A compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) · 596 COMPENDIUMOFTHENINTHCENSUS. TableL1X....

OCCUPATIONS.

38 C C

594 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.

Table LVIIL- Occuyations : Number and Sex of Persons engaged in Each Class, by Statesand Territories—1870.

Statesand

POPULATION 10 TEARS ANDOVER.

ENGAGED IN ALL CLASSES OFOCCUPATIONS. ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE.

Territories.Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Fe-

male.

The U.S.... 28, 228, 945 14, 258, 866 13, 970, 079 12, 505, 923 10, 669, 635 1, 836, 288 5, 922, 471 5, 525, 503 396, 968

Alabama 706, 802 340, 984 365, 818 365, 258 275, 640 89, 618 291, 628 226, 768 64,860Arizona 8,237 6,148 2,089 6,030 5,734 296 . 1,285 1,284 1Arkansas 341, 737 175, 194 166, 543 135, 949 120, 153 15, 796 109, 310 100, 669 8,641California 430, 444 283, 740 1*46, 704 238, 648 224, 868 13, 780 47, 863 47, 580 283Colorado 30, 349 19, 931 10, 418 17, 583 17, 147 436 6, 462 6, 462Connecticut. .

.

425, 896 209, 120 216, 776 193, 421 159, 460 33, 961 43,653 43,523 *"i30Dakota 10, 640 7,047 3,593 5, 887 5,727 160 2,522 2,522Delaware 92, 586 46, 274 46, 312 40, 313 34, 306 6,007 15, 973 15, 907 66Disk Col 100, 453 46, 652 53, 801 49, 041 35, 200 13, 841 1,365 1,350 15Florida 131, 119 65,673 65,446 60, 703 50, 877 9,826 42, 492 36, 944 5,548Georgia 835, 929 401, 547 434, 382 444, 678 329, 185 115, 493 336, 145 262, 152 73,993Idaho 13, 189 11, 270 1,919 10, 879

742, 01510, 754

678, 73212-5 1,462

376,4411, 462

375, 407Illinois 1, 809, 606 946, 717 862, 889 63,283 "i*034Indiana 1, 197, 936 612,832 585, 104 459, 369 428, 259 31, 110 266, 777 266,349 428Iowa 837, 959 445, 064 392, 895 344, 276

123, 852321, 150 23, 126 210, 263

73, 228209, 90772, 918

356Kansas 258, 051 148, 152 109, 899 117, 343 6,509 310Kentucky 930, 136 466, 762 463, 374 414. 593 364, 300 50,293 261, 080 257, 426 3,654Louisiana 526, 392 261, 170 265, 222 256, 452 198, 168 58, 284 141, 467 114, 530 26, 937Maine 493, 847 245, 704 248, 143 208, 225 179, 784 28, 441 82, 011 81,956 55Maryland 575, 439 281, 294 294, 145 258, 543 213, 691 44, 852 80, 449 79, 197 1,252Massachusetts 1, 160, 666 554, 886 605, 780 579, 844 451,543 128, 301 72, 810 72, 756 54Michigan 873, 763 460, 408 413, 355 401, 164 346, 717 57, 447 187, 211 187, 036 175Minnesota 305, 568 167, 456 138, 112 132, 657 121, 797 10, 860 75, 157 74,663 494Mississippi . .

.

581, 206 288, 185 293, 021 318, 850 232, 340 86, 501 259, 199 193, 725 65, 474Missouri 1, 205, 568 632, 179 573, 389 505, 556 466, 845 38, 711 263, 918 262, 595 ' 1,323Montana 18, 170 15, 517 2,653 14, 048 13,877 171 2, 111 2,110 1

Nebraska 88, 265 52, 588 35, 677 43, 837 41, 943 1,894 23, 115 23,083 32Nevada 36, 655 29, 430 7,225 , 26,911 26, 468 443 2,070 2,063 7N.Hampshire. 260, 426 126, 353 134, 073 120,168 96, 033 24, 135 46, 573 46,562 11New Jersey... 680, 687 335, 819 344, 868 296, 036 251, 625 44, 411 63, 128 62, 943 185New Mexico .

.

66, 464 34, 415 32, 049 29, 361 26, 281 3,080 18. 668 18, 432 236New York 3, 378, 959 1, 658, 504 1, 720, 455 1, 491, 018 1, 233, 979 257, 039 374; 323 373, 455 868N. Carolina . .

.

769, 629 365, 528 404, 101 351, 299 292, 439 58, 860 • 269, 238 241, 010 28,228Ohio 1, 953, 374

64,685976, 588 976, 786

24, 824840, 88930,651

757, 36929, 968

83,520683

397, 02413, 248

396, 26713,232

757Oregon 39, 861 16Pennsylvania . 2, 597, 809 1, 292, 518 1, 305, 291 1,020,544 886, 209 134, 335 260, 051 258,772 1,279Ehode Island.. 173, 751 82, 824 90, 927 88, 574 66, 859 21, 715 11, 780 11, 767 13S. Carolina 503, 763 241, 492 262, 271 263, 301 182, 355 80, 946 206, 654 147, 708 58, 946Tennessee 890, 872 436, 154 454, 718 367, 987 322, 585 45, 402 267, 020 247, 953 19, 067Texas 571, 075

56,515297, 35628, 729

273, 71927, 786

237, 12621, 517

208, 529 28, 5971,075

166, 753 152. 722 14, 03111Utah 20, 442 10, 428 10, 417

57,889Vermont 258, 751 129, 248 129, 503 108, 703 95, 263 13, 500 57, 983 94"VirginiaWashington ..

890, 056 427, 455 462,301 412, 665 337, 464 75, 201 244, 550 228, 082 16,46817,334 11, 611 5,723 9,760 9,524 236 3,771 3,759 12

W. Virginia. .

.

308, 424 154, 234 154, 190 115,229 107, 076 8,153 73, 960 73, 725 235"Wisconsin 751, 704 391, 603 360, 101 292, 808 267, 273 25,535 159, 687 158, 300 1,387Wyoming 8,059 6,650 1,409 6,645 *6,345 300 165 164 1

The Scope of these Tables.—The tables of occupations embrace gainful and repu-table occupations only. While expressing tbe employments of more than twelve mil-lions and a half of persons, they do not seek to account for the larger number of thosewithin the same periods of life, who have no recognized occupation for which they re-

ceive compensation in the shape of wages or salary, or from which they derive productsof a merchantable character. All persons, moreover, whose means of livelihood arecriminal, or, in the general judgment of mankind, shameful, are excluded.The reason for excluding gamblers, prostitutes, keepers of brothels, and such x>ersons

from the Tables of Occupations has not been found in any sensitiveness at the mentionor recognition of these classes as actually existing in the community, but in the consid-

eration that, from the necessity of the case, the numbers thus reported must be whollyinadequate to the fact, and that a seeming count of them in the census would have theeffect to mislead rather than to instruct. Here and there, at the enumeration of theNinth Census, such j)ersons had the assurance to report themselves by their true desig-

nations, or assistant marshals took the responsibility (and in some cases the risk) ofwriting down the real occupation of members of these classes who had sought to mis-

state their avocations or to disguise them under ambiguous terms; but an analysis of

COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS. 595

Table LVIII.

—

Occupations : Number and Sex of Persons engaged in Each Clam, by Stales

and Territories—1870.

ENGAGED IX PROFESSIONAL ANDPERSONAL SERVICES.

ENGAGED IN TRADE AND TRANS-PORTATION.

ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURE*, ANDMECHANICAL AND MINING

INDUSTRIES.

Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Ma>e. Female.

2, 684, 793 1, 618, 121 1, 066, 672 1, 191, 238 1, 172, 540 18, 698 2, 707, 421 2, 353, 471 353, 950

;

49, 125 19, 449 22, 676 14, 435 14, 345 90 17, 070 15,078 1, 992!

3, 115 2,979 136 591 588 3 1, 039 883 156J

14, 877 8,018 6, 859 5,491 5,474 17 6,271 5, 992 2791

76, 112 65, 150 10, 962 33, 165 33, 038 127 81, 50b 79,100 2, 408,

3, 625 3,245 380 2,815 2,813 2 4,681 4, 627 51!

38, 704 21, 150 17, 554 24, 720 24,511 209 86, 344 70, 276 16, 0681

2 704 2,562 « 142 204 204 457 439 18

11/389 o!615 4,774 3,437 3,347'

'"90 9,514 8, 437 1,077

29, 845 17, 927 11, 918 6,126 5, 852 274 11, 705 10, 071 1,634

10,897 6,892 4, 005 3,023 3,016 7 4, 291 4, 025 266

64, 083 27, 435 36, 648 17, 410 17, 336 74 27, 040 22, 262 4,778

1,423 1,310 113 "721 720 1 7, 273 7, 262 11

151,931 99, 337 52, 594 80, 422 79, 876 546 133, 221 124, 112 9, 109

80,018 53, 466 26, 552 36, 517 36, 371 146 76, 057 72, 073 3,984

58, 484 38, 531 19, 953 28, 210 28, 151 59 47, 319 44, 561 2,758

20, 736 15, 286 5,450 11,762 11,736 26 18, 126 17, 403 723

84, 024 41, 974 42, 050 25, 292 24, 961 331 44, 197 39, 939 4, 258

65, 347 36, 883 28, 464 23, 831 23, 496 335 25, 807 23, 259 2, 546

36,092 20, 683 15, 409 28, 115 27, 880 235 62, 007 49, 265 12, 74279,226 43, 278 35, 948 35, 542 34, 567 975 63, 326 56, 649 6,677

131, 291 75, 917 55, 374 83, 078 81, 077 2, 001 292, 665 221, 793 70, 872

104, 728 52, 754 51, 974 29, 586 29, 493 95 82, 637 77, 434 5, 203

28, 330 18,920 9,410 10, 582 10, 559 23 18,588 17, 655 933

40, 522 20, 430 20, 082 9,148 9,076 72 9, 981 9, 118 863ld6, 903 75, 079 ' 31,824 54, 885 54,583 302 79, 850 74, 58& 5,262

2, 674 2,515 159 1,233 1,232 1 8,030 8,020 10

10.331 8,667 1, 664 4,628 4, 623 5 5,763 5, 570 193

7,431 7, 1528,821

279 3,6218,514

3, 621

8,126. 13, 789 13, 632 157

18' 528 9,707 ""38846, 553 32, 524 14, 029

83,380 54, 275 29, 105 46, 206 45, 242 964 103, 322 89, 165 14, 157

7, 535405, 339

5, 542233, 569

1,993 863 863 2, 295 1,444 851171, 770 234, 581 229, 789 4," 792 476, 775 397, 166 79, 609

51,290 23, 073 28, 217 10, 179 10, 094 85 20, 592 18, 262 2,330168,308 104, 018 64, 290 78, 547 77, 690 857 197,010 179, 394 17, 616

6,090 5,522 568 2, 619 2,611 8 8,694 8, 603 91

283,000 192, 674 90, 326 121, 253 116, 714 1, 539 356, 240 318, 049 38, 191

19, 679 12, 349 7, 330 10, 108 9, 878 230 47, 007 32, 865 14, 14234, 383 15, 526 18, 857 8, 470 8, 250 220 13, 794 10, 871 • 2, 92354, 396 30, 077 24, 319 17, 510 17, 417 93 29, 001 27, 138 1,92340, 882 27, 168 13, 714 13, 012 13, 576 36 15, 879 15, 063 8165, 317 4,384 933 1,665 1,648 17 4,107 3, 993 114

21, 032 9,680 11, 352 7,132 7,101 31 22, 616 20, 593 2,02398, 521 45, 407 53, 114 20, 181 19, 992 189 49, 413 43,983 5,4302,207 2,000 207 1, 129 1,127 2 2, 653 2,638 15

16, 699 9,636 7,063 6,897 6,888 9 17, 673 16, 827 846

58, 070 37, 898 20, 172 . 21, 534 21, 342 192 53, 517 49, 733 3,7843,170 2, 898 272 1,646 1,646 1,664 1,637 27

•

the schedules soon made it evident that this had not been done, as indeed was not to

be expected, with such uniformity as to secure even approximately correct results. Allsuch titles were, therefore, dropped. Some from these classes may have taken refuge,through false statements, in one or another of the occupations of good repute (notablykeepers of brothels as "boarding-house keepers," a euphemism familiar to the compil-ers of city directories,) but, as a general rule, where the calling was not correctly givenit was wholly withheld; and it may therefore bo assumed that substantially tho wholebody of persons pursuing disreputable and criminal occupations are omitted from thesetables. There are no means known to the Superintendent for accurately calculatingthe number thus excluded or excluding themselves.The number of those who are not accounted for exceeds, as a matter of course, in a

majority of States, the number of those who are returned as pursuing gainful occupa-tions.

The followiug table exhibits the number of persons in each of the six recoguizeddivisions of the tables, accordiug to age and sex, in comparison with the number ofliving inhabitants of each such class:


Table L1X.

—

Decimations : Periods of Life of Persons engaged in Each Class, by States andTerritories—1870.

States and Territories.

Population (a)

United States....

AlabamaArizona.ArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticut .•'..-

DakotaDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois

IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhioOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasUtah ...

VermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoBiing.'

ALL CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS.

All ages. 10 to 15. 1G to 59.60 andover.

28, 228, 945 5, 604, 369 20, 686, 795 1, 937, 781

12, 505, 923 739, 164 11, 081, 517 685, 242

365, 2586, 030

135, 949238, 64817, 583

193, 421

5, 88740, 31349,04160, 703)

444, 67810, 879

742, 015459, 369344, 276123,852414, 593256, 452208, 225258, 543579, 844404, 164

132,657318, 850505, 55614,04843, 837

26, 911

120, 168296, 036

29, 361491,018351, 299840, 88930, 651

020, 544

88, 574263, 301

367, 987237, 12621, 517

108, 763412, 665

9, 760115, 229292, 80S

6,645

48, 127118

9,3142,214268

5, 65024

3, 4121,4945, 207

79, 36533

25, 551

13,96613,2323,216

42, 08518, 6326, 354

15, 91018,4799, 341

3, 116

42, 45724, 439

573849

3, 26810, 9691,295

44, 58847, 789

38, 437458

38, 987

5, 534

30, 414

41, 45617, 760

8322, 224

48J 34645

6,2127,750

4

293, 557

5,833120, 942232, 74917, 157

175, 2535, 727

34, 32645, 53252, 712

339, 182

10, 808687, 303422, 603

310, 6271 17, 235348, 190

222, 890182, 320228, 428

528, 889374, 216124, 961

258, 913460, 826

14, 011

42, 359

26, 735

104, 850

269, 33426, 250

1,364,147279, 055751, 459

29, 066926, 699

77, 102214, 414

303, 655210, 38719, 697

97, 333333, 527

9, 532101, 394

266, 6996,633

AGKICULTUIIE.

All ages.10 to15.

23, 57479

5, 693

3, 685158

12, 518136

2, 5752, 015

2, 784

26, 131

3829, 161

22, 80014, 417

3, 40124,31814.93019, 55114, 20532, 47620, 607

4, 58017, 48020, 291

32740127

12, 05015, 7331,816

82, 28324, 455

50, 9931, 127

54, 858

5, 93818, 473

22, 876

8, 979988

9,20630, 792

1837, 623

18, 3598

5, 922, 471 499, 558

291, 6281,285

109, 31047, 863

6, 462

43, 653

16 to 59.

4, 959,

15, 973

1, 36542, 492

336, 145

1,462376, 441

266, 777210, 20373, 228

261, 080141, 46782, 011

SO, 4491

72,810187,21175, 157

259, 199

263, 918

2, 111

23, 115

2, 07046, 57363, 12818,668

374, 323269, 238397, 02413, 248

260, 051

11, 780206, 654267, 0201GG, 753

10, 428

57, 983244, 550

3,77173, 960

159, 687

165

42, 70710

8, 053

1

233203

1, 35615

1, 56820

4, 463

67, 24428

17, 641

10,74011,2692, 501

30, 687

12, 357

2, 676

6, 379

2, 359|

5, 710

2, 23236, 530

16, 172

544

1, 021

2, 744683

11, 230

39, 600

28, 069317

12, 340508

26, 84735. 11714, 605

367

1, 28030, 950

19

4,8725,227

229, 0481,264

90, 40446, 2366,147

34, 456

2,38213, 066

1, 21235, 896

249, 0991,412

338, 174237, 403187, 5386H, 073

212,467119, 46265, 58467. 03257; 983

165, 15769, 119

208, 307232, 6502,102

21, 960

,2, 04'.

37, 02552, 94916, 438

316, 726209, 364334, 21612, 128

219, 3349,132

164, 726213, 412145, 17'

9,46649, 457

191, 50'

3,6362, 983

140, 369164

60 andover.

463, 023

19, 87311

4,6531, 394

112

7,841125

1,339133

2,13319, 802

2220, 62618, 63411,4562, 654

17, 9269,648

13, 7517,038

12, 46816, 3443,806

14, 36215, 096

961118

8,5277,4351,547

46, 36720, 27434, 739

80328, 3772,080

15, 081

18, 4916,971595

7,24622, 093

1156, 105

14, 0911

(a) Ten years and over.

Aggregate.

Total. 10 to 15.

Male. Female. Male. Female.

Number of hiving inhabitants, (10 yearsand over.)

Number of persons in Occupation Tables.

28, 228, 945

12, 505, 923

14, 258, 866

10, 669, 635

13, 970, 079

1, 836, 288

2, 840, 200

548, 064

2, 764, 169

191, 100

15, 723, 022 3, 589, 231 12, 133, 791 2, 292, 136 2, 573, 069

COMPENDIUM OP THE NINTH CENSUS. 507

Table LIX.— Occupations: Periods of Life of Persons engaged in Each Class, by States andTerritories—1870.

PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL. TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.MANUFACTURES, MECHANICALAND MINING INDUSTRIES.

All ages.10 to15.

16 to 59.60 andover.

All ages.10 to

15.16 to 59.

60 andover.

All ages.10 to15.

16 to 59.60 ondover.

2, 684, 793 149, 491 2,428,147 107,"155 1, 191, 238 14, 472 1, 149, 042 27, 724 27707^421 75, 643 2, 544, 438 87, 340

42, 125 4, 758 35, 019 2,348 14, 435 161 13, 886 388 17, 070 501 15, 604 965 1

3, 115 96 2, 958 61 591 1 587 3 1, 039 11 1,024 4 214, 877 1, 136 13, 234 507 5, 491 48 5, 352 91 (i, 271 77 5, 952 242 376, 112 1, 498 73, 629 985 33, 165 111 32, 762 292 81, 508 372 80, 122 1,014 43, 625 63 3, 536 20 2, 815 1 2,806 8 4,681 1 4,668 12 5

38, 704 741 30, 280 1,683 24, 720 169 23, 963 538 86, 344 3,384 80, 554 2,406 6

2,704 8 2,688 8 204 203 1 457 1 454 2 711,389 1, 310 9,430 649 . 3,437 46 3,225 106 9,514 488 8. 605 421 829, 845 1,248 27, 357 1,240 (i, 126 128 5,807 191 11, 705 98 11, 156 451 910, 897 693 9,791 413 3, 023 15 2,934 74 4,291 36 4,091 164 10

64, 083 10, 948 49, 028 4,107 17,410 156 16, 669 585 27, 040 1,017 24, 386 1, 637 11

1, 423 ;") 1,413 5 721 717 4] 7, 273 7, 266 7 12

151, 931 4,818 142, 724 4, 389 80, 422 896 78, 406 1,120 133, 221 2, 196 127, 999 3, 026 v.;

80, 018 2, 465 75, 571 1, 982 36, 517 155 35, 875 487 76, 057 606 73, 754 1,697 14

58, 484 1, 562 55, 623 1, 299 28, 210 132 27, 643 4351 47, 319 269 45, 823 1,227 15

20, 736 617 19, 710 409 11, 762 45 11, 655 62l 18,1-26 53 17, 797 276 it;

84, 024 9, 759 70, 594 3, 671 25, 292 301 24, 306 685 44, 197 1, 338 40, 823 2,036 17

65, 347 5, 617 55, 928 3, 802, 23, 831 239 23, 030 562 25, 807 419 24, 470 918 18

36, 092 1,284 32, 585 2, 223 28, 115 209 26, 995 911 62, 007 2, 185 57, 156 2,666 1979, 226 7, 271 68, 066 3, 887i 35, 542 606 33, 923 1,013 63, 326 1, 654 59, 405 2,267 20

131, 291 2, 057 122, 531 6, 703 83,-078 820 79, 282 2, 976J 292, 665 13, 243 269, 093 10, 329 21104,728 2, 868 99, 846 2,014; 29, 588 151 28, 823 . 614 82, 637 612 80, 390 1, 635 2228, 330 797 27, 136 397 10, 582 31 10, 477 74 18, 588 56 18, 229 303 2:',

40, 522 5,625 32, 451 2, 446! 9, 148 85 8,859 204 . 9,981 217 9,296 468 24106, 903 6,050 98, 167 2, 686 i 54, 885 639 53, 503 743 79, 850 1,578 76, 506 1,766 25

2, 674 5 2, 657 12! 1,233 1,231 8,030 8, 021 9 2610, 331 155 10, 100 761 4, 628 14 4,601 13 5,763 25 5,698 40 277,431 38 7, 345 48! 3, 621 3 3,603 15 13, 789 3 13, 740 46 28

18, 528 337 16, 837 1, 3541 8,514 47 8,201 266 46, 553 1,863 42, 787 1,903 2983, 380 3,104 76, 359 3, 917 46, 206 688 44, 328 1, 190 103, 322 4,433 95, 698 3,191 307, 535 488 6, 831 216 863 11 839 13 2,295 113 2, 142 40 31

405, 339 15, 077 374, 890 15, 372) 234, 581 3, 730 225, 259 5, 592, 476, 775 14, 551 447, 272 14, 952 3251, 290 7, 559 41, 189 2, 542 10,179 130 9, 814 235' 20, 592 500 18, 688 1,404 33!

168, 308 5,912 156, 335 6,061 78, 547 816 75, 648 2, 083[ 197,010 3,640 185, 260 8,110 346, 090 84 5, 858 148 2,619 17 2,559 43 8,694 40 8, 521 133 35

283, 000 13, 056 257, 184 12, 760 121, 253 2. 673 115, 248 3, 332 356, 240 10, 918 334, 933 10, 389 3619, 679 320 18, 241 1,118 10, 108 205 9,347 556 47, 007 4,441 40, 382 2,184 3734, 383 3,083 29, 111 2, 189 8, 470 79 8, 075 316 13, 794 405 12, 502 887 3854, 396 5, 522 46, 342 2, 532 17, 510 298 16, 882 330 29, 061 519 27, 019 1,523 3940, 882 2,894 36, 571 1,417 13, 612 70 13, 372

q15, 879 191 15, 267 421 40

5, 317 420 4, 706 191 1,665 24 1,631 4, 107 21 3,894 192 41• 21, 032 753 19,315 964! 7, 132 20 6,973 139 22, 616 171 21, 588 857 42

98, 521 14, 862 78, 543 5, 116! £0, 181 271 19, 250 660

1

49, 413 2, 263 44, 227 2,923 432, 207 17 2, 153 37! 1, 129 1 1,120 8 2, 653 b 2, 622 23 44

16, 699 880 15, 211 6O81 6,897 63 6, 696 1381 17, 673 397 16, 504 772 4558, 070 1,628 53, 909 2, 533 21, 534 166 21, 032 336| 53, 517 729 51, 389 1,399 463,170 3 3, 163 4 1,646 1 1,645 1

1

1,664 1,661 3 47

16 to 59. 60 and over.

Male. Feinale. Male. Female.

Xumlier of livic^ inhabitants, (10 years and over)Number of persons in Occupation Tables

10, 429, 1509, 486, 734

10, 257, 6451, 594, 783

989, 516634, 837

948, 26550, 405

942, 416 8, 662, 862 354, 679 897 860

It will be observed that while the aggregate number of persons in the United Statesabove the age of 10 is 28,288,945, only 12,505,923 are accounted for in the tables ofOccupations. An examination of the several classes into which this aggregate is dividedshows that the omissions, are mainly among females, and children below the age of lf>

years.

The adult males of the country are as fully accounted for as could be expected. Of10,429,150 between the ages of 16 and 59, inclusive, 9,486,734 are assigned gainful

•98 COMPENDIUM OF THE NINTH CENSUS.

Table LX.

—

Occupations : Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in All Classes, hy States

and Territories—1870.

States and Terri-tories.

Population (a)..

The United States

AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois

IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts . .

.

MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouri.MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire.

.

New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina . .

.

OhioOregonPennsylvania ....Rhode IslandSouth Carolina . .

.

TennesseeTexas"UtahVermontVirginia"Washington"West Virginia"WisconsinWyoming

23,921,05

359, 626

2, 420132, 811110, 12413,117

138, 8043.104

36, 2S141,22558, 437

439, 008

3, 824497, 043396, 086256, 11098, 3G2

382, 255224, 881187, 497219, 296389, C92286, 62960, 672

312, 981

390, 4697,290

27, 59212, 535

102, 989200, 00926, 356

935, 098349, 696C54, 32021, 861

774, 60861,633

259, 840358, 262211, 206

8,976, 89,890407, 093

5,890107, 490134, 930

3, 716

836, 418

1, 329355

1,00719,3111,0126, 772484629

2,515336

1,784529

97, 81035, 52430, 772

(>, 97015, 6669,774294

22, 5907,966

32, 28220, 9891,757

58, 5001,0986, 212

1, 831258

29, 314539

159, 683525

95, 7871,258

73, 578925

1,4212,4959, 743

321194

1,851545

2, 93668, 331

616

947, 234

2,438446958

30, 7831, 230

35, 519678

2, 4753, 908392

2, 541885

61, 24713, 70419, 3556, 296

11, 437

8, 2907,30011,174

118, 26720, 92710, 7031, 594

31,3761,4363, 2273, 546

6, 31645, 266

489264, 858

36543, 7121,314

111, 39817, 1831,2594,2002,317

3456,2101, 991

7693,057

23, 092961

COO, 253

301, 795

580117352

11, 366957

6,144185647661209555546

28, 2485, 001

9, 2304, 0352, 2001,7411,7482, 742

20, 730

17, 7173,114

557

8, 291697

1,9522, 2681,504

12, 568119

55, 168323

22, 829941

40, 1034,780257

11,1181,1487, 134

1, 125844£83958

17, 159444

134,274 470,476

71,922 189,318

2514588

3, 248137

1, 5835299

166s:i

20690

7,6911,240

2, 435941518477463

1,1065, 098

4, 6471, 245225

1, 791205469448524

2, 66832

14,531172

3,823277

7, 212940148318353

1, 021447277236310

3,389197

1085

112

4, 830. 2943,2213993781

3292

ou||

12, 6031, 669

3, 853

1, 561296369

10, 539205

32, 63631,1055, 261

833,1741, 034

8941,7547,00995831

31, 94512

5, 023524

3,1632,556

15255451131

10, 75613968038

8, 843268

«i

230, 426

14212

1183,407

167270750103772

• m179

21, 676

1,12211,4743,142

91395147142

1, 2552,827

25, 449588

1,769268

2,116422

60825

4, 70120

459314

1,2476479

186445

2 8255547

31813

19, 891151

110, 979

58, 200

29354

1234,984

1364434066

13372

142119

4,961

2, 3921,482

707954

6,58069

346987

1,619724348

2,63516621839158

1,669106

10, 70427

6, 799230

3, 9728552

2891,078

41521299087

1, 49751

(a) Ten years and over.

occupations ; while of 989,5 16 above the age of 60, 634,837 are accounted for. Thedifference in the former period (i. <?., 16 to 59) is substantially made up, first, by thenumber of students pursuing courses of instruction beyond the age of W; second, bythe number of persons afflicted with permanent bodily or mental infirmities disqualify-

ing them from participating in the industry of the country ; third by the numbers of

the criminal and pauper classes. The number of men of 'this period of life, not dis-

abled, who are not returned as of some specific occupation, by reason of inherited

wealth, or of having retired from business, is hardly important enough to be mentionedhere. The difference in the latter period (*'. c, from 60 upwards) is accounted for bythe numbers of persons respectively of the second and third classes just mentioned,


Table LXI.

—

Occupations : Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged m Agriculture, oyStates and Territories—1870.

NATIVITY. • *

States and Terri-tories. 1

gI3

o M

5a

3ToaW

3a

o-j

17, 850

eg

<v

s<'S!

1

o s

m

50, 480

aeg

Ieg1-3

R

eg

O

The United States. 5, 303, 363 224, 531 138, 425 77, 173 48, 288 16, 472 2, 861

290, 901533

108, 39030, 6295, 593

37, 5401,247

15, 4651, 103

42, 197335, 487

1,046292, 177242, 567160, 31261, 193

256, 528139, 381

78, 51477, 25061, 614

144, 71732,460

257, 454240, 2791,478

15, 4811,412

44, 21554, 33118, 127

304, 441

268, 876349, 46911, 856

237, 21510, 570

206, 173

265, 541155, 413

4,54250,920

243, 2272,733

72, 19970, 431

136

17149

. 2292, 756

22975589

13653

18142

37, 71714, 87316, 924

3, 395

2, 291. 488

421,843429

12, 324

12, 952410

13, 97696

3,58312515

3,13948

16, 99056

25,060287

9,50140128322

4,2265730

3601T6607

37, 2524

27636261

3, 803165

3, 82313625471

26964

15, 6173, 50610,6682,4161,469376777913

7, 4226, 6806,205520

3,517165892118694

3, 97727

27, 92371

7, 513284

8,01469419463246676

1,998460235773

13, 914C

7

14115

1,80914375350

131

3881182

11,2481,8805, 5682, 039

293133214247728

8,0001, 934

177

2, 322118940131299847

7

11, 71486

6,101274

2,78911360

151354

3,354360256164176

10,6697

536

2466334

20015361524359

2, 870428

1,43148273495964

2401,703

69768

47525

2284162

1931

2, 52872

991100670322259116465232959749

2, 0345

1

202395589

362221

4

1

31351

4,479739

2, 4358762514

2,37710

2,14910, 7812,288

201,02813844192

93269

"6,"6(Ji'

1, 319179300301

23812059

4, 42937

20713

4,0434

163

41

5883457

• 6571

1

8

1037

7,372387

6,8841, 525

295468

40498

15, 50131339345

82851

1

622

5014

12515

1575

3043

1911.577r 2

13801

12, 254

297

4957231641219314207

2,4731,176

83.6

36018563283854

5664405746319

10622"4

17715

2,2738

3, 566

7821

37383

9

262131810

722 694

ConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia .

Georgia10I

IndianaIowa

2

10Maine

Massachusetts 1

Mississippi

Nevada 27New Hampshire. .

.

New -JerseyNew MexicoNew York . ,

North CarolinaOhio

"*2

34PennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaTennessee

1

UtahVermont

3

"WashingtonWest Virginia"Wisconsin"Wyoming

and by the, perhaps, larger number of persona retired from active pursuits by reasonof an acquired competence, of support secured from grown children, or of advancedage.Turning to the table of the occupations of females, (Vol. 1, quarto, Ninth Census,)

an analysis of the numbers reported as of specified occupations in the three severalperiods of life, shows a curious, though probably not significant, rate of progression.

In the first period, the females pursuing gainful occupations are to the males as oneto three ; in the second period as one to six ; in the third period as one to twelve.

It would not seem to be difficult to account for the females of each class who are notrepresented in the Tables of Occupations. The number of female children attendingschool during the census year, as obtained by the canvass of families, (see Remarkson School Attendance, page 448 of this volume,) was 3,180,313. Assuming, as it is

probably fair to do, that two-fifths of the female children under 16 who are reported


Table LXII.— Occupations: Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in Personal andProfessional Services, oy States and Territories—1870.


The United States

AlabamaArizonaArkansas .

.

CaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia.FloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois

IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland .'.

Massachusetts . . .

MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire.

.

New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina . .

.

OhioOregon ,

Pennsylvania ....

PJiode Islan d . . . .

.

South Carolina . .

.

TennesseeTexasUtahVermont•Virginia"WashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

NATIVITY.

1, 858, 178

40, 7951, 167

14,18229, 4G0

2, 68322, 5351,399!), 733

25, 817

10, 29362, 337

700

83, 964

65, 381

43, 06215, 589

73, 98954, 814

29, 186

66, 06262, 39272, 24312, 52639, 20470, 4191,4655, 5872,541

15, 37247, 3595,819

207, 69250, 952

119, 472

3, 963197, 12110,11733, 72051, 97834, 3532,126

15, 52097, 5401,116

15, 09427, 6181,716

191, 212

246189169

5,016220

1,13135116475890

346115

22, 897

6, 5145, 0261,2073,5682,743

485,8161 , 6177,9523,448302

14, 521294

1,4274214$

6,909264

36, 81494

22, 210283

20, 853205188381

1, 5596046

235134498

13, 526314

425, 087

677328

• 29814, 778

34513, 332

5051,3042, 650203

1, 076154

25, 1405,8184, 159

1, 7035,3504,3813,7316,119

54, 3768,0302,809

49515, 778

3261, 555792

1, 63624, 486

347130, 788

12418, 441

50552, 5137,618

3571,503

997121

2, 162524257839

5,017640

49, 905

1060762

2,398120805121124

~G712807

4,186670

1,0515993384G0296487

2,8352,912372117

1,614122402264123

2,57970

9,98143

3, 354189

6, 94960542103260

1,80117793

159123

1,987142

12, 672

51

2416

63414

259312058164817

1,36113522913272

121104151£0197423652

29739107834051519

2,91518

56944

1, 372148233897

26940222231

35647

48. 014

33729

1, 10346

34 L

1367

397

2838

2,723. 258

49225560

1222,640

407,9169, 3251, 320

25680138177554•998

3011G

9,4454

1,176138

1, 0607742

429411

3,00226

1476

2, 13598

A a

29, 333

1

347763952671

22281325

,436411,44377017

1022930

239,101,323126794236957413

17614

,3157

8998

6382420491056884210433

,22257

13, 102

802821

1,5943965191260253312

893339208136231

1,5592013124143213473

7554060

1071633061

2,5377

1,04052

914469

732681529212711

27227

as pursuing gainful occupations, are also embraced in this total of school attendance,*and, on the other hand, estimating the number of female children of this period of life

belonging to the pauper, vagrant, or criminal class at 100,000, we shall have somethinglike 500,000 school attendants among the females of the second period of life. Sub-tracting this from the total number of females between 16 and 59, we shall have in

round numbers 9,750,000 persons, of whom only 1,594,783 appear in the Tables of Occu-pations, leaving, say, 8,150,000 to be accounted for.

As the considerations remaining to be adduced apply equally to females of the thirdperiod of life, we may now add their number to the total already obtained, making theaggregate of females above 16 unaccounted for in the neighborhood of 9,100,000.

* The nnmber of female children embraced in the Tables of Occupations has just been shown to be191,100. Of thoge, 73,177 were engaged in agriculture, 1,116 in trade and transportation, 25,664 in man-ufactures and mining, and 91,143 in personal services, 86,905 of the latter being employed as domesticservants. It is probably within bounds to assume that two-fifths of these were afforded facilities forattending school during some portion of the year.


Table LXIII.

—

Occupations: Nationality {Selected) of Persons engaged in Trade andTransportation, by States and Territories—1870.


The United States

AlabamaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDakotaDelawareDist. of Columbia.FloridaGeorgiaIdahoIllinois

IndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusetts . .

.

MichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraska•NevadaNew Hampshire.

.

New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina. .

.

OhioOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth Carolina . .

.

TennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

862, 653

12, 253306

4,69415, 9571,941

18, 775155

3,1G04, 9422,37715,077

44850, 90729, 20419, 921

8, 33819, 64914, 73226, 09029, 17068, 646

20, 7626,1267,664

35, 740844

3,0302,2747.458

33, 686605

151, 165"

9, 716

55, 151

1,79493, 0168,7047,058

15, 00810, 139

1, 0046,140

18, 696625

5, 67012, 260

986

112, 435

55441

3444,948198705

755

47512178177

10, 7863, 735

2, 563828

2,7772,884

81

3, 799916

2,7311, 072

5989,109

117. 375

40032

4,348123

28, 069281

11, 245277

8,68479

738762

1,5837732

56284

3843,848

150

119, 094

1,05428

2433,813

340

4, 377

16150565

642'

449,6242, 2262, 5071, 3882, 0211,860

6831,7687,9861,547

729287

6, 06250

464189375

5, 05119

34, 96781

7,317132

14, 149848418

1,09140447

42458385

6741, 577

182

32, 086

17211

501,537

87391

419451

11720

3, 180490695

• 355320630183379

1, 5881,21921589

1,18437

18510761

1,75913

8,66549

• 2, 211120

3,17825969

1802133294712294

1061,110

72

056

20509339924

131952

8741191809597

14657794235039245

3041142408

4111

3442643028575774856485420472722

24143

10, 565

2468864

159143158

1225

1, 5661903131574989

87644

2,3893,9854672056981

100162398153

1

3, 4223

7164435478444472146320053

55872

SB

9, 564

1, 4;

452

20884216311

22

241711

156

851, 133332

71286254

263182

1, 61)5

6020612

348397

731

1 10946835

1046

20235654

988

20889273834

28163518

45719310574

161

2,0331459

142197441364352519

2679

,5773

56939

39521464

2045340138

1169

It would at first appear that a clear deduction should he made of oue person onaccount of each family returned in the census, in all, 7,579,863. This number must bereduced, however, to the extent to which females, the heads of families, and doing all

the housekeeping that is done for their families, are also returned as of specific occu-pations.No one familiar with factory-towns will doubt that this reduction should be con-

siderable;yet we shall probably reach the truth of the case substantially if we cut

down the number to be considered as accounted for as "keeping house" to 7,400,000.*

* It must be remembered that this reduction is upon a total of onlyl, 645,18?, the number of femalesof 16 years and upward appearing in the Tables of Occupations. Of this number, 323,791 are engagedin agriculture, 17,582 in trade and transportation, 328,286 in manufactures and mining, and 975,529 inrendering personal and professional services. An examination of the numbers reported under eachspecified occupation will lead to the conclusion that many employments, and these quite the most im-portant, furnish practically no cases whatever of such union of family-housekeeping with paid serviceelsewhere. The number 'allowed on account of such duplication, 179.363, appears, from a particulareven more than from a general view, to be ample.


Table LXIV.— Occupations: Nationality (Selected) of Persons engaged in Manufacturing,Mechanical, and Mining Industries, by States and Territories—1870.


United

States.

as

11H

1

1

p

Om

op

ci J,

Mo

w5

P,

a

The United States. 1, 777, 840 308, 240 264, 628 142, 631 32, 960 76, 431 20, 281 19, 972 21, 692

13, 677414

5,54534, 0782,900

5:), 954303

7,9239, 3633, 570

25, 5071,630

09, 995

58, 93432, 81513,24232, 08915, 95453, 70746, 814

197, 04048, 9079, 5608,659

44, 041

3, 5033,4946,308

35, 94464, 6331,805

271, 80020, 152

130, 2284,243

247, 25632, 24212, 8S925, 73511, 3011,304

17, 31047, 6301,416

14, 52724, 621

878

35876

2656,591

3654,181

37335

1,14672

476295

26, 410

10, 402

6, 259

1, 540

7, 030

3, 659123

11, 132

5, 0049,2753,517447

20, 894591827885168

14, 918104

77, 81094

37 272'411

34, 540601367

1,0302, 375

12786

694151

1,44713, 705

148

43154

1568, 389380

13, 9873073668269

554623

10,8662, 154

2, 021789

2, 5971,6732, 109

2,37448, 4834, 670

960292

0, 019895316

2,4473.611

ll! 75296

71, 18089

10, 441393

36, 7228, 023290974450101

1,626424192771

2,584133

22325

1255, 622

6074, 195

1235 L

26753

229277

9,6341,9611,9161,0421,249518

1,0551,629

15, 5795,586593174

3,171420425

1, 7661,0217, 383

2924, 808

14511, 163

35827, 1873,803

86624321

1,650541373266553

3,393223

829

281,442

56

1, 0254

5980247159

2, 586558595232276161243812

3, 6341,46722060

71513092

279414

1, 54911

6,74456

1, 833105

4, 5956835516592

23315511390

208758102

1

2336

2,00095

2, 3592823261439

172

3, 833482613273162144

4, 646111

20, 1829,0141,180

18877677176946

4,68143514

12, 4775

1, 812163

1, 4491,403

713119040

2, 86256

26116

2,10794

326

231, 159

7398156

121246

1U6

5, 412239

1,01451538

1115050

7131,0461,930

8937618824725856

2978

1,7765

177136348299

71935061114112• 6

2,71350

861133

1, 92939

2766

31

42175482

1. 138684333137377

2, 3562711855042410682

9828233

22437

89521

4,3179

1,62484

1,8813624115223~16

11422937

29913

13, 346ColoradoConnecticut 4

Dist. of Columbia.

.

Georgia 1

3.8633Illinois

IndianaIowa

10

MarylandMassachusetts 81

MississippiMissouriMontana 1, 420

NevadaNew Hampshire. .

.

New Jersey . . ....

New MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaOhio

329

46

2,503PennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth Carolina

13

i

TexasUtah,,Vermont

WashingtonWest Virginia

70

This latter number, then, is to he subtracted from the aggregate, 9,100,000, leaving1,700,000 as approximately the number of females above 16 who are not accounted for

as attending school or as keeping house for their families.

Eeason will be shown later in these remarks for believing that females, both womenand girls, to the number, probably, of one or two hundred thousand, (it is impossibleto reach any assurance in respect to the extent of these omissions,) who do actuallytake part, more or less, in the (paid) industry of the country, are not embraced in theTables of Occupations. This further deduction, therefore, has to be made. Takingthe mean of the two numbers just indicated, and subtracting it from the number1,700,000, we shall have 1,550,000 as the remainder, being the number of females above16 years of age not participating in gainful occupations, nor yet attending school orkeeping house.In the absence of data for calculation and even of reasonable grounds for conjecture,

the Superintendent will not attempt, to distribute this, total among the elements of


which it is composed. Whoever will consider the numerous and various classes whichappear here, grown daughters living at home, widowed mothers supported hy theirchildren, ladies living upon the income of accumulated property, as well as women ofthe pauper, vagrant, and criminal classes, will he surprised that this number is as smallas it is, rather than that it is so large.

Distribution by ages.—In order to enable such comparisons as the above to bereadily made between the total number of inhabitants (male and female) in each periodof life, and the number of persons engaged in any or all gainful occupations withinthat period, certain of the present tables are introduced by statements of the numberof males and females of ages, respectively, 10 to 15, 16 to 59, and 60 years and upward.It needs to be said that, while the class 60 and upward was obtained by actual count,and while the sum of the two classes 10 to 15 and 16 to 59 was obtained in the sameway, the distribution of this total between the two classes has been effected in a de-gree by calculation and not by count, for the reason that in the compilation of age andsex the " break' 7 occurred at another place, namely, between the years 14 and 15, andnot, as chances to be required for the present purpose, between the years 15 and 16. Inorder, therefore, to the comparison above indicated, the number of persons of each sexwho had reached the age of 15 at the date of enumeration, but were still under 16, hasbeen carefully calculated, and the result added to the number known to be from 10 to

14, to make up the class 10 to 15.

The classification adopted.—The plan pursued in the compilation of these tableshas been to refer every specification of occupation to some grand division of industry;and within each of such grand divisions to constitute as many distinct subdivisions asthe nature of the material furnished by the enumerators would allow to be formedwith a reasonable ax>proach to completeness, subject, however, to certain conditionswhich will be presented in the further course of these remarks.The Superintendent is familiar with the reasons which have induced many European

statisticians to abandon the grouping of occupations according to such assumed granddivisions of industry as agriculture, manufactures, trade, &c., and to resort instead toa system of expressing the employments of the people through a large number of min-ute and precise specifications, susceptible of being combined and recombined succes-sively, according to different ideas or theories of classification; but he is convincedthat the conditions and limitations of industrial statistics, at least within the, UnitedStates, will not allow of such nicety in the treatment of material, and, moreover, thatthe highest purposes and the largest uses of such statistics require something closelyapproaching the plan of treatment adopted in the following tables.

The Superintendent is ready to admit the theoretical inferiority of the somewhat" rough-and-ready" classification he has adopted to the scientific precision of the Britishsystem ; but it is decisive of the question, in his mind, that he has never known thecensus statistics of occupations resorted to, either in congressional debates or in news-paper or magazine discussions, for any purpose which would not be practically answeredby the following tables.

It is perhaps not necessary to pursue the subject, but it may be interesting to notetwo things in this connection.

First. That the subdivision of labor and the organization of industry in the UnitedStates 'really correspond rather to the classification of occupations adopted in thesetables than to the nicer distinctions of the foreign statisticians. Indeed, instead ofthrowing away valuable discriminations, the difficulty is so to treat the returns asreasonably to fill the classes here given. Whoever will consider the almost utter wantof apprenticeship in this country, the facility with which pursuits are taken up andabandoned, and the variety, and, indeed, seeming incongruity of the numerous indus-trial offices that are frequently united in one person, will appreciate the force of thisargument. For example, the distinctions in the i^rofession of the law, which are knownand recognized decisively in England and on the Continent, are not maintained in thiscountry except in a few great cities, and there only in exceptional cases. The sameperson with us is law-scrivener, collector of debts, prosecutor of claims, counselor, at-

torney, possibly, also, judge. Again, the organization of domestic service in the UnitedStates is so crude that no distinction whatever can be successfully maintained. A cen-sus of occupations, in which the attempt should bo made to reach anything likeEuropean completeness in this matter, would result in the return of tens of thousandsof "housekeepers" and hundreds of thousands of "cooks/, who were simply "maids ofall work," being the single servants of the families in which they were employed.Again, the British distinction between the merchant and the shop-keeper is impossiblein this country. If anything whatever could be predicated of the two classes in this

respect, it would be that the smaller dealers cling more pertinaciously to the largertitle. Still, again, the British " farmer" is wholly unknown with us. The Americanfarmer is, at least in nine hundred and ninety-five cases out of a thousand, the ownerof the land he cultivates.


Table LXV.

—

Occu2)ations : The United States oy Classes, and severally, with the Periods ofLife and Nationality, {Selected,) of Persons occupied—1870.

Occupations.

FEHSONS OCCUPIED.

All aires.

Total. Males. Females.

10 to 15. 1G to 59.

Total. Total.

Population, 10 years and over 28.22S.945 14,258,866 13,970,079 5,604,369 20,G8G,795

All occupations, (persons engaged in) 12,505,923

Agriculture 5, 922, 471

Agricultural laborersApiaristsDairymen and dairywomenFarm and plantation overseers.Farmers and plantersFloristsGardeners and nurserymenStock-drovers '.

Stock-herdersStock-raisers

10,6G9,G35 1,836,288

5, 525, 503 396, 968

Turpentine farmers.Turpentine laborersVinegrowers

Professional & personal services 2, 684, 793

ActorsApprentices to learned professions.

.

Apprentices to barbersApprentices to dentistsArchitectsArtists, (not specified) (a)

AuctioneersAuthors and lecturersBarbers and hairdressersPath-bouse keepersBilliard and bowling-saloon keepers.Bill-postersBoarding and lodging-house keepers

.

Boot-blacksCard-writersChemists, (practicing)Chimney-sweepsChiropodistsClaim agentsClergymenClerks and copyistsClerks in Government offices

Clerks in hotels and restaurantsDentistsDesigners and draughtsmenDomestic servantsEmployes of companies, (n. s.) (b)

Employes of GovernmentEmployesofhotels and restaurants (c)

Engineers, civil

HostlersHotel-keepersHunters and trappersIndian scouts, guides, &interpreters.Intelligence-office keepersInventorsJanitorsJournalistsLaborers, (not specified)

885, 996136

3,5503,609

, 977, 711

1,08531, 4353,1815, 590

6, 588361

2,1171,112

2, 512, 664136133609(ISO

046202181545

3,

3,i

2, 955, l

1,

31,

3,

361

933105

373, 332 499, 474

417"

22, 68139233 :::::::::

4530

1847

1, 618, 121 1, 166, 672

2, 053386859166

. 2,0172, 9482,266

45823, 935

941, 220

42412, 785

587336087365

G9343, 8746,13S8, 6725, 2437, 839934

375, 734848

14, 40723, 4384,703

17, 586

26, 394940171191352

1, 769

1,361341853165

2,0162,6632,254

34322, 756

891,217

4245, 725587306087363

69343, 8075, 891

7, 7295,1667,815

921

108, 380• 795

13, 80617, 1394, 703

17, 584

25, 529938171164352

1, 6235,251

6924561

1

28512

115179

53

060

<39.164 11,081,517

499,558 4,959,890

«84

2, 287, 708124

3,4663,493

|2, 618, 0001,044

27, 7483,0825, 441

6,388350

|2,0181, 028

149, 491 2, 428, 147

256826529

315

238

li

247 196943 3377 492413 3

867, 354 109, 50353 14

601 91

6, 299 9211

2 I 436865

16

27

146 1035

21, 321 32, 159

2,002318594137

L.9692,8432,155

421

23, 34082

1,202406

11, 77234032

5795960

66339, 4895,8368,3645,1477,678913

838, 409759

13,91222, 2634,574

16, 77024, 901

847162175333

1,5925,180

948, 4045,286

1,031,666 1,010,345

(a) See Painters and Sculptoi's.

(b) See Employes of Express, Insurance, Pailroad, Street railroad, and Telegraph companies, of Trad-ing and transportation companies, (not specified,) and of Manufacturing establishments, (not specified.)

(c) Not clerks.

Second. That it is not deemed practicable, in the United States, to secure that the

average enumerator shall, in the course of a canvass necessarily hurried, fill two or


Tabli: LXV.

—

Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and seoerally, with the Periods ofLife and Nationality, (Selected,) of Persons occupied—1870.

NATIVITY.

United

States.

to

73

To

3

ozn

oa<HI

fq

1

tila

Jfl

. %m

a

c3

a

O

22, 921, 058 1,611,781 1, 769, 375 600, 253 134, 274 470, 476 230, 426 110, 979 60, 174

9, 802, 034 836, 418 947, 234 301, 795 71,922 189, 318 J 09, 658 58, 200 46, 274

5, 303, 363 224, 531 138, 425 77,173 17, 850 48, 288 50, 480 16, 472 2,8G1

2, 700, 268128

1, 8313, 396

2, 509, 023522

13, 845

2, 740

3, 3205,321

3602,111

498

57, 2614

79749

159, 114183

6, 259190151214

43, 398 19, 122 3, 798 20, 589o

27, 171

9318104975

19, 917 4,0262

11118

11,45948

679153844

1,766 1

34359

88, 923104

5, 079118153222

11

24

9126

54, 8S0-

1352,378

49141178

1816

13, 05063

756167851

34 141

366

3

30, 2596

1786

5026

5

676 7R

35 9inii

3071

1722o

i°» 4 32 3 13

1, 858, 178 191,212 425, 087 49, 905 12, 672 48, 014 29, 333 13, 102 19, 471

1, 328347685154

1, 3432,0291,907

37216, 377

53968333

7,49644619

3306047

64435, 6685,3417,5194,4677,299542

729, 180628

10, 07815, 5983,95911,75619, 416

75295

111317

1,0314,411

602, 075

15314

1342

2614209732

4,81415

107'

221,336

16•2

1346

413

2,745206338260146139.

42, 86643987

2,145191

1,3653,037

24112210

154314

96, 432

996

41

7281

9611

4232

4539

2,173284

261

39

1,7401963792105848

145, 95697

2,4253,762

1673,2821,915

132153

371174

229, 199

23410122

1451768724381122814572

66

61

515

1, 566186186101116100

12, 53137

3815042064288312868

11

120183

! 21, 932

11 35. 47"

55348195

350

311

3

95 111",

1 jfi

1

191432671

6

176524174

71242

108

3568182

4336

193

15311

is-'

2 199fl

'>1

243 22°3

347

34910

941

1123

P5243

31

4

26''7

°S131

1

1

3183843142428

3,399111331213991

1184

5 8 99so

1

4

485806483

10618

14, 8786

16430542322384•92

1376

954

25, 394

25

4162035272128

2,874564

25431

23911

831

2134

4,832

313->

1988

241797

11 2876

6619717

80104103421320

15, 459

612

3331T.

L. 3637"iR

5,4201

1

98

39

40

41

13

431019

414."'

461615

4732

25"

555,723

4849

m1

9,43651

52

three thousand subdivisions with appropriate entries without much loss and confusion.As assistant marshals are appointed under the American system, nice discriminationsin respect t® industrial relations can hardly he maintained in a sufficient proportion ofcases to give value to the aggregate results. Of course, accuracy of definition is of novalue if the content he inadequate. It may even he doubted whether the enumerators


Table LXV.

—

Ocaqmtions : Tlie United States, frj Classes, and severally, $-c.—Continued.

Occupations.

PERSONS OCCUPIED.

All aires. 10 to 15.

Total.

Lainp-lightersLand-surveyors

i

Launderers and laundresses\

Lawyersj

Librariansj

Livery -stable keepers;

Marines, (United States)j

Messengers!

Metallurgists|

Midwivesj

Musicians, (professional) (a) I

Naturalists|

Nursesi

Officers of the Army and NavyOfficials of companies, (not spec.) (b).'

Officials of Governmentj

Painters (c)

Physicians and surgeons I

Restaurant-keepersSailors, (United States Navy) ". .

.

Scavengers «. -j

Sculptors, (c)j

SextonsShort-band writersShowmen and showwoinenSoldiers, (United States Army) .

.* .

.

Teachers, (not specified)

Teachers of dancingTeachers of drawing and painting.Teachers of music (a)...

Translators"Veterinary surgeonsWhitewashers

Trade and Transportation.. 1,191,238

2762,071

60, 90640, 736

2138,504

4778,717

1641, 1666,519287

10, 9762, 2863,410

44, 743775

62, 38335, 185

780301250

1,151154

1,17722, 081

126. 322149108

9, 49121

1,1662,873

AgentsApprentices in storesBankers and brokers ofmoney & st'ksBarkeepersBoatmen and watermenBook-keepers & ac'tants in stores (d)

CanabhenClerks in stores (cl)

Clerks and book-keepers in banks. .

.

Clerks and book-keepers in expr's co"s

Clerks and book-keepers in ins. offices 1

Clerks and book-keep's in rail'd offices!

Clerks and book-keepers in tel. officesj

Commercial travelersDraymen, hackmen, teamsters. <fcc.

Employes of trading &, trans'n co's(e)

Employes of banks, (not clerks)Employes of express co's, (not cl'ks)

Employes of insur'ce co's, (not cl'ks)

Employes of railroad co's, (not cl'ks)

Employes of st. railr'd co's, (not cl'ks)

Employes of telegraph co's, (not cl'ks)

HuckstersLaborersMilkmen and milkwomen

10, 499673

10, 63114, 36221, 33231, 1777, 333

222, 5047,103

7671, 5687,374

191

7, 262120, 756

4, 152424

8,55411,611

154, 0275,1038,316

17, 36214, 8823,728

Males.

2762,6715, 297

40, 731170

3,493477

8,637164

Females.

6095

4311

16 to 59.

-tal. Total.

73

543

89j

4,093

6, 346236806

2, 286

3, 35244,329

|

71761, 85834, 542

780299246

1,144147

1,07722, 08142, 775

14143

3,91121

1,1662 482

1,136173

1

10, 170

5841453

525043

47

7

100

655,530

391

13,693

10, 443 56673 5

10, 616 1514, 292 7021, 302 3030, 884 2937,328 10

216, 310 6,1947,081 22767

1,562 6

7,364 10190 1

7,230 32120, 560 196

3, 975 177421 3

8, 54911, 587- 24

153, 965 625,102 1

7,961 35516, 147 1,21514, 332 5503,635 93

3

14, 472

19107

315940863

6397,085

255

-.13

28184

1,427136

752

•2

8742626015762438

2502,448

57, 96433, 948

1918,278474

4,375164766

6,295269

9,6362,2073, 19942,058

755

57, 94734, 457

765276238938150

1,14622, 059124, 030

145107

9, 24717

1,0482,620

1, 149, 042

10, 111559

10, 13714, 04320, 48430, 5636,580

213, 5836,994

7531, 5277,300

1727,103

116, 8153,918'400

8,36211, 157

151, 5895, 0548,027

16, 29713, 911

3.563

CO audover.

(a) See Musicians, (professional,) and Teachers of music.(b) Seo Officials of Express, Insurance, Railroad, Street railroad, and Telegraph companies, (not spe-

cified,) and of Manufacturing and mining companies.(c) See Artists, (not specified,) Painters, and Sculptors.(d) See Book-keepers and accountants in stores, Clerks in stores, and Salesmen and saleswomen,(c) Not specified.

of any country are capable of carrying out thoroughly any body of instructions respect-

ing the return of occupations, yriricii require more than the plain and simple character-


Table LXV.—Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, tfc—Continued.

NATivrrr.

United

States.

a

o

3,2

.2

13«

5

am

2

d.2

o

<"a;

ca

it

5

a<A

rt

111

saag3O

1772, 350

40, 814

38, 412191

7,087320

6, 74797

7692, 663

195)

8,3251,9882, 888

38, 461529

55,92014,020

539110130644117839

11, 478116, 606

11296

7,24612

7442, 367

3490

2, 761513

42732

43524272

. 2, 4013245866

1471,800114

2,36211, 877

3012147

1524

91

2, 997

3, 21511

1,2312

123323

5185

11,530730

3

54572972

440

3515

1,346124193

2,53415913

4,2207831152031042

4,9642,568

1

162

76760144312182202801330273253873485

86752983

1,241556109912639S6

1,29083

339

4

28331258

1

1264

7834

m6

170172530213

79362810

817031

1• 32

52667

501

711113

116128232821

5116

205122

3

34105666

353

9218172265

26320112

11

32758

r»4

3,653 555657

282

433

32131

85479

16415

308973

5111512

58

59

5 6061

6936 63

61656h

67

4 686q

19366

70717q

14 7'i

410422328390

1

1

36

2433

171198

1

381

173

74

54

20392

1,1561

1 757«

2621069673

1061

1115

2 77If

6 7S8(1

81

125 8fl

81

7370

14138

243

1115

84

R=i

862, 653 112, 435 119, 094 32, 086 8,440 16, 565 9,564 8,654 2,250

8, 816619

9,0047,330

17,49924, 4946,058

181, 4786,547

6821,4376,387

1736,203

83, 0783,316360

6,62510, 21894, 5053, 4817,577

10, 909

9, 234

2, 016

43824684

3,508737

2,250293

16, 886198

842

139

35011,261

22221556625

7,85557798

2,2961,801

1 1, 026

4346

2581,8242, 019

1, 524799

9,532913124368

7222

17,92526422839205

37, 822763226

2, 2142, 468

430

38113

311444312

1,25972

5,3411042034

2574

2352,616

8613214238

3,86012516445546280.

861

90819149013

1,537305574

140274

22132644761

2, 732301412764

842, 613

934

132126

2,85766

15913821513

3721589

131742

1,04428

633

8534163

18619

1,1663744

16

6 81

1

4 81

9f

38 91

207 91

94

9f

411

<V

TIf

51630281

4355

91323317114231

27457841

4017

3, 930132141176

19549161

2236

3812910

2957651

9 l

266

101

101

TH-

1 IOL

568 io:

lOf10*

556

lOt

10£

rir

ization of each man's employment in the common phrase of the working people them-selves. Certainly, it is not to be thought of in the United States.The employments reported in the census have been, for the purposes of this publica-

tion, brought under four general titles, viz, Agriculture, Manufactures and Mining,Trade aDd Transportation, Personal and Professional Services, the latter having some-what of a residual relation to the others, and yet in the main a substantial character,and with limits not hard to define.


Table LXV.

—

Occupations: The United States, oy Classes, and severally, Jr.—Continued.

PERSONS OCCUPIED.

Occupations. All ages. 10 to 15. 1G to 59.

Total. Males. Females. Total Totsfl.

Mule-packersNewspaper criers and carriers—Officials of trading &transp'nco's(a)

I

Officials of banks'

Officials of express companiesOfficials of insurance companiesOfficials of railroad companiesOfficials of street railroad companiesOfficials of telegraph companiesPackersPawnbrokersPeddlersPilotsPorters in stores and warehouses . .

.

SailorsSalesmen and saleswomen (b)

Shippers and freightersSteamboat men and womenStewards and stewardessesToll-gate and bridge keepersTraders and dealers, (not specified)

.

in agricultural implements.books and stationeryboots and shoescabinetwarecigars and tobaccoclothingcloths and textile fabrics.

coalcoal and woodcottoncrock'y, china, & stouew'edrugs and medicinesdry-£roodsrpld & sir

iroceriesgold & siiv'r ware &. jewy

hats and capsiceiron, tin, and copper waresleather, hides, and skinslimeliquors and wineslive stock

% lumbermacbinery, (not spec.) (c).

music and musical instr'ts

newspapers 6c periodicalsoils, paints, & turpentineoptical instrumentsproduceprovisionsreal estatesewing-machines

UndertakersWeighers, gangers, and measurers

.

Wreckers

473

2, 002976

2,73875762

1, 9028872

1,421384

16, 975

3, 649

16, 631

56, 66314,2033, 5677, 9751, 2452,253

100, 4061,9393,3927,0194,0878, 2347, 5951,1634, 1432,4931, 701

1,76517, 36939, 790

6, 40274, 410

3, 3751,4649,0032,261

31011,7187, 7239,440254848

1, 455986301

11, 809

7,5288,9333, 1521,996

92693

Manufactures ax~d Mixing. ..2. 707, 421

1 67 Agricultural implement makers

.

168 Artificial flower makers3,8111,165)

4731,995

9672,738

75762

1, 90:2

8871

1, 229379

16, 697-

3,64816, 63156, 66311, 4283, 5647, 9351,1602,047

97, 5731,8833, 3376,9474,0718,1177, 5321,1154,1432, 4851,6981,703

17, 33539, 1296,382

73, 213

3, 3601,4638,9812, 2*7

31011, 6127,7189,436254830

1,434985301

11, 746

7, 4748,9193,0771, 976

92393

648

1

192

2731

36

2,7753

4085

2062, 833

5655721611763

836234

66120

1,197151

106

1874

286312365

9

36

•21

387

4731,299

9272,489

6681,830

8471

1,325376

16, 0903,50015,96454, 61813, 092

3, 411

7, 8401,2091,829

96, 0671,'876

3, 2726,7613, 928

2, 353, 471 353, 950

8,0337,3691,1313, 9592,3671, 6281, 693

16, 97738, 5436,208

71, 6763, 101

1, 4318,7662, 171

29711,5047, 558 I

9,072246823

1,409946291

11, 4687,2338,4463, 1161,85388790

3,786218

68262

3,653894

.5, 643 2, 544, 438 87, 340

(a) ISTot specified..

(b) See Book-keepers and accountants in stores, and Clerks in stores.

(c) Not agricultural implements.,

Tlie reason for making a common title for Trade and Transportation must be suffi-

ciently evident without explanation.Mining, which, stands in idea between agriculture and manufactures, in that, like

agriculture, it obtains the raw material of subsequent industrial i>rocesses,. while, like


Table LXV.

—

Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, $c—Continued.

2481,431

861

2, 57-2

1,6647764

874130

7,0723,2148,418

42, 06411, 3062,9916,519992

1,86274, 3811,8412,4174,9032, 7564,8243,415

8453,4181,7101,3881,056

14, 27331,.1804,315

46, 2262, 355

067313542261559423370231643

1,059783114

9,1716,0777,3912, 8851,46074761

19265

30314

2155107

4,79980

2,8882, 247

9731122955$90

11, 07824324

1, 073673

2,3522, 872

15722727060

2641,4704,5641,064

13, 45652316079443317

2,672520336

7

1171289198

1.05653353188173243

211403129

11110

42

21838

2,180138

4,1004,0871, 025

11463873

1635,647

1325945425332634572

254224119179339

1,505139

8,87923111331610919

3, 211382 i

203!

312

121331264345042544

216973

67329421

9

55o

i6429

57173

3772,170

374881895071

2,9922318827717916826337

1557354

122607786272

2,07512447

250

• 6387150183

6

451033841356167269577431

16

9

3

1081212270415832481015

8003

C5513433511031

22192388

31952

444

22127

121

5121

1

397

211

42120

1,656184639<i

19219651229606251

5S102339

1318924281

690161295172

10282

1571

4

78 15542 51

63 7724 309 13

6 7

3 3

306, 240 264, 623j

142, 631|

32, 960|

70, 451|

i :.

l784479

1,7101050515

11376

6

21

1616411464

1329

64122

if

3575829

3a

11 1110 9

319 15214

164 83265 865524 1

23 69 1q

,308 604

32 164

41

99 23135 8

91551 921

23 25118 51369 4100 48

• 999 12446 1

7

46 1

29

20, 281 19, 972 21, 692

2, 836S28

210135

477.

10310523

1095

167168

manufactures, its agencies and forces are chiefly nieclianical, not chemical, has, for

convenience mainly, been assigned to the group of Manufactures.A still stronger consideration of convenience, though with somewhat less clear con-

siderations of propriety, induced the Superintendent to place the fishing industry inthe category of . Manufactures. The number of persons engaged in the fisheries willalways and inevitably be below the fact, for the reasons, first, that this industry is

usually pursued for a season only, while, for the remainder of the year, the fisherman39 C C


Table LXV.— Occupations: The United States, by Classes, and severally, $e.—Continued.

Occupations.

Apprentices, (not specified) (a)

Bag-makers^ —Bakers -«.

Basket-makers .*.

Bell-founders .•-

Belting-factory operatives ~.

Blacksmiths -^

Bleachers, ctyers, and scourersBlind, door, 'and sash makersBoat-makersBone and ivory workers .-.

Bookbinders and finishers r

Boot and shoe makersBos-factory operativesBrass founders and workersBrewers and maltstersBrick and tile makersBridge builders and contractors (6) .

.

Britannia and japanned ware makersBroom and brush makersBronze-workersBuilders and contractors, (n. s) (b)

ButchersButton-factory operatives „

Cabinetmakers 1

Candle, soap, and tallow makersCard and fancy-paper makersCar-makers :

Carpenters and joinersCarpet-bag: and satchel makers (c) . .

.

Carpet-makersCarriage and wagon makersCharcoal and lime burners -

Cheese-makers .'

Cigar-makers (d)

Clerks and book-keepers(e)Clock-makersComb-makersConfectionersCoopersCopper-workersCotton-mill operatives (/)Curriers, tanners, finishers of leatherDagnerreotypists and photographersDie-sinkers and stamp-makersDistillers andrectifiersEmploy6s (e)

Engineers and firemenEngraversFertilizer-establishment operativesFile makers, cutters, and grinders .

.

Fireworks-makersFishermen and oystermenFlax-dressersFur-workersGalloon, gimp, and tassel makers . .

.

Gas-works employesGilders

PEKSONS OCCUPIES.

All ages.

Total.

15, 302866

27, 6803,297

169296

141, 7744,9015,1552,101

2089,104

171, 1276,0804,694

11,24626, 0701,0291,0925,816

797,51144,3541,272

42, 8351,942339

2,228344, 596

20215, 66942, 4643,8343,534

28,2865,8611,779693

8,21941, 7892,122

111, 60628, 7027,558479

2,87420, 24234, 2334,226316

1,413101

27, 1061,0401,191

5692,086

Males.

15, 102520

27, 4423,082165295

141, 7744,5825, 1552, 101208

6,375161, 4853,8574,592

1 1, 23825,9961,029987

5,29967

7,50844, 354

73642, 1231,900

1182,228

344, 596139

10, 29242, 4323, 829

% 75026,4425, 6411,704595

7,60741, 7892, 118

47, 20828, 6427,330477

2,86817, 74434,2334,197

3101,401

90

27, 071725836242

2,0821,499

Females.

200346238215

4

1

319

2,7299, 6422, 223

1028

74

105 17517 28912 1

3

338536 183712 88642 • 80

221 2917

86463

5, 37732

7841,844220

612

4G4, 398

6022826

2, 498

296

121135

321355327

4

35

10 to 15.

Total.

2,132146537100

1

599141

1025

1

4482, 328

6009845

1, 456

18

5222082950

1,20984534784

34913

19, 946257329

,30233432

941482720133742622

16 to 59.

Total.

13, 170710

26, 5922, 755

164287

135, 1864,5524, 9871,990200

8,496159, 542

5, 3944,486

11, 03724, 2161,0131;0515,318

7,17742, 841

1,05539, 8541,781306

2,187329, 962

17613, 62840, 738

3, 7153,409

26,8935, 6971,635618

7,88138, 8302, 04988,84020, 4257, 429

4592, 799

18, 46533, 8574,102298

1,30179

24, 882828

1,127458

2,0201,4811,534

(a) All apprentices to manual trades, whose trades were specified on the schedides, have been includedin these tables, with the journeymen of their respective crafts.

(b) See Builders and contractors, (not specified ;) also Bridge, House, and Railroad builders and con-

tractors.

(c> See Trunk and valise makers. ,

id) See Tobacco-faotory operatives.(e) In manufacturing establishments, (not specified.) ,

(/) See Mill and factory operatives, (not specified,) and TVoolen-mill operatives.

follows some other gainful avocation under which, lie will preferably he reported;*

* Often, indeed, fishing is carried on at any season of the year only incidentally to some other occu-pation from which the family derives its principal support.


Table XLV.

—

Occupations: The United States, Tjy Classes, and severally, $~c.—Continued.

NATIVITY.

m<v

02

I

aaa

o

a

aa

3

'So

W

^3a

o

c3

a< ;

B

s

>>

ii

2

a

s68

o

13, 209. 47611, 1672,044

137225

101, 567

2, 0133,8901, 743138

6, 460

108, 3204, 2732,5012, 71515,268

860655

4,02524

4,97723, 412

80225, 293

936283

1, 7565264,531

828,518

32,2442,4573,123

13, 8334,9971,351572

4, 35025, 903

99771,54718, 0056,327332

1,61012, 54924, 2862,286

12769369

21, 551717435446894771

745116

10, 863936

(i

13

14, 0127056189244

944

28, 226918454

6,7803,340

2391

74720483

13,22754

11, 79848016

164

29, 70482

1,7255,196306114

9, 29232414613

2,1858,954

4151,2143,458

41039692

2,5142, 098

89056

1831156412

37240163382

609131

2, 421741835

12, 3391,091

17112210

77810, 998

4721,079520

3,44380

10953016

1, 263

2, 646263

1, 59530426151

16, 56614

2,7061, 59059653

54720217171

4773,484337

18, 7134, 76414631

3342,7173, 317

23070

1357

87218718337816153

33234897884

16

5,005614106

9498

5, 082•116

37238973122120226

4404

2, 08989

1,020777

809,784

71, 5241,162

15358

80418904

, 17312706164

10, 09175628740

' 79912

2,55043412

3459

44343

11120121103

6210

48715

1,401165

2211

175

37731

301

13425~1

357

62841

1

86616226Jl

339

1,5203445

2711S9

32391244

1,076o

518271

11

1,796•3

70288867

16218

9

ifiq

70311

170171

ITS17'i

3, 71239161

43

171

1, 230

51

1

1

1, 402192244

3053

28

44 17,:

17*i

45 17717'"

17*

931,041

3312573859

1752

1205, 506

877092

2, 26927931022

14550454

849283

2811, 288

Iflfl

48936

181

IK562

18-18-"

IS'

IP-

1ft

1042473

24025220

2,8455

561222~26

3151494

71012:12

47

1,714256429

11

205742103

1

11

36123

1

8519f

irn

63210

11

22id;

1rr

8

3, 5001

49

288183

1141

1

f-fll

155llj-

36297712270

177421210

11497343

7,683893165

923462653493519o

1,57319174

2324

1

35

19fm20

1, 7271

1

20:

20,

3027251

35165545

2601271861

1

345

225589

119169509

49143179113

1

121

1651

173

522

611

20'

20*o ,

3 21 (

' 5 21;

°1<

166 21:

'Ml

1 21"

"1*

>>«

9563833530

310 saoo.

539

17

or,;

c-\;-

1 32f

second, tbat no inconsiderable proportion of the persons actually engaged on the waterin this pursuit, at the time of the enumeration, having no families to report them, areentirely omitted from the census under the American system; third, that where fish-

eries are carried on in vessels larger than the ordinary row or sail boat, the handsemployed are generally known, not as fishermen, but as sailors. The last statementholds true of the vast majority of all persons who are engaged in the whale, cod, andmackerel fisheries. It is true that, according to the theory of a census of occupationstaken in the interest of industrial science mainly, vessels so employed should, with all

their hands, be excluded from the class of transportation and be returned as engaged,in the, fisheries;, but this distinction is one which it appears hopeless to make,, at least;

612 COMPENDIUM' OF THE NINTH CENSUS.

Table LXV.

—

Occupations: The United State*, by Classes, and severally, cfc.—Continued.

Occupations.

PERSONS OCCUPIED.

All ages.

Total. Males. Females

10 to

Total. Total.

Glass-works operativesGlove-makers -

Glue-makersGold and silver workersGun and lock smithsHair cleaners and dressersHarness and saddle makersHat and cap makersHoop-skirt makersHose-makers, (leather and other) . .

.

House builders and contractors (a) .

.

Ice-cuttersInk-makersIron & steelworks 6c shops operativesIron-foundry operatives (b)

Iron-furnace operativesIron and steel rolling-mill operativesKnitting and hosiery mill operativesLinen-mill operativesLumbermen and raftsmenMacaroni and vermicelli makers

j

Machinists r- - -

1

Manufacturers !

Marble and stone cutters|

Masons, brick and stone|

Mast, spar, oar, and block makersMattress-makers !

Meat and fruit preserving employes.j

Meat packers, cure re?, and pickle'rs.JMechanics,* (not specified)Mill and factory operatives, (n. s.) (c)

MillersMilliners, dress &mantua makers, (d)

Mineral-water makersMinersMirror and picture frame makers . .

.

Morocco-dressersMusical-instrument makers, (n. s.) .

.

Needle-makersOfficials ofmanufacturing companiesOfficials of mining companiesOil-cloth makersOil-refinery operatives '.

Oil-well operators and laborersOrgan-makersOyster-packersPainters and varnishersPaper-hangersPaper-mill operativesPatent-medicine makersPattern-makers .-

PerfumersPiano-forte makersPlasterers ;

Plaster-moldersPlate-printersPlumbers and gasfittersPotters

9.-518

2, 329241

18, 5088,1841,020

3-2, 81712, 625

96224839914278

22, 14134,«457, 452

17, 2493, 653

70617, 752

2954, 75542, 877

25, 83189, 710

653375770

1,16416, 51441,61941, 58292, 084

458152, 107

9701,728

377164

2,144576

• 454

1, 747

3, 80366.7

44385, 123

2, 49012, 469

4093, 970248

2,53523,577

223231

11,1435,060

9,3451,110235

17, 2798,151570

32, 7079,27520813039914275

21, 646

34, 2457,452

17, 2491,664262

17, 75227

54, 75542, 68725, 83189, 710

653347356

1, 15413, 95533, 50941, 3431,604

453152, 061

9461,704377130

2,141576451

1,7083, 802

659329

85, 0702,4718, 585«3313,970

1422, 531

23, 577222226

11, 1434,948

1731,219

6

1,2293345650

3,350754118

3

495

1,989444

2841410

2, 5598,110239

90, 4805

462424

3391

8

1145319

3, 884

io;

1,25012215

35777

131287450499

1

7864646148566529221481

209

84251

3

1334

3673,720

1221,759

43

3,5243622~1

15

5389

8183735700169

1321

109

72241

8, 1242,098219

17, 621

7,709851

31, 54311, 815

90220836414169

20, 931

33, 1227,068

16, 430

2, 995481

17, 35726

53, 21540, 89825, 15585, 521

61S354618

1,10515, 51437, 23339, 12589,509

410144, 420

9221,661365148

2, 064567442

1, 6773,778

640353

82, 703

2, 40711, 463

3773,785230

2, 43823, 025

213225

10, 9744,608

(a) See Builders and contractors, (not specified ; ) also Bridge and Bailroad builders and contractors.(b) See Stove, furnace, and grate makers.(c) See Cotton-mill operatives and Woolen-mill operatives.(d) See Shirt, cuff, and collar makers and Tailors, tailoresses, and seamstresses. .

in a census of the United States, with the agencies provided by existing laws. Weare eonxpelled, therefore, to accept the result that the great majority of persons engagedin the fisheries are returned as sailors merely. The residue are not worth constitutinginto a separate grand division of industry, and have, therefore, been carried into themanufacturing class, to which, by the way, it may be remarked, though that affords

no very good reason, the census-law assigns the fisheries.


Table LXV.

—

Occupations : The United States, by Classes, and severally, $?c.—Continued.

NATIVITY

£ci

1i

a11 a

oa 1

a

'fci

a

o•1

oa a

o a . £ r3

£ o H H lf2 M m ^ o

fi, 964 934 795 413 72 70 25 134 2f

2,000 95 31 141 * 10 J 5 2 22 4 2-

98 105 23 2 1 1 1 o,;

11, 690 3,088 1, 021 1,135 TC0 239 238 312 16 2;

4, 703 2, 091 453 452 51 03 49 141 2 2:

4-2') 220 128 86 25 16 17 26 52 2:

24, 568 3, 868 1, 747 811 161 715 161 226 1 cv

8, 829 1, 154 1, 727 518 74 37 17 93 2.

672174324

51

830

185 19 3 11 o 4

819

4710

21

1

11

o

1 2 2:

108 4 17 2 8 1 1 p«

58 10 . 3 1 1 9,

14, 27818, 5384,2948,703

1 410 1,878 222 291 22 100 o

4,409562

6 826 2, 196612

732 742 184 254 fl

1, 780 48 61 14 43 o

1,793 3, 451 2,717 155 138 46 75 2 2

2, 458346

93 391 553 66 56 1 o

8 229 33 84 6 c>

13, 550 443 567 263 171 1,908 35G 47 111 9,

3

35, 432 5, 0161

4, 8331

499

' ; »

5,175 1,741 1,097 299 6 2

31, 962 4, 896 1,817 2,189 447 506 151 308 22 211,92355, 147

3 491 6, 23718, 537

1,709 966 766 114 212 p11, 606 4, 480 989 1,500 703 475 23 2

518 23 48 28 11 16 9

214 89 23 13 4 o 3 12 51

633 51 58 15 1 4 1 3G71 239 128 54 15 7 o 22 7 2

11, 865 1,870 1,119 777 190 2G4 55 166 1 229, 392 . 3,099 3, 852 1,805 496 1,597 343 154 203 235, 290 2,614 867 1, 434 323 431 133 173 11 272, 505 3, 541 8,578 2, 894 687 2,468 197 526 20 2

25857, 388

1028,579

6622 822

12

28, 8774

2,4891

1,731

o

5, 515 1, 559 17, 009 2516 240 81 34 12 20 15 18 '•>

841190132

1,787

170125205

627135

74

432419

147

14

2230

.19

7318

731

7

9o ^

9

3 1 2384199

2268

35135

8916

35 33

28

3 '>

14 9,

861 350 305 130 20 43 7 11 2

3,225 104 168 95 18 176 3 4 2454339

65, 226

9370

6,736

192

4, 383

486

4,200

4 291

1,408

6 2 c>

c>

745 829 481 8 21,6968,202

323759

1502,322

181501

38299

33245

1753

2622

v

10 2215

2,763186

1,10816, 811

10734214

1,0111,580

4721013

1233, 044

193411082

1,031

6117

1

22216

3758

40365

1

30245

190

244102879

'>

^^c>

1 2*

69 24 11 8 3 2 1 1 6 2172

6, 65528621

9

2,27412

8766

4121

1311

34

^

34 2f

3, 260 645 263 575 . 174 37 16 39 2,

The completeness or these tables.—Comparison of the numbers reported iu theTables of Occupations with the numbers found under corresponding titles in the Tablesof Manufactures, will discover discrepancies of very important extent, which requireto be here accounted for, not only in justification of these tables, but for the additionallight which such an investigation throws upon the industrial capacity of the country.Not only do important discrepancies exist, but they are found to be of two kinds, of

diametrically opposite direction. In one class of cases the numbers reported in theTables of Occupations appear to be much too large; in the other, far too small. Two


Table LXV.

—

Occupations: The United States, oy Classes, and severally, cj-c.—Continued.

Occupations.

Powder-makersPrintersPrint-works operativesPublishers ofbooks, maps, newspaperPump-makersQuarrymenQuartz and stamp mill laborersRag-pickersRailroad builders and contractors (a)

Reed and shuttle makersRoofers and slatersRope and cordage makersRubber-factory operativesSail and awning makersSalt-makersSaw-mill operativesSawyersScale and rule makersScrew-makersSewing-machine factory operatives.

.

Sewing-machine operatorsShingle and lath makersShip-carpentersShip-smithsShip-calkersShip-riggersShirt, cuff, and collar makers (b)

Shot, cartridge, and fuse makersSilk-mill operativesSpring and axle makersStarch-makersStave, shook, and heading makers .

.

Steam-boiler makersSteam engine makersStereotypersStove, furnace, and grate makers(c)

.

Straw-workersSugar makers and refiners :

Tailors, tailores9es, & seamstresses(b)TinnersTool and cutlery makersTrunk and valise makers (d)

Tobacco-factory operatives (e)

Truss-makersType founders and cuttersUmbrella and parasol makersUpholsterersWheelwrightsWhip-makersWindow-shade makersWire makers and workersWoodchoppersWood turners and carversYfoolen-mill operatives (/)

PERSONS OCCUPIED.

All aces.

Total. Males.

575 56839, 860 36, 3653,738 2,7861, 577 1,5771, 672 1, 672

13, 580 13, 589617 617436 33G

1,292 1,292200 194

2,750 2,7502,675 2, 3453,886 2,0352,309 2,2781, 721 1,721

47, 298 47, 2636,939 6, 939

41G 390780 434

3,881 2, 0153,042 1823,788 3, 704

15, 900 15, 900396 396

3, 068 3,0681,057 1, 041

4, 080 1,268186 97

3,256 954301 301229 189

1,858 1,8256, 958 6,9534, 172 4, 172333 329

1,543 1, 5432, 029 5991, 609 1, 599

161, 820 61,61330, 524 30, 5075, 351 5, 2551, 845 1,831

11, 985 9, 69574 64

649 5561, 439 7495, 736 5, 558

20, 942 20, 942609 491245 219

1, 834 1, 7538, 338 8,3387,947 7,903

58, 836 36, 060

Females.

7

1, 495952

100

3301,851

31

26346

84

162,812

89

2,302

1,43010

97, 207179614

2,2901093690178

1182681

4422, 776

10 to 15.

Total.

1

1, 570•599

14

5484440

427292143

8

56797189

11715017615210

16212

8937

1212465

i

165210

2, 71844918163

2,496

64676715126

7213084

7,427

16 to 59.

Total.

556

37, 813

2, 9751, 5371,564

12, 781569302

1,273189

2,6692,2753,7022, 193

1, 611

45, 9696,459399655

3,7102,8563, 508

15, 102387

2,950990

3,884171

2, 337289215

1,7016,8194,086323

1,4971,9321, 568

153, 97729, 5815,0721, 751

9, 31972

5771,3385, 548

19, 153561236

1,7417,9317, 665

50, 212

(a) See Builders and contractors, (not specified; ) also Pridge and House builders and contractors.

\b) See Milliners, dress, and mantua makers, Shirt-, cuff, and collar makers, and Tailors, tailoresses,

and seamstresses.(c) See Iron-foundry operatives.(d) See Carpet-bag and satchel makers.(a) See Cigar-makers.

(f) See Cotton mill operatives and Mill and factory operatives, (not specified.)

broad reasons are found in the very form of a census taken under existing laws in theUnited States, one of which explains the first class of discrepancies, while the othercovers the ground of the second. As these discrepancies are capital in their extent,

they require to he discussed at some length.


Table LXV.— Occupations : The United States, oy Classes, and severally, <J-c—Continued.

29031,2081, 674

1, 3S31, 465

6, 020156203999156

1,7071, 535

2, 3831,679

79933, 5275, 764290558

2,6142,3373,136

11, 720283

2, 340495

2,970155

2,25816580

1, 3533, 177

2, 549211963

1,880360

94, 87522, 3373,012966

10,26649457988

2,83217, 477

473178832

6,2014,271

32, 083

262 249'~47

59(>6

1,30111910822

21943134781

2513,404

480431719577

146644

38265

27710783257

2865853752526413893

33,2003,8356725499361457

1341,6831,416

4445172322

2,210

148

2, 8561,078

4739

4, 0319868167

9

483414778168400

1,7932314415874247053

1,17666

31217555717

233•58

7969

1,9074274319283

21318,0091,732560176451

367239437652419

541196450

12, 231

371, 6525736944

1, 258892272119312110311120

689107183019071395452093129110

443219123273246423702932

4,7851,019

6064496

3738313419291

195100347

6,609

124091411310

1408

196

632431143042846

281713

2955

324233

3071341394

91, 196

24151

810

IE

70111

1

1

193080

1,306

803891731

43668

401

3834

22-1

-79

89420!)

15

452

2ii0

07210

151

2653

35101

59139824

3018

2, 79552934624241

3996

529

447735153

3,175

4

122

4203151

8

11411

l,i7615

26252

319

71,961

15511

86

161107

4

543286

28456212102

211, 496264401936

15100103

7

681155138

914513

410

97

First, however, it needs to be stated just what constitutes a discrepancy. A failure

in the numbers reported in the one place and in the other to balance exactly is not adiscrepancy. On the contrary, this is to be expected ; and if the numbers are foundto be in excess in the proper set of tables, and to be in excess to only the proper extent,this furnishes a statistical proof of a high character. The tables in'which the numbersshould thus be generally found in excess are the Occupation Tables. The reason for

the excess being found in these Tables and not in the others is, that the schedule ofmanufactures gives an average return of the number of " hands employed," while thestatistics of occupations are taken from a count of individuals upon the populationschedule, and present, therefore, a maximum return, embracing, as they do, artisans of


every class out of employment, temporarily disabled, or for some otlier reason not in-

cluded in the actual return of any establishment.The degree to which such excess should extend "will depend, within certain limits,

upon the nature of the special occupation, as well as upon the general condition of

manufacturing industry throughout the country at the time. It should rarely, how-ever, fall below six percent, in any trade at any time, and it should quite as rarely goabove sixteen per cent.

Wheuever, therefore, the numbers returned in the Tables of Occupations do not exceedthose under the same titles in the Tables of Manufactures by at least six per cent., and,on the other hand, whenever tbe former exceed the latter by more than sixteen percent., there a discrepancy must be admitted.And, first, of those cases where the numbers in the Tables of Occupations do not ex-

ceed those in the Tables of Manufactures by six per cent., or even fall below them.Instances of this kind are principally confined to the returns of factory operatives.

At the present census these instances are sufficiently marked to require explanation.*A portion of these omissions, undoubtedly, may be accounted for by the large num-

ber (41,619) returned under the head of "Mill and factory operatives not specified," aswell as by the number (20,242) of "Employes of manufacturing establishments notspecified ;" but, in the main, the explanation of the discrepancies is found in the fact,

heretofore adverted to, that women and children employed in factories are omitted inlarge numbers.

Second. Those instances where the numbers appearing in the Tables of Occupationsexceed those in the Tables of Manufactures by more tban the probable or possibledifference between a maximum and an average" return. Unlike the class first noted,these discrepancies affect mainly the statistics of those occupations which are pursuedsingly, or by twos and tbrees, out of large mills and factories, and even, in a consider-able degree, out of shops. Discrepancies of this character in no degree discredit thestatistics of occupations. They arise from the fact that the return of "Productive In*dustry," under the census law of 1850, is not, as indeed it was not intended to be, acomplete return of the mechanical production of the country.The census attempts the enumeration of mechanical industry only as it is carried on

in shops, and thus fails to embrace that large body of individual labor which is notattached to distinct "establishments of productive industry." Moreover, the censuslaw establishes a mimimum (namely, the value of $500 annually) below which the pro-duction of shops shall not be returned; behind which unfortunate exception a host ofminor establishments, producing in the neighborhood of $500, take refuge and thusescape enumeration.The scope of these omissions may be seen in the tables .on pages 664 and 665 of Vol-

ume I of the Ninth Census. Larger omissions occurred at the census of I860, (see Vol.I, Ninth Census, p. 665.)The effect of this wholesale omission of the production of certain trades upon the

aggregate value of manufacturing and mechanical products in the country has beendiscussed in the quarto volume on Industry.Inasmuch at it is not the Tables of Occupations which suffer from the comparison,

it will not be necessary to pursue inquiry further into this class of discrepancies in thepresent connection. The Tables of Occupations are incontestably accurate, in a highdegree, in respect to these common trades.An exception.—In making such comparisons as the foregoing, between the Tables of

Occupations and those of Manufactures, care should be used that the titles taken forthe purpose really correspond. In some cases, even those in which the apparent cor-respondence is the strongest, the quantities are in fact not commensurable.' Anexample may be found in the brick and tile manufacture. It would seem, at first

glance, that the "hands employed" should answer exactly to the "brick and tile

makers " in the Tables of Occupations ; but, in fact, a considerable portion of the handsemployed in large brick-yards, exceeding, indeed, not infrequently, the number ofcraftsmen, are classed and known as common laborers, and are so returned in thecensus. The table on page 666 of Vol. I, Ninth Census, will show the scope of this ex-ception. It will be seen that, while in two or three minor cases the number returnedon the Tables of Occupations exceeds, as we are accustomed to expect, the number inthe Tables of Manufactures, the proportion of common laborers employed in brick-yards where that branch of manufacture becomes considerable, (notably'in the largermanufacturing States,) is so grea* as to raise the numbers in the latter tables consider-ably above those in the former.

Incomplete subdivision of employments.—In addition to the apparent deficiencies or dis-

crepancies which have been noted, one general remark will sufiice in explanation of

"At the census of 18C0 the discrepancies of this kind were still more numerous and far more extensive.A single example will suffice. The Tables of Occupations characterize but a little over two thousand per-sons as connected with the woolen and worsted manufactures, while the Tables of Manufactures showthat considerably more than forty thousand persons were engaged, upon the average, in these branchesof manufacturing industry.


many of the entries in the tables, in respect to the accuracy of which question maynaturally arise.

It must be borne in mind that the number of persons who are reported under a cer-

tain specified occupation does not necessarily embrace all the persons who perform theduties usually associated with that title, but only those who discharge such duties tothe exclusion of other gainful occupations, or, at least, as their principal or sole pro-fessed means of support.The organization of labor and the subdivision of industry vary in respect to com-

pleteness and minuteness with each successive community. As communities advancein industrial character, functions become separated, and distinct occupations becomerecognized. This country, from its peculiar conditions, presents almost every degreebetween the two extremes of industrial development in this particular. It is commonto find on the returns from the present Territories, and even some of the present Statesof the Union, such entries as these :

" Carpenter and miner," " Blacksmith and carpen-ter," " Blacksmith and miner." In many of the communities of the land it is difficult

to draw distinctions much finer than those between the agricultural, the mining, themechanical, and the commercial pursuit or profession. Indeed, even this is not alwayspracticable, since it is matter of notoriety that in many of the States of the Union, andthose not among the newest, the occupations of carpenter and farmer, or blacksmithand farmer, or farmer and fisherman, are frequently united in one person. In largeand more prosperous communities a clear separation between such incongruous occupa-tions takes place

;yet, still, the carpenter, for instance, in nine out of ten counties in

the United States, performs half a dozen functions which, in cities, are recognized asbelonging to distinct trades.

The same general process occurs in agricultural, commercial, and professional em-ployments ; thus, the tables show 100,406 traders and dealers whose branch of trade is

not specified.

The want of specifications in the case of this 100,406 is not due to the neglect of assist-

ant marshals, but to the fact that these persons so characterized are actually selling

agricultural impdements, books and stationery, boots and shoes, &c, &c, throughpretty much the entire line of articles sold by those other dealers whose departmentsare defined because the communities in which they dwell and deal are sufficiently

large to allow of the subdivision of trade.If, therefore, we look at those occupations which emerge as distinct employments

only in communities where the organization of industry and the subdivision of laborare carried to a high degree, the number of persons engaged will appear to be impossi-bly small, unless the above considerations are borne carefully in mind.Anomalous Entkies.—Other seeming discrepancies, which demand at least an allu-

sion here, occur where persons are returned as of certain special occupations in Stateswhere it is notorious that the industries represented are not carried on ; or, again,

where persons, not more than one, two, or five in number, are returned in a Stateunder a description which implies a large body of workmen, as (in illustration of boththese classes) when Ohio is returned as having one silk-mill operative, it being dfffi-

cult to see how one operative could justify a silk-factory in Ohio, and it being, more-over, notorious, as matter of fact, that the manufacture of silk is not carried on in thatState. An adequate explanation of all cases of this general nature is found in theconsideration that the census takes account of persons where they are actually resid-

ing, and assigns them to their habitual occupation, whether it is being at the timepursued or not.

In the enumeration of tens of thousands of persons out of health, or out of employ-ment, traveling, or visiting friends in other States, it is inevitable that such apparentanomalies should arise.

Xota Bene.—Each employment specified in the following tables must be understoodin connection with the class or grand division of industry under which it is placed.

To many, and, indeed, most of the specifications of occupation, this warning, in thenature of the case, does not apply.

Others, however, will be misinterpreted without a reference to the more general title.

Thus, " clerks and copyists " appear under the head " personal and professional ser-

vices," to the number of 6,138. These are clerks to lawyers, clerks to civil engineers,

copyists not attached to commercial houses or manufacturing establishments, &c." Clerks " also appear under the head of " Manufactures and Mining," so far as personsare employed in a purely clerical capacity in those banches of industry ; while, underthe title of "Trade and Transportation," " clerks" appear several times as " clerks in

stores," "clerks in banks," "clerks in railroad-offices," &c. In such cases, "cross-

references " will generally be found between the several parts of the tables wherethese entries occur.

A compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) · 596 COMPENDIUMOFTHENINTHCENSUS. TableL1X....

Documents

Transcript of A compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) · 596 COMPENDIUMOFTHENINTHCENSUS. TableL1X....