A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide …...1 Faculty of Bioscience Engineering...

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Faculty of Bioscience Engineering

Academic year 2010 – 2011

A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide-users of

fruits and vegetable farmers in Cameroon

Christopher Ndi AMUOH

Promoters: Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen

Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe

Tutor: Ir. Ilse Delcour

Master’s dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Nutrition and Rural Development,

Main subject: Human Nutrition

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Copyright

“All rights are reserved. The author, the promoters and the tutor permit the use of this

Master’s Dissertation for consulting purposes and copying of parts for personal use. However,

any other use falls under the limitations of copyright regulations, particularly the stringent

obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this Master’s dissertation”.

Ghent, June 2011

The Promoters

Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

The Tutor The Author

Ilse Delcour Christopher Ndi AMUOH

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

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Dedication

This piece of work is entirely dedicated to the Amuoh and Achu’s family

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Acknowledgement

This case study of Cameroon was carried out in five regions of Cameroon under the

project VEGI-TRADE within the Department of Food Safety and Food Quality of the Faculty

of Bioscience Engineering of the Ghent University.

My greatest thanks go to my promoters, Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsens, Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe

for accepting, encouraging, guiding me and for their constructive criticisms on which this

work is done.

I am also very grateful to my tutor Ir. Ilse Delcour for the encouragement and her

constructive criticism to this piece of work.

My thanks also go to the coordinators and staff of the Department of Nutrition and Rural

Development for guiding me through this study programme.

I equally wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the staff and friends of Global

Initiative for Sustainable development Programmes for their assistance in data collection and

throughout my study period.

I wish also to sincerely thank Mrs. Ndikontar Alice of the Ministry of Agriculture and

Rural Development Cameroon, for her moral and material assistance.

I will not forget my friends; Fonbah Cletus Chick, Atanga Wilson Nebafor, Tancho John

Siabze and Fru Alfred Ngufor for their assistance in developing and administering the

questions

I am equally thankful to Mr. Njoh Wanduku Tembong of World Vegetable Centre

Cameroon for providing me with documentation and necessary information about vegetable

cultivation in Cameroon

My warmest gratitude goes to my dear family; my mother Mary Amundam, my brothers

and sisters; Amuoh Margeret N., Amuoh Juliana A., Amuoh Anthony S., Amuoh Florence A.,

Amuoh Pius N., Amuoh Fidelis T., Amuoh Martin F., Amuoh Patricia A., Amuoh Doris N.

for their concern, moral support and prayers to the success of my studies.

I am particularly very grateful to my beloved wife Anita Injoh Amuoh, my children;

Amuoh Velma-Wendi Amundam, Amuoh McRollins Ngoh for their patience and prayers

during this period spent in their absence. I will never forget the words of children “Dady, how

is studies? How is life over there? Have you eating? When are you coming?”

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Abstract

The present study was carried out under the project Vegi-Trade and was aimed to estimate the

health risk of vegetable farmers to pesticide users in Cameroon. The main objective of the

study was to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent

vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon.

The main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers

using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use were also

investigated. The types, source of pesticides used and method of application of the available

pesticides as compared to the recommended standard methods were equally analysed. Finally,

common illnesses in the area which may be related to the use of pesticides were also analysed.

Developing countries, Cameroon inclusive rely on pesticides for agricultural production. Due

to high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics, the pest and disease problems

increase. The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for

cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of pesticides in

Cameroon was 100% sudsidized in the the 80s and 90s and this caused farmers to depend on

chemical pesticides for agricultural production. A variety of fruits and vegetables are

cultivated in Cameroon, many of which are of economic and regional importance but data is

only available for few.

In Cameroon, the small scale farmers are most of the time left on their own. They rely on

neighbouring cities and local dealers for pesticides and farm inputs. These farmers lack the

necessary training to update their knowledge. It is easy to find farmers spraying without body

covering, smoking, eating and drinking during spraying or using fake, adulterated and expired

pesticides, using pesticides meant for cocoa or cotton on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes

the equipment they use leak. Although the multinational companies use technological inputs,

the workers are still exposed to pesticides during mixing and also when airplanes are used to

spray the fields during working hours. A recent study conducted in Cameroon points out side

usage of pesticides banned in other countries (chlordecone in the Caribbean). Common

illnesses with small scale farmers include body itches, cough, stomach ulcer (diarrhoea), eye

problems, and respiratory problem. The same problems are recorded in the area where the

multinational companies are located but higher and including frequent deaths which they

attribute to witchcraft.

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Abrreviations

ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake

AFSSA: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments

AGRODEC CAM: Agricultural development Company Cameroon

AU-ICC: Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union

AVRDC World Vegetable Centre

CARBAP: African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and plantains

CCAP: Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa

CCHD: Catholic Committee against Hunger and Development

CDA: Controlled Drop Application

CDC: Cameroon Development Cooperation

CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Committee of Central African States

CFR: Code of Federal Regulation

CIA: Central Intelligence Agency

DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation

FFV: Fresh fruits and vegetables

GAP: Good Agricultural Practices

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

ICPM: Integrated Crop and Pests Management

IFSS: International Food Safety Standards

IMF: International Monetary Fund

IRAD: Institute for Agronomic Research

ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation

IUPAC: International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry

MAC: Maximum Allowable Concentration

MINADER: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

MINEF: Ministry of Environment and Forestry

MRLs: Maximum Residue Limits

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NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations

PHP: Penja Haut Plantation

POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants

SAILD: Support Services to Grassroot Initiative of Development

SOWEDA: South West Development Authority

SPNP: Société des plantations nouvelles de Penja

SPS: Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary

SPSS: Statistical programme for Social Sciences

UK: United Kingdom

UN: United Nation

US-EPA's: United State Environmental Protection Agency

WHO: World Health Organisation

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Table of Contents

Copyright ............................................................................................................................... i

Dedication ............................................................................................................................ ii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... iii

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iv

Abrreviations ........................................................................................................................ v

Tables ................................................................................................................................... x

Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi

Chapter1. General Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides ....................................................................................... 3

1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Objective of the study ............................................................................................................. 5

1.4.1 Overall Objective .............................................................................................................. 5

1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 5

Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 6

2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage ........................................................ 6

2.1.1 Major crops ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.2 Total vegetable production .............................................................................................. 8

2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests ..................................................................................... 10

2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and Multinational

Cooperation ......................................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Pesticides usage and effects ................................................................................................. 13

2.4.1Pesticide pollution .......................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Exposure to pesticides .......................................................................................................... 15

2.6 Application Techniques ......................................................................................................... 17

2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides ......................................................................................... 18

2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues .................................................................................. 18

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2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides ...................................................................................................... 19

2.7.3 Acute toxicity ................................................................................................................. 19

2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides ........................................................................................... 19

2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4) ......................................................................................... 20

2.7.6 Other problems .............................................................................................................. 21

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 23

3.1 Development of questionnaire ............................................................................................. 23

3.2 Selection of regions............................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.4 Administration of the questionnaires ................................................................................... 25

3.5 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 26

Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations .............................................................. 28

4.1 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 28

4.1.1 Farm size ........................................................................................................................ 28

4.1.2 Quantity Produced ......................................................................................................... 29

4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon ............................... 31

4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides ................................. 35

4.1.5 Pesticide problems ......................................................................................................... 37

4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides ................................................................................................. 38

4.1.7 Pesticide residue ............................................................................................................ 39

4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides .................................................................................................. 39

4.1.9 Pest and disease impact ................................................................................................. 39

4.1.10 Food Consumption ....................................................................................................... 40

4.1.11 Food Preparation ......................................................................................................... 40

4.1.12 Climate change ............................................................................................................ 41

4.2 Observations ......................................................................................................................... 41

4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon ................................................................ 44

4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure ............................................................................ 45

4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system ........................................................... 45

4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government .............................................................. 45

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................... 47

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 47

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5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 48

5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases .......................................................... 48

5.2.2 Awareness / Training ..................................................................................................... 48

5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment ........................................................................ 49

5.2.4 Food Safety .................................................................................................................... 50

References .......................................................................................................................... 51

Annexes

Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)

Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture

Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides

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Tables

Table 2.2: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon ..................................... 9

Table 3.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major Vegetable

crops ...................................................................................................................... 10

Table 2.4: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases ............................................ 11

Table 2. 5: Toxicity categories for active ingredients. ............................................................. 22

Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region ................................................................... 26

Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent ................. 28

Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon ............................. 32

Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency .......................................................................... 34

4.1.5.1 Small scale farms ......................................................................................................... 37

4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation ........................................................................ 38

Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed .......................................................... 38

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Figures

Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones .................................. 24

Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of Cameroon 29

Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ........................................... 30

Figure 4.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ....................................... 30

Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon ............................................. 31

Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide ........................................................................... 35

Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users .................................................................... 37

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Chapter1. General Introduction

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2010) report , Cameroon is an economic

paradox with an incredible amount of natural resources including petroleum, timber,

extremely favourable conditions for agriculture and mineral resources. Due to a lack of

structural economic reforms, widespread corruption and lack of a clear vision and

development strategy for the country, approximately 39.9% of Cameroonians live below the

poverty line with less than 1$ per day. Approximately 41% of Cameroonians have access to

drinking water, 40% of households have access to electricity and only 31.5% have access to a

decent toilet. The country has a GDP per capital – Purchasing Power Parity of $2,300 (CIA,

2010)

Cameroon is situated in Central West Africa from latitude 3° to 13° north of the Equator.

Geographically it is a West African country but politically it belongs to Central Africa (Neba

and Aaron, 1999). The country shares its borders with Chad, Central African Republic,

Congo, Gabon, Equatoria Guinea and Nigeria. It has a range of agro-ecological zones, from

dry desert areas in the north to equatorial rain forest in the south. These zones are namely: the

Soudano-Sahelian zone (Maroua, Garoua), the High Guinea Savannah zone (Wakwa –

Ngaoundéré), the Western High plateau zone (Bambui – Mankon), the Humid Forest

Monomodal zone (Ekona) and the Humid Forest Bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé)

which all account for the cultivation of varied crop types (see figure 3.1). The country has a

surface area of 475,440 km², with a population of 19,521,645(WB, 2009). Cameroon is

subdivided into 10 regions, two of them are English speaking and 8 are French speaking. The

official languages are English and French

(http://fita.org/countries/cameroon.html?ma_rubrique=panorama). There are more than 260

local African languages spoken in Cameroon.

Climatically, Cameroon is hot and dry (November to February), rainy in October with

temperatures ranging from 22°C to 29°C in the South. In the North, there are varying

temperatures which sometimes exceed 40°C. The Adamawa plateau experiences a sharp drop

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in temperatures at night with rainy season from May-Oct while the Grassland inland areas are

much cooler than the Coast with regular rainfall (country ref. December, 2009).

The rainfall varies from area to area from 380-600mm annually in the semi-arid north regions,

1500mm in Adamaoua highland, 2500-4000mm along the coast and reaching 10000mm of

rain along the western slopes of Mount Cameroon, where abundant rain falls almost

throughout the year (Neba A., 2010).

The economy of Cameroon relies principally on agriculture with about 75% of the active

population involved in agricultural production which accounts for approximately 50% of total

exports (Wolfgang G., 1997). The country has a great agricultural potential with the climate

ranging from humid to semi-arid. In 1972, through the Cameroon Green Revolution that was

launched in Buea, the government encouraged mono-cropping with the use of chemical

inputs, subsidizing up to 65% and 100% of the cost of fertilizer and pesticides respectively.

With the government subsidies and credit, many farmers shifted towards export crop

production and agriculture became heavily dependent on external inputs like fertilizers and

pesticides. (Wolfgang G., 1997).

Cameroon is the bread basket for the West and Central African regions in terms of food

production. Significant proportions of the population depend on the production of fruits and

vegetables for their livelihood. Majority of the fruits and vegetables produced in Cameroon

are exported to neighbouring countries of Central and West Africa, Europe and America,

Bananas, cabbages, lettuces for example are exported to Europe fresh. Top vegetables

cultivated include: onion, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, Irish potatoes, leeks, celery, parsley,

green beans, pepper, water melon, okra, lettuce and cucumbers. Top fruits cultivated in

Cameroon include: bananas, oranges, papaw (papaya), pineapples, plums, mangoes, pears,

sugarcanes. Though the country has fertile soils, the agricultural sector still face some major

constrains like; inappropriate farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment,

lack of safety precautions, absence of effective control measures on Maximum Residue Limits

(MRLs), and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control. The use of

pesticides for effective pest control is generating a lot of public health and environmental

concern.

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1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides

The use of agrochemicals is both beneficial and harmful. Beneficial effects are associated

with increased plant yields, an increase in animal crops and less spoilage during storage.

Agrochemicals combined with genetically improved varieties of crop species have

contributed positively to the successes of the “green revolution” that has helped to increase

food supply to the rapidly increasing world population. As an example, rice is the main staple

food for millions of people worldwide. Negatively, agrochemicals (pesticides) have produced

contamination which involves the widespread presence of pesticide residues in virtually all

wildlife, well water, and food and even in humans. Some people believe that residues of some

of the chemicals used in animal husbandry ends up as a problem, for example traces of

antibiotics and bovine growth hormones in consumer products like meat or milk (Fernando P.

and Carvalho, 2005)

According to Wiki Answers,: pesticides are an economical way of controlling pests. The use

of pesticides requires low labour input and large areas can be effectively treated within the

shortest possible time. In 2004, Dini et al. pointed out that there is four-fold return on every

dollar a farmer spends on pesticides. A suitable pesticide is available for almost all pest

problems with variation in type, activity and persistence.

Using pesticides will reduce diseases and increase food production with a higher supply and

variety of high quality products at reasonable prices (Wiki Answers). Nutritious free food,

that is foods that are free of pesticides or disease causing agents, and flowers that have not

been damaged by pests cannot be obtained without the use of pesticides. Pesticides are often

used to stop the spread of pests in imports and exports, preventing weeds in gardens and

protecting house and furniture from destruction (Wiki Answers).

1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides

The above website equally indicates the following disadvantages: the use of some pesticides

will lead to reduction of beneficial species such as bees, birds, soil and aquatic organisms,

applying chemicals on fields can affect animals which interact with the targeted pests. The

reduction in these other organisms can result in changes in the biodiversity of an area and

affect natural biological balances.

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Pesticides can affect other areas during application and can cause severe problems in different

crops, livestock, waterways and the general environment, wildlife and fish are the most

affected. Taking special note of weather conditions can reduce drift.

The use of pesticides may lead to residues in human food. This can either be by direct

application onto the food, or by bio-magnification along the food line. Not all levels are

undesirable but unnecessary and dangerous levels must be avoided through good agricultural

practice.

Persistent use of products in agricultural areas can lead to chemicals reaching the underground

aquifers causing ground water contamination. When the same pesticides are overused, the

targeted pest can develop resistance to the pesticide. Excessive exposure to pesticides without

safe handling procedures and wearing of protective clothing can lead to poisoning. Poisoning

risks depend on dose, toxicity, duration of exposure and sensitivity.

Farmers and farm-workers can get exposed to pesticides through four primary routes namely

ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, and absorption through the eyes. Individuals in a

farm situation can get exposed to pesticides in various ways (Okello J.J. and Swinton S.M.,

2010). These include entry into freshly sprayed fields, eating while spraying pesticides, skin

contact with liquid, powder or aerosol forms of pesticides, eating contaminated foods, eating

unwashed products. Exposure to toxic pesticides can result in health hazards in the form of

acute or chronic illnesses (Maumbe B.M. and Swinton S.M., 2003).

1.3 Problem Statement

The use of pesticides for effective pest control is regulated in a way that the safety limits are

not reached when applying according to the good agricultural practices (GAP). Environmental

contamination, water contamination, air pollution, aquatic habitat as well as human health are

endangered due to sources of the pesticides, poor equipment, lack of safety measures, and

wrong dosage of pesticides, pesticide misuse, poor extension services and the absence of

strong policies regulation of the pesticide.

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1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 Overall Objective

The overall objective of the study is to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small

scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational

cooperation in Cameroon.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

• To determine the main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the

percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of

pesticides use;

• To determine the types, the source of pesticides used and method of application of the

available pesticides compared to the recommended standard methods;

• To determine the common illnesses in the area which maybe related to the use of

pesticides;

• To assess the policies in place with regards to pesticides application and make

comparison between the existing policies with the recommended standard policies and

then possibly make some recommendations.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage

In order to produce for international markets, developing country farmers rely on pesticides

for agricultural production (Maumbe B. M. & Swinton S.M., 2003). High temperatures

coupled with high humidity of tropical climates exacerbate the pest and disease problems

(Okello J.J., 2005). The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to

standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. Many

developing countries seeking to diversify their production from staples to high value

commodities have made improvements in production and export of fresh produce. Growth has

especially been greatest in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) and in the flower subsectors.

In the 1980s and 1990s due to fall in the prices of coffee and cocoa, most African country

farmers embarked on the cultivation and exports of FFV with most of these destined to

Europe (with UK, Holland, Germany, and Italy being the leading importers) (Okello J.J. et al.,

2010). As is the case with the Kenyan Green bean sector, the strong expansion in green bean

exports is largely targeted at European consumers who demand aesthetic quality attributes

such as spotlessness that generally encourage increased use of pesticides (Farina. E and

Reardon T, 2000). The demand for cosmetic quality attributes (color, shape, spotlessness) has

been held responsible for increasing pesticide use in the production of fresh exports from

developing countries. Ohayo- Mitoko, 1997 documents cases of widespread use of pesticides

in Asia and Kenya respectively. Excessive use of pesticides in Kenyan horticultural industry

has also been reported (Mwanthi M. and Kimani V., 1990; Okado M., 2001 and Jaffee S.,

2003). These studies suggest that many Kenyan fresh export vegetable farmers used pesticides

indiscriminately, in some cases, applying pesticides meant for other crops (such as coffee) on

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fresh vegetables. As a result of the abusive use of pesticides and its effect on human health

and the environment, developing countries governments have revised their pesticide residue

standards. This standard is aimed at introducing a new order in the use of pesticides for the

production of fruits and vegetables destined for developed countries. According to standards

by International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), only pesticides that are safe to farmers and

farm-workers, other non-target species and the consumers should be used in production of

vegetables for exports. However, the safer pesticides are often either more expensive or less

efficacious (Jaffee S., 2003). The same standards points to the fact that farmers and pesticide

users are required, under International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), to handle, apply and

discard leftover pesticides safely in order to reduce the hazards they pose to non-target

animals, themselves and plant species. These requirements are reinforced by farmer training

on safe use, storage and disposal of pesticides and enforced via close monitoring for

compliance. According to African analysts “the expected benefits to European consumers

would impose unacceptable costs on African producers, especially smallholders and hence,

the welfare effects of African producers” (Mungai N., 2004). The compliance with European

IFSS has been a subject of intense debate.

2.1.1 Major crops

A non exhaustive literature review (Tankou C., 1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001) showed

that the main categories of vegetables cultivated in Cameroon comprise of root, bulb, leafy

and fruit vegetables. Root vegetables include carrot, beet root and potato. Onion and garlic are

the major bulb vegetables whereas major leafy vegetables include huckleberry, amaranth,

cabbage, bush okra, lettuce, parsley, celery, leeks. Other major vegetables grown in

Cameroon include pepper (sweet and hot), green beans, tomatoes, garden egg, okra, and sweet

melon, cucurbits, cucumber and water melon.

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2.1.2 Total vegetable production

Out of the list in table 2.1, 20 vegetables and fruits are of economic and regional importance

as reported by Kouamé C., (2007), for the humid zone of West and Central Africa: These are

illustrated in table 2.4. According to the same source, literature of their total production and

cultivated surface area was available only for five, namely, egusi, okra, onion, hot pepper and

tomato.

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Table 2.1: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon

Count Scientific Name English French

1 Allium cepa onion oignon 2 Allium porrum leeks poireaux 3 Allium sativum garlic ail 4 Amaranthus hybridus amaranthus amaranthe 5 Apium graveolens celery celeri 6 Brassica oleracea cabbage choux 7 Capsicum annuum sweet pepper poivron 8 Capsicum frutescens hot pepper piment 9 Citrullus vulgaris water melon pastèque 10 Corchorus olitorius bush okra corette portagère 11 Cucumis mani egusi, gourd pistache 12 Cucumis sativus cucumber concombre 13 Cucumis melo sweet melon melon 14 Curcurbita moschata pumpkin citrouille 15 Daucus carota carrot carotte 16 Hibiscus esculentus okra gombo 17 Lactuca sativa lettuce Laitue 18 Lycopersicon esculenttum tomato tomate 19 Petroselinum sativum parsley Persil 20 Phaseolus vulgaris green bean haricot vert 21 Solanum melongena garden egg aubergine 22 Solanum nigrum huckleberry morelle 23 Solanum tuberosum irish potato pomme de terre 24 Musa spp banana banane 25 Carica papaya L pawpaw papaye 26 Ananas comosus L. pineapple ananas 27 Persea americana Miller Avocado Avocat 28 Citrus sinensis orange orange 29 Mangifera indica mango mangue

Source: (Kouamé C., 2007; Fontem D., 1991)

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Table 2.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major

Vegetable crops

Vegetable

Year

Egusi/Concombre Okra/

Gombo

Onion/

Oignon

Hot pepper/

Piment

Tomatoes

2001

SA (ha) 101412 28230 6420 4968 23597

PROD(t) 124686 33320 68655 6685 380039

2002

SA (ha) 98095 32990 7383 5507 28788

PROD(t) 127429 34120 70303 7287 389160

2003

SA (ha) 121887 38553 8491 6104 35122

PROD(t) 122306 34938 71990 7942 398500

2004

SA (ha) 115214 45054 9764 6765 42849

PROD(t) 124997 35777 73718 8657 408064

2005

SA (ha) 108541 51555 11037 7426 50576

PROD(t) 12774 3663 7548 943 41785

Source: (IRAD, 2007)

The review showed that at each year from 2001 to 2005, tomatoes recorded the highest

production, followed by egusi then onion, okra and lastly by pepper. However, the tendency

was different for the cultivated area, with egusi occupying the widest area for each subsequent

year from 2001, followed by okra, then tomatoes, onions and lastly by pepper.

2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests

A study conducted on some of the major fruits and vegetales (Fontem D., 1991; Tankou C.,

1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001; Nounamo et al., 2005; Djiéto-Lordon and Aléné C.,

2006,) reveals the following diseases and pests shown in table 3.

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Table 2.3: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases

No. Vegetable Major diseases Major pest 1 Tomato Bacteria wilt, early blight, late blight,

damping off, mosaic virus Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm, root-knot nematode

2 Onion Pink root, downy mildew, neck root, soft rot, yellow dwarf, smut

Red spider, onion thrips, pea leaf miner larvae, cutworms, nematodes, wireworms, onion maggots

3 Cabbage Stemphylium, diverse rots, damping-off Cutworms, aphids, cabbage moth (Mamestra (Barathra) brassicae), slugs, caterpillars

4 Sweet pepper

Mildew, cercospora leaf spot, phytopthora blight, fusarium wilt, anthracnose, ripe rot, tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, gal formations

Flee beetles, cutworms, aphids, vegetable weevil, caterpillars, grasshoppers, pepper maggots, leaf miners

5 Hot pepper Anthracnose, die-back, mosaic virus Ants, cératite (Mediterranean fly) 6 Bush okra Wilt Sweet potato butterfly, root-knot nematode,

cotton leafworm 7 Egusi,

gourd Oidium (Erysiphe cichoracearum), sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp), cercospora, virus, mildew

Nematode, mites, aphids, thrips

8 Okra Leaf spot, powdery mildew, dry rot Melon aphids, cotton stainer, corn earworm, root-knot nematode, flea beetle, jassides

9 Green Wet rot of leaves, damping of seedlings Leaf miner, cutworms, nematodes 10 Garden egg Bacterial wilt Flea beetles 11 Huckleberry Late blight, yellow vein clearing, viral

disease Cutworms, ants

12 leeks Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm,, root-knot nematode

13 banana Antracnose, Crown rot, Sigatoka disease Colletotrichum musae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botryodiplodia theobromae), Ceratocystis paradoxa, Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Verticillium theobromae, Mycosphaerella musicola and Mycosphaerella fijiensis

14 pawpaw Antracnose, Phytophthora rot, Stem end rots

Glomerella cingulata, Phytophthora palmivora, Mycosphaerella caricae

15 avocados Anthracnose/black spot, Stem end rots,

Glomerella cingulata ,Lasiodiplodia (Botriodiplodia) theobromae, Phomopsis perseae, Dothiorella

16 pineapple black rot (soft rot/stem-end rot/water rot), Fruitlet core rot (brown rot/black rot/eye rot/black spot)

Ceratocystis paradoxa, Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium funiculosum, Pseudomonas ananas.

Source: Kouame C, 2007

12

2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and

Multinational Cooperation

Small scale farmers cultivate smaller farm sizes e.g. 2-5ha depending on the available

incomes. They rely in family labour for work in the farmers. They equally rely on

neighbouring cities, countries and local dealers (resellers) for pesticides and other farm inputs.

They do not undertake frequent trainings to update their knowledge on new farming

techniques but depend on trials and friends for advice on pesticides.

For a multinational cooperation, there is high investment in capital, employed labour force

and high technological input in terms of pesticide application and farm management. These

companies include Delmonte Banana, Dole, SPNP, PHP, CDC and many others involve with

banana production and export. Others such as Camfarmers group, Dole Food inc, SOWEDA

Farmers, AGRODEC CAM, Pago Group, Export Commifas, Afro investment plc, Salvation

Food company, CDC Belmonte, Delmonte Younga Dedacus, Cameroon Development

Cooperation (CDC) and many others export fresh fruits and vegetables from Cameroon to

other parts of the world more specifically to west and central Africa, Europe and parts of

Asia.

With regards to banana production, Cameroon and Ivory Coast have the same production with

both countries producing about 250 - 300 x 103 tons of bananas yearly and exporting it to the

European Union (EU). In Ivory Coast, most bananas are produced on 65 small farms

occupying 5500 hectares of land while in Cameroon, banana is produced by multinationals

who are established as important producers and who control the export trade (Arias et al,

2004).

The Catholic Committee for the fight against Hunger and under development (CCHD) and

Oxfam- Agirici, in a recent report, classifies the Penja Haute Plantation (PHP) among the

most “unscrupulous” companies that exist. The accusations are expropriation of land to the

detriment of local farmers through dubious if not illegal means, poor working conditions for

its 600 employees some of who work for as much as 15 hours a day without compensation,

lack of freedom to form unions and wrongful dismissals (Pigeaud F., 2009).

13

The same report equally points out the fact that the inhabitants complain of pollution caused

by fungicides and pesticides (chlordecone) used by the banana companies, some of which

have recently been banned by the EU because they pose a health hazard. As indicated by the

report, the inhabitants complained of water pollution “Our river, our only source of water is

polluted” says the inhabitant of a hamlet located near Njombe. Most of the pesticides are

sprayed by airplanes which are easily inhaled by the inhabitants. From a report confirmed by

health officials, the most common diseases after malaria are respiratory diseases and skin

disorders, two health problems associated with the use of chemical substances. Many

witnesses also refer to the high number of cancers as proof of that.

2.4 Pesticides usage and effects

Pesticides are used to reduce the abundance of pest species and diseases in agriculture.

Unfortunately during application, the exposure of non-target organisms, including humans is

not well controlled. This is especially the case when fields are sprayed, for example when

using application equipment drawn by a tractor or mounted on airplanes. This occurs on the

treated site and also on nearby off-sites as a result of "drift", volitalization, contacts, and

runoffs or washed off by rain of the sprayed agrochemical. The non-target exposures result in

many unnecessary poisonings and deaths of organisms that are not agricultural pests.

Persistent pesticides such as DDT, dieldrin and aldrin cause a widespread environmental

contamination (Spearks et al. 2002).

In the 1960s, DDT was used for preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing, which

was a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now banned under the

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but it is still used in some developing

nations including Cameroon to prevent malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on

interior walls to kill or repel mosquitoes. DDT was used in 1960 for household uses in public

health. Build up of resistance to it has been noted in the southern area of Cameroon (Gimou

M. et al, 1997).

Massive doses of DDT were used in anti-vector control in the Sanaga basin. This has resulted

in insects acquiring resistance to the pesticide (DDT) (Publication, 1985). At the present time

only pyrethrum is used for larvae control.

14

According to the same report, in 1989, an anti-mosquito insecticide distributed in Cameroon

was banned as it contained DDT. The report also stated that Dieldrin has been used in

agriculture for cotton in the north of Cameroon up to 1978. This use has given rise to

resistance on the part of the insects, in particular the Anopheles mosquito. This is a difficult

resistance to overcome since it also gives the insect resistance to other pesticides such as

pyrethroids. Effective pyrethroids are currently in use.

A more recent study: ”Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Cameroon Estuary

Mangrove Ecosystem” (MINEF, 1991) in the middle of the Gulf of Guinea, shows a

significant pollution by pesticides classified as persistent organic pollutants. This pollution is

of municipal origin (towns that are heavily populated and industrialized), and from agriculture

(mechanized agriculture) and petroleum refineries, and it affects marine products in that they

end up in rivers, lakes and streams.

As a very broad field, pesticide exposure assessment is very complex and challenging. There

are many but highly variable routes through which exposures occur. Professional training in

the field of hygiene and exposure assessment can improve the scientific capabilities of

researchers and public health officials responsible for evaluating and controlling pesticide

exposures (Franklin & Worgan, 2005).

Reynolds J., 1997, pointed outed out that pesticide use can have unintended effects on the

environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.

Approximately 98% of all insecticides and 95% of herbicides that are sprayed do not reach

the target destination (Nathalie van H, December 2007). They reach non-target specie by

pesticide drift which occurs when pesticides suspended in air as particles are carried by wind

to other areas potentially polluting them, water pollution, bottom sediments, and food.

Pesticides contaminate land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage

tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially and when

it is sprayed into water to kill algae. Some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and

contribute to soil contamination. Example is vinyl chloride that can cause cancer. Some

pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer (Globalshiksha,

2010).

15

2.4.1Pesticide pollution

Pesticide use reduces biodiversity and nitrogen fixation, contributes to decrease in pollinators,

destroys habitats (especially for birds) and threatens endangered species. Pests can develop

resistance to the pesticide (pesticide resistance), necessitating a new pesticide. Alternatively, a

greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance, although this will cause

a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.

Appelgren (FAO, 1994b) reports for Lithuania that while pesticide pollution has diminished

due to economic factors, water pollution by pesticides is often caused by inadequate storage

and distribution of agrochemicals. In the United States, the US-EPA's National Pesticide

Survey found out that the 10.4% of community wells and 4.2% of rural wells contained

detectable levels of one or more pesticides (US-EPA, 1992). In a study of groundwater wells

in agricultural south western Ontario (Canada), 35% of the wells tested positive for pesticides

on at least one occasion (Lampman W., 1995).

Use of pesticides in developing countries is extremely variable, from nil in large in parts of

Africa, to extremely heavy dosage in intensive agricultural areas of Brazil and plantations of

Central America. In their review of the limited research literature on pesticide use and impacts

in Africa, (Calamari and Naeve, 1994) conclude that, "The concentrations found in various

aquatic compartments, with few exceptions are lower than in other parts of the world, in

particular in developed countries which have a longer history of high pesticide consumption

and intense use. Generally, the coastal waters, sediments and biota are less contaminated than

inland water environmental compartments, with the exception of a few hot spots."

2.5 Exposure to pesticides

According to a publication titled “impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries

(IDRC, 1993)”, the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1986), estimated that millions of

people were being poisoned annually with about 20,000 cases resulting in death. Much of the

problem came from the toxicity of the pesticides used by many small-scale farmers, without

adequate knowledge and failing to adequately protect themselves during pesticide

applications. Pesticide application causes serious health problems but blames are usually laid

on pesticides without considering the way the pesticides are applied.

16

According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO, 22 September 2004), in a report

titled “pest control in cut flowers" many problems related to pesticide usage including

environmental, air, water, soil and health.

A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon conducted by Matthews G., 2003, raises

growing concern about various reports of illnesses associated with pesticide users

(linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve).

In 1993, Mamat et al. a expressed concern about the design of a lever-operated sprayer and

listed specific features, which increase the risk of direct physical harm as well as the health

hazards due to exposure to the pesticide sprays. The following factors needed serious

attention: leakages, design of the spray lance, tank weight, and sharp edges on the size of filler

opening due to wornout, sprayer tank, and narrow straps of unsuitable material. During the

preparation of the spray and also by holding the trigger valve on the lance, the hands are

particularly exposed to the spray.

According to Oerke and Dehne, 2004, the average use of pesticides by arable land is

estimated at $ 10/ha. Farmers also fight against diseases affecting crops by using multiple

products indiscriminately to the extent without sufficiently being aware and trained on the

correct choice of pesticides use (Matthews G., 2003). This is the case in Njombe where

growers are particularly obliged to use pesticides to protect their crops. This could eventually

have an impact on health if they remain ignorant of its risk and adequate measures are not

taken to prevent or limit contamination.

Meijden, 1998, conducted a study on pesticide applications in cocoa farms and found out that

“generally, farmers do not wear any protective materials at all, no matter what pesticide is

being applied. Farmers scarcely follow precautionary measures as they are found eating,

smoking or drinking in-between spraying activities. The left over pesticides and empty

containers are not properly disposed as the containers are sometimes washed and used for

domestic purposes”.

According to a World Bank report, 1996 on Cameroon, industrial wastes in general are not

treated before disposal. Concentrations of other Pops (such as Lindane, Aldrin and Dieldrin)

have been identified in coastal aquatic environments. Fore example, 209 mg/kg of Lidane has

17

been detected in some fish species. In addition to environmental pollution, occupational

health safety problems such as cuts, sprains and strains, or amputations, vision problems and

even blindness, illness caused by breathing, touching or ingestion of unsafe substances

Illnesses caused by breathing, touching or ingesting unsafe substance have been recorded with

the use of DDT. In the case of DDT, three farmers are known to have been poisoned to death

by DDT in 1985 (consulted from the internet 2011).

2.6 Application Techniques

A survey conducted in the three northern regions of Cameroon on pesticide use (Matthews

G. Wiles et al, 2003), indicated that the “lever-operated knapsack sprayers are the most

widely used type of equipment, while the CDA rotary atomiser sprayers are mostly used in

the drier areas especially on cotton where water availability is less. Other types of sprayers

used, include the hand carried thermal foggers and motorised knapsack mist-blowers on

vegetables and other crops. Various problems with the equipment caused leakage on operators

who generally did not wear protective clothing”.

The use of fertilizers and pesticides to protect crops against pests and diseases has become

more massive, especially in industrial plantations of dessert bananas since diseases like Black

Sigatoka have become resistant to some pesticides. Mathews, 2003, confirmed that the

increased damage caused by plant diseases has led to a more intensive use (7 sprays per

month to 40 monthly demonstrating) of pesticides by companies producing, cocoa, coffee,

cotton, oil palm, plantains and vegetable crops

It is very essential to calibrate sprayers even when they are in perfect working conditions.

Calibration of sprayers is a major topic proposed and taught in research and training

institutions, but is hardly done practically, resulting in the use of wrong dosaged pesticides.

The spraying of cocoa farms with an overdose of pesticides will result in farmers incurring

huge financial losses due to wastage and phyto-toxicity, which will decrease the yield.

However, the major risk of overdose or under-dose is the increased likelihood for the pests to

develop resistance against pesticides, which can have devastating large-scale effects on cocoa

production (Meijden, 1998).

18

There is a very strong evidence of poor pesticide education and misuse in Nigeria, for

instance a situation where over dosage for the purpose of effecting rapid kill of crop pests is

common among government trained, or agency trained and assisted small-scale farmers

(Ivbijaro, 1998). Similar trends can be seen with farmers in Cameroon. In another report, it is

also noticed that farmers sometimes use the pesticides for purposes different from what the

pesticides were intended for (Ivbijaro, 1977; Youdeowei, 1989; Ivbijaro, 1990, 1998)

example:

i) Lindane formerly used for the control of cocoa mirids is poured into rivers, lakes and

streams to kill fish, which is then sold for human consumption,

ii) In the absence of insect pest occurrence, there is mixing of fungicides and insecticides

together during fungicide application period to reduce workload of spraying each

differently,

iii) Spraying Gamalin 20EC on drying cocoa beans to prevent moulds and maggot

development,

iv) Careless disposal of expired pesticides and use of pesticide containers for domestic

purposes.

2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides

2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues

A Pesticide is defined as strictly a substance intended to kill pests: in common usage, any

substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant

pests (fungicide, herbicide, insecticide) (IUPAC, 1993).

Residues are substances which are not deliberately added to a foodstuff but are present in it as

a direct consequence of treatments during production (including primary production), due to

migration from materials and products coming into contact with foods for example residues of

veterinary drugs, pesticides, disinfection agents, migration residues). The term "residues"

signifies the amount of active ingredient or any toxic substance or its derivative thereof

19

contained in food, or existing on its surface during harvesting or consumption ( De Meulenaer

B., 2009 course notes Food chemistry, unpublished)

A pesticide residue is any substance or mixture of substances in food or feed resulting from

the use of a pesticide and including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and

conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of

toxicological significance (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides

A toxic substance is any substance that is able to cause injury to living organisms as a result

of physicochemical interaction (IUPAC, 1993).

The IUPAC, 1993 defines toxic dose as the amount of a substance that may be expected to

produce a toxic effect.

Toxicity is defined as the capacity to cause injury to a living organism defined with reference

to the quantity of substance administered or absorbed, the way in which the substance is

administered (inhalation, ingestion, topical application, injection) and distributed in time

(single or repeated doses), the type and severity of injury, the time needed to produce the

injury, the nature of the organism(s) affected and other relevant conditions (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.3 Acute toxicity

Adverse effects occurring within a short time (usually up to 14 days) after administration of a

single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses

(exposures), usually within 24 h. It can also be defined as the ability of a substance to cause

adverse effects within a short time of exposure (IUPAC, 1993).

2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides

This occurs after long-term absorption of repeated small doses of product after months or

even after several years of accumulation of poison. In order to protect consumers against the

risk of poisoning from product residues present in food, toxicology studies have been

designed. Pesticide tolerance is calculated according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) by

dividing by 100 the doses of each product without effect estimated from the toxicological

20

experiments. In diets, we refer to ADI and at workplaces we refer to maximum allowable

concentration in the atmosphere (MAC) calculated for a maximum of 40 hours (IUPAC,

1997).

2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4)

The WHO defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and

not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) consulted in 2011.

In another definition by WHO, 1978b, health is the state of dynamic balance in which an

individual's or a group's capacity to cope with the circumstances of living is at an optimal

level.

According to Wayne Sinclair, 1988, there are strong suspicions about the role of pesticides in

the development of chronic diseases (cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive

disorders). Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects to those exposed to it. There

are a variety of adverse health effects with regards to pesticide exposure which can range

from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to much more severe effects on the nervous system,

mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer.

Exposure to high levels of many pesticides has both acute and long-term neurologic

consequences, but little is known about the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to moderate

levels of pesticides. (Kamel et al, 1997).

Other negative consequences from pesticide exposure include: birth defects, foetal death, and

neuro-developmental disorder (Alarcon et al, 2005).

Long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure create a problem of uncertainty, especially

with children (Alavanja et al, 2005)

Estimates from the World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme indicate

that yearly a total of three million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience

severe poisoning from pesticides and about 18,000 of them die. In a study conducted by

WHO, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide

poisoning yearly (FAO and UN, 2002).

21

Childhood leukaemia defined as a biologically diverse disease, can be contracted by many

different pathways. In 2003–2010 a recent study by Winston C., 2010, showed that there is a

link between heavy pesticide use in rural areas and incidence of childhood leukaemia.

A study conducted WHO, Gunnell D. et al, (2007), reports that approximately 300,000 people

die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. It is considered one of the most

common forms of self-injury in the Global South. Most cases of intentional pesticide

poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events and the availability

of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning. Pesticide self-poisoning

according to the report, was found to be the method of choice in one third of suicides

worldwide, and the study recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of

pesticides that are most harmful to humans.

Adverse effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers has been reported in other tropical

countries (Aguilar et al., 1993; Lum et al., 1993; Mwanthi and Kimani, 1993, Harris, 2000)

emphasizing the role of the Inter-African Phyto-Sanitary Council in disseminating the

knowledge gained in Cameroon to other African countries.

A recent report on the use of pesticides in banana plantations in Cameroon (Fanny PIGEAUD,

May 2009; AFSSA, 2007)) showed that a powerful insecticide (chlordecone), has been used

most especially in Njombe. This insecticide may have possible effects on food crops grown in

the area and sold as far as Yaounde, the capital, the central African regions and to Europe

This very toxic substance, had been banned in the Caribbean because it was not approved for

use by France, but has been sprayed in Njombe recently and this may result in disastrous

consequences to the most consumed mineral water source located in the area.

2.7.6 Other problems

Extension services in Cameroon are limited in terms of poor staffing and mobility and. As

pointed out by Meijden, 1998, extension staff in Nigeria generally lack support, they are

poorly trained in pesticide management, they lack motivation, and there is hardly any follow-

up. The same scenario in Cameroon... .

22

The Cameroon government does not control the regulation of pesticides well. The effective

control of pesticides in the West-African sub-region remains poor and seriously hampered by

several factors including lack of proper legislative authority, shortage of personnel in

pesticide regulatory procedures, lack of infrastructure, transportation, equipment and

materials, very low budgetary allocation of operating funds, lack of formulation control and

pesticide residue analysis facilities and capabilities (Youdeowei, 1989).

As pesticides used now have been through rigorous testing, most health problems come from

misuse, abuse or overuse. The pesticides are poorly available and come from variable sources.

It is easy to find cases of fake, adulterated and banned pesticides (obsolete stocks) still being

sold on the local markets (Auwal-Ahmad et al, 2008).

Table 2. 4: Toxicity categories for active ingredients.

Toxicity Category Routes of Exposure I II III IV Oral LD50 Up to and Including

50 mg/kg 50–500mg/kg 500–5,00 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg

Inhalation LC50

Up to and including 0.2mg/l

0.2–2mg/l 2–20 mg/l > 20 mg/l

Dermal LD50 Up to and including 200mg/kg

200–2,000 mg/kg

2,000–20,000mg/kg > 20,000 mg/kg

Eye Effects Corrosive corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days

Corneal opacity reversible within 7 days; irritation persisting for 7 days

No corneal opacity; irritation reversible within 7 days

No irritation

Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation at 72 hours

Moderate irritation at 72 hours

Mild or slight irritation at 72 hours

Signal Word DANGER/ POISON WARNING CAUTION CAUTION

Source: Adapted from 40 CFR Part 156

23

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods

3.1 Development of questionnaire

Two separate but similar questionnaires comprising 8 major questions each and many

variables (annexes 1 and 2) were developed based on literature study and expert dissertation.

One of the questionnaires was designed for the users of pesticides (farmers) and the other for

the authorities (Pesticide control bodies) like the ministry of agriculture, resellers of

pesticides, pesticide manufacturing agencies and NGOs. The questionnaires were in-depth,

structured and semi-structured and were used to ensure consistency and to allow every

informant to expand his or her thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits

and vegetable farmers in four regions in Cameroon. Interview questions were developed and

pilot-tested by using participant observation and 2 focus group discussions among a group of

farmers of different sexes and ages from a rural area in Buea Cameroon.

3.2 Selection of regions

Generally, Cameroon has five ecological zones namely: the (soudano-sahelian zone Maroua -

Garoua), the high guinea savannah zone (Wakwa – Ngaoundéré), the western high plateau

zone (Bambui – Mankon), the humid forest Unimodal zone (Ekona) and the humid forest

bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé) as shown in figure 3.1. Based on the economic and

regional importance of fruits and vegetables, and the major pests, five regions of Cameroon

namely: the North West, West, South West, Littoral and Centre regions belonging to three

ecological zones (the western high plateau, the humid forest Unimodal zone and the humid

forest bimodal zone) were selected. Each region was visited based on the productivity,

accessibility to the production sites, convenience for easy collection of data and time factor,

availability of the farmer and the willingness of the farmer to provide the needed information.

This assessment was focused on the major areas of fruits and vegetable activities of which

previous studies on some selected fruits and vegetables based on the economic and regional

importance and their major pests and diseases (Kouamé C., 2007), indicated that the regions

of North-West, West, South-West, Littoral, Centre and North were the major areas of

activities.

(Source: www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downlo

Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones

3.3 Data Collection

Two focus group discussions

to pilot-test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal

survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four

regions represent two eco-systems (warm humid and cool highland agro

being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was

supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and v

sector.

Data was collected on general farming activit

hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide

usage, consumption data through the administration of ques

and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences

and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250

www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downloads/agroinvestments.ppt)

: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones

among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held

test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal


systems (warm humid and cool highland agro-ecosystem), the latter


supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and v

general farming activities most especially o quantity produced per


usage, consumption data through the administration of questionnaires. Informal discussions



24

among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held

test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal


ecosystem), the latter


supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and vegetable

quantity produced per


tionnaires. Informal discussions



25

questionnaires were envisaged for five regions but only 152 out of the 250 questionnaires

were effectively realized in 26 villages of the five regions. This was due to financial

constrain, inaccessibility to some areas and time constrain. Structured and semi-structured

interviews was used to ensure consistency and to allow every informant to expand his or her

thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits and vegetable farmers in the

five regions.

3.4 Administration of the questionnaires

Staff from the Global Initiative for Sustainable Development Programmes (NGO based in

Buea) were acquainted with the questionnaires and trained on data collection. The

questionnaires were Pilot-tested by using farmer’s observation with two focus group

discussions among a group of farmers 18 to 60 years old of both sexes who are fruit and

vegetable farmers. During the assessment, 145 farmers who use pesticides to combat pests on

fruits and vegetables were interviewed. Discussions were also held with seven institutions on

related pesticide law, policies and health related problems. The institutions included pesticide

sellers and resellers, , hospitals to collect data on frequent cases of illnesses in the different

regions, the African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and Plantains better known by

its French acronym CARBAP for data on type of pesticides used on Banana, the Ministry of

Agriculture for information related to pesticide laws and regulated list of pesticide and also

the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) which is an international non-profit research and

development institution committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing

world through the increased production and consumption of nutritious and health-promoting

vegetables. While administering the questionnaires for the authorities, a list of homologated

pesticides (annex 3) approved for use by the Cameroon government was consulted and a

comparison was made with the pesticides used in the fields by farmers.

In each region, an interviewer visited and administered the questionnaires to users of

pesticides depending on the farmer’s availability and his/her willingness to provide the

needed information. Also depending on the accessibility, some farms were visited to appraise

pesticide application practices taking place at that period in time. The aim was to interview

those who were most likely to present the real situation in the field.

26

Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region

Count sex of respondent * region of the respondent Cross tabulation

region of the respondent

Northwest Southwest West Littoral Centre Total

male 33 32 22 14 0 101

female 19 13 7 5 0 44

Institution 1 1 0 2 3 7

Total 53 46 29 21 3

152

The table shows that fewer interviews were conducted in certain areas such as is the case of

the centre region where only authorities (institutions) were contacted for information. In the

Littoral, mostly fruits are cultivated and this is mostly done by multinational companies. In

the West region, due to the distances between farms, the availability of the farmers and

language constraints, only 29 farmers were interviewed. In the North West and South West

regions most of the farmers were available and access to the farms was much easier.

The pesticide users (farmers) were asked to name their preferred crops cultivated, give the

approximate quantity they cultivate. They were equally asked to name the type of pesticide

they use and on which crop. They were also asked to name the type of measuring equipment

they use to measure the quantity of pesticide sprayed, how they mix the pesticides they use.

We equally wanted to know through the questionnaire if the pesticide users work in

collaboration with extension workers and the type of information they receive from the

extension staff, In addition, we also wanted to know if the users of pesticides know of any

pesticide laws, to if they can identify problems encountered as a result of pesticide use. and

the solutions undertaken in case of strange diseases or crop damage on their farms. The

majority of the people interviewed were either those who applied pesticides themselves on

their own farms or were spray operators for a farm association, large farm or plantation.

3.5 Data Analysis

Data collected was put into a database in the statistical programme for social science (SPSS)

software from where frequency tables and cross tables were used to analyse the preference for

27

certain fruits and vegetables and distribution of the questionnaires within the regions

respectively. Comparison of means was equally used to analyse if the presence of the

extension staff on the farm has any effect on the knowledge of the farmer on pesticide laws,

restriction of treatment before harvest and the illegal use of pesticides. Also the Kendall’s

tau_b And the Spearman’s rho bivariate correlation were used to analyse the relationship

between certain variables. The spreadsheet was also used for a better presentation of parts of

the data.

28

Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations

4.1 Results and Discussion

4.1.1 Farm size

The analysis shows that the overall size of farms owned by most respondents is less than 2 ha

for vegetable farmers and for large plantations the average farm size range from 150–250 ha.

The importance of individual crops varied in relation to the different regions of the country

and between individuals. As indicated in table 4.1, carrots, cabbages, leeks, huckleberry,

tomatoes, Irish potatoes, celery persil and green beans are highly cultivated in the northwest

and west regions of the country as compared to bananas, papaws, oranges, pineapples in the

southwest and littoral regions of Cameroon.

Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent

Counts region of the respondent Major crops North west Southwest West Littoral Total Percentage Carrot 29 3 14 0 46 31.7 Cabbages 36 10 19 0 65 44.8 Leeks 34 5 11 0 50 34.5 Onion 19 0 3 0 22 15.2 huckleberry 30 38 8 0 76 52.4 Tomatoes 48 40 24 0 112 77.2 Irish Potatoes 40 2 12 0 54 37.2 Celery 43 6 20 0 69 47.6 Okra 17 23 12 0 52 35.9 Persil 36 2 29 0 67 46.2 Pepper 15 31 17 9 72 49.7 green beans 33 11 23 0 67 46.2 Lettuce 30 13 4 0 47 32.4

garden egg 11 15 0 0 26 17.9 Banana 0 14 1 8 23 15.9 Orange 0 37 0 4 41 28.3 Mango 18 28 2 0 48 33.1 Pawpaw 0 29 0 10 39 26.9 water melon 8 22 15 8 53 36.6 Pears 4 11 12 8 35 24.1 Plums 28 25 15 0 68 46.9 Pineapple 7 29 10 19 65 44.8 Tangerine 0 43 0 19 62 42.8 Apples 0 9 0 0 9 6.2

29

Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of

Cameroon

Figure 4.1, shows that vegetables are highly cultivated in the Northwest, South west and West

regions of Cameroon. The south west and littoral regions cultivates the bulk of fruits

especially banana, pineapples, mangoes, oranges to mention just a few. Fruits such as banana,

pineapples and pawpaw are cultivated by multinational companies who export to Europe.

Other fruits like oranges and mangoes are cultivated on smaller scale by individual

smallholders for both the market and home consumption.

4.1.2 Quantity Produced

With respect to the quantity produced, variationexist between individuals and types of crops

cultivated. Majority of the farmers produced less than 200 buckets of carrots amounting to

approximately 5000kg with very few reaching more than 1000 buckets of carrots produced.

The different crops produced are marketed in different measuring containers. A typical

example is the case of carrots measured in buckets with each bucket weighing up to 50

kilograms. Other examples include tomatoes measured in baskets of different sizes 15kg,

25kg, green beans measured in bundles, Irish potatoes measured in bags of 75kg.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ca

rro

ts

cab

ba

ge

s

lee

ks

on

ion

hu

ckle

be

rry

tom

ato

es

Irri

sh p

ota

toe

s

cele

ry

ok

ra

pe

rsil

pe

pp

er

gre

en

be

an

s

lett

uce

ga

rde

n e

gg

ba

na

na

ora

ng

e

ma

ng

o

pa

wp

aw

wa

ter

me

lon

pe

ars

plu

ms

pin

ea

pp

le

tan

ge

rin

e

ap

ple

s

pe

rce

nta

ge

of

resp

on

de

nts

types of crops

North west

South west

West

Littoral

30

Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei

Figure 2.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei

Quantity of carrots produced in bags (50kg) per unit area

< 20057%

200 - 4008%

400 - 6006%

600 - 80018%

800 - 100010%

> 10001%

< 200

200 - 400

400 - 600

600 - 800

800 - 1000

> 1000

Quantity of tomatoes produced in baskets (25kg) per unit area

< 10019%

100-2003%

200-30021%

300-40040%

>40017%

< 100

100-200

200-300

300-400

>400

31

Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon

4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon

Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used on fruits and vegetables by farmers in

Cameroon. From the table, it can be noticed that although some of the pesticides are found on

the homologated list of pesticides published by the Cameroon ministry of agriculture and rural

development, some are either outdated (not found in the list), obsolete or have expired but are

Water melon

cabbage

okra

celery

amaranth Celery garden

32

still being used by the farmers. Pesticides are applied once to twelve times monthly (three

times a week) on their crops depending on the type of crop and the weather conditions. This is

mostly in situations whereby there is heavy rainfall after application.

Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon

Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop

Fungicide

Ivory 80 WP Mancozebe 800 g/kg tomato

Ivory 75 WG Mancozebe 750g/kg banana

Metro star 500WP Thiophanate-methyl 150

g/kg + Oxychlorure de

cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre

150 g/kg

tomato

Plantinep 80 WP Manèbe 80% fruits and garden crop

Penncozep 80 Mancozèbe 80% Fruits and garden crop

Balear 720 Sc SL Chlorothalonil 720g/l banana

Rodomil plus Metalaxy/-M 6%+

Oxyde de Cuivre 60%

Cocoa but used by most farmers

for garden crops and fruits

Herbicide Action 80 DF (Duiron) Diuron 800g/kg Garden crops

Duiron WP Diuron 800g/kg Cotton but used for garden

crops and fruits

Herbistar 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l Surgar cane but used for garden

crops

Glyphader 360 SL Glyphosate Diverse crops

Plantop 360 Glyphosate 360g/l Sugar cane but used for garden

crops

Plantop ultra 75,7% wg Glyphosate ammonium

75%

Cotton but equally used for

garden crops

Gramozone Royal Not in list

Round up 360 SL Obsolate stock not withdrawn

from market

33

Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop

Insecticide Cypercal 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l Garden crops, fruits and

vegetables

Cyperdim 260 EC not found in list but used

extensively

Callidium 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l Rubber, garden crops and food

crops

Dimex 400 EC Dimetheonate 400g/l tomato

Decis 25 Ec Delthamethrine 25g/l coffee but used for garden

crops

PACHA 25 EC Lambdacyhalothrine

15g/l + Acetamipride

10g/l

tomatoes

CiGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 12g/l tomatoes

CIGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l Cotton but many farmers use

what is available

Cyper plant 30 Ec

Glycel 360 SL

Tronsil WP

Source: (field survey)

Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used by vegetable farmers. Comparing it to the

recommended list from Cameroon, many pesticides used by the farmers are not found on the

homologated list of pesticides from in Cameroon or exist but used for different crops as

indicated in bold. When this list is compared to the list from Cordex Alimentarius, one notices

that some pesticides like Mancozebe 800g/kg, Thiophanate-methyl 150g/kg + Oxychlorure de

cuivre 200g/kg + Soufre 150g/kg, Manèbe 80%, Diuron 800g/kg don’t future on the Cordex

list. Also, comparing the list from Cameroon (annex 3) in general to that of Cordex

Alimentarius, there are many pesticides used in Cameroon for both fruits and vegetables

which do not appear on the Cordex list. These include pesticides like: Fosetyl Aluminium

34

80%, Cyproconazol 100g/l, Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%, Alkydimethyl benzyl-

amonium chloride 494.6g/kg, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg., Bisodium

actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg, Bacillus thuringiensis, Emamectine-benzoate ,

Epoxyconazole 75 g/l,, Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%, Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4

D 500g/kg, Quizalofop-Ethyl, Oxadiargyl 400g/l, Triclopyr, Tridemorphe 750g/l.

Farmers do not follow recommended dosage as prescribed on the label. The dosage used by

most farmers is 50-75g/15 litres of water which is different from the recommended dosage

mentioned on the homologated list. There is total variation in dosage used and in application

frequency among the farmers. The dosage and frequency of application varies from once a

month to as many as applications (three times a week) per month depending on weather

conditions and on the severity of infection as shown in table 8.

Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency

Spraying frequency Respondents Percent

Once a month 9 6,2

Twice amonth 9 6,2

Three times a month 1 0,7

Four times a month 51 35,2

Eight times a month 58 40,0

Twelve times a month 15 10,3

Missing 2 1,4

Total 145 100,0

Table 4.3, shows that more than 50% of the farmers apply pesticides more than four times on

their crops per month. Over aoolication of pesticides may lead high levels of concentrations

on the plants which may be dangerous to the farmers themselves or to the consumers of the

final product.

35

4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides

Out of the 145 persons interviewed, 62 of them (42.8%) acknowledged they are aware of

pesticide laws like age limit for handling pesticides, avoid contact with the skin, pesticides

should be kept out of the reach of children, no smoking, eating and drinking during spraying

and protect the environment during spraying while the remaining 83(57.2%) said they have no

idea on pesticide laws. Figure 4.6 shows that the highest percentage is recorded by farmers

who have knowledge on the age limit for handling pesticides, followed by those with

knowledge in environmental protection and slightly more than 13% of the respondents are

that aware smoking, eating and drinking during spraying is dangerous. Knowledge of the

pesticide law involves age limit for handling pesticides/keeping the pesticides out of the reach

of children, protecting themselves which includes; protecting their bodies, avoiding smoking,

eating and drinking during spraying.

Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide

18,3

35,4

15,8

13,4

17,1

,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

should be kept

out of reach of

children

Age limit for

handling

pesticides

Avoid contact

with the skin

No

smoking, eating

and drinking

Protect the

environment

kn

ow

led

ge

on

pe

stic

ide

s

Percent

36

During the survey, a higher number of the farmers who were interviewed indicated that the

age limit for pesticide application is 15 years and above while a significant 10.3% still use

children below 15years to spray pesticides on their farms. The use of children to spray

pesticides in Cameroon is a common practice. In addition to exposing them to highly toxic

pesticides; they also work with dangerous equipment, carry or transport heavy loads, work for

very long hours daily etc.

113 out of the 145 farmers wait for a restricted time of treatment before harvest while 32

farmers harvest sometimes immediately after harvest. The duration observed ranged from less

than a week to one month with the majority (34.5%) harvesting within less than a week after

spraying and 28.2% waiting for up to two weeks before they harvest after spraying.

72.4% of the respondents are aware of the harm caused by pesticides while 27.6% are not.

According to the pesticide users skin irritation, respiratory problems and crop damage were

the most frequent problems they face with regards to pesticide usage. Catarrh, dizzleness,

damage to the eyes and damage to the skin were also high while problems such as cough,

stomach ulcer, nosea were amongst the lowest cases of harm that occurred. According to the

testimony of a planter, an employee of one of the company (banana) who is in charge of

mixing pesticides sprayed from airplanes has recently been poisoned. It's after eight years that

the first symptoms were reported. Some users exposed themselves by storing toxic pesticides

in their houses. The Mocap is particularly suspected by all. Some have had to store the

product under their beds or in living rooms, and it has resulted in poisoning. Hospital sources

also confirm common illnesses in the banana production areas like skin irritation, respiratory

problems and damage to the eyes.

37

Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users in Cameroon

4.1.5 Pesticide problems

4.1.5.1 Small scale farms

With respect to the problems caused by pesticides, 40% of the interviewed admitted that they

have recorded problems in the use of pesticides. These problems include: body damage,

contaminated environment, air pollution, water pollution, crop damage and soil damage. A

least 4 cases of death were reported. This confirms earlier findings by Reynolds (1997) who

emphasized on the unintended effects on the environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals,

birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.

Pesticide application on the farm is either supervised by the farmer him/herself or by

extension staff. According to the survey more than 85% of the application is done and

monitored by the farmer him/herself. Only 15% of the farmers admitted that they were visited

atleast once to twice a year by extension staff. During the meeting with extension staff, the

farmer is more enlightened on how to spray, adjusting the spray nozzles and on mixing of

pesticides. The fact that the extension workers are hardly available to advise the farmers,

leads to the farmers relying on pesticide vendors for information on application techniques

and safety precautions. The retailers lack the general knowledge and training to assist the

users with precautionary measures.

11%

23%

18%9%3%

12%

8%

8%

8%

crop damage

skin irritation

nosea

stomach ulcer

cough

respiratory problems

dizzleness

damage eyes

damage skin

38

4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation

In the banana production areas, some houses are very close to banana plantations. The people

living there can easily breathe in popular products from airplanes. Besides that, children often

play carelessly in these plantations and ingest newly sprayed pesticides. However, a survey

on the field has noted that the banana companies have eliminated most of their plantations

located near houses. This is in response to the International Organisation for Standardization

(ISO). They are now separated from the houses more than 300 meters. In addition, hedges to

form fences have been planted to block wind from blowing pesticides into homes in order to

protect the inhabitants. However, some villages are still surrounded by banana plantations: the

few known cases are Mbom in Njombe, Mpouli Mbanga, Tiko, Mondoni and some houses in

Idisse. Although the above steps have been taken to redress the situation, the population still

relies on some foodstuffs like snails gotten from the banana plantations...

4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides To spray, the farmers measure pesticide doses using tomato tins, in table spoons, measuring

cups and beer corks depending on the type of pesticide and the means available. This is shown

clearly in table 9.

Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed

.

Measuring method Frequency Percentage

tomato tin 25 17,4 in table spoon full 28 19,4 measuring cup 23 16,0 beer corks 12 8,3 all of the above 34 23,6 Tomato tin and table spoons 11 7,6 Tomato tin and measuring cups

11 7,6

Total 144 100,0

Missing System 1

Total 145

39

4.1.7 Pesticide residue

All the farmers interviewed admitted having no data on pesticide residues. In Cameroon, data

on pesticide residues can only be obtained from the pesticide control authorities but due to the

fact that this body lack the appropriate equipment and finances and is not adequately trained

and there is a shortage of personnel in pesticide control, very little is done in that domain. The

laboratory in charge of pesticide control is centralized in Yaounde (the capital city) and does

not have the adequate financial means and equipment for residue. The absence of strong

policies with regard to the pesticide usage is also big problem although efforts are underway

to revamp the sector.

4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides

Some farmers (20% of the interviewed), claim they know of illegal use of pesticides. This

includes the use of expired, banned, fake and adulterated pesticides. Most of the farmers

obtain their pesticides clandestinely from neighbouring cities or countries and from the local

markets. Very few farmers get their pesticides from registered centres that import under strict

regulations. There are reported cases of theft and smuggling of pesticides from companies that

export dessert bananas. These products are distributed clandestinely to persons who are not

always notified when to and how to handle them and their degree of toxicity, let alone how to

store them. This may constitute a danger primarily to those who use these smuggled products

and to the entire population. Out of the 145 farmers interviewed, 48.3% reported problems

related to pesticide usage ranging from spraying on crops not ready, wrong usage and the use

of expired and banned pesticides while 51.7% had no problems.

4.1.9 Pest and disease impact

While some farmers abandoned their farm for some years after the farm is infested with a new

kind of disease hoping that the farm will fallow and during the process this will naturally

break the lifecycle of the pest, others increase the dosage of pesticide application to tackle the

disease or pest. Some farmers dig a drainage canal to reduce the floods, which act like

40

breeding grounds for some pests. In very few cases some farmers use nematicide to treat the

soil. To some, it is a climatic reason and therefore the solution is not at their reach.

4.1.10 Food Consumption

There is no consumption data available. Most of the crops cultivated are either eaten at home,

in the village or consumed as an important staple diet for the community. Commonly eaten

foods vary with the community. In the North West region for example, the people eat more

Achu, which is pounded coco-yams and source commonly called yellow soup made from

limestone and palm oil. All the fruit and vegetable types grown and imported from other parts

of the country are common foods eaten in this region. The villagers equally eat starchy foods,

roots and tuber crops. The same scenario can be observed in all the other regions of the

country. There is a high consumption of products with high levels of pesticide residues

especially in the banana production areas. The populations of Njombe, Penja, Mbanga and

Tiko which are high banana production areas consume snails known in French as escargots,

which are most often sold in the form of kebabs commonly called Kongo Meat. Some, if not

most, of these snails are collected in banana plantations, though not allowed by the banana

company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron, they are in themselves a

source of food poisoning that can, over time, lead to serious health problems. If a test should

performed on some samples of snails inorder to find out the extend to which consumers are

exposed to pesticide from that meat.

4.1.11 Food Preparation

While some foods are washed before eating, others are just peeled and eaten without washing,

others still are only boiled and eaten without peeling and washing, and some farmers peel,

wash and boil before eating. In some homes, water for washing and preparation of food is

collected in used containers of pesticides. Though these containers have been thoroughly

cleaned according to them, there is always the possibility of left over particles of pesticides.

41

4.1.12 Climate change

35% of the respondents admitted they record a new kind of crop or animal diseases in their

farms while 65% did not record any. Some farmers pointed to climate change as the cause of

new kinds of diseases, others said heavy rains are the cause, others still complained about the

overuse of pesticides, weeds, crop damage, fungi to their crops to be the cause of new kind of

diseases and still some said these diseases are the result of insect damage on crops and

infected soils. To some, a combination of all of the above was the cause. More than 96% of

the farmers use pesticides to fight or control the diseases.

The majority of the farmers (88.3%) are aware of climate change and according to them

climate change is a change in weather, presence of wet and dry weather, drought and too

much heat or a change in the planting season. Only 11.7 % of the farmers said they had no

idea on what climate change is all about.

To fight climate change, they plant more trees, stop the cutting down of trees and avoid

environmental pollution such as water and air pollution. They are equally adapting to the

climate change through seed multiplication, avoiding bush fires and farming across the slopes

to avoid soil and water erosion. Most of the farmers have been involved in tree planting. The

source of planting materials is either from old stems in their farms, from friends, from agric

staff or research centres. It should be noted here that most of the planting materials comes

from old stems. Tree planting is either organised by the farmer him/herself, by Local NGOs,

by foresters or by the local council in collaboration with local NGOs or by the Government.

4.2 Observations

Reliable sources talk of the Plantation du Haute Plateau (PHP), a major banana plantation in

Njombe Cameroon having the political, administrative and judicial leaders in its pocket, the

traditional chief, is paid monthly; the local administrator is also paid. A worried entrepreneur

stressed that “It is very risky to talk about the banana sector, a lot of personalities have an

interest in it” Many sources confirm that the president of the republic is a shareholder though

refuted by the company’s General Manager. In any case PHP’s employees are sent on

assignment to the president’s pineapple plantation inaugurated in 2000 in the presence of

Chief Executive Officer of the fruit company. PHP is a member of the Cameroonian Banana

Association a lobby group led by another MP of the ruling party and brother-in-law of the

42

Minister of Trade and who is no less a person than the Chairman of PHP’s board of directors.

As a minister, he negotiated with the EU the Economic Partnership Agreement signed in

January by Cameroon. Considered as a catastrophe by both NGOs and employers association.

Irrespective of all these problems and the free trade agreement the EU is silent but for how

long will it remain silent in the face of another potential health scandal? As was the case in

the Caribbean where it has polluted the water and soil for centuries and could be the source of

serious health problems. Chlordecone, a powerful insecticide has been used in plantations in

Cameroon with possible effects on food crops grown in the area and sold as far as Yaounde.

Generally, in Cameroon as in many other developing countries, growers, employees and users

of pesticides in the agro-industrial sector in particular, are actually exposed to numerous risks

related to the use of chemicals. Furthermore, many people are not sufficiently aware of the

potential dangers associated with pesticide use. There is always a lack of appropriate pesticide

approval/registration procedures and/or inadequate resources to implement and enforce

existing schemes, a lack of legislation on working conditions and lack of post-registration

monitoring of pesticides. Access to acutely toxic (cheaper) pesticides is easy. Faulty

equipment, poor-quality products and adulteration makes products more hazardous or

ineffective and contributes to overdosing. Many problems faced by developing countries

include:

• Shortage of manpower and financial resources to advice on and enforce national laws

and approved codes of conduct;

• Inadequate management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials,

• Lack of facilities for proper waste management;

• Spray equipment in poor condition, including leaks and blocked nozzles; common use

of "informal" application techniques (bucket and brush);

• Lack of washing facilities to shower after spraying and for regular washing of clothes;

clothes are usually washed in the sources of drinking water;

• Reuse of containers of pesticides for food and drink storage, no facilities for safe

disposal;

• Supply problems caused by: repackaging in small containers without labels and

instructions; limited range of products and quality of pesticide products;

43

• Lack of pesticide resistance monitoring data and resistance strategies to prevent

overdosing;

• Overlapping mandates and coordination of the necessary technical resources.

As a result of the above mentioned problems, the following contributing factors arise:

• Poor information flow leading to a lack of knowledge about pests and pesticides

hazards (scientists, analysts, extension workers, decision makers and applicators);

• Complex label instructions and sometimes misunderstanding of pesticide hazards;

• Lack of information on record keeping at the small farm holdings on storage;

handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers;

• Even if protecting covering are available, harsh weather sometimes makes it difficult

for the farmers to put on protecting;

• No training in application procedures or hazard awareness leading to: mixing with

bare hands; combining different products; applying on crops for which a product is not

intended (cocoa pesticides on vegetables);

• Houses near fields, and non-target crops and biodiversity affected by spray drift,

Inability to recognize pests, predators and to measure economic losses, thus leading to

a "pesticide treadmill" effect when no alternatives are available.

The victims are mostly permanent employees who store or use regularly in smallholders’

vegetable farms or are assigned to guard or condition chemicals in multinational companies.

After prolonged exposure, which lasts for years, poisoning by cumulative effects eventually

causes a disease whose victims emerge in time. Testimonies from the respondents show that

employees assigned to guard the chemicals in multinational companies are particularly

vulnerable. Those who are responsible in mixing before spraying by aircraft still are. This is

very common with employees of industrial plantations of dessert bananas where diagnoses

show some discomfort after 8 to 10 years of prolonged contact with pesticides. As confirmed

by a farmer, this phenomenon has occurred in IRAD Njombé for more than a decade. “Two

people, who were assigned to the care and handling of pesticides, had been contaminated, one

died. The other, who took care of formalin for many years (and who is now retired), has

become very thin and is in very bad shape”. The same situation is common in companies that

grow and export dessert bananas.

44

The absence of appropriate control techniques of pesticide application leads to some farmers

poisoning themselves during spraying pesticides in their own fields. The farmers have very

limited purchasing power, they prefer to use what they call “the available means“. The

sprayer equipment, commonly called Matabi is generally used by farmers, but protective

equipment such as a scarf, goggles, nostril covers (mask) long sleeves, long trousers and

boots are usually neglected. Thus, during spraying, the farmer is breathing and inhaling the

products he/she pours on his/her own crops. Others smoke, eat and even drink while spraying

chemicals, which is very dangerous for their health. Inappropriate spraying, absence of

control has led to a suspicion of contamination of water sources and rivers. The inhabitants

fear the water sources and rivers on which the lower classes (most vulnerable) rely has been

contaminated. Analyses of water and soil samples from the locality will provide a satisfactory

solution to the problem. There are also cases of recurring eye problems, body itches,

breathing problems and diarrhoea in the area since they spray without protective glasses.

Some affected persons realize the damage to their eye late, others realize the effect

immediately after spraying while for others still, their vision has been significantly reduced,

and they cannot read. According to some accounts, 4/5ths of the Njombé growers have eye

problems. An epidemiological investigation is needed. Also cases of stomach ulcer are very

popular in Njombe, Mbanga, Penja and Tiko (plantation areas). There are also frequent deaths

reported in these areas; a cause some attribute to witchcraft and others to pesticide poisoning.

They highly suspect pesticides to be the cause but lack adequate financial means to do

thorough reviews. Such a problem, they say, is reminiscent

4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon

Given the multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary issues of food safety, quality issues can only

be resolved through integrated efforts by agriculture, industry and health authorities.

Environmental, health and sanitary standards required by developed countries can be

perceived to be non-tariff barriers to trade by developing countries. These trade measures can

take various forms, such as technical standards and regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary

(SPS) measures, packaging regulations and labelling requirements.

45

4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure

Monitoring of food quality and safety has become more important both in the domestic and

export market. Although food safety and quality control appears to be relatively new, the

Cameroon government is trying to make some efforts in prioritizing food safety and quality

measures as indicated by the director in charge of pesticide control in the ministry of

agriculture and rural development. This according to her, is in order to:

• prevent the adulteration of foodstuffs,

• safeguard the rights and well-being of the consumers by retaining the standard of quality for

food products during production, processing, import and export though not a lot still needs to

be done,

• provide minimal laboratory services for food quality control, import/export.

Cameroon faces a significant challenge concerning food adulteration and contamination from

primary production, processing, distribution, marketing and preparation. The Food Rules

contain provisions for food additives, contaminants, inspections, licensing and analysis of

food. The standards developed for food products by the EU are followed only on paper, their

implementation and enforcement remains a major concern.

4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system

The Pesticide Act, 1991 and the Pesticide Rule, 1993 cover measures to regulate the

importation, manufacturing, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides.

Mandatorily, any pesticide should be registered before importation and distribution, in

accordance with the registration procedure adopted by the Pesticide Board. According to the

regulations any pesticide, which is imported for scientific or research purposes is prohibited

from sale (Frank D., Jacxsen L., Mieke U., 2009. Course Notes: Food Safety, Quality

Assurance systems and Risk Analysis, Gent University). However these rules and laws are not

being put into practice in Cameroon due to political, technical and financial constraints

4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government

There are many challenges associated with the use of pesticides, including those categorized

as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) collectively with the non-POPs pesticides, many of

which also share similar problems. These challenges include: harmful side effects on non-

target organisms (water, air, humans…), resurgence of pest populations (because natural

46

control is disrupted), the development of resistance and the cost However, depending upon the

socio-economic situation, the levels of industrialization, literacy and geographical features,

these challenges would vary between countries.

47

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

Approximately 98% of the insecticides and 95% of the herbicides reach destinations different

from the targeted once. There are many but highly variable routes through which pesticide

exposure occur.

The use of pesticides can have unintended effects on the environment, water, air, soil, plants,

animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans. There is a significant increase in the use

of pesticides in Cameroon after the Green revolution period when the government subsidized

pesticides by 100%.

The survey pointed out that there is a significant proportion of the small scale vegetable

farmers and workers of multinational companies and inhabitants within the neighbourhood of

these companies at risk of health problems resulting from the use of pesticides. Inappropriate

farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment, lack of safety precautions, poor

staffing and mobility of extension workers, the extension workers generally lack support, they

lack motivation, and there are hardly any follow-up, absence of well equiped laboratory for

control and analysis of MRLs, weak policies on pesticides , lack of coordination between

MINADER, NGO, the absence of effective control measures on maximum residue limits

(MRLs) and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control has resulted to

farmers using what they call “what is available” to tackle pests in their farms. It is very

common to find situations where farmers use obsolete, expired, fake and banned pesticides to

spray their crops. Majority of the farmers don’t use body covering, eye protection, head

covers or nose masks to protect themselves when spraying pesticides. Some farmers even eat,

smoke or drink during spraying exposing themselves to hazards. Some farmers use pesticides

meant for cocoa, coffee or cotton to spray garden crops and others mix insecticides and

fungicides to spray against insects even in the absence of a fungi infection leading to loss in

money.

48

Snails are commonly consumed in Cameroon and neighbouring countries. Some if not most

of these snails are collected in banana plantations as confirmed by most inhabitants though

not authorized by the banana company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron,

they are in themselves a source of food poisoning that can over time, lead to serious health

problems if collected from areas sprayed by pesticides.

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases

Faced with the harm caused by pesticides to humans, some farmers indicated their intension

to obtain knowledge on alternative methods to fight against plant diseases. In this regard,

there is an urgent need to educate them through good agricultural practices through Integrated

Crop and Pest Management (ICPM) practices which will include both cultural, physical or

mechanical, biological and chemical pests control methods. This can easily be obtained by

organising the farmers into small farming groups (farmer field schools) where the farmers are

trained and are able to exchange their knowledge and experiences with each other.

5.2.2 Awareness / Training

The small scale farmers and even the multinational companies do not understand the products

they use. In this light, organizing an awareness campaign and training to help them better

understand the products they use and to avoid possible dangers associated with misapplication

will be of paramount importance to their health and that of others. This is a major challenge

that needs attention through concrete actions. Training in safety standards which are primarily

aimed at promoting practices that encourage farmers and pesticide users to adopt simple

practices that protect them and the environment from hazards caused by pesticide exposure

will be beneficial to users and to the consumers. These include:

i) wearing of protective clothing, eye protection and nose mask,

ii) ensuring safety for themselves and other farm workers; pesticides should be handled

carefully,

iii) thorough cleaning up (bathing) immediately after spraying or when pesticides

accidentally come into contact with the skin,

49

iv) pesticides must be stored away from children and foodstuffs in fully secured pesticide

storage units with adequate ventilation,

v) pesticide containers and leftover pesticides, obsolete stocks must be disposed in ways

that do not threaten the health of humans or animals,

vi) no use of unapproved (usually more toxic) pesticides,

vii) pesticides should only be applied when needed (taking note of threshold level of

attack) and after judging if it is profitable to spray.

Clearly there is urgent need for more training so that farmers are able to calibrate their

equipment and improve the efficiency of application. The long-term aim is to introduce a

proficiency test scheme for applying pesticides applicators to receive a minimal training and

awareness of the need for safety of the operator and the environment.

5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment

The farmers lack the appropriate equipment and training. This implies that training/retraining.

The inappropriate use of pesticides can have an impact on public health. Pesticides have

become the subject of discussion at the international level because of their effects on the

environment and health. In developing countries, the poor are most vulnerable, especially in

agricultural areas. It should therefore be of concern that the use of measures to avoid

contamination that would reduce their life expectancy must be of prime importance.

Collaboration with agro-industrial plantations, the agricultural research institutes who

sometimes oversee testing activities of organic pesticidse in order to assess their efficacy prior

to use, government services like the ministry of Environment and nature protection, Forestry

and Agriculture, local authorities, firms, local dealers in pesticides, local leaders and experts

in plant protection products will be highly needed. Also strong collaboration is needed from

regional bodies such as the Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa (CCAP); a newly

created body under the auspices of CEMAC responsible to inform countries of the sub region

on pesticides and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union (AU-ICC) to

raise awareness among people against the harmful effects of heavy use or misuse of

pesticides, especially the most toxic, namely Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

50

5.2.4 Food Safety

Generally in developing countries, food safety problems encountered for fruits and vegetables

are primarily: residues of pesticides, phytosanitary issues, the quantity available, the

reliability of supply, a decent price; quality and packaging problems, social and ethical issues

including labor and political conditions.

Qualitatively, there are unavoidably direct costs to comply with food safety standards. This

mainly involves heavy investments and higher operating costs. A crucial parameter in the

economic decision making for private companies, producing for European markets, is risk

assessment. The lack of information, innovation, and learning are other areas where cost is

involved.

Collective action by the World Bank and other donor agencies is needed to assist companies

in developing countries. These companies are often left on their own. They lack information

on performance indicators, rules and regulations; poorly performing national authorities; lack

of infrastructure for transport of goods; and lack of knowledge on changing demand patterns

of European consumers. An urgent action through the improvement of technology;

implementation of tracking and tracing systems; standardization of registration and

documentation; organizing small-scale farmers in developing countries; training small-scale

producers; making available accredited auditing agencies; local offices specialized in private

standards; creating enabling export environments by national governments in developing

countries, and investment in health and social care of employees in the agricultural sector.

The donor agencies should play a leading role in supporting the public sector in developing

countries by strengthening the public institutions, specifically, the competent authority and

inspection agencies. Assistance to the private sector can be under form of investments and

organizational support. Major support should also be extended to the small-scale enterprises,

which are at risk of being cut off from the supply chain due to their lack of knowledge of the

food safety and quality requirements of the buyers and/or the lack of capacity to comply with

these requirements. Assistance should focus on their inclusion in coordinated supply chains.

51

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1

Annexes


Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture


2


Region_____________Divivsion____________Subdivision______________Village______ Name of farmer_______________________________ Sex__________ Age_____________

Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated

a) Name the 10 top important vegetables /fruits that you grow i) Leafy vegetables --------------------------------------------------------------------- ii) Fruits -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare for the different vegetables

No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic importance

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

viii

ix

x

Xi

Xii

Xiii

Xiv

Xv

Q2 Pesticide residue control programme a) Do you know of any laws for the use of pesticide? 1 = yes, 2 = No ----------- If yes, specify: 1 = Age limit for handling pesticides 2 = avoid contact with skin

3

3 = should be kept out of the reach of children 4 =no smoking eating and drinking during spraying

5 = protect the environment 6 = body protection 7 = protect the environment, age limit for handling pesticides. Q3. Pesticide authorization List 10 important crops for which you use pesticides.

No. Crops (Vegetables/Fruits

Pesticides used

Dosage (kg/ha)

Concentration Application time (when)

Application frequency

Application method

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

a) Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?

1 = Yes, 2 = No ---------------- If yes, for how long. 1= < “a week”, 2=“two weeks”, 3=“three weeks”, 4 = “four

weeks” b) Do you know of any harm caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No -------------

If yes, specify. 1 = crop damage, 2 = skin damage, 3 = nosea, 4 = catarrh, 5 = stomach ulcer, 6 = cough, 7 = respiratory problems, 8 = dizzleness, 9 = damage to eyes, 10 = damage to skin, 11 = 1+2+3, 12 = 1+2+3+4+5+6, 13 = 1+3 -----------------

c) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? 1 = above 15 years 2 = from 8 years old

d) What is the frequency of application? 1 = Once a week, 2 = twice a week, 3 = three times a week, 4 = four times a week, 5 = eight times a week, 6 = twelve times a week

e) Have you recorded any accident caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------

4

If yes, name them: 1 = child death 6 = soil damage 2 = body damage 7 = crop damage 3 = contaminate environment 8 = 1+3 4 = air pollution 9 = 1$+5+6+7 5 = water contamination 10 = all of the above

f) Who monitors the application of pesticides on your farm? 1= Farmers 2 = extension staff

g) Do you have some visits from extension staff? 1 = Yes, 2 = No -----------------

If yes how often? 1 = once a year, 2 = twice a year, 3 = thrice a year, 4 = four times yearly h) What information do you receive if visited by extension staff

1= how to spray, 2 = type of equipment to use, 3 = how to adjust the spray nozzle, 4 = mixing of pesticides, 5 = protective covering, 6 = all of the above

I In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed? 1= tomato tin, 2 = in table spoon full, 3 = in measuring cup, 4 = beer cork, 5 = all of the above, 6 = 1+2, 7 = 1+3.

Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any available data on pesticide residues on crops?

1 = Yes, 2 = No ----------------------- If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of 1 = < 0.1 ppm, 2 = > 0.1 ppm ------------------------

b) Do you know about illegal pesticides used in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------- If yes, which ones? 1 = expired pesticides, 2 = banned pesticides, 3 = fake

pesticides, 4 = adulterated pesticides, 5 = all of the above ------------------- Q5. Pesticide problems a) Is there any pesticide problems reported? 1 = yes, 2 = No If yes, what? 1 = sprayed on crops not ready, 2 = wrong dosage, 3 = use of expired

and abandoned pesticides, 4 = all of the above, 5 = others. ------------------- b) From where do you buy pesticides for your crops? 1 = imported under strict

regulations, 2 = clandestinely from neighbouring cities 3 = clandestinely from neighbouring countries, 4 = from local manufacturers or resellers, 5 = 2+3, 6 = 2+4

5

c) Any available data on pesticide problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

d) Have you recorded any new kind of crop/ animal disease in your village? 1 = Yes 2 = No

e) If yes, what do you think is the cause of the disease? 1 = climate change, 2 = heavy rains, 3 = over use of pesticides, 4 = insect damage on crops, 5 = infected soils, 6 = 2+5, 7 = all of the above.

f) How have you been controlling the disease? 1 = abandon farm, 2 = increase dosage of pesticide, 3 = digging of trench, 4 = climatic reasons, 5 = treat soil with nematicide after tilling

Q6. Consumption data i) Is there any record on what people eat in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ii) How important is the food? 1 = eaten at home, 2 = eaten in the village, 3 =

eaten in the community iii) Name the commonly eaten foods in your locality. ------------------------------ iv) How are foods prepared before consumption? 1= peeling and eating, 2 =

washing and eating, 3 = boiling and eating, 4 = peeling, washing then eating, 5 = peeling, boiling then eating without washing, 6 = peeling, washing and then boiling before eating

Q7. Information on climate change with respect to climate a) Have you heard about climate change? 1 = Yes, 2 = No b) What does it mean to you? (Specify) 1 = change in weather, 2 = wet and dry weather, 3 =

drought and too much rain, 4 = change in planting season.

c) What are you doing to fight climate change? (Specify)1 = planting of trees, 2 = follow programme, = pollution stop cutting of trees, 4 = avoid environmental

6

d) How are you adapting to the changing climate? (Specify) 1 = making more seeds, 2 = planting trees, 3 = avoiding environmental pollution, 4 = avoid bush fires, 5 = farming across the slopes, 6 = no knowledge.

e) Have you been involved in tree planting? 1 = Yes, 2 = No f) Who organizes it? (Specify) 1 = local NGO, 2 = forester, 3 = local council and NGO, 4 =

self, 5 = government g) Where did you get the trees from? 1 = old stems, 2 = research centre, 3 = from agric staff,

4 = none of the above (specify)

Q8. Warming system a) Have you noticed the appearance of certain diseases under specific weather

conditions (wet and dry weather) on your farm? 1 = Yes, 2 = no b) If yes what are the most prevailing causes? 1 = insects, 2 = fungi, 3 = weeds, 4

= crop damage, 5 = 1+ 2+3 c) What are you doing to control this? 1 = use pesticide, 2 = others (specify)

THANKS

7

Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of

Agriculture

Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated c) Which are the 10 top important vegetables /fruits grown in this area (Cameroon).

National statistics on the following: i) Vegetables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii) Fruits -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare the different

vegetables No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic Value (most

important – least important)

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

viii

ix

x

Q2 Pesticide residue control programme b) Is there any pesticide residue control programme,

i) At the local market? yes No If yes, specify --------------------------------------------------------------------- Who is responsible for this------------------------------------------------------

ii) At Import? yes No If yes, specify ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Responsible:---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8

iii) At Export? yes No If yes, specify-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Responsible:---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c) What sampling-methodology is used (how are samples taken and how much)? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d) How is the pesticide-residue analysis conducted (method description)?--------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i) How accurate is this (credit-worthy lab, expertise)--------------------------------------- ii) What’s the margin of error?------------------------------------------------------------------- iii) What’s the limit of detection (LOD)?-------------------------------------------------------

iv) On what base is the scope of the analysis decided (how does one decide what residues are looked for on a specific crop)------------------------------------------------------

Q3. Pesticide authorization List for 10 important crops which pesticides are authorized to be used on them

No. Vegetables/ Fruits

Pesticides authorized

Dosage (kg/hectare)

Concentration When are they applied

Frequency of application

Application method

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

i) Who is in charge of the authorization of pesticides? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ j) When are the specific crops sown/planted and harvested?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?

Yes No If yes, for how long -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

k) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? i) above 15 years ii) from 8 years old

l) Who monitors the application of pesticides? i) Farmers ii) extension staff

m) Do you have some visits from extension staff?

9

Yes No If yes how often?

n) During visits from extension staff, what information do you receive? i) how to spray yes No

If yes, specify ii) type of equipment to use yes No

If yes, list types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii) How to adjust the spray nozzle Yes No iv) Spraying techniques. Yes No

If yes (specify) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v) Mixing of chemicals. Yes No

If yes, specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi) Protective covering. Yes No

If yes, which and how are they carried out------------------------------------------------- vii) Others (Specify) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ o) In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed?

2 tomato tins 3 in table spoon full 4 in measuring cup 5 other (specify) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any pesticide residue data on crops available? Yes No

If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of crop ------------------------------------------Pesticides yearly data for the past 5 years

Year Type of crop Pesticide used Residues on crop (mg of pesticides/kg of crop)

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

b) What upper limit is used to categorize a residue as ‘acceptable’ (MRL…) and who defines those limits? ----------------------------------------------------------------

10

Q5. Pesticide problems a) Are there any pesticide problems reported? Yes No

If yes, which ones? (Adulteration, illegal use, fake, expired or banned pesticides)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) Do you know about any obsolete stocks? Yes No

If yes, in what state are they? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c) Where are the pesticides bought? (imported under strict regulations, clandestinely from neighboring cities or countries, from local manufacturers, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d) Any available data on pesticide problems?

Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Q6. Consumption data Information on consumption data in Cameroon (what and how much of it is consumed

+ what part of the plants are consumed + are there any processing steps)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7. Climate change Information on climate change with respect to climate------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q8. Warming system

a) Information on warming systems i.e under specific weather conditions certain pests will drop. Does this occur in Cameroon and how does it relate to the types of pests on vegetables and crops? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THANKS

11


Avicides

N° Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en matière

(s) active(s)

Formulation

Spéculation

Spécialité Date

Expiration

1 FENTHION 600UL Fenthion 600 g/l UL Oiseaux granivores

céréales 2011

2 QUELETOX Fenthion 640 g/l UL

Oiseaux granivores

céréales 2012

LISTE DES PRODUITS HOMOLOGUES

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN Paix-Travail-Patrie -------------

MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL

------------- SECRETARIAT GENERAL -------------

COMMISSION NATIONALE D’HOMOLOGATION DES PRODUITS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET DE CERTIFICATION DES APPAREILS DE TRAITEMENT

--------------- SECRETARIAT DE LA COMMISSION

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace-Work-Fatherland -----------

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

------------- GENERAL SECRETARIAT

------------- NATIONAL REGISTRATION COMMISSION OF PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS AND CERTIFICATION OF SPRAYERS

--------------- SECRETARIAT OF THE COMMISSION --------------

12

Fongicide

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Nom et teneur en matière

(s) active(s) Formulation Spécialité Spéculation

Date

Expiration

1. ALIETTE Fosetyl Aluminium 80% WG Fongicide Ananas 2016

2. ALMANEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomate 2010

3. ALTO 100 SL Cyproconazol 100g/l SL Fongicide Hévéa 2014

4. ANTEOR SUPPER 49

Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%

WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007

5. ANTIBLU SELECT

Alkydimethyl benzyl-amonium chloride 494.6g/kg 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg. -Bisodium actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg

EC Fongicide Bois 2014

6. ATHLETE

Fosetyl – Alluminium 800g/kg

WG Fongicide Bananier 2016

7. BALEAR 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2015

8. BANKIT 25 SC Azoxystrobine 250g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010

9. BANKO 720 EC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010

10. BAOBAB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018

11. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l FO mildiou Tomates

12. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/kg SC Fongicide Bananier 2010

13. CAIMAN 500 OL Mancozèbe 500g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2013

14. CALIETTE 80 WP Fosetyl-Aluminium 80g/kg WP

Pouriture du coeur

Ananas 2011

15. CALIXINE Tridemorphe 750g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007

16. CALIXINE 86 OL Tridemorphe 860g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2012

17. CALLIS 400 OL Methyl-thiophanate 400g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008

18. CALLOMIL SUPER 66 WP

Oxyde de cuivre 6% Méfénoxam (métalaxyl-m) 6%


19. CAOCOBRE Oxyde de cuivre 560g/l WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007

13

20. CAOCOBRE 50 WG Oxyde de Cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015

21. CHAMPION 50 WP

Hydroxide de cuivre 500g/kg


22. CHLOROPLANT 720 SC

Chlorothalonil SC Fongicide Bananier 2017

23. COBRA 75 WG Oxyde de cuivre 75 % WG

pourriture brune des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2020

24. COGA 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018

25. COMET PLUS

Fenpropimorph 375 g/l + Pyraclostrobin 100 g/l

FO Maladie des raies noires.

Bananiers. 2020

26. CURLYPLANT 730 WG

Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%

WG Fongicide Tomates 2015

27. DITHANE DG NEO TEC

Mancozèbe 800g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2014

28. DITHANE F 448 SC Mancozèbe 430 g/l SC

cercosporiose

Bananiers. 2020

29. DITHANE M 45 Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomates 2011

30. FOLICURE 250 EW Tebuconazole 200g/l EW Fongicide Bananier 2007

31. FONGEX TWP

Thiophanate-metyl 11% + Oxychlorure de cuivre 20% + soufre 12%

WP Fongicide Maraichère 2014

32. FONGICA Oxyde de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017

33. FONGISTAR 72% WP Oxyde de cuivre WP Fongicide Tomates 2017

34. FORUM R 46 WP

Dimethomorph 6% + Oxychlorure de cuivre 40%

WP pourriture brune des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2020

35. FORUM* R

Dimethomorphe 60g/kg+ Oxychlorure de Cuivre 400g/kg


36. FOSTONIC 80 WP Fosetyl Aluminium WP ongicide Ananas 2017

37. FUNGURAN-OH 50 WP

Hydroxide du cuivre 77% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014

38. GALBEN PLUS

Bénalaxy 18% + Cuivre Métal 60%


14

39. GOLDEN BLUE

Sulfate de Cuivre pentahydraté 98,5 %

SG pourriture brune

Cacaoyer 2018

40. HYDROX

Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. Cuivre métal)


41. HYDROX

Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. Cuivre métal)


42. HYDROX Oxyde de cuivre 770g/kg WP

Pouriture brune des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2007

43. HYDROX SUPER Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017

44. IMPULSE 800 EC Spiroxamine 800g/kg EC Fongicide Bananier 2014

45. IVORY 75 WG Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2011

46. IVORY 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2010

47. K. O. MIL

Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg+ Metalaxyl 120g/kg


48. KENTAN 40 WG Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017

49. KOCIDE 101 Hydroxide de cuivre 56% WP Fongicide

Cacaoyer caféier

2006

50. KOCIDE 2000 Hydroxyde de Cuivre 53.8% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011

51. MAGNATE 75 SG Imazalil 75% SG

Traitement post récolte

Bananier 2014

52. MANCO 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2016

53. MANCOBEX 80 WP Mancozébe 800 g/kg WP mildiou Tomate 2019

54. MANCOSTAR 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018

55. MANCOZAN Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2016

56. MANCOZAN SUPER

Mancozèbe 640 g/kg + Metalaxy 80 g/kg

WG mildiou tomate 2019

57. MANZATE 75 WG Mancozèbe 750 g/kg WG

Cercosporioses

Bananier 2018

58. MANZATE R 75 WG (DF)

Mancoz7be WG Fongicide Bananier 2017

59. METACHAMP

Metalaxyl 12 % +Hydroxyde de cuivre 40 %

WP Pourriture brune

Cacaoyer 2019

15

60. METALM 72 WP

Métalaxyl 120g/kg + Oxyde du cuivre 600g/kg


61. METROSTAR 500 WP

Thiophanate-methyl 150 g/kg + Oxychlorure de cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre 150 g/kg

WP Mildiou Tomates

2018

62. MORFUS 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l SC

la maladie des raies noires

Bananiers. 2020

63. NORDOX 50 Oxyde de cuivre 58% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006

64. NORDOX 75 WG Oxyde du Cuivre 86% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006

65. NORDOX SUPER 75 WP

Oxyde cuivreux 86,2% WP pourriture brune

Cacaoyer 2018

66. NORDOX SUPPER 75 Oxyde de cuivre 86% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006

67. O.K.MIL

Oxyde cuivreux 600 g/kg + Metalaxyl 120 g/kg

FO pourriture brune des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2020

68. ODEON 82,5 WDG Chorothalonil WDG Fongicide Bananier 2017

69. OPAL 7,5 EC Epoxyconazole 75 g/l EC

cercosporiose

Bananiers. 2020

70. ORPHEE PLUS

Tridémorphe 450g/l Triadiméfon 100g/l

OL Fongicide Bananier 2008

71. PARASOL Hydroxide de cuivre 50% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010

72. PENNCOZEB 75 DG Mancozèbe 750g/kg DG Fongicide Bananier 2014

73. PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide - Vivrière

- Maraîchère - Fruitière

2010

74. PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP

Champiognons parasites

Maraîchères et fruitières

2018

75. PLANTIETTE 80 WG Fosetyl-Aluminium 800 g/kg WG

Pourriture du coeur

Ananas 2018

76. PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide - Maraîchère

- Vivrièr- Fruitière

2010

77. PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP mildiou Tomates 2018

78. PLANTIZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Insecticide Tomates 2014

79. PLANTOCOBRE 50 WG

Oxyde de Cuivre 60% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015

16

80. PLANTOMIL 72 WP

Oxyde de vuivre 600g/kg+ Metalaxyl 120g/kg


81. PUNCH 40 EC Flusilazol 400g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2014

82. PYRUS 400 SC Pyrimethanil 400g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2016

83. REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l SC

Pourriture des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2018

84. REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l mildiou Tomate 2019

85. RIDOMIL GOLD 65WP

Mefenoxam 5% (metalaxyl) + Hydroxyde de Cuivre 60%


86. RIDOMIL GOLD PLUS 66 WP

Metalaxy/-M 6%+ Oxyde de Cuivre 60%


87. SICO 250 EC Difenoconazole 250 g/l EC

Cercosporioses

Bananier 2018

88. SICO 250EC Defenoconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bannanier 2008

89. SIGANEX 60 SC Pyriméthanil 600g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2014

90. STAROMIL 72 WP

Dimethomorph 12 % + Oxyde de cuivre 60 %

WP pourriture brune des cabosses

Cacaoyer 2020

91. SULIMA 75 SP Imazalil 75% SP Fongicide Bananier 2008

92. SUPRAMIL GOLD

Mefenoxam (Metalaxyl- M) + Oxyde de Cuivre


93. TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250 g/l EC

cercosporiose

Bananiers. 2020

94. TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007

95. TOLONYL Chlorothalonil 750g/l WG Fongicide Bananier 2015

96. TRICAL 250 OL Triadimefon 250 g/l OL

cercosporiose

Bananiers. 2020

97. TRICAL 250 OL Triadiméfon 250g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008

98. TRIMANEB Manèbe WP Fongicide Maraichères 2015

99. TRIMANGOL 80 WP Manèbe 800 g/kg WP

Champiognons parasites

Maraîchères et fruitières

2018

100. UNILAX 72 WP

Mancozèbe 64% + Metalaxyl 8%

WP Mildiou Tomates 2018

17

Herbicides

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Nom et teneur en matière (s) active(s)

Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date

Expiration

1. ACTION 80 DF Diuron 800g/kg WG Pré-levée culture et adventices

Cotonnier 2018

2. ACTRIL DS Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4 D 500g/kg

EC Herbicide Cane-à-sucre 2013

3. AGRAX 500 Amétryne 500g/l SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Diverses cultures

2010

4. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg DF Herbicide Maïs 2011

5. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg WG Pré-levée culture et adventices

Cotonnier 2018

6. ALLIGATOR Pendimethaline 400g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2015

7. ALLY 20 DF Metsulfuron-Methyl DF Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2017

8. ALMOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Caféier 2011

9. ALMSMA 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2011

10. AMETRA 500 SC Ametrène 250 g/l+ Atrazine 250g/l

SC Adventices en post levée

Canne à Sucre 2015

11. AMISTAR 720 SL 2,4 – D sel d’amine SL Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2020

12. ARMADA Glyphosate 90g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2006

13. ATOLL Isoxaflutole 37,5g/l + Atrazine 500g/l

SC Adventices en post levee

Maïs 2015

14. ATRALM 80 WP Atrazine 900g/kg WP Adventices en post levée

Maïs 2010

15. ATRALM 90 WDG Atrazine 900g/l WDG Adventices en post levée

Maïs 2012

16. BASTA 6 SL Glufosinate ammonium 60g/l

SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

17. BASTA F1 Glufosinate ammonium 200g/l


Diverses cultures

2007

18. BASTA F1 Glufosinate ammonium 200g/l


Diverses cultures

2019

19. CALLIHERBE 2,4 –D Sol d’Amide 720g/l


Diverses cultures

2007

20. CALLOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2010

101. VOLLEY 88 OL Fenpropimorphe OL Fongicide Bananier 2017

102. VONDOZEB 33 OF Mancozèbe 330g/l OF Fongicide Bananier 2010

103. VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420 g/l SC

Cercosporioses

Bananier 2018

104. VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010

18

21. CASSE-TOUT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2020

22. CAVIAR 48 EC Tridopyr 480g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2015

23. CERTROL DS Loxinyl 100g/l + 2,4-D 600g/l

EC Adventices en post levée

Canne à Sucre 2014

24. CLEANFARM 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2020

25. CODAL GOLD 412,5 DC

Prometryne 25 % + S-Metolachlore 16,25 %

DC Pré-levée culture et adventices

Cotonnier 2018

26. CORTA 480 Triclopyr 480 g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2018

27. COTRAZINE Atrazine 80 % Adventices en prélevée

cotonnier 2019

28. CYCLONE 200 SL Glufosinate ammonium 200 g/l


Palmier à huile 2019

29. DECAPLANT 720 2, D (Sel

d’Amine) 720g/l Sl

Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2015

30. DINAMIC 700 WDG Amicarbazone 700g/kg

WDG Pré-levée culture et adventices

Canne à sucre 2018

31. DINO 800 SC Diuron 800g/l SC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

32. DINO 800 WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

33. DIURALM 800 SC Diuron 80% SC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2012

34. DIURALM 8O WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2014

35. DIURON 80 WP Diuron 800g/kg WP Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2010

36. ERAWEED 20 WG Metsulfuron-methyle 20 %

WG Adventices en post levée

Hévéa 2019

37. EXTREME PLUS 750 WP

Metribuzinze 643+ Chlorimuron 107

WP Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2015

38. FINISH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2018

39. FINISH 68 SG Glyphosate 680 g/kg (sel d’isopropylamine)

SG Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2018

40. FOLAR 525 SC Terbutylazine 345g/l + Glyphosate 180g/l


Diverses cultures

2007

41. GALAXY 450 EC Clamazone 150g/l + Pendiméthaline 180g/l


Riz 2013

42. GALLANT SUPER Haloxyfob-R (ester de Methyl) 108g/l


Cotonier 2016

43. GARLON 4E Tridopyr 480g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

44. GARLON 4E Triclopyr EC

Adventices en post levée

Adventices des cultures

2017

45. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900g/l WG Herbicide/ Pré-levée

Maïs 2011

46. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900 g/kg WG Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Maïs

2011

47. GLYCEL 41 % SL Glyphosate 360 g/l (s/f de sel d’isopropylamine)


Toute culture 2019

19

48. GLYCOT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL Adventices en post levée

cotonnier 2019

49. GLYPHADER Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

50. GLYPHADER 360 SL Glyphosate SL Adventices en post levée


2017

51. GLYPHADER 750 Glyphosate 680g/kg (eq. Glyphosate acide)

SG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2018

52. GLYPHALM 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/l WSG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2014

53. GLYPHALM 72 WG Glyphosate 720g/l WG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2015

54. GLYPHASINE COMBI Glyphosate 180g/l + Terbuthylazine 345g/l


Caféier 2011

55. GLYPHOGAN Glyphosate 360g/l (Sel d’isopophylamine)


Caféier 2011

56. GLYPHOS 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2013

57. GLYPHOSALM 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l sous forme de sel d’isoprophylamine


Palmier à huile

2011

58. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

59. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/ SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

60. HEBEXTRA 2,4-D sel d’Amine 720g/l


Palmier à huile

2010

61. HELOSATE 360 SL AE Isopropylamine 360g/l


Canne à sucre 2013

62. HERBALM 720 2,4-D 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2011

63. HERBAZUR Asulam-sodium 400 g/l

SL Post-levée des adventices

Canne à sucre 2018

64. HERBIMAIS Atrazine 750g/l + Nicosulfuron 40g/l

WG Post-levée des adventices et cultures

Mais 2016

65. HERBIMAIS SUPER Dicamba 24 % + Nicosulfuron 4 %

HE en postlevée cultures et adventices

maïs 2020

66. HERBISTAR 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Post-levée des adventices

Canne à sucre 2018

67. HERBISTAR PLUS 757 WSG

Glyphosate 757 g/kg WSG Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2020

68. HERBISTAR PRO 800 WSG

Glyphosate WSG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2017

69. KALACH 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2006

70. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2006

71. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Maïs Adventices des cultures

2018

72. KARLA 20 DF Metsulfuron-methyle 200 g/kg

DF Adventices en post levée

Palmier à Huile

2019

73. KRISMAT 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron 1,85% + Ametryne

WG Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2013

20

73,15%

74. LASSO GD MICRO TECH

Alachlore 300g/l + Atrazine 180g/l

CS et SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Maïs 2011

75. LUMAX 537,5 SE

Mesotrione 3,75% + S-Méthalochlore 37,5%+ Terbutylazine 12,5%

SE Post-levée des adventices et cultures

Maïs

2015

76. MAIA 75 WG Nicosulfuron 750 g/l WG Adventice en post levée

Maïs 2019

77. MASTER 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

78. NICOMAIS 40 SC Nicosulfuron SC post-levé culture et adventices

Maïs

79. NOMINEE 100 SC Bispyribac – Sodium SC Adventices en post levée

Riz 2015

80. PARAGON 500 EC Pendiméthaline 500g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

81. PENCAL 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2010

82. PENDIMOST Pendiméthaline EC Adventices en post levée

Maïs 2010

83. PLANTOP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2015

84. PLANTOP ULTRA 75,7% WG

Glyphosate ammonium 75%

WG Adventices en post levee

Cotonnier 2015

85. PLANTOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Palmier à Huile

2016

86. PLANTURON 80% WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée

Cotonnier 2014

87. PREMISTAR 800 WG Diuron 800 g/kg WG Pré-levée adventices et cultures

Cotonnier

2018

88. PRIMAGRAM GOLD 660 SC

S-Metolachlore 290g/kg + Atrazine 370g/l

SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Mais 2011

89. PRIMEXTRA 500 FW Atrazine 170g/l + Metolachlore 330g/l

FW Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Maïs

2009

90. PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 SC

Atrazine320g/l + S-Metolachlore 400g/l


Mais 2009

91. PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 SC

Atrazine320g/l + S-Metolachlore 400g/l


Diverses cultures

2019

92. RISTAR TM Oxadiazon 250g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Riz 2016

93. ROUND UP 360 SL Glyphosate SL Adventices en post levée


2017

94. ROUND UP BIOSEC Glyphosate 640g/l GR Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2011

95. ROUNDUP 120 Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007


Diverses cultures

2007


Diverses cultures

2019

98. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO Glyphosate 450g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2014

21

99. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO

Glyphosate 450 g/l sous forme d’équivalent acide (551 g/l de sel de potassium)

HE Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2020

100. SIKOSTO 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2010

101. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2010

102. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Toute culture 2019

103. SPRINGBOK 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

104. SPRINGBOK 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/kg WG Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

105. STOMP 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Cotonnier 2009

106. STOMP CS Pendimethaline 455 g/l

CS Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Cotonnier 2019

107. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

108. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2007

109. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat SL Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2017

110. TARGA SUPER 50 EC Quizalofop-Ethyl Ec Pré-levée cultures et adventices

Cotonnier 2014

111. TOPSTAR 400 SC Oxadiargyl 400g/l SC Adventices en post levée

Riz 2015

112. TOUCH DOWN Glyphosate-trimesium 480g/l


Palmier à huile

2013

113. TOUCHDOWN FORTE HI TECH

Glyphosate 500g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Palmier à huile

2014

114. TREVESSIMO Glyphosate 720g/l SC Adventices en post levée

2007

115. TREVISSIMO Glyphosate 250 g/l + Diuron 250 g/l


Diverses cultures

2018

116. TROMISSIL 50 WP Linuron WP Pré-levée culture et adventices

Carotte

2017

117. VELPAR 75 DF Hexazinone 750g/l DF Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2010

118. VELPAR L 240 Hexazinone 240g/l DC Adventices en post levée

Diverses cultures

2010

119. VOLATRAZINE 500 SC Atrazine 500g/l SC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

120. VOLAZINONE 750 WG Hexazinon 750g/kg WG Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

121. VOLCACET 900 EC Acétochlore 900g/l EC Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2015

122. VOLTRIL 2, 4-D 600g/l+Loxynil 100g/l


Canne à sucre 2014

123. WILDBEES 2.4-D 600g/l SL Adventices en post levée

Canne à sucre 2014

22

Insecticides

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Nom et teneur en

matière (s) active(s) Formulation Spécialité Spéculation

Date

Expiration

1. ACEPLANT 80 EC Acetamipride 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016

2. ACTARA 25 WG Thiamethosam 250g/l WG Insecticide Bananier 2015

3. ACTELLIC 2% DUST Pirimiphose- méthyl 20g/kg

PP Insecticide Denrées stockées

2007

4. ACTELLIC 50 EC Pirimiphos Methyl 20g/l

EC Insecticide Maïs, Haricot 2008

5. AKITO 25 EC Béta-Cyperméthrine EC Insecticide Tomate 2014

6. ALADIN Phosphure d’Aluminium 56%

Fumigant Insecticide Denrées stockeés

2016

7. ALTERNAX Thiodicarb 800g/l WG Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 8. AMSAC 150 SC Indoxacarb SC Insecticide Cotonnier

9. ANNIBAL 500 EC Fenobucarb (BPMC) 500g/l

EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2010

10. ATTAKAN 350 SC Imidaclopride 350g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2014 11. AVAUNT 150 SC Indoxacarbe 150g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 12. BASSA 500 EC Feobucarb 500g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 13. BASTION 10 G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2010 14. BASUDINE 600 EW Diazinon 600/l EW Insecticide Cacaoyer 2008 15. BATIK Bacillus thuringiensis 2010 16. BAYTHROID 025 EC Cyfluthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010 17. BAYTHROID 100 EC Cyfluthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009 18. BENJI 80 SL Acétamipride 80g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2016

19. BORADYN 045 ZC Thiametoxam + Lambda Cyhalothrime

ZC Mélange de SC et CS

Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017

20. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos 100 g/kg 2017

21. CAÏMAN B 50 WG Emamectine-benzoate 50 g/kg

WG Chenilles carpophages

cotonnier 2019

22. CALDOPHOS 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 23. CALLISULFAN 50EC Endosulfan 500 g/l 2010 24. CALFOS 600 EC Profenofos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 25. CALFOS 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 26. CALIFE 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015

27. CALIFE B 400 EC Profenofos 400 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages

Cotonnier 2018

28. CALLIDIM 200 EC Diméthoate 200g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2007

29. CALLIDIM 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles

Cultures maraîchères, légumières et fruitières

2018

30. CALLIDIM 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide - Hévéa -Maraîchère - Vivrière

2010

31. CALLIFAN SUPER 40 EC

Acétamipride 20 g/l+Bifenthrine 20 g/l

EC mirides cacaoyer 2019

23

32. CALLISULFAN 330 CS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer 2010

33. CALLISULFAN 35EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2007

34. CAOFORCE 600 EC Diazinon 600g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014 35. CAPORAL 750 EC Profénofos 750g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014

36. CAPT FORTE 184 WG Lambda-Cyhalothrine 120 g/kg + Acetamipride 64 g/kg

WG Mouches des fruits

Tomates 2018

37. CARBOFALM 35 DS Carbosufaln 35% DS Insecticide Cotonnier 2014

38. CARBOFAN 35 DS Carbosulfan 350 g/kg DS Traitement des semences

Cotonnier 2018

39. CHINMIX 10 EC Beta-Cypermétrine

100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012

40. CIGOGNE 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 41. CIGOGNE 200 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 42. CIGOGNE 360 EC Cypermethrine EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2017

43. CIGOGNE 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Cultures vivrière et maraîchères

2019

44. CONFIDOR 010 UL Imidachlopride 10 g/l 2011

45. CONFIDOR 200 SL Imidaclopride 200g/l SL Insecticide Bananiers et plantains

2012

46. CONFIDOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 368g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2015

47. CRUISER 350 FS Thiaethoxane 350g/l FS Insecticide Semences cotonnières

2016

48. CURACRON 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 49. CYGA 250 EC Cyperméthrine 250g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 50. CYPALM 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 51. CYPALM 360 EC Cyperméthrine 360g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 52. CYPALM 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 53. CYPERAX 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12 g/l 2010 54. CYPERAX 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l 2010 55. CYPERAX 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50 g/l 2010

56. CYPERCAL 100 Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier fruitier maraîchère

2006

57. CYPERCAL 12 EC Cypermethrine 12 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles


2018

58. CYPERCAL 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles


2018

59. CYPERCOT Cypermethrine 10 % EC Chenilles carpophages

cotonnier 2019

60. CYPERDIM 220 EC

Cypermethrine 20 g/l + Dimethoate 200 g/l

EC Insectes nuisibles


2018

61. CYPERDIM 220 EC Diméthoate 200g/l + Cypermethrine 20g/l

EC Insecticide Hévéa Maraîchères Fruitière

2007

62. CYPERPLANT 100 EC Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 63. CYPERPLANT 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013

24

64. CYPERPLANT 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 65. CYPERPLANT 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013

66. CYPLANDIM 260 EC Diméthoate 240g/l + Cyperméthrine 20g/l

EC Insecticide Tomate 2014

67. CYREN 480 EC Chlorpyrifos –ethyl 200g/l

EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012

68. CYTHRINE 25 EC Cypermethrine 25 g/l EC Insectes ravageurs

maraîchères 2019

69. DECIS 12,5 ULV Delthaméthrine 12,5g/l ULV Antiacridienne Insecticide

2006

70. DECIS 25 EC Delthaméthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2006

71. DECISTAB Delthamethrine 25g/kg Tb Insecticide Maraîchères vivrières et fruitières

2010

72. DENIM 019 EC Emamectine-benzoate 19 g/l

EC Chenilles carpophages

cotonnier 2019

73. DIGRAIN 4 Dichlorvos 125g/l + Malathion 100g/l

CE Café et Cacao 2012

74. DIMEX 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2014 75. DIMEZYL 400EC Diméthoate 400 g/l 2010 76. DUREXA 3,5 DP Chlorpyriphos 3,5% DP Insecticide Caféier 2010

77. DURSBAN 4 EC Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 480 g/l

EC Scolytes des baies

Caféier 2018

78. EFORIA 045 ZC Thiamethoxam 30 g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrine 15 g/l

ZC Mouches des fruits

Tomates 2018

79. ENDOSULFAN 50% EC Enfosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011

80. ENGEO 247 SC Thiamethosam 146g/l + Lambda-cyhalothrine 106g/l

SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014

81. EPERVIER 220 EC Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 200 g/l + Cypermethrine 20 g/l

EC punaises nuisibles

caféier arabica.

2020

82. EVISECT S Thiocyclam 500g/l WP Insecticide Palmier à huile

2013

83. FENICAL 500 UL Fenitrothion 500g/l UL Acridiens Ravageur Insecticide

2012

84. FYFANON 880 EC Malathion 880 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages

Cotonnier 2018

85. GAWA 30 SC Imidaclopride 30g/l SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014

86. GENERAL 40 WS Carbosulfan 40% WS Traitement Semences

Haricot et Niébé

2012

87. GOLIATH GEL Fipronil 0,05% GEL Insecticide Denrées stockées

2010

88. GREFORCE 480 EC Chlorpyrifos 480 g/l EC punaises nuisibles

caféier arabica.

2020

89. GROSPLANT 480 EC Chlorpyriphos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2011 90. HOSTATHION 40 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010

91. INDOCALM 150 SC Indoxacarb 1250 g/l SC Chenilles carpophages

cotonnier 2019

92. INSECTOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 350 g/l SC Charançons noirs

Bananiers 2018

93. IRON 70 WG Imidaclopride WG Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017 94. K’OBIOL DP 2 Delthamithrine 2g/kg DP Insecticide Maïs en 2011

25

conservation 95. K-OTAB Deltaméthrine 25% 2009 96. K'OTHRINE 25 EC Deltamethrine 25 g/l 2007

97. K’OTHRINE 25 WP Delthaméthrine 25g/l WP Insecticide

Locaux de logement et stockage des denrées

2010

98. KARATE 5 EC Lamda-Cyhalothrine 45g/l


99. KARATE MAX 2,5 WG Lambda Cyhalothrine 2,5%

WG Insecticide Cultures Maraïchères

2012

100. KART 50 SP Cartap 500g/l SP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016 101. KNOX-OUT Diazinon 240g/l 2008

102. KOMBAT CUTWORM BAIT

Sodium fluosilicate 100g/Kg

GR Insecticide Maïs 2009

103. K-OPTIMAL Lambdacyhalothrine 15g/l + Acetamipride 20g/l


104. KRISS 100 SL Acétamipide 100g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2013

105. KUNFU B 50 EC Imidaclopride 1% + Cyperméthrine 4%

EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2015

106. LAMBDACAL 100 EC Lambda-Cyhalothrine 100g/l


107. LAMBDALM 5% EC Lamda-Cyhalothrine 50 g/l

EC Mouches des fruits

Tomates 2018

108. LASER 480 SC Spinosad 480g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 109. MALAGRAIN DP 5 Malathion 5% 2013 110. MALATHANE 50 EC Malathion 500g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010

111. MARSHAL 35 DS Carbosulfan 35% DS Traitement Semences

2009

112. MARSHAL 480 EC Carbusylfan 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféiers 2011 113. MATADOR 80 EC Acetamiprid 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 114. METEOR Dimethoate 400 g/l 2009 115. MITAC 20 EC Amitraz 200g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 116. MONOCALM 400 SL Monocrotophos 400g /l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 117. MOSPILAN 200 EC Acétamiprid 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013

118. NURELLE D 20/200 Chlopyrifos-ethyl 200 g/l + Cypermethrine 20 g/l

D punaises Caféiers Arabica

2019

119. ONCOL 35 DS Benfuracarb 350g/l DS Traitement Semences

coton 2011

120. ONEX Imidaclopride 30 g/l SL mirides cacaoyer 2019

121. OPTIMAL Acétamipride 200g/l SP Traitement des Semences

Cotonnier 2016

122. ORTHENE 50 SP Acéphate 500g/kg SP Insecticide Caféier 2007

123. PACHA 25 EC Lambdacyhalothrine 15g/l + Acetamipride 10g/l


124. PARASTAR 40 EC Imidacloprid 20 g/l + Lambdacyhalothrine 20 g/l

EC mouches de fruits, les pucerons

Maraîchères 2020

125. PARASTAR 40 EC Imidaclopride 20 g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrine 20 g/l

EC Mirides Cacaoyers 2018

126. PERMETHRINE 20 Ec Permethrine 200 g/l 2009

26

127. PEGASUS 250 SC Diafenthiuron 25 % SC Pucerons et Mouches des fruits

Tomates 2018

128. PENNCAP M Methyl Parathion 240g/l

Insecticides Cacaoyer Caféiers

2008

129. PENNCAP M Méthyl-Parathion 240g/l

Suspension de micro-capsules

Insecticide Maraïchère 2011

130. PERCAL M 2% DP Perméthrine 4g /l + Malathion 16g/l

DP Traitement des denrées

Grains stockés 2013

131. PERMETALM 200 EC Permethrine 200g/l EC Les Simulies 2015

132. PERMETIOL 25 EC Perméthrine 250g/l EC

- Locaux logement -Denrées stockées

2010

133. PHOSFINON Phosphure d’aluminium 57 %

Insectes ravageurs

Denrées stockées

2019

134. PHOSTOXIN Phosphure d’Aluminium 56%

Solide (plaquette, (comprimés)

Insectes ravageurs

Denrées stockées et entreprosées

2019

135. PILORI 15 EC Lambda cylaothine 15g/l

EC Tomate 2011

136. PLANTAC 60 Alphacypermé thrine 6%

WP Tomate 2015

137. PLANTHOATE 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Tomate 2011 138. PLANTIMA 30 SC Imidaclopride SC Insecticide Cacaoyer

139. PLANTIMA 700 WG Imidaclopride 700 g/kg WG Charançons noirs

Bananiers 2019

140. PLANTOFOS 75 EC Profenofos 750 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages

Cotonnier 2018

141. PLEXUS 60 EC Deltaméthrine 60g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 142. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2009 143. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2019

144. PROCLAIM 019 EC Emamectin benzoate 19,2 g/l

EC

mouches de fruits, les pucerons

Maraîchères 2020

145. PROFENALM 500 EC Profénofos 500g/l Cotonnier 2014 146. PROFENALM 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015

147. PROFENOCOT Profenofos 50 % EC Chenilles carpophages

cotonnier 2019

148. PROTEUS 170 O-TEQ Thiaclopride 150 g/l + Deltamethrine 20 g/l

OD Mirides Cacaoyer 2018

149. PYCHLOREX 48 EC Chlopyrifos-ethyl 480 g/l

EC Scolytes Caféier 2019

150. PYCHLOREX 48 EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2009

151. REGENT 3 GR Fipronil 20g/l GR Insecticide Cultures maraiches

2012

152. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2007 153. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2019 154. REGENT 50 SC Fripronil 50g/l SC Insecticide Caféier 2012

155. SCOLYTALM 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Scolytes des Baie

Caféier 2010

156. SELECRON 720 EC Profenofos 72g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 157. SEVIN 85 S Carbaryl 850g/Kg WP Cacaoyer Cacaoyer 2009

27

Insecticide 158. SHERPA 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012

159. SPRAYBAN N° 3 Huille de pétrole rafinée 830g/l

UL Insecticide Bananier 2007

160. STARGRAIN 2 DP Deltaméthrine 0.2 % DP Insectes ravageurs

Denrées stockées

2019

161. STEWARD 150 EC Indoxacarb 150 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages

Cotonnier 2018

162. SULTAN 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015 163. TAMARON 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 164.

165. TEKNAR HP – D Bacillus thuringionsis 2.6%

SC Contre les simulies Insecticide

2010

166. TENOR 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014

167. THIODAN 25 ULV Endosulfan 250g/l ULV Contre les glossines Insecticides

2007

168. THIODAN 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier , cacaoyer cotonnier

2007

169. THIODAN 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010

170. THIODANULTRACAPS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer Mirides

Cacaoyer 2015

171. THIOFANEX 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l Cotonnier 2010

172. THIONEX 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier Cacaoyer

2006

173. THIONEX 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009

174. THIOPLANT 50 WP Endosulfan 500g/kg WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014

175. TITAN 25 EC Acetamipride 250g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011

176. TRIALM 400 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier

2015

177. TRIAZOFORCE 400 EC Triazophos 400 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages

Cotonnier 2018

178. TRITOPLANT 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016

179. TYSON 150 EC Lambda Cyhalothrine 150g/l


180. UNDEN 75 WP Propoxur 750g/kg WP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007

181. VYDATE 10 G Oxamyl 10 % G mouches de fruits, pucerons

Maraîchères 2019

182. ZIMOST 60 EC Diazinon 60% 2010

183. PYRIFORCE Chlorpyriphos-éthyl 600g/l

2010

28

Insecticides – Fongicides

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Matière Active Formulation

Spéculation

Spécialité Date

Expiration

1. ALMTHIO 20/25

Lindane + Thriame DS Insecticide/ Fongicide

Traitement de Semences

2011

2. APRON STAR 42 DS

20ù + Difénoconazole 2% + Métalaxyl-M 20%

DS Insecticide/Fongicide


2010

3. CAIMAN ROUGE

Endosulfan 250g/kg + Thirame 2250g/kg

DS Insecticide/ Fongicide


2014

4. CALLOXYL C Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 300g/l + TCMTB 100g/l

EC Insecticide/ Fongicide

Grumes 2012

5. CALLOXYL C Chlorpyriphos 300g/l + TCMTB 100g/l


Bois 2012

6. CALTHIO C50 WS Thirame 250g/kg + Chlorpyriphos -Ethyl 250g/kg

WS Insecticide/ Fongicide

Semence Cotonnier

2010

7. CALTHIO DS Thriame 250g/l + Lindane

DS Insecticide/ Fongicide

Semences 2010

8. CALTHIO E Endosulfan + Thirame

WS Insecticide Semence Cotonnier

2012

9. CELCURE AC 450

Copper carbonate acid 15,5 % + Boric acid 4,9 % + DDA carbonate 5,3 %

INFO champignons et insectes xylophages

traitement préventif des poteaux électriques

2020

10. COUNTER 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR Insecticide/Fongicide

Bananier 2007

11. CRYPTOGIL ASI

Carbendazime 8g/kg + propiconazole 30g/kg + IPIBC 30g/kg+ Cyperméthrine 3g/kg+ Bifenthrine1,5g/kg

diluer dans l’eau

Insecticide/ Fongicide

Bois 2014

12. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Bifenthrine 3 g/l

EC Champignons et insectes xylophages

Bois débités 2018

13. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ PREMIUM

IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Xamox 5 g/l


Bois débités

2018

14. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ PREMIUM

IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Xamox 50 g/l

INFO

champignons et insectes xylophages

protection préventive des grumes fraîchement abattues

2020

15. CRYPTOGIL DC6 ++ PREMIUM

Xamox 0,8 g/l + D.C.O.I.T 1,5 g/l


Grumes 2018

16. CRYPTOGIL DG 6 Bifenthrine 1,54g/l + Octilinone (DCOIT)

diluer dans le gas oil


Grumes 2014

29

3,46g/l

17. IMIDALM 450 WS Imidaclopride 250 g/kg +Thiram 200 g/kg

WS Traitement de Semences

Cotonnier 2019

18. INSECTOR T Imidaclopride 350 g/kg +Thiram 100g/kg

WG Traitement de Semences

Cotonnier 2019

19. KOATGRUME Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 2% + Cyperméthrine 4,00%

Concentre liguide

Insectici

de/ Fongicide

Grumes 2014

20. KOATSCIAGE B2

IPBC 1,2 % + Bifenthrine 0,3 % + D.C.O.I.T. 0,75 % + Benzalkonium 0,7 %

EC

Champignons et insectes xylophages

Grumes et Bois débités

2018

21. MAXYL GIO + Bifenthrine 0,76g/l + Octhilinone 3,40g/l

diluer dans gas-oil


Grumes 2014

22. MAXYL GIO +LABEL Xamox 5 g/l +DCOIT 1,5 g/l

diluer dans gas-oil


Grumes 2019

23. MAXYL TSE + Bifenthrine 3 g/l + Propiconazde 12g/l + IPBC 12 g/l

diluer dans l’eau


Bois 2019

24. MAXYL TSE +

Cyperméthrine 3g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5g/l + Propiconazde 30g/l + Carbendazine 8g/l + Iodocarbamate 30g/l

diluer dans l’eau


Bois 2014

25. MAXYL TSE +LABEL Xamox 5 g/l + Propiconazde 12g/l + IPBC 12 g/l

diluer dans l’eau


Bois 2019

26. MOMTAZ 45 TS Imidaclopride + Thiram

WS Semence Cotonnier 2017

27. PROCOT 40 WS

Carbosulfan 250g/kg+ Carbendazime 100g/kg+ Métalaxyl 50g/kg

WS Insecticide/ Fongicide

Cotonnier 2013

28. PROTEGRUME IF Bifenthrine 10g/l Octylisothiozolone


Grumes 2015

29. RESISTOL 6213

Tebuconazole 0.44%, Propiconazole 0.44% 3-iodo – 2 – propynyl carbamate, 0.06% Cypermèthrine 1%


Protection des Grumes

2014

30. SARPAGRUM Cyperméthrine 1,5% + Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 3%

Concentré liguide


Bois 2013

31. SARPAGRUM AF 200 B

IPBC 12,9 g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l + Propiconazole 12,9 g/l


Grumes

2018

32. SARPAGRUM AF 200 T

IPBC 12,9 g/l + Thiacloprid 1,5 g/l + Propiconazole 12,9 g/l


Grumes

2019

33. SARPALO AF 200 B IPBC 6,5 g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l +

EC Champignons et insectes

Grumes 2018

30

Insecticides – Nématicides

Propiconazole 6,5 g/l + Tébuconazole 6,3 g/l

xylophages

34. SARPALO AF 200 T

IPBC 12,4 g/l + DCOIT 9,3 g/l + Propiconazole 6,2 g/l + Thiacloprid 1,5g/l


Grumes 2019

35. SARPECO TB

Cyperméthrine 1,6% + Tebuconazole 0,63% + Propiconazole 0,65% + Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 0,65%

Micré mulsion concentré


Bois 2013

36. XYLOR IFT TCMTB 18g/l + ChlorpyriphoséEthyl 552g/l

CE Insecticide/ Fongicide

Bois 2014

N° Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté


Spécialité Spéculation Date

Expiration

1. BASTION 10 G Carbofuran 100 g/kg

G charançons et nématodes

Bananiers. 2020

2. BASTION SUPER Oxamyl 50 g/kg G Insectes / Nematodes

Cultures maraîchères

2019

3. COSMOPOL 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR charançons et nématodes

Bananier 2011

4. COUNTER 15 FC Terbufos 150g/kg FC charançons et nématodes

Bananier

5. EXTREME PLUS 750 WP

Carbosulfan 750g/kg

DS Traitements semences

Cotonnier 2015

6. FOOTBALL Cadusafos 10% GR charançons et nématodes

Bananier 2015

7. FURAPLANT 10G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR Insectes / Nematodes

Tomate 2014

8. GENERAL Carbosulfan 35% DS Traitement semences

cotonnier 2015

9. MOCAP 10G Ethoprophos 100g/kg

GR charançons et nématodes

Bananier 2007

10. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 10 % G charançons et nématodes

Bananiers. 2020

11. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 100g/kg GR charançons et nématodes

Bananier 2008

31

Molluscicides

Nematicides

N° Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Matière Active Formulation Spéculation Spécialité Date

Expiration

1. CALDEHYDE 5G Métaldehyde 5% GR

limaces et escargots

Bananier 2013

2. DEADLINE BULLETS Metaldehyde 40 g/kg GB/Pellets


Bananier 2018

3. LIMAC 5 G Métaldehyde 5% GB


Bananier 2015

4. LIMASTOP 5% GB Metaldehyde 50 g/kg GB


Bananier 2020

5. MOLLUCARB Thiodicarb 40 g/kg GB


Bananier 2019

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date

Expiration

1. AMACUR 10 G Fenamiphos 100g/kg

GR Nematicide Bananier 2016

2. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos GR Nématicide Bananier 2017 3. FOOTBALL SUPER Fosthiazate 10 % NEM nématodes Bananiers. 2020 4. MOCAP 15G BIODAG Ethoprophos GR Nematicide Bananier 2014

5. NEMACUR 10 GR Phénamiphos 100g/kg

GR Nématicide Bananier 2007

6. NEMACUR 15 GR Fenamiphos 150 g/kg

NEM Nématodes Bananiers. 2019

7. OXAPLANT 240 SL Oxamyl 240g/l SL Intématicide Bananier 2015

8. PACOM Ethoprophos 20g/kg

GR Nematicide Bananier 2016

9. SESAME 5G Carbofuran 5% GR Nematicide Bananier 2011

10. TELONE 11 EC 1, 3 – Dichloropropène 110g/l

EC Nematicide Bananier 2014

11. TEMIK 10G Aldicarbe 100g/kg GR Nématicide Bananier 2007

32

Produits d’hygiHygiène publique

No

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation

Date Expiration

1. ACTELLIC 50 EC Pyrimiphos-methyl 500 g/l

EC Insectes vecteurs Hygiène publique paludisme

2018

2. BAYGON BLUE FIK

Cylfuthrine 0,025%+ Transfluthrine 0,04%

Bombe aerosol

insectes volants Imprégnation des moustiquaires

2015

3. BAYGON GREEN CIK

Propoxur 0,75% + Cyfluthrine 0,025%

Bombe aerosol

Insecticide Insectes rempant

2015

4. BISTAR 10 WP Bifenthrine 10% WP Moustiques Insecticide

Hygiene public 2011

5. CAF X GEL Imidaclopride 21,5 g/kg

GEL Blattes Hygiene public 2018

6. FENDONA 6 SC Alpha-cypermethrine 60 g/l

IN HY moustiques et insectes volants

Hygiene public 2020

7. FICAM VC Bendiocarbe 80% moustiques Hygiene public

8. ICON 10 CS

Lamsda- Cyhalathrine 100g/l

CS Insectes Imprégnation des moustiquaires

2015

9. ICON 10 WP Lambda-Cyhalothrine 100 g/kg

WP Moustiques Hygiene public 2018

10. ICON® MAXX Lambda-cyhalothrine 100g/l

CS Moustiques (femelle d’anohèles)

Hygiene public 2018

11. ICONTET 25 CS Lambda 0 Cyhalothrine

CS Moustiquaire Hygiene public 2014

12. K-OTHRINE 250 WG Deltamethrine 250 g/kg

moustiques Hygiene public 2019

13. MOON TIGER D-trans-Allethrine 0,26 %

Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018

14. PANTHERE NOIRE D-allethrine 0,30% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018

15. PERMETHRINE 20 EC

Perméthrine 200g/l EC Simulie ygiènePublic 2009

16. RAD D-allethrine 0,30 % moustiques Hygiene public 2019

17. RAID CAFARDS Tetraméthrine 0,25% Cyperméthrine 0,14%

moustiques

Hygiene public 2014

18. RAID LIQUIDE Allethrin 5-10% Di-tert-butyl-P-crésol 1-5%

moustiques

Hygiene public 2014

19. RAID PLAQUETTES Allethrine 0,3% moustiques

Hygiene public 2014

20. RAID SPIRALE Allethrin 0,3% moustiques Hygiene public 2014

21. RAID TOUS INSECTES

Tetraméthrine 0,15% Allesthrine 0,25% Deltaméthrine0,015%

moustiques Hygiene public 2014

22. SAFARI BRAND D-allethrine 0,35% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018

33

Regulateur de croissance

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté

Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date

Expiration

1. ALME PHON 50 LS DR

Ethéphon 50g/l PA Régulateur de croissance

Hévéa 2014

2. ALMEPHON 104 LS Ethéphon 104g/l PA Régulateur de croissance

Hévéa 2011

3. CALLEL 480 SL Ethéphon 480g/l SL Régulateur de croissance

Ananas

2011

4. CALLEL 5% PA

Ethéphon 50 g/kg PA Stimulation du latex

Hévéa 2018

5. HEVETEX 104 Ethéphon 104g/kg PA Régulateur de croissance

Hévéa 2015

6. HEVETEX 5% PA Ethéphon 5% PA Régulateur de croissance

Hévéa 2015

7. MAT Ethéphon 480g/l SL Régulateur de croissance

Ananas

2016

8. RYZUP 40 SG Acide gibberellique 40%

Retarde le mûrissement

Banane 2019

Rodenticides

N°

Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté


Spéculation

Spécialité Date

Expiration

1.

2. BROMA 2,5 BCR Bromadiolone 0,25% Concentré liquide

Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018

3. BROMAPESCE Bromadiolone 0,005% Cubes et graulés


4. FANGA B+ Brodifacoum 0,001% Pâte huileuse Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018

5. KLERAT Brodifacoum 2,5g/l Blocs parafinés


23. SPIRAL ANTIMOUSTIQUE TOTAL

D-Allethrine Spiral fumigène

Moustique Hygiene public 2017

24. TIMOR AEROSOL D- Phenothrine 0,1% + Imiprothrine 0,04%

Bombe aérosol

Insectes volants et rempants

Hygiene public 2015

25. TIMOR MORTEIN

D-phenothrin 0,03 % + Imiprothrin 0,02 % + D-trans-allethrin 0,10 %

IN HY moustiques et autres insectes volants

Hygiene public 2020

26. TOTAL INSECTICIDE

D-tetaméthrine 1,2% + Paralléthrine 0,035% + Delthhaméthrine 0,06% Cyphénothrine 0,050%

Bombe aérosol

Contre insectes domestiques

Hygiene public 2016

34

6. MUSAL Bromadiolone 2,5g/l CB Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2007 7. STORM Flocoumaféne 0,005 % Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019 8. STORM * Flocoumafène 0,05g/kg BB Rodenticide Plantations 2007

9. VERTOX 0,25% CONCENTRATE

Brodifacoum 0,25% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019

10. VERTOX PELLETS

Brodifacoum 0,005% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019

HERBICIDES

N° Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté


Formulation

Spéculation

Spécialité

Représentant Local

Date Expiration

1 GRAMOXONE INTEON

Paraquat 200 g/l SL Désherbant total non selectif

Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala s/c ADER B.P.2368 Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé

2018

2 GRAMOXONE SUPER

Paraquat 200 g/l SL Désherbant total non selectif

Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala s/c ADER B.P.2368 Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé

2018

LISTE DES PRODUITS AYANT BENEFICIE D’UNE AUTORISATI ON SPECIALE DE MISE SUR LE

MARCHE (ASM)

1 - FONGICIDE

N° Nom Commercial

N° Arrêté


Formulation

Spéculation

Spécialité

Représentant Local

Date Expiration

1 O. K. MIL Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg + Metalaxyl 120g/kg

WP

Cacaoyer

Fongicide

ADER Cameroun BP. 2368 Douala

2011

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