaxial; fibre types In accordance with the reduced lumbar vertebrae, relatively long iliac blades, and comparatively small back muscles, several locomotor studies

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have suggested that chimpanzees have limited trunk mobility. With regards to locomotion, chimpanzees seem to lack the typical lateral bending and rotational movements as well as the intensive sagittal bending that usually occur in monkeys and other mammals during symmetrical or asymmetrical gaits, respectively. However, non-locomotor activities may reveal a greater range of trunk motion because the maximal mobility of a joint is rarely used during locomotor activities. A functional study was carried out at Chester Zoo (UK). We collected a comprehensive data set on the trunk motions of chimpanzees during locomotor and non-locomotor activities. This information will be integrated with morphological details, such as the composition of muscle fibre types in the perivertebral musculature. Our results confirm that chimpanzees show a greater range of trunk motion than widely assumed, but most of it is exhibited during non-locomotor behaviour. For example, in contrast to the small amplitudes during knuckle walking, extensive lateral bending may occur while resting. In accordance with their relatively small size, the epaxial muscles of chimpanzees comprised a high proportion of slow muscle fibres. In contrast, the proportion of slow fibres is lesser in the hypaxial muscles. Thus, the results will improve our understanding of the functional morphology of the trunk in chimpanzees. Viral Infections and Potential (Reverse) Zoonosis from the Great Apes Henk Niphuis, Z.Fagrouch and E.Verschoor Primate Viral Diagnostics Lab, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ RIJSWIJK, The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Keywords: Virus; apes; zoonosis; infection; human; zoos Our goals for setting up a Primate Viral Diagnostic unit at the Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, in the early 1990s were to detect indigenous, zoonotic and reverse zoonosis or anthroponotic infections. In the past we have screened wild macaque groups, orangutans and mona monkeys before they were released into the wild. We have documented a reverse zoonotic HSV1 infection from humans to common marmosets, zoonotic LCMV infections from mice to several species of New World monkeys and other primates, all resulting in a fatal disease in the recipient primate species. Other findings were the STLV/SIV infections in chimpanzees, a novel SIV isolate in guenons and a novel polyomavirus infection in squirrel monkeys. At this moment we are “involved” in Primate Conservation programs for confiscated gorillas in Gabon, chimpanzees in Ghana, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Republic of Guinea, gibbons in Vietnam and provide diagnostic services to various European zoos. This presentation will provide an overview of all our virological ape screening

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data from the last decade including specimens from zoos and sanctuaries (incl. Jane Goodall Institute) all over the world. Phytolithic Analysis – a New Approach for Assessing Chimpanzee Diet Caroline Phillips and Carla Lancelotti Department of Biological Anthropology & McDonald Institute, University of Cambridge, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Diet; chimpanzee; phytolith; faecal analysis Directly observing feeding by wild apes reveals crucial aspects of their diet, but such behavioural data are available only from fully habituated populations, which comprise less than one fifth of current study sites. New, integrated approaches are needed to yield indirect data on other ape populations, most of which will never be habituated, in order to identify the full range of dietary constituents. Phytoliths are microscopic silica bodies that form between and within living plant cells from their uptake of soluble silica. They can be taxonomically distinctive and are preserved even after plant decay, burning or digestion. We present both wet and dry oxidation methods of extraction, in order to detect diagnostic phytoliths found in fresh faecal samples (n=50) collected from 10 adult chimpanzees in Kanyawara, Kibale National Park, Uganda from June 2008 to January 2009. Our microscopic analysis of faecal samples is compared with phytoliths extracted from different plant parts e.g. stem, leaf, etc. (n=65), of a reference collection of plant species (n=35) known to be included in the diet of this community of apes. We discuss the potential of these non-invasive methods for primate dietary analysis, especially for determining plant parts of partly- and fully-digested food-items in faeces, which are difficult or impossible to identify using existing methods. Identifying the Strengths and Obstacles of Using Wildlife Films as an Educational Conservation Tool in a Primate Habitat Country Katrina Sherenco, Madelaine Westwood and Lisa Reamer The Great Apes Film Initiative, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Conservation education; wildlife films; developing countries; great apes; pedal-powered cinema Film in general is a unique educational conservation tool, providing a visual gateway into the lives of various habitats and species. Unfortunately, those living in close proximity to great ape species traditionally do not have access to wildlife films. However, the Great Apes Film Initiative (GAFI) strives to rectify this by negotiating viewing rights and organising showings. GAFI, in partnership with the Gorilla Organization, conducted a film roadshow in three districts of Uganda (Kisoro, Kabale, and Kampala)

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between February and September 2008, reaching approximately 25,654 people that included students (primary through university), teachers, and community members as well as government officials and decision makers. Each screening involved showing a relevant conservation film, followed by group discussions on what participants had seen and how their understanding of conservation and apes had changed. Questionnaires relating to the films, environmental awareness and ape conservation were also distributed. The analysis of the 398 completed questionnaires revealed that wildlife films are not only enjoyable but also portray a clear conservation message. For example, some express how the films illustrated the physical and behavioural similarities between humans and apes, particularly the parallels in caring for offspring. In contrast to these strengths, the main obstacles, lack of electricity and viewing accommodation, were overcome by an alternative energy pedal-powered bicycle which was developed by GAFI, in conjunction with Ape Alliance and inventor, James Beecher, to generate a pedal-powered cinema to reach larger audiences. This is currently being implemented in follow-up GAFI roadshows throughout Uganda. Preliminary Investigation of Cognitive Capacities Related To Complex Arboreal Locomotion in Orangutans Emma C. Tecwyn, S.K.S. Thorpe and J.M. Chappell University of Birmingham, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Orangutan, cognition, technical intelligence, locomotion, gap-size, trap-tube The great apes are cognitively advanced compared to other primates. Explaining this distinctiveness requires the identification of at least one selection pressure on cognition that uniquely affected the last common ancestor of all the great apes. The technical intelligence hypothesis (Byrne, 1997) posits that these cognitive capacities evolved in response to complexities in the physical world, the problems of which were exacerbated by an exceptionally large body size. Orangutans are the world’s largest arboreal mammal and the only great ape species to remain in terminal branch niche, making them a useful living model of the great ape last common ancestor. A unique problem they face is having to travel through a complex arboreal habitat, which involves planning routes and crossing gaps in the canopy. This study is a preliminary investigation of cognitive capacities related to this challenge, using a puzzle-tube designed to provide an abstraction of the physical problems faced in the wild. Bornean orangutans (Pongo abelii) (n=3) housed at Apenheul Primate Park, The Netherlands, were presented with 64 trial-unique configurations where they could choose to move a reward to the left or right, one of which resulted in its successful retrieval. Initial choice of direction (correct/incorrect) was

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recorded. Overall, subjects’ performance differed from chance level (p=0.001), but with large inter-individual variation. Two subjects successfully solved the task, suggesting they were able to judge gap-size relative to the reward and consider multiple steps in the puzzle. The third subject seemed to use inappropriate arbitrary cues and hence failed at the task. Development of a spider monkey captive care guide for captive facilities in Central and South America Suzanne E. Turnock1,2 and Kathy Y. Slater3 1 North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, UK 2 Oxford Brookes University, UK 3 Operation Wallacea, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: Ateles; husbandry guide; zoos; sanctuaries; animal welfare; captivity Spider monkeys (Ateles) are one of the most popular primates to be kept in zoos and private collections in Central and South America. Many zoos report behavioural problems with this genus, specifically high levels of aggression. If kept in suboptimal conditions, which lack the appropriate environmental and social stimuli, abnormal behaviours can also develop. Most modern zoos recognise the need to cater for more than just the basic needs of an animal. However, husbandry regimes may remain outdated in some zoos due to a lack of research, funds and limited access to up-to-date husbandry information. There are currently no spider monkey husbandry manuals available in Latin American Spanish. As a result, the welfare of captive spider monkeys could be compromised in countries where Spanish is the predominant language. Thus, a spider monkey captive care guide, co-funded by the PSGB Captive Care Working Party, was developed. A focus group was conducted with animal care personnel from the national zoo in Honduras to help to design the guide from the perspective of animal carers. During final stages of development, the guide was evaluated by delegates at the International Primatological Society Conference 2008 through questionnaires. The guide aims to be user-friendly, with minimal writing and maximum photographs, as personnel who work in captive facilities in Central and South America often have limited literacy skills. The guide provides information relating to the natural history, enclosure design, husbandry regimes, health care and zoo visitor experience. The guide is currently available in English and Latin American Spanish and is being distributed across Central and South America, and further afield.

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REPORT: PSGB Winter Meeting 2010

Gombe 50 8-9 December 2010

The Huxley and Bartlett Rooms, ZSL London Zoo

December 2010 may have turned out to be the coldest December in the UK since records began, but, thankfully, most of the 208 registered delegates managed to brave the elements (and some horrendous journeys!) to attend the PSGB Winter Meeting, held at ZSL London Zoo on 8-9 December. Unfortunately, some of those who were snow-bound in Scotland were unable to travel, but, for the rest of us, the two-day meeting was a celebration of 50 years of primatological research at, or inspired by, the work at Gombe, Tanzania, and looking to the future. Following our usual Winter Meeting format, the programme included a mixture of invited speakers, proffered talks, and posters; all of the talks tied in with the ‘Gombe’ theme in some way, whilst the posters were on a variety of primatological themes of relevance to PSGB. In her plenary lecture at the start of the meeting, Dr Jane Goodall DBE gave an inspiring account of some of Gombe’s key contributions to modern primatology and to the study of animal behaviour more widely. She described the Jane Goodall Institute’s TACARE programme (pronounced ‘take care’), and the “Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots” programme (R&S), introducing these initiatives for other invited talks by Tara Golshan (JGI-UK’s Executive Director for Education) and Dr Shadrack Kamenya (Gombe Stream Research Centre, JGI-Tanzania), whose travel from Gombe was generously supported by our sponsors. A good number of student delegates approached Tara and other R&S members in the coffee break after the talk, to find out how to get involved in the programme.

The Gombe50 team: (L-R) Mary Lherbier, Jess French, Sonya Hill (organiser),

Jane Goodall DBE, Clare Caws, Suzanne Turnock, Ben Garrod

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Invited talks by Dr Anthony Collins (Gombe Stream Research Centre, JGI-Tanzania) and Guy Norton (Animal Behaviour Research Unit, Mikumi National Park, Tanzania / Anglia Ruskin University, UK) followed. They spoke about olive and yellow baboons, at Gombe and Mikumi National Parks, respectively, and the history of the connection between the two sites. Tony focused on population growth and group division in Gombe’s olive baboons, whom he has studied since the 1970s, and Guy gave us some insights from long-term research in Mikumi (also dating to the 1970s), and explained how the baboon research at Mikumi became the ‘academic offspring’ of the Gombe baboon data, through the involvement of Jane and her late husband, Derek Bryceson, the then-Director General of Tanzania National Parks. Prof. Anne Pusey (Duke University, USA) and Dr Carson Murray (Lincoln Park Zoo, USA / University of Chicago) gave invited talks relating to Gombe’s female chimpanzees, examining female social relationships, and the success of ‘single mothers’, respectively. The second day of the meeting began with the awarding of the Osman Hill Medal to Prof. Andrew Whiten (University of St Andrews), an honour bestowed upon distinguished primatologists, who have made a significant contribution to our field (see Primate Eye No. 102, October 2010, for a summary of some of Andy’s achievements). By fortunate coincidence (as it does not always happen this way), the Osman Hill Lecture that Andy gave, on “‘Cultural elements in a chimpanzee community’ (Goodall 1973) 37 years on,” fitted perfectly with the Winter Meeting theme.

Osman Hill Medal recipient Professor Andy Whiten (centre)

with Dr Jane Goodall DBE (right), and PSGB President, Prof. Kim Bard (left)

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Prof. Bill McGrew (University of Cambridge) continued along this theme, with an invited talk on elementary technology and material culture in wild chimpanzees at Gombe and other field sites, over the past 50 years. Prof. Phyllis Lee’s (University of Stirling) invited talk emphasised the importance of long-term data to animal and ecosystem research, using Gombe as an example. Ian Redmond (UNEP-GRASP) rounded off the meeting with an invited talk on the importance of natural forest ecosystems and protection of seed dispersal agents, such as frugivorous primates, and how the focus of primatology has changed since the early days of Goodall, Fossey and Galdkias’ field studies, to conservation. The proffered talks were also of a high standard, ranging from those given by postgraduate students to those by primatologists already established in their careers. Topics spanned a diverse range, from primate personality, to great ape health monitoring, communication, tool use and conservation. Poster sessions were held during the refreshment breaks on both days. Due to the large number and good quality of poster abstracts we had received this year, half of the posters were displayed on each day, to give as many people as possible the chance to present their work in this way. Merchandise stalls for both the PSGB and the JGI were also set up in the poster room, and many delegates stocked up on Christmas presents (for themselves, as well as for others!) from the excellent range of products on sale. As usual, Helen Chatterjee, Sarah Elton and Todd Rae led the PSGB merchandise and raffle-ticket sales, and even trained-up one of the meeting volunteers, Ben Garrod, in their now legendary hard-sell technique (simply ‘persuasive’, please – Ed.), which meant that no delegate is likely to have escaped without buying at least a handful of raffle tickets! In 2010, the PSGB’s sponsored cause was the non-governmental Malagasy organization, FANAMBY, which has benefitted from the PSGB’s sales technique and the generosity of the delegates. PSGB student member, Lucy Birkett, also displayed some of her wonderful chimpanzee artwork at the meeting, and kindly donated a piece of her work to the raffle. The Winter Meeting was also a good opportunity for socialising with colleagues and friends, and many delegates have given feedback on the friendly atmosphere of this year’s meeting. At the end of the first day of talks, a cash bar was opened and a book-signing event was held, to give delegates an opportunity to meet Dr Jane Goodall DBE and get an all-important personalized message from her in their books, as well as to pose for photographs. After this, many of the delegates and invited speakers made their way to the Princess of Wales pub, in Primrose Hill, for the evening social event. As usual, we crowded into the pub and had a feeding frenzy worthy of any hungry group of primates, when large plate-upon-plate of food appeared from the kitchens for us to forage from. This part of the PSGB Winter Meetings is becoming a bit of a tradition, and is a great way

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to talk and network with new people while the big plates of food make their way around the room, as well as to catch up with old friends and colleagues. I first began planning this year’s Winter Meeting about two years ago (because this is how far in advance you have to try to book Jane Goodall these days!), and we are delighted that so many familiar and new faces attended “Gombe 50”. This year, delegates registered from as far afield as Europe, and even India and Sudan, which pays tribute to the importance of Jane, and others who have followed, in putting primatology firmly on the map. This became a truly international PSGB conference, and involved a lot of hard work (especially when I had completely lost my voice with laryngitis a few days before the meeting started!), and I am grateful to the help and support I received from the following in the running, and/or sponsorship of, this meeting:

• The Council of the Primate Society of Great Britain, and in particular Prof. Kim Bard, Dr Gillian Brown, Dr Helen Chatterjee, Dr Clare Cunningham, Prof. Robin Dunbar, Dr Rachel Kendal, Dr Nick Newton-Fisher, and Dr Andrew Smith;

• Winter Meeting volunteers – Ben Garrod, Mary Lherbier, Jess French, and particularly Clare Caws, who helped tremendously with admin. in the months running up to the meeting;

• The Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) (www.janegoodall.org and www.janegoodall.org.uk);

• The North of England Zoological Society – Chester Zoo (www.chesterzoo.org), especially Suzanne Turnock;

• Twycross Zoo’s Conservation Welfare Fund (http://www.twycrosszoo.org/);

• Volcanoes Safaris (http://www.volcanoessafaris.com/); • The Welsh Mountain Zoo - National Zoo of Wales

(http://www.welshmountainzoo.org/zoo/eng/home.html); • The Zoological Society of London (http://www.zsl.org/).

Sonya Hill (“Gombe 50” Organiser) North of England Zoological Society – Chester Zoo

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FUTURE MEETINGS

PSGB Spring Meeting 2011

“Evolution of the Modern Primatologist”

Wednesday 27th April (half day) and Thursday 28th April (full day) (Please note the date changes)

University of Liverpool

<https://sites.google.com/site/psgbliverpool2011/home>

Call for abstracts

The meeting’s focus will be on presenting innovative approaches to primate

research such as the development and application of novel techniques or applying more established methods to new research areas. However, we also welcome and encourage papers and posters on any theme linked to

primatology (including human-based studies) and particularly encourage presentations from students.

Keynote speakers:

• Prof. Simon Bearder, Oxford Brookes University • Prof. Matthew Bennett, University of Bournemouth • Prof. Christophe Boesch, Max Planck Institute for

Evolutionary Anthropology • Prof. Phyllis Lee, University of Stirling

One of our sponsors, Chester Zoo (www.chesterzoo.org), is offering free one-day entry to the Zoo for registered delegates on either Tuesday 26th or Friday 29th April. To enjoy this offer, please express your interest (and which date you would like to come, 26th or 29th April) by emailing [email protected], by Wednesday April 20th at the latest. Please note, free entry can only be granted to those delegates who have contacted us by this date. You will then be contacted nearer the time, with further information on your visit. It is easy to get from Liverpool to Chester Zoo - please see the Zoo's website for further information:

<www.chesterzoo.org/plan-your-visit/how-to-get-here>

Organisers: Emma Nelson and Mary Blanchard (Liverpool)

and Sean O’Hara (Salford)

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SPONSORS

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Napier Memorial Medal 2011 The Napier Memorial Medal was instituted by the Society in memory of its founding President, Professor John Napier, following a bequest to the Society. The medal is offered every two years to a new primatologist in order to provide encouragement through the public recognition of their work.

To be eligible for consideration candidates must:

1. be either a British subject or a foreign national who has completed a PhD at a UK institution of higher education;

2. have had the final submission of their PhD after June 2009.

Candidates should normally be nominated by a member of the Society, but they may be nominated by their PhD supervisor even if he or she is not a member.

The nomination should consist of:

a) CV (including an abstract of the PhD thesis and full list of publications);

b) Two letters of reference (one of which should normally be from the external examiner of the PhD).

These should be sent to:

Prof. Kim Bard Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth King Henry Building Portsmouth PO1 2DY

Closing date for nominations is around 1 August 2011 and candidates may be asked to provide a copy of their PhD thesis or published work for the committee.

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OBITUARY: BOBBO BUBA Bobbo Buba grew up in a village in what is now Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria. The inhabitants of his tiny village were persuaded to move from the new national park when it was founded, and its inhabitants were resettled in neighbouring villages. His village and the area around it, “Kwano”, would later become the main field site of the Gashaka Primate Project, devoted to the research and conservation of Gashaka’s primate communities. Bobbo was first employed by Ymke Warren in 2000 to be her field assistant for her PhD of baboon ecology in the Gashaka-Kwano area. They set about with what was to prove an enormous challenge; habituation of two baboon groups for behavioural research, as well as ecological assessments (transects, quadrats), a full assessment of local crop-raiding patterns, and farmer attitudes and crop-raiding deterrent strategies. Ymke & Bobbo (along with support from other field assistants), set about the work with an unrivalled vigour and determination, and succeeded in achieving everything that they set out to do. Habituating forest baboons has proven a notoriously difficult challenge at numerous sites, and it is unlikely that this would have been achieved without the extremely dedicated work of these two remarkable fieldworkers. Ymke later took the relatively unusual step of including Bobbo as an author on one of the papers that arose from her PhD work, reflecting her strong belief that she could not have undertaken the work without him (Warren et al. 2007). At the time, Bobbo spoke no English, but he learnt extremely quickly, and was fluent long before I first went to Gashaka in 2003 to collect data for my own PhD (to add English to the many regional languages he spoke, including Ndoro, Hausa and Fulfulde). I quickly learnt that his lifelong interactions with wildlife, combined with a few years spent following the baboons, had given him an extraordinary understanding of them as a group. He could say exactly what sorts of food they liked to eat at what times of year, where those fruits/flowers/seeds and so on were currently ready for eating within the group’s range, and therefore where the group was likely to be found at any given time on a given day. In those afternoons on which we would look to find them, he would scour the ground for any sign of the baboons passing through as we walked. The direction in which the grass had been pushed, recent bite marks, dropped half-eaten fruit; all were tell-tale signs to Bobbo of where and when the animals had travelled through the area. His attention to the small critical details of the animals was astounding, and he would often leave me floundering as I tried to comprehend aspects of the animals’ ecology that were obvious to him. I remember once observing a baboon pull off a huge section of leaves from a plant and start to eat it. I asked him: “do you know the name of the plant she’s eating?” He replied, “she’s not eating a plant”. “Bobbo, I saw her take

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it, pull the leaves off, put them in her mouth, and chew on them,” I replied slightly testily. “Yes”, he replied, “but then she spat them out when you were looking at this thing,” he said pointing at my Psion Workabout. “Look,” he said, walking over and picking up a chewed wad of leaves from the ground. He then cut me a piece from the plant, and showed me the insect eggs lying under the leaves that the female had sucked off, before spitting the plant out. “Ah,” said I. Bobbo always struggled with alcohol, and this caused numerous problems at work. On several occasions over the years we tried to replace him with others that we hoped might not suffer from these problems, but his remarkable talents always led us back to employing Bobbo in some capacity in the end. After a period in which he worked for the project more sporadically, in recent years he was back to his best and helped more and more students collect data for their projects, all of them quickly realising how special he was (with some students nicknaming him “the baboon whisperer”). Most of all, everyone knew that he could be huge amounts of fun; sharp, witty, with an amazing sense of humour and a wicked laugh. On my last visit to Gashaka in 2008 he seemed happy, and was working as well as I’ve ever seen. His untimely death from an undiagnosed illness in 2010 was a great shock to all who knew him. Bobbo was of a dying breed; an individual who grew up surrounded by a forest rich in wildlife, whose life-long exposure to these environments had given him an intuitive understanding of what factors were important to animals, and how they lived. Working alongside him was an absolute privilege. James Higham University of Chicago Warren, Y., Buba, B. & Ross, C. (2007) Patterns of crop-raiding by wild and domestic animals near Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management 53: 207-216.

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ANNOUNCEMENT: PRIMATE RESEARCH COLLECTION

An Overview of the Primate Research Collection at

the Royal College of Surgeons of England

The Royal College of Surgeons of England holds a number of collections that are maintained and managed by the Museums and Archives Department. The Hunterian Museum forms the public face of these collections. The focus of this museum is the potted human and animal specimens collected and prepared by the eighteenth century surgeon and anatomist, John Hunter. However, a large proportion of the collections is not on public display. A diverse range of specimens, fine art and historical instruments are frequently the subject of external research projects. Readers of Primate Eye may be all too familiar with the major natural history collections held around the country. But the Royal College of Surgeons is often overlooked as a facility in which both to access and study animal remains. This short article will overview the contents of the primate material held within the Odontological Collection. It is hoped that the readership may be encouraged to approach RCS when considering future specimen analysis.

Examples of specimens in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons:

on the left, the skull of an olive baboon (Papio anubis); on the right, skull of a juvenile orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) with the alveolar surface removed

to expose the forming permanent dentition The Odontological Collection contains just over 11,000 human and animal skulls. Of these some 3,000 are complete or near complete primate skulls from a broad range of species. The complete collection has been gradually collated over the past 150 years and has now formed a unique resource in both its scale and its anatomical focus on cranial development and pathology. The collection is recorded on our online database which can be searched by taxonomy, pathology and other categories. The web address is listed at the end of this article. Specimens are stored in taxonomic order

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from Gorilla gorilla through to Microcebus murinus. All of these skulls are undergoing a re-boxing scheme at present (although still available for research) which will enable both ease of access and a safer environment for long-term storage. The collection also contains material donated by the late William Charles Osman Hill (1901-1975), which was absorbed into the Odontological Collection in the 1970s. This includes a significant number of complete and partial primate specimens. The bulk of the material has been donated by a range of collectors with an interest in gathering and studying primate remains. Almost all of the specimens were acquired by the donors over a century ago and were then subsequently donated to the College. The material is separated into two categories: those showing pathology and those forming a comparative anatomy collection. Pathologies range from the prevalent dental caries, to an unusual example of severe trauma and resultant osteomyelitis. Within the comparative anatomy collection, the broad age range allows for various potential development and growth studies to be made. Furthermore, the large quantities of species specific skulls can help to broaden sample sizes and can therefore improve the accuracy of any craniometric studies. The collection even holds a small number of individual skulls from rarer primates, such as the elusive aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) and the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). Of the more abundant assortments of a single species, the largest is the collection of almost 600 macaque crania. Although the collection contains largely cranial material, some individuals were donated with cervical vertebrae or scapulae and a few have complete disarticulated skeletons boxed alongside. Interest in the primate material of the RCS has increased in the past year and subsequently several researchers have based their findings on aspects of the collection. Material has proven particularly useful to those studying evolutionary anthropology. It is hoped that through promotion of the collection researchers in a broad range of fields may come to consider the Odontological primates as a research source. The online catalogue details all of the material held within the museum’s collections <surgicat.rcseng.ac.uk>. For further information on the Odontological Collection primates, or to arrange access to the material, please contact Milly Farrell <[email protected]>. Milly Farrell Royal College of Surgeons

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CONSERVATION GRANT REPORTS

Exploring capacity of eco-hotels for the conservation of the endangered Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites) Alice Martin <[email protected] > Awarded an International Primate Protection League grant through the PSGB Conservation Grant in March 2010. Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot characterised by detrimental amounts of deforestation, habitat fragmentation and human exploitation. With little natural forest remaining, private industries owning large plots of land are beginning to play a prominent role in providing protected areas for primate species to utilise. This study aimed to investigate how eco-hotels can conserve Sri Lanka’s 12 endemic primate taxa, with a focus on the endangered Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites). A multi-faceted study was employed to record the ranging, feeding behaviour and interactions between humans and two groups of S. p. thersites. The study took place at sister hotels Cinnamon Lodge and Chaaya Village in Sri Lanka’s Dry-Zone between May and July 2010. The Ranges software was employed to estimate home range using 100% Minimal Convex Polygon (MCP) and 95% and 20% Kernel analyses. Home ranges were small (14-20 ha) and primarily restricted to the hotel grounds. Three 20% Kernel cores were identified for the installation of initiatives to promote conservation and regulate tourists, including education material, set viewing areas and guided tours. Groups were primarily seed predators, regularly consuming five species: rain tree (Albizia saman), Indian mango (Mangifera indica), orchid tree (Bauhinia racemosa), Indian beech (Pongamia pinnata) and Ceylon oak (Schleichera oleosa). As seed predators Semnopithecus p. thersites contribute little to seed dispersal and habitat hetero-geneity. High-use species can be planted on-site to maintain resources, enhance habitat and act as food lures away from man-made structures.

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Viewing of primates was the most commonly observed interaction and was primarily performed by tourists. Person type significantly influenced the behaviour exhibited, with those living commensally with primates being more likely to exhibit negative behaviours (e.g. throwing objects and chasing). Educational material and mitigation techniques need to be explored on-site to regulate the behaviour of tourists and staff and to help diffuse conflict. The eco-hotels in this study do indeed seem to be a safe refuge for S. p. thersites. A long-term study is required to record ranging and feeding behaviour across seasons and further quantify interactions between humans and primates. This study indicates the potential for private sector industries to promote and assist primate conservation in Sri Lanka and beyond. Bittersweet Knowledge: Can people and orangutans live in harmony? Gail Campbell-Smith <[email protected]> Awarded a PSGB grant in August 2005. Deforestation rates in Sumatra are amongst the highest in the tropics. Lowland forests, which support the highest densities of orangutans, are particularly vulnerable to clearance and fragmentation because they are highly accessible. Consequently, many orangutans will, in the future, live in strictly or partially isolated populations. Whilst orangutans have been extensively studied in primary forests, their response to living in human-dominated landscapes remains poorly known, despite it being essential for their future management. This 30 month study focused on an isolated group of crop-raiding wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) that co-exist with farmers in a mixed agroforest system consisting of degraded natural forest, smallholder (predominantly rubber) farms and oil palm plantations.

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This research gathered information regarding perceived conflict between Indonesian farmers, orangutans and other conflict species; collected the first comprehensive ecological and behavioural data of isolated orangutans; examined the spatio-temporal patterns of crop-raiding; and implemented novel crop-raiding mitigation strategies, monitored and evaluate their effectiveness. Focal group discussions and semi-structured interviews revealed that farmers who co-exist with these crop-raiding orangutans were generally more tolerant towards them if they did not perceive them to present a physical threat. On assessing the orangutan habitat use, the population showed strong foraging preference for mixed agriculture/ degraded natural forest habitat, over oil palm patches. Monthly home range sizes were positively influenced by wild and cultivated crop presence, and by cultivated crop consumption. The average daily distance travelled was similar for both adult males and females, but increased when orangutans raided cultivated crops. Examination of the orangutan population’s crop-raiding activities showed that they raided cultivated crops significantly more in the afternoon and evening when human presence was lower than it was in the morning. Overall, the orangutans spent a significantly higher percentage of their activity budget resting (54%) than on other behaviours such as feeding (24%). They also spent less (46%) time eating fruits, a similar (13%) percentage of time eating leaves and a higher percentage of time (33%) eating bark than did previously documented wild Sumatran orangutans. They appeared to be supplementing their daily food intake with cultivated crops as they were recorded to only spend 21% of their total feeding activity budget on cultivated crops, compared to 79% on wild crops. Raiding of jackfruits (Artocarpus integer) and durian fruits (Durio zibethin) were positively correlated with periods of high rainfall whilst jackfruit and rubber tree bark were raided more frequently in the dry months when the fruits were not available. Spatially, most crop raids occurred within farms that were small and had a higher abundance of large trees. Whilst orangutan conflicts caused substantial crop damage, the identification of an effective mitigation method (barrier net) neither guaranteed its continued use nor uptake. Nevertheless, farmer participation in the project yielded unexpected and positive changes, from preferring orangutan removal (pre-mitigation trial) to in-situ management with accompanying crop protection measures (post-mitigation trail). Given the limited translocation site options in Sumatra, developing easy to install barrier nets for valuable trees is recommended for further trials, as is a louder noise-making deterrent.

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BOOK REVIEWS Beautiful minds: the parallel lives of great apes and dolphins Maddalena Bearzi and Craig B. Stanford Harvard University Press (2008) ISBN: 978-0-674-02781-7 (Hardcover) £18.95 This is a brave book. Comparison of the ecologies and social lives of great apes and dolphins is not the most obvious of things to do. It could so easily not have worked. Each author contributes alternating sections to each chapter on their particular study animals, and their styles match and glide fluidly like the best dance shoes. But it could so easily have been a broken flip-flop. As it is, what we have is an elegant little companion to the more serious and reference-stuffed texts, one that covers the main topics without fuss, mentions the main areas of disagreement without rancour and provides insights without pontification or needless hair-splitting. And, if you really want references, then they are all in the back of the book. The central theme of the book is how similar are the social behaviours and forms of cognition of great apes and dolphins, despite two utterly disparate habitats and evolutionary trajectories whose last common ancestor lived some 100 million years ago. The nine chapters are an elegant synopsis human curiosity about these two groups of mammals. Chapter 1 introduces us both to the history of human-dolphin and human-ape interactions and the personal histories of Bearzi and Stanford themselves with, respectively, these dolphins and apes. Chapters 2 and 3 document academic investigations in the field and confinement of first the social organization of these two lineages of hyper-intelligent mammals and then, of their intelligence and cognition. The accounts of seasickness-inducing submersibles and the early days of great ape studies once again boosts one’s respect for the field’s pioneers. Having primed us with some of the ways in which intelligence and culture interact to underpin society, Chapter 4 explores causes and effects in ape and dolphin societies. Hard enough to study, but which appear easy once you reach Chapter 5 and begin the thornier topic of cognition. Chapter 6 explores the notion that in both dolphins and apes, intelligence has its roots in the Machiavellian world of social politics, while Chapter 7, looks at hand-clasps and sponge masks, the extraordinary differences between resident and transient killer whales and how cultural norms arise and are then may be transmitted. Chapter 8 looks at what these studies might have to tell us about the evolution of human intelligence and includes the sobering thought that, until 2 million years ago and Homo erectus, the lineage with the highest encephalization quotient was that of the dolphins.

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The narrative is shot through with personal anecdotes and the one-off experiences that make field biology at once so rewarding and so frustrating. But, the book’s slightly freer context allows Bearzi and Stanford to use these to good effect, including dolphins that blow milk to imitate a cigarette-puffing carer, and those that set out to deceive their tank mates and trainers by concealing toys that could be exchanged for fish. The authors return time and again to the parallels between the two mammal lineages: the spatial and temporal unpredictability of food (each requiring the memory of an old salt or forest ranger to exploit in an effective and timely manner), the formation of male coalitions to coerce sexually-mature females into mating, the use of tools, of culture and a whole series of responses to situations and challenges with which we readers can empathize sufficiently to make undeniable the plea for this to be taken as evidence of culture, language or intelligence. The inability of academics in disciplines such linguistics, cultural anthropology or cognitive psychology to achieve this is gently attributed to their initial training that emphasized such attributes as uniquely human. By the time you reach the ninth chapter (‘Beautiful minds are a terrible thing to waste’) you are likely to care, if you didn’t before, quite deeply about both groups of these smart innovative mammals. This then makes it all the harder to take the resulting roll-call of habitat loss, pollution, resource reduction, human impact both evil and innocent, and the concomitant disastrous population declines. With this highly motivational combination of socio-ecological study, and physiological empathy, this is a book that should be appearing on the shelves of many a student who longs to get muddy and mosquito-bitten or salty and sick for the greater cause. Apart from a curious confusion when it is proposed that cultural transmission can speed up evolution, as if somehow new memes would only be transmitted to particular genotypes, the primatology and cetaceology appear unimpeachable. But this is not the case when Bearzi and Stanford move away from their specialist fields, as there are some basic mammalogical errors. For their subjects to illustrate the remarkable convergent evolutions between placental and marsupial mammals, Bearzi and Stanford choose thylacines for their ecological similarities to wolves and marsupial mice for theirs to, well, mice. Except that in neither case is this true. The authors simply appear to have been misled by the common names. The thylacine wasn’t social, didn’t hunt in packs, ate mostly carrion and, if it hunted at all, probably never went after anything larger than rabbit-sized. Marsupial mice might be Mus-sized (well, some of them), but are almost entirely carnivorous, and many have a big-bang reproductive strategy that means that comparisons of social ecology are also invalidated. How much better to compare placental moles with the Notoryctidae, the marsupial ecological equivalent, and consider the parallels between anomalures, North American flying squirrels and the sugar gliders and feathertails. Still, apart from these minor glitches, this book provides illuminating entertainment for the specialist and thought-provoking novelty

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for those not au fait with the cerebral doings of the two groups in question. It is the kind of book you could happily give to a non-academic relative to explain why you were so fascinated by primates or, come to that, dolphins. After, of course, you have read it first. Adrian Barnett Roehampton University Indonesian Primates Sharon Gursky-Doyen & Jatna Supriatna, Eds (2010) Springer ISBN 978-1-4419-1559-7 (Hardback) £117 Indonesian Primates is a synthesis of research on the status and conservation of primates living in Indonesia, a country renowned for its rich primate diversity. Divided into three parts, the book manages to capture some of this biodiversity with each section taking a specific look at particular species occupying unique phylogenetic positions. Part 1 focuses on the apes of Indonesia, and most notably includes new data on gibbon and siamang socio-ecological behaviour, habitat requirements, and responses to habitat disturbances. One chapter in particular by S.M. Cheyne reports for the first time a detailed description of habituation techniques for gibbons. Sharing such information is obviously invaluable to other primatologists, but ironically few publications are available, making Cheyne’s chapter one that should be even more valued. Finally, three chapters are devoted to orang-utan life history, conservation, and vocal communication; however, while they contribute nicely as chapters for this book, similar information can be easily found from (free) journal publications and thus appear to be slightly redundant. Part 2 focuses on the monkeys of Indonesia, with each chapter reporting noteworthy findings. For example, Bismark details the daily activities, energy requirements, and conservation status of proboscis monkeys – a species deemed as relatively “intolerant” to habitat disturbances, and yet the lack of ecological data on them mitigates the provisioning of effective management plans designed to reduce and regulate threats against them. Additionally, Schilaci et al. provide evidence to suggest that the historically “sacred” status of Balinese macaques may not explain why this species has been tolerated by local humans, but rather may be the result of their recognised value as a tourist attractant. Lastly, Gumert provides an interesting chapter on long-tailed macaque reciprocal grooming, showing ways in which females both support and refute the classic social grooming model published by Seyfarth in 1977.

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Part 3 focuses on the prosimians of Indonesia; however, the relative paucity of chapters highlights how few people have studied them despite the diversity of species inhabiting the country. Two chapters are devoted to the elusive tarsier, providing data on scent marking of territorial boundaries, ranging patterns, vocalisations, sleeping tree choices, and population densities. Nekaris and Munds describe facial markings of slow lorises, and discuss how such phenotypic information may correspond to taxonomic variation among these animals. The value of this latter chapter is seen in light of the fact that being able to differentiate between species allows conservationists to identify genetic diversity and establish priorities for collecting the kinds of information necessary for their conservation. For successful large-scale conservation of primates, conservationists must understand the diversity of socio-ecological requirements and current threats to the many species they wish to protect. Therein lies one value of this book. Indonesian Primates contributes to our understanding of the primates of Indonesia by providing information on a heterogeneous range of research topics for a number of these exceptional, but endangered, animals. The one negative comment I have for this book is its exorbitant purchase price, which unfortunately will considerably limit the accessibility of this information. F. Blake Morton University of Stirling Seed Dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world A. J. Dennis, E. W. Schupp, R. J. Green and D. A. Westcott (eds) (2007) CABI ISBN 9781845931650 (Hardback) £60 Seed dispersal is a pivotal ecological process, underpinning the ecology of forests worldwide. This small window offers views of vast landscapes - patterns of dispersal have profound effects on forest diversity, structure and dynamics - studying the processes that govern them allows deep insight into how forest communities assemble and function. A new era of seed dispersal research is emerging, with the development of advanced techniques and approaches that offer exciting new avenues and opportunities to find new answers to old questions and ask meaningful new questions as our understanding deepens. Seed Dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world draws together the studies that are asking – and answering – these questions, aiming to ‘provide a reference point for a burgeoning literature’ in a field

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that has at times lacked cohesion. This book emerged from the Fourth International Symposium/Workshop on Frugivores and Seed Dispersal held in Brisbane in 2005 and is the fourth in a series of similar volumes. Editors and contributors include many of the leading thinkers on the subject today. The book is organised into four coherent sections: Frugivores and Frugivory; Seed and Seedling Shadows; Seed Fate and Establishment; and Management Implications and Conservation. Each begins with a useful introduction that provides an overview and conclusion, tying together the strands of each section. Frugivores and frugivory provide the logical starting point. Topics covered include the ‘messages’ given out by fruits to their consumers, such as visual signals and chemical compounds; the role of ecological redundancy in creating resilience to disturbance; and the importance of including extinct fauna when evaluating fruit traits and plant-frugivore interactions. In chapter four, Traveset et al. highlight the importance of deinhibition (release of seeds from germination-inhibiting fruit pulp by frugivores), a process often ignored in favour of scarification when comparing germination differences between ingested and uningested seeds. Other under-represented areas of the field are also given attention, such as dispersal in desert ecosystems and the role of lizards as dispersers. From frugivores to the seed and seedling shadows they generate; part two addresses the spatial distribution of seeds and seedlings following dispersal by frugivores. Though contributions made by individual species may be huge, exemplified by woolly monkeys in Chapter 15, in reality seeds are dispersed by a diverse array of vectors. As such, assessing the ‘total dispersal kernel’ is ultimately the most comprehensive approach to gaining the deepest ecological insight into dispersal processes. A method of doing so has remained elusive for years, but Dennis and Westcott outline an approach in Chapter 9, representing an important advance in the field. An equally dramatic step forward is the development of molecular genetic approaches to estimating dispersal distances. Quantifying the distance seeds are moved from their parents has presented an ongoing challenge for researchers; this exciting development opens new avenues and possibilities for empirical studies and the topic is well covered in this book. Part Three explores seed fate and establishment, critical stages in the dispersal process, essentially determining its success or failure. A running theme in this section is that dispersal processes and outcomes are highly variable and context dependent – ‘a reality that can and must be incorporated into any comprehensive theory of seed dispersal,’ according to Schupp. In Chapter 20 Schupp encourages us to look beyond binary views of site suitability, that still prevail in the literature despite a continuum view of variability being a generally accepted concept.

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Also in this section, Godinez-Alvarez and Jordano (Chapter 17) offer matrix population models as a possible solution to a gap in the field that has lain empty for years - the need to quantitatively link seed dispersal to population level consequences was articulated over a decade ago, but has remained unfulfilled. Whether such matrix models will provide the answer remains to be seen, but it’s certainly a step in the right direction. A first attempt at demonstrating the importance and consequences of ‘spatially contagious’ dispersal (patchy seed deposition pattern at, for example, perching sites) is made by Kwit et al. in Chapter 19, illustrating how the relationship between parent and seed density may not be as simple as the classic Janzen-Connell model suggests. In Chapter 16, Carlo et al. present a conceptual framework integrating foraging with spatial patterns of plants, an advance in conceptual seed dispersal following years of ‘drifting’ since the specialist/generalist paradigm fell apart. The final section of the book puts seed dispersal into the context of conservation of threatened natural ecosystems. ‘Do seed dispersers matter?’ asks Bohning-Gaese in Chapter 25. Unsurprisingly, the answer is yes, they do: using a biogeographical approach in Madagascar and Africa, she concludes that ‘seed dispersers do matter, and seed dispersal is the overriding factor influencing the spatial distribution and genetic structure of the trees as well as the fruit characteristics of the forest.’ According to Corlett (Chapter 24), seed dispersers matter even more than pollinators. Dispersers of large, single-seeded fruits in particular require immediate attention, due to their greater vulnerability to persecution and habitat disturbance. This is a recurring theme of this section. Loss of large seed dispersers is not only more likely but may also have the greatest impacts. In Chapter 26 Silva et al., using models based on data from Brazil’s Atlantic forests, conclude that while there is some resilience in plant-frugivore networks, extinctions – particularly of large-bodied frugivores - can lead to reduced species-richness and simplified ecological communities. Pizo demonstrates in Chapter 29 how most seed dispersal in fragments of Brazil’s Atlantic forests is carried out by small generalist frugivores – a ‘restricted subset’ of the original dispersers in continuous forests. According to Wright (Chapter 28), these small generalists may be the future of seed dispersal, which has implications for community composition and structure. The breadth and depth of content of this volume are impressive. Its exciting and inspiring coverage of pioneering research and major advances in the field is particularly good and the inclusion of some under-represented topics is appreciated. It comes as some surprise then that post-dispersal events such as predation and secondary dispersal are barely touched upon; such events can have profound effects on frugivore-generated seed shadows. The

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lack of attention they receive in this book is its only real shortcoming. All in all, this volume is an extremely useful and informative resource for researchers and students studying seed dispersal. As a new era of seed dispersal research arises, this is a vital resource for anyone wishing to contribute to the further advancement of this exciting area of ecology. Kara Moses Roehampton University

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Primate Society of Great Britain

PRIMATE EYE No 103 FEBRUARY 2011

• CONTENTS •

Page

Editorial … … … … … … … 1 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting 2010 … … 3 Abstracts for Winter Meeting 2010 talks/posters … … 10 Report: Winter Meeting 2010 , ‘Gombe 50’ … … … 42 Future Meetings: Spring 2011 … … … … … 46 Napier Memorial Medal 2011 … … … … 48 Obituary: Bobby Buba … … … … … 49 Announcement: Primate Research Collection… … … 51 Conservation Grant Reports: Exploring capacity of eco-hotels for the conservation of the endangered Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites) … … … … … 53 Bittersweet Knowledge: Can people and orangutans live in harmony? … … … … … 54 Book Reviews: Beautiful minds: the parallel lives of great apes and dolphins 56 Indonesian Primates … … … … … 58 Seed Dispersal: theory and its application in a changing world 59 ISSN 0305-8417

Primate Society of Great BritainNo. 103FEBRUARY 2011

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