A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA
Transcript of A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA
A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA
Edited by
Joseph Roismanand Ian Worthington
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLDThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classi-cal literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, stu-dents, and general readers.
ANCIENT HISTORY
PublishedA Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul Erdkamp
A Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein and RobertMorstein-Marx
A Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. Potter
A Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. Kinzl
A Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. Snell
A Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew Erskine
A Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip Rousseau
A Companion to Ancient HistoryEdited by Andrew Erskine
A Companion to Archaic GreeceEdited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees
A Companion to Julius CaesarEdited by Miriam Griffin
A Companion to ByzantiumEdited by Liz James
A Companion to Ancient EgyptEdited by Alan B. Lloyd
A Companion to Ancient MacedoniaEdited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington
In preparationA Companion to the Punic WarsEdited by Dexter Hoyos
A Companion to SpartaEdited by Anton Powell
LITERATURE AND CULTURE
PublishedA Companion to Classical ReceptionsEdited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray
A Companion to Greek and Roman HistoriographyEdited by John Marincola
A Companion to CatullusEdited by Marilyn B. Skinner
A Companion to Roman ReligionEdited by Jörg Rüpke
A Companion to Greek ReligionEdited by Daniel Ogden
A Companion to the Classical TraditionEdited by Craig W. Kallendorf
A Companion to Roman RhetoricEdited by William Dominik and Jon Hall
A Companion to Greek RhetoricEdited by Ian Worthington
A Companion to Ancient EpicEdited by John Miles Foley
A Companion to Greek TragedyEdited by Justina Gregory
A Companion to Latin LiteratureEdited by Stephen Harrison
A Companion to Greek and Roman Political ThoughtEdited by Ryan K. Balot
A Companion to OvidEdited by Peter E. Knox
A Companion to the Ancient Greek LanguageEdited by Egbert Bakker
A Companion to Hellenistic LiteratureEdited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss
A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its TraditionEdited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam
A Companion to HoraceEdited by Gregson Davis
In preparationA Companion to the Latin LanguageEdited by James Clackson
A Companion to Greek MythologyEdited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone
A Companion to SophoclesEdited by Kirk Ormand
A Companion to AeschylusEdited by Peter Burian
A Companion to Greek ArtEdited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos
A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman WorldEdited by Beryl Rawson
A Companion to TacitusEdited by Victoria Pagán
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel Potts
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A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA
Edited by
Joseph Roismanand Ian Worthington
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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This edition first published 2010© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing pro-gram has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.
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List of Illustrations viiiList of Contributors xiiPreface xivNotes on Style xviList of Abbreviations xviiMaps xx
PART I Preamble 1
1 Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What this Companion is About 3
Edward M. Anson
PART II Evidence 21
2 The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest 23
P. J. Rhodes
3 The Numismatic Evidence 41 Karsten Dahmen
PART III Macedonia and Macedonians 63
4 The Physical Kingdom 65 Carol G. Thomas
5 Macedonians and Greeks 81 Johannes Engels
Contents
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vi Contents
6 Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece,Rome, and Beyond 99
Sulochana R. Asirvatham
PART IV History 125
7 The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I 127 Sławomir Sprawski
8 Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III 145 Joseph Roisman
9 Philip II 166 Sabine Müller
10 Alexander the Great, Macedonia and Asia 186 Dawn L. Gilley and Ian Worthington
11 Alexander’s Successors to 221 BC 208 Winthrop Lindsay Adams
12 Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC 225 Arthur M. Eckstein
13 Provincia Macedonia 251 John Vanderspoel
PART V Neighbours 277
14 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus 279 William S. Greenwalt
15 Macedonia and Thessaly 306 Denver Graninger
16 Macedonia and Thrace 326 Zosia Archibald
17 Macedonia and Persia 342 Marek Jan Olbrycht
PART VI Politics, Society, Economy and Culture 371
18 Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions 373 Carol J. King
19 Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society 392
Noriko Sawada
20 Macedonian Women 409 Elizabeth Carney
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Contents vii
21 Macedonian Religion 428 Paul Christesen and Sarah C. Murray
22 The Macedonian Army 446 Nicholas Victor Sekunda
23 The Political Economy of Macedonia 472 Paul Millett
24 Classical Art to 221 BC 505 Craig I. Hardiman
25 Hellenistic and Roman Art, 221 BC–AD 337 522 Rachel Kousser
PART VII After Rome 543
26 Macedonia in Late Antiquity 545 Carolyn S. Snively
27 Ancient Macedonia, Alexander the Great and the Star or Sun of Vergina: National Symbols and the Conflict between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia 572
Loring M. Danforth
Bibliography 599Index 651
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Maps
1 Mainland Greece xx Adapted from map 2 in R.M. Errington, A History of
the Hellenistic World: 323–30 BC (Wiley-Blackwell 2008), pp. xvi–xvii 2 Regions of Macedonia xxi Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered
by Jason Shattuck 3 Expansion of Macedonia xxi Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered
by Jason Shattuck 4 Alexander the Great’s Conquests xxii Taken from W. Heckel and L.A. Tritle, Alexander the Great:
A New History (Wiley-Blackwell 2009), pp. xx–xxi 5 Roman Macedonia and the Neighbouring Provinces xxiv Created by J. Vanderspoel 6 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus xxv Created for W.S. Greenwalt by Elwood Mills 7 Macedonia and Thessaly xxvi Reproduced with the permission of Yale University Press 8 Macedonia and Thrace xxvii Copyright Z.H. Archibald 9 Macedonia in Late Antiquity xxviii Created by C.S. Snively10 A map of Macedonia that appeared in the New York Times on
February 4, 1993, illustrating the portrayal of the existence of two Macedonias xxviii
Illustrations
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List of Illustrations ix
Figures
8.1 Macedonian royal family tree 454–336 BC (Roisman) 158 21.1 Drawing of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella
(Christesen and Murray) 434 Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras 24.1 Reconstruction drawing of the Philippeum at Olympia (Hardiman) 508 Reproduced with the permission of David Boggs 25.1 Reconstruction drawing of monument of Aemilius Paullus,
about 167 BC (Kousser) 529
Plates
(between pages 356 and 357)
1 Alexander I, octodrachm, 29.06 g, 31 mm, about 475 BC,Berlin 18200785
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
2 Argilus, tetradrachm, 13.92 g, 27 mm, about 490/80 BC,Berlin 18200925
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
3 Chalcidic League, tetradrachm, 14.43 g, 25 mm, 9 h,about 390/80 BC, Berlin 18216681
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
4 Amphipolis, tetradrachm, 14.52 g, 26 mm, 6 h,about 370/60 BC, Berlin 18215936
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
5 Philip II, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 14.29 g, 24 mm, 7 h,about 355–349/48 BC, Berlin 18201161
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
6 Alexander III, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 17.04 g, 25 mm,4 h, about 330 BC, Berlin 18204190
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
7 Macedonian first meris, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 16.67 g,31 mm, 12 h, about 158–150 BC, Berlin 18204055
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
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x List of Illustrations
8 Philippi, bronze coin, 9.99 g, 27 mm, 12 h,about 10 BC–AD 14, Berlin 18215890
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
9 Pella, bronze coin, 8.55 g, 25 mm, 12 h, AD 238–244,Berlin 18215892
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
10 Macedonian koinon, bronze coin, 10.42 g, 25 mm, 12 h,AD 238–244, Berlin 18214409
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
11 The Macedonians/Aesillas the quaestor, tetradrachm, Thessalonikemint, 16.73 g, 32 mm, 12 h, about 90–75 BC, Berlin 18204057
Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
12 The delta of the Axios Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Theo Antikas 13 The Petra Pass Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson 14 The Haliacmon Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson 15 Left edge of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras 16 The facade of the Lefkadia Great Tomb Reproduced with the permission of the Archaeological
Society at Athens 17 Hades Abducting Persephone, painting from Tomb I (Vergina) Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 18 Facade, painting of hunting scene from Tomb II (Vergina) Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 19 The Derveni Krater Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 20 Stag Hunt Mosaic, Pella Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 21 Abduction of Helen Mosaic, Pella Reproduced with the permission of the Hellenic Republic Ministry
of Culture, Archaeological Receipts Fund (TAP Services, Athens) 22 Silver tetradrachm of Philip V, portrait of Philip on the obverse
and an archaistic Athena on the reverse, late third century BC Reproduced with the permission of the American
Numismatic Society
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List of Illustrations xi
23 Gold stater of T. Quinctius Flamininus, portrait ofFlamininus on the obverse and a Nike with palm branchon the reverse, about 196 BC
Reproduced with the permission of the Trustees ofthe British Museum, courtesy Art Resource, NY
24 Relief showing scene of riderless horse from the Battle of Pydna,monument of Aemilius Paullus, Delphi, about 167 BC
Photo courtesy Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY 25 Grave stele of Onesimus from the outskirts of Thessalonica,
late second century AD, Thessaloniki Museum, inv. no. 1524 Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection,
University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 86by M. Skiadaressis
26 View of Villa of Dionysus, Dium, towards Mount Olympus,about AD 200
Photo taken by R. Kousser 27 Small Arch of Galerius from the Residence of Galerius,
Thessalonica, late third century AD, Thessaloniki Museum,inv. no. 2466
Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection,University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 12by M. Skiadaressis
28 View of octagonal reception hall in residence of Galerius,Thessalonica, late third century AD
Photo taken by R. Kousser
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List of Contributors
Winthrop Lindsay AdamsProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Utah, USA
Edward M. AnsonProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA
Zosia ArchibaldLecturer in Classical Archaeology, School of Archaeology, Classics,and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England
Sulochana R. AsirvathamAssociate Professor of Classicsand General Humanities, Departmentof Classics and General Humanities, Montclair StateUniversity, USA
Elizabeth CarneyProfessor of History, Department of History, Clemson University, USA
Paul ChristesenAssociate Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Dartmouth College, USA
Karsten DahmenCurator at the Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Germany
Loring M. DanforthCharles A. Dana Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, BatesCollege, USA
Arthur M. EcksteinProfessor of History and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, Department of History, University of Maryland, USA
Johannes Engelsapl. Professor of Ancient History, Historisches Seminar I, Alte Geschichte, Universität zu Köln, Germany
Dawn L. GilleyAssistant Professor of Humanities, Department of History, North-West Missouri State University, USA
Denver GraningerDirector and Professor, American Research Center in Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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List of Contributors xiii
William S. GreenwaltProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Santa Clara University, USA
Craig I. HardimanAssistant Professor of Classics, Department of Classical Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada
Carol J. KingAssistant Professor of Classics, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Canada
Rachel KousserAssociate Professor of Art, Department of Art, Brooklyn College, CUNY, USA
Paul MillettSenior Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Downing College, University of Cambridge, England
Sabine MüllerLecturer in Ancient History, Historisches Seminar, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Sarah C. MurrayPhD student in Classics, Department of Classics, Stanford University, USA
Marek Jan OlbrychtHead, Department of Ancient History and Oriental Studies, University of Rzeszow, Poland
P.J. RhodesHonorary Professor of Ancient History, Department of Classics, University of Durham, England
Joseph RoismanProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Colby College, USA
Noriko SawadaAssociate Professor of History,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Japan
Nicholas Victor SekundaUniversity Professor, Institute of Archaeology, Gdansk University,Poland
Carolyn S. SnivelyProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Gettysburg College, USA
Sławomir SprawskiAssistant Professor of History, Department of Ancient History, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland
Carol G. ThomasVidalakis Professor of Hellenic Studies, Department of History, University of Washington,USA
John VanderspoelProfessor of Roman History, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Calgary, Canada
Ian WorthingtonProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Missouri, USA
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Preface
The aim of the Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series is to ‘provide an international audience of students, scholars, and general readers with sophisticated, one-volume companions to classical and near eastern civilizations, classical literature, and ancient history. The chapters in each volume are to be written primarily for those approaching the topic for the first time (be they undergraduates, graduates, or mem-bers of the public) and for scholars operating in adjacent fields of study.’ At the same time those working in the particular field should also find the chapters stimulating.
The present volume (the first companion on ancient Macedonia) presents a series of specially commissioned, original chapters by specialists that cover the range and nature of the source material we have for ancient Macedonia, its political and military history from early times (the first of the Temenid kings) to the end of Roman rule, as well as its geography, relations with its diverse neighbours, social customs, political institutions, economic matters, artistic and intellectual life and achievements, and how the Macedonians were viewed by other civilizations in antiquity. The concluding part of the volume traces the history of Macedonia in late antiquity to the Slavs and the role of Macedonia today in modern Balkan politics. Each chapter has a biblio-graphical essay that is a guide to further reading and all quotations from ancient sources are translated into English. An introductory chapter (1) discusses the state of Macedonian studies and summarizes the chapters in this volume. We believe that we have covered as much as humanly can be within one set of covers and that the book, written for the primary audience of the companion series, will also be beneficial to specialists in the field.
The chapters intentionally treat the various topics and history of ancient Macedonia both chronologically and thematically. Hence some chapters are longer than others because of the time span that they cover. In any collaborative project, some overlap of material is unavoidable, and this volume is no different. In addition, there is no consensus of opinion on a variety of issues that affect ancient Macedonia, ranging from establishing the historicity of events to the ethnicity of its people, the nature of
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Preface xv
its political system, and even the role that Macedonian identity played and plays in ancient and modern times. However, both reiteration and especially plurality of inter-pretations can enhance our understanding and appreciation of a kingdom that seemed to live in the shadow of the Greeks yet would become one of the superpowers of the ancient world. With that said, the responsibility for facts, findings, interpretations, conclusions and opinions expressed in this volume rests exclusively with the contribu-tors. They do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of the other contributors or of the editors.
We have a number of people to thank, in particular Al Bertrand at Blackwell, who responded enthusiastically to Ian Worthington’s idea for this book, and Galen Smith at Blackwell who was always quick to respond to our many enquiries and provided much valuable help and support throughout the editing process. We would also like to thank the contributors who produced excellent work and patiently responded to our comments and suggestions far more diplomatically at times than we expected.
Joseph Roisman would like to thank Ian Worthington, the originator of this book, for his generous offer to join him as coeditor. The project would not have been com-pleted without his industry and sharing of his knowledge. Roisman owes a special thanks to his wife Hanna and his children, Elad and Shalev, for giving so much mean-ing to his life.
Ian Worthington owes a debt of gratitude to Joseph Roisman who came on board as co-editor and will never forgive him for that, but whose expertise and sensible judgement on so many occasions were greatly appreciated. Worthington also thanks Dawn Gilley, for co-writing his chapter with him, and Josh Nudell for help in compil-ing the bibliography. And last but not least Worthington’s family deserves special praise for still letting him live under the same roof as them.
Joseph RoismanIan Worthington
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Throughout this book, Macedonia/Macedonians refer to the area of the mainland north of Mount Olympus and Greece/Greeks to the area of the mainland south of Mount Olympus.
Greek names are anglicized, but some names and technical terms are transliterated, and these will be obvious when they appear.
References in the text and notes to a scholar’s name followed by a chapter number (for example, J. Roisman, chapter 8) refer to the contributor’s chapter in this book.
As the contributors are based in several different countries, including North American, Europe and Japan, we have allowed American and UK spellings.
All dates and references to centuries are BC except where indicated.
Notes on Style
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Names of journals are abbreviated as in L’Année philologique (less well-known ones are given in full), although consistent with English practice the ‘h’ is dropped in acro-nyms (thus, CP not CPh).
The following abbreviations are used in this book:
Frequently Cited Ancient Authors
Ael. AelianAes. AeschinesArist. AristotleArr. Arrian, Anabasis AlexandriAthen. AthenaeusCurt. CurtiusDem. DemosthenesDiod. Diodorus SiculusDin. DinarchusHdt. HerodotusHyp. HyperidesIsoc. IsocratesPaus. PausaniasPl. PlatoPlut. PlutarchPolyb. PolybiusThuc. ThucydidesXen. Xenophon
[] around a name denotes the work is spurious but attributed to that author
Abbreviations
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xviii List of Abbreviations
Frequently Cited Modern Collectionsof Ancient Literary
and Epigraphical Material
BNJ Brill’s New Jacoby, editor-in-chief Ian Worthington (Leiden 2007–)FGrH F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der grieschischen Historiker 1–3 (Berlin
1926–59)IG Inscriptiones GraecaeRhodes and P.J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, Osborne 404–323 BC (Oxford 2003)SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSIG3 Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum et Latinarum Macedoniae3 (Chicago
1980)
Frequently Cited Modern Works
Borza, Shadow of Olympus E.N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton 1990)
Errington, History of Macedonia R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia, trans. C. Errington (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1990)
Hammond, History of Macedonia 1 N.G.L. Hammond, A History of Macedonia 1 (Oxford 1972)
Hammond and Griffith, History of Macedonia 2 N.G.L. Hammond and G.T. Griffith,
A History of Macedonia 2 (Oxford 1979)Hammond and Walbank, History of Macedonia 3 N.G.L. Hammond and F.W. Walbank,
A History of Macedonia 3 (Oxford 1988)Hammond, Macedonian State N.G.L. Hammond, The Macedonian State:
The Origins, Institutions and History (Oxford 1992)
CAH 2 Cambridge Ancient History2 (multi-volume edited by various editors)
PSI Papiri Greci e Latini (Firenze 1912–79)
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Maps
Aegae
Amphipolis
Argos
Athens
ChalcisDelphi
Demetrias
Dodona
Dium
Epidamnus
Gytheion
Heracleia (Trachis)
Cassandreia
Corinth
Megalopolis
Megara
Messene
Methana
NaupactusPatrai
Pella
Phoenice
Sicyon
Sparta
Thebes
Thermopylae
Thessaloniki
R. A
chel
oos
R. Alpheios
R. A
xios
R. E
urotas
R. Nestos
Euboia
Kephallenia
Corcyra
Kythera
Paxus
Thasos
Zakynthos
AITOLIA
ACAR
NAN
IA
ARCADIA
Boeotia
ELIS
EPIRUS
Phocis
TYMPHAEA
Land over 1,000 meters
100 miles0
Larissa
THESSALY
LACONIA
DymeACHAEA
Aetolia
Anactorium
I L L Y R
I A
M A C E D O N I A
MES
SENIA
Map 1 Mainland Greece
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ILLYRIA
BRYGES
PELAGONIA
LYNCESTIS
ALMOPIA
MACEDONIANPAEONIA
Paeonia
BOTTIAEA
EORDAEA
ELIMEIA
ORESTIS
TYMPHAEA
PIERIA
CHALCIDICE
Aegean Sea
ThermaicGulf
Mt. Olympus
Beroia
Emathian
Plain
Aigai Pella
R. Halia
cmon
R. E
chedorus
R. Loudias
R. Axios
R. Pinius
R. Nestos
R. Strymon
MYGDONIA
Doiran
Koroneia Bolbe
ODOMANTIS
MAEDICE
THRACE
Thasos
EDONIS
BISALTIA
CRESTONIA
EPIRUS
THESSALY
PERRHAEBIA
Map 2 Regions of Macedonia
MOLOSSIA(ALLIED)
PHILIP’S KINGDOM
THRACE
PERSIA
CRETE
AegeanSea
Mt. Olympus
GREEK STATES
Macedonia in the late 6th century BC
Expansion under Alexander I
Expansion under Philip II
LACONIA
Map 3 Expansion of Macedonia
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xxii Maps
AlexandriaTroas Troy
Miletus
Halicarnassus
Ephesus
AncyraGordium
Side
PhaselisXanthus
TarsusCilician Gates
Soli
Alexandria ad Issum
Issus
Tyre
GazaAlexandria
MemphisSiwah(Ammonium)
Thapsacus
Babylon
Opis
Susa
Ecbatana
Cossaeans
GREATPHRYGIA
LYDIA
CARIA
LYCIA
CAPPADOCIAHELLESPONTINE
PHRYGIA
CYPRUS
PALE
STIN
E
ARMENIA
PAMPHYLIA
MESOPOTAMIAMEDIA
333 333
331
332
Pella
332
324324
324331
R. Granicus
Sardis
R. Tigris
R. Halys
R. Euphrates
CaspianSea
324/3
Uxians
329Alexander’s route (with dates)
Land over 2000 m
500 miles
331BABYLONIA
GaugamelaArbelaSY
RIA
331
EGYPT
SUSIANA
Map 4 Alexander the Great’s Conquests
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Maps xxiii
Rhagae
SusiaZadracarta
Hecatompylus
Alexandria (Areia)
Alexandria(Prophthasia)
Pasargadae
Persepolis
Alexandria(Carmania)
Alexandria Eschate
AralSea
Marcanda
Nautaca Rock Sogdian
Alexandria ad Oxum
Alexandria(Bactria-Zariaspa)
Alexandria(Paropamisadai)
Peucelaotis
Pattala
Sindimana
Taxila
Alexandria(Oreitae)
PARAITAKENE
PERSIS
HYRCANIA
PARTHIA
AREIA
ARIASPIA
CARMANIA
MARGIANE
MARDIANS
SOGDIANA
PAROPAMISADAI
ARACHOSIA
GEDROSIA
329
328
329328
329
327
330
325
324
330
R. Oxus
R. In
dus
R. HyphasisR. HydraotesR.
Acesines
R. Cophen
R. Jaxartes
R.H
ydas
pes
CaspianGates
330
PersianGates
I N D I A
BACTRIA
Rock ofChorienes
Aornus
326 Bucephala326
MALLIANS
Alexandria(Arachosia)
Nicaea
DRANGIANA
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xxiv Maps
UPPERPANNONIA
LOWERPANNONIA
UPPERMOESIA
MACEDONIA
ACHAEANikopolis(Actium)
Pharsalus
DiumMt. Olympus
Pydna
Edessa Thessaloniki
Philippi
Traianoupolis
ThermaicGulf
ByzantionHeraclea
Nikopolis
AulonBrundisium
Via AppiaApollonia
Dyrrhachium
Aegean Sea
Black Sea
Adriatic Sea
DALMATIA
R. Savus
R. Dravus
R. Danube
R. Danube
R. H
ebros
Via Egnatia
R. NestosR. Strym
onR. Axios
R. Pinius
Via Egnatia
R. D
rinus
DACIA
SCOR DISCI
DARDANI
BESSI
M AEDITHRACE
LOWER MOESIA
ScupiLissus
Stobi
Map 5 Roman Macedonia and the Neighbouring Provinces
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Maps xxv
Map 6 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus
436
28
37
11
12
39
1
3021
401744
3519
3
9
29
2425
32
38
18
13
15
14
168
4126
33
7
2
Italy
22
34
3642
10
4
23
20
5
27
31
1 Acrocerauian Promontory 12 Corcyra
13 Damastion
14 Dardanians
15 Drin (Black) River
16 Drin (White) River
17 Elimea
18 Encheleioi
19 Eordaea
20 Epidamnus
21 Gulf of Ambracia
22 Ionian Sea
23 Lake Lychnitis
24 Lake Prespa
25 Lake (Little) Prespa
27 Lyncus
26 Lissus
28 Molossia
29 Monistir
30 Mount Govrovo
31 Mount Orbelos
32 Mount Quelqes
33 Mount Scardus
34 Narenta River
35 Orestes
36 Paeonia
37 Passaron
38 Pelium
39 Phoenice
40 Pieria
41 Scodra
42 Taulantini
43 Thesprotia
44 Tymphaea
2 Adriatic Sea
3 Aegae
4 Agrianians
5 Appolonia
6 Arachtus River
7 Ardiaioi
8 Autariates
9 Bottiaea
10 Brygi
11 Chaonia
Rough boundary of Southern Illyris
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xxvi Maps
N
EUBOEA
P H T H I O T I S
P E L A S G I OT I S
A C H A E AO T H R Y S M T S
DO
LO
PI A
PE
RR
HA E B I A
PI
ND
US
M
TS
20 milesH
ES
TI A
EO
TI S
MA
GN
E
SI
A
TH
ES
SA
LI O
TI S
Tricca
Oloosson
Gonnus
Aeginion
LarissaR. Peneus
Tempe
Meliboea
Cremaste
EchinusLamia
Melitaea
Thaumaci
Cierion
Gomphi
Crannon
Pharcadon
Pelinna
Pharsalus
Heraclea
Histiaea
Pherae Iolcus
Pagasae
Thebes
Halus
Scotussa
Larissa
L. Boebe
L. Xynias
Mt.Ossa
Mt. Pelion
B A Y O FP A G A S A E
MALIAN GULF
AegeanSea
R. P
eneus
R. Peneus
R. Apidanus
R. Enipeus
R. Spercheius
CYNOSCEPHALAE
Map 7 Macedonia and Thessaly
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Map
8
Mac
edon
ia a
nd T
hrac
e
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Map 10 A map of Macedonia that appeared in the New York Times on February 4, 1993, illustrating the portrayal of the existence of two Macedonias
Map 9 Macedonia in Late Antiquity
CASSANDREIA
AEGAE
CELLAE
LYNCESTIS
NOVA
EPIRUS
PRAE-
VALITANA
D A R D A N I A D A C I A
EDESSA
DIOCLETIANOUPOLIS
ARGOS ORESTIKON
CYRRHUS
THESSALONIKI
AMPHIPOLIS
TIBERIOPOLIS?
PARTHICO-POLIS
PHILIPPI
THASOS
Tempe
R. NestosStrumica
Lake
Via Egnatia
R. Erigon
Skopje
KratovoR. Bregalnica
BARGALA
ASTIBO?Stip
SCUPI
STOBI
STYBERRA
Lake
Ochrid
R. Pinius
0 50 miles
ThermaicE l i m i o t i s
T H E S S A L I A
Gulf
MA
CE
DO
NI
A
PR
IM
A
MA
CE
DO
NI
A
SE
CU
ND
A
AUDARISTOSDemir Kapija
R. Axios
R. Strymon
Via
Egnatia
TORONE
DIUM
CAESAREIA
R. Haliacmon
BERGIA
PELLA
EUROPOS
NEAPOLIS
M E D I T E R R A N E A
RHODOPE
Konjuh
R. Pcinja
LYCHNIDOS
HERACLEA
Prespa
O
re
st
is
?
?
?
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