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S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Student Supplement for Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices
Second Edition
[4 February 2013]
A Complete Course in Power Point
Chapter 2
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap, Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013 Pearson Education. Permission is given to instructors to use these Power Point slides in their lectures provided that the above book has been adopted as a primary required textbook for the course. Slides may be used in research seminars at research meetings, symposia and conferences provided that the author, book title, and copyright information are clearly displayed under each figure. It is unlawful to use the slides for teaching if the textbook is not a required primary book for the course. The slides cannot be distributed in any form whatsoever, especially on the internet, without the written permission of Pearson Education.
Copyright Information and Permission: Part I
Please report typos and errors directly to the author: [email protected]
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap, Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013 Pearson Education. The slides cannot be distributed in any form whatsoever, electronically or in print form, without the written permission of Pearson Education. It is unlawful to post these slides, or part of a slide or slides, on the internet. Copyright © 2013, 2001 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.
Copyright Information and Permission: Part II
PEARSON
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Important Note
You may use color illustrations from this Power Point in your research-related seminars or research-related
presentations at scientific or technical meetings, symposia or conferences provided that you fully cite
the following reference under each figure
From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education, USA
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
m = integer, n1 = core refractive index, θm is the incidence angle, 2a is the core thickness. φm is the phase
change upon TIR at the n1/n2 boundary
Minimum θm and maximum m must still satisfy TIR
There are only a finite number of modes
Propagation along the guide for a mode m is
βm = k1 sinθm =2πn1
λ
sinθm
πφθλ
π manmm =−
cos)2(2 1
Waveguide Condition
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
βm = k1 sinθm =2πn1
λ
sinθm
πφθλ
π manmm =−
cos)2(2 1
Modes in a Planar Waveguide: Summary
E(y,z,t) = Em(y)cos(ωt − βmz)
Traveling wave along z Field pattern along y
Phase change upon TIR at n1/n2, and depends on θm
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Intermode (Intermodal or Modal) Dispersion
Schematic illustration of light propagation in a slab dielectric waveguide. Light pulse entering the waveguide breaks up into various modes which
then propagate at different group velocities down the guide. At the end of the guide, the modes combine to constitute the output light pulse which is
broader than the input light pulse.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Example on Waveguide Modes Consider a planar dielectric guide with a core thickness 20 µm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440, light wavelength of 900 nm. Find the modes
( )m
m
m
nn
θ
θ
φcos
sin
tan
2/12
1
22
21
−
=
πφθλ
π manmm =−
cos)2(2 1Waveguide
condition
TIR phase change φm for
TE mode
Waveguide condition
TE mode
πθφ mak mm −= cos2 1
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
)(cos
sin
2costan
2/12
1
22
1 mm
m
m fnn
mak θθ
θπθ =
−
=
−
TE mode
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
θm 89.2° 88.3° 87.5° 86.7° 85.9° 85.0° 84.2° 83.4° 82.6° 81.9°
δm (µm) 0.691 0.702 0.722 0.751 0.793 0.866 0.970 1.15 1.57 3.83
Critical angle θc = arcsin(n2/n1) = 81.77°
Highest mode
m = 0 Fundamental
mode
λ
θπ
αδ
2/1
22
2
12 1sin2
1
−
==
m
mm
nnn
Mode m, incidence angle θm and penetration δm for a planar dielectric waveguide with d = 2a = 20 µm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
The slope of ω vs. β is the group velocity vg
Waveguide Dispersion Curve
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Mode Group Velocities from Dispersion Diagram
The group velocity vg vs. ω for a planar dielectric guide with a core thickness (2a) = 20 µm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440. TE0, TE1 and TE4
Group velocity vs. frequency or wavelength behavior is not obvious. For the first few modes, a higher mode can travel faster than the fundamental.
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
A Planar Dielectric Waveguide with Many Modes
The group velocity vg vs. ω for a planar dielectric guide Core thickness (2a) = 20 µm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440
[Calculations by the author]
ω
vg
0.5×1016 1.0×1016 1.5×1016 0
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
×108
c / n2
c / n1
(c/n1)sinθc = cn2/n12
m = 0
m = 10
m = 20 m = 30 m = 40 m = 60
ωcutoff
Slower than fundamental
Not in the textbook
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Dispersion in the Planar Dielectric Waveguide with TE0 and TE1 (Near cut-off)
TE0
TE1
= Broadened pulse
Output light pulse
Input light pulse
ω
vg
ωcutoff
c / n2
c / n1
Operating frequency
ω1
vgmax
vgmin
vgmax ≈ c/n2
vgmin ≈ c/n1
maxmin gg vvLL
−=∆τ
∆τL
≈n1 − n2
c
Spread in arrival times
Dispersion
TE1
TE0
TE2
ω1 ω1
λ1 = 2πc/ω1
Not in the textbook
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
A Planar Dielectric Waveguide with Many Modes
Multimode operation in which many modes propagate with different group velocities
vg vs. ω for a planar dielectric guide with a core thickness (2a) = 20 µm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440 [Calculations by the author]
ω
vg
0.5×1016 1.0×1016 1.5×1016 0
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
×108
c / n2
c / n1
(c/n1)sinθc = cn2/n12
m = 0 m = 25 m = 35 m = 45 m = 55 m = 65
ωcutoff
Operating frequency
Range of group velocities for 65 modes
Not in the textbook
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Dispersion in a Planar Dielectric Waveguide with Many Modes Far from Cutoff
TEhighest
θc θc
c/n1 (c/n1)sinθc
c/n1
=≈
1
2
11min sin
nn
nc
nc
cθgv1
maxgN
c≈gv
maxmin
11
gg vv−=
∆Lτ
cnn
nnnn
ccn
cnn
L)()(1 21
2
1211
2
21 −
≈
−=−=
∆τ
∆τL
≈n1 − n2
c(Since n1/n2 ≈ 1)
ω
vg
c / n1
(c/n1)sinθc
Operating frequency
Range of group velocities for 65 modes
c / n2
Not in the textbook
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
TEhighest
θc
Dispersion in the Planar Dielectric Waveguide Many Modes
= Broadened
pulse Output pulse
Very short input pulse
ω2
ω2
θc TE0
maxmin
11
gg vv−=
∆Lτ
−≈
∆
2
121 )(nn
cnn
Lτ
∆τL
≈n1 − n2
c
∆τ
Not in the textbook
(Since n1/n2 ≈ 1)
S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Updates and Corrected Slides
Class Demonstrations
Class Problems
Check author’s website http://optoelectronics.usask.ca
Email errors and corrections to [email protected]