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A Comparison Between MIL-STD and Commercial EMC Requirements – Part 2

ByVincent W. Greb

President, EMC Integrity, Inc.

OVERVIEW • Compare and contrast military (i.e., MIL-STD) and

commercial EMC immunity test requirements and test methods

• Commercial requirements will be limited to the standard requirements for Information Technology Equipment (ITE)

• Military requirements will focus on requirements for Space Systems

• This will be a top-level treatment, as a comprehensive study would be a one-week short course

• Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) movement of 1990’s

MILITARY EMC • EMC requirements for military applications have existed

since the 1940s.• The evolution of military/aerospace EMC requirements

has resulted in numerous standards encompassing for different applications/environments.

• Most military (DoD) procurements require compliance with MIL-STD-461x, the first version of MIL-STD-461 was published in 1967.

• This document has been revised and/or amended many times since that time.

• Although the current version of MIL-STD-461 is the “F”version, this presentation will focus on the “E” version, published on 20 August 1999.

MIL-STD REQUIREMENTS MATRIX*

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 27.

Equipment and Subsytems Installed Requirement Applicability

In, On or Launched From the Following Platforms or Installations

CE101

CE102

CE106

CS101

CS103

CS104

CS105

CS109

CS114

CS115

CS116

RE101

RE102

RE103

RS101

RS103

RS105

Surface Ships A L A S S S A L A A A L A A L

Submarines A A L A S S S L A L A A A L A A L

Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A A L A S S S A A A A A L A A L

Aircraft, Navy L A L A S S S A A A L A L L A L

Aircraft, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A

Space Systems, Including Launch Vehicles

A L A S S S A A A A L A

Ground, Army A L A S S S A A A A L L A

Ground, Navy A L A S S S A A A A L A A L

Ground, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A

OVERVIEW OF MIL-STD TESTS*


Requirement Description

CE101 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz

CE102 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz

CE106 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz

CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz

CS103 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz

CS104 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz

CS105 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-Modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz

CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz

CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz

CS115 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation

CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz

RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz

RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz

RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz

RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz

RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field

OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL EMC IMMUNITY TESTS (ITE)

Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests

IEC 61000-4-11

Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity testIEC 61000-4-8

Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields

IEC 61000-4-6

Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity testIEC 61000-4-5

Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity testIEC 61000-4-4

Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test

IEC 61000-4-3

Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity testIEC 61000-4-2

(Product Family Standard) Information Technology Equipment – Immunity Characteristics – Limits and Methods of Measurement

EN 55024: 1998 + A1: 2001 + A2: 2003

DescriptionRequirement

IMMUNITY (SUSCEPTIBILITY) COMPARISON

No commercial equivalentCS101

Voltage dips and interruptionsNo 461E equivalent

Power frequency H-field immunityRS101 (Note 1)

Surge immunityCS116 (loosely)

Electrical fast transientCS115

Conducted RF immunityCS114

Radiated RF immunityRS103

Electrostatic dischargeNo 461E equivalent

Commercial (EN 55024)Military (461E)

Note 1: RS101 is not required for the space environment

Electrostatic Discharge Testing

• Test levels specified by 55024; test method defined in 61000-4-2

• No 461 equivalent – although MIL-STD-1541A does outline an indirect discharge test.

• Human body model defined by -4-2 is 150 pFcapacitor and a 330 ohm resistor.

• Standard provides for direct (air and contact) discharge as well as indirect discharge testing.

• Test levels: +/- 4 kV contact; +/- 8 kV air.• Contact applicable to conductive surfaces.• Air applicable to non-conductive surfaces.

IEC 61000-4-2 Contact Waveform

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-2, Edition 2.0, 2008-12, p. 13.

Setup for ESD Test (Table Top)

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-2, Edition 2.0, 2008-12, p. 17.

Comparison: Radiated RF Immunity

3 seconds (min)3 seconds (min)Dwell Time

IEC 61000-4-3RS103Test Method

Playback generated from 16-point field uniformity calibration

Real-time feedbackNotable differences1 kHz AM sine1 kHz Pulse Mod.Modulation

1% (for entire range)See table (next slide)Step Size3 V/m20 V/mField Strength80 MHz to 1 GHz2 MHz to 40 GHzFrequency Range

EN 55024MIL-STD-461EParameter

Step Sizes Defined by MIL-STD-461E

0.05%8 GHz to 40 GHz

0.1%1 GHz to 8 GHz

0.5%30 MHz to 1 GHz

1%1 MHz to 30 MHz

5%30 Hz to 1 MHz

Step Size (%)Frequency Range

Test Setup for RS103


Field Strength for 461E


Test Setup for Radiated RF Immunity

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-3, Edition 3.1, 2008-04, p. 49.

Uniform Field of 61000-4-3

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-3, Edition 3.1, 2008-04, p. 53.

Comparison of Field Strengths

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Frequency (MHz)

Fiel

d St

reng

th (V

/m)

461E - Space IEC 61000-4-3 for IT

Comparison: Conducted RF Immunity

IEC 61000-4-6CS114Test Method

CDN, EM Clamp, then BCI methodPlayback generated from cal. into 150 ohm systemRun to playback, allowed to limit on current

Bulk current injection (BCI) methodPlayback generated from calibration into 50 ohm systemRun to playback, limit on current

Notable differences1 kHz AM sine1 kHz Pulse Mod.Modulation1% (for entire range)See table (Slide #12)Step Size3 VrmsSee Curve #3Injected Level150 kHz to 80 MHz10 kHz to 200 MHzFrequency Range


461E Injection Levels

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 68

CS114 Pre-test Calibration


CS114 Cal Schematic

50 ohm(1)50 ohm

Injection Point

Notes1. Spectrum Analyzer Input2. Injection level specified as current through 50 ohms.3. Injection level set as specified current across 50 ohms (S/A), asmeasured by forward power port of directional coupler.4. Limit on current (whichever is less stringent).

CS114 Test Setup


CI Calibration – General Setup

100 ohm 100 ohm

50 ohm(1)50 ohm

Injection Point

Notes1. Spectrum Analyzer Input2. Injection level specified as Uo / 6.3. Current limit set as Uo / 150.

Conducted RF Immunity Test Setup

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-6, Edition 3.0, 2008-10, p. 23

Comparison of Injection Levels

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Frequency (MHz)

Am

plitu

de (d

BuA

)

461E - Curve #3 IEC 61000-4-6 for IT

Comparison: CS115 to EFT/B


Capacitive injection methodPulse train

BCI injection method30 Hz repetition rateSetup similar to CS114

Notable differences

1 kV (O.C.V) – AC0.5 kV (O.C.V) – I/O

5 Amps (peak)Test Level

CapacitiveInductive Injection Type

Repetitive Pulse TrainRepetitive PulseWaveform


CS115 Test Setup


CS115 Waveform


IEC 61000-4-4 Test Setup

*Ref. IEC 61000-4-4, 2nd Edition, 2004-07, p. 45

IEC 61000-4-4 Pulse Train


IEC 61000-4-4 Waveform


Comparison: CS116 to Surge


Capacitive injection method1 pulse per minute

BCI injection method1 pps repetition rateSetup similar to CS114

Notable differences

+ 2 kV – AC (CM)+ 1 kV – AC (DM)

5 Amps (peak) – AF(10 A for Army & Navy)

Test Level

CapacitiveInductive Injection Type

Quasi-triangular pulseDamped Sine -discrete frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 MHz

Waveform


CS116 Test Setup


CS116 Waveform


IEC 61000-4-5 Injection (DM)


IEC 61000-4-5 Injection (CM)


IEC 61000-4-5 Waveform


IEC 61000-4-8 Overview

• Power frequency magnetic field immunity• Designed to demonstrate immunity of products

to low frequency (50 & 60 Hz) magnetic field• Specifies methods for both immersion and

proximity (immersion preferred).• Current version is 2nd Edition, 2009-09.• MIL-STD-461E equivalent is RS101 which is a

proximity method test covering the frequency range from 30 Hz to 100 kHz.

IEC 61000-4-8 Test Setup


IEC 61000-4-11 Overview• Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage

variations• Applies to electronic equipment not exceeding

16 Amps per phase• Designed to demonstrate robustness when unit

under test experiences fluctuations in AC input voltage

• Based on IEC 61000-4-11• Current version is 2nd Edition, 2004-03• MIL-STD equivalent would be MIL-STD-704

Example of 61000-4-11 Variation


CS101 Overview

• Audio (i.e., low) frequency conducted susceptibility test

• Applicable to DC (and AC) power inputs• Frequency range typically 30 Hz to 150 kHz• Inductively coupled• Swept frequency or step and dwell• Level on voltage; limit on power• No commercial equivalent

CS101 Pre-test Calibration

SignalGenerator LF Amplifier Coupling

Transformer

Oscillosope

0.5 ohm

CS101 Test Setup

Conclusions

• Not a lot of similarity between commercial and MIL-STD immunity.

• MIL-STD typically impinges higher amplitude across a broader frequency range

• MIL-STD for space environment clearly designed for space.

• Commercial IT immunity clearly defined for earth-bound environment.

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