A CASE CONTROL STUDY ON THE EXPOSURE FACTORS LEADING TO THE OCCURRENCE OF VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

RELATED INJURIES

Agustin, Aranjuez, Magat, Maglaque, Ocampo, Parco, Regalado, Serrano, Tan, Tanbonliong

BANGGAAN SA DAAN:

PAANO NA SI JUAN?

I. IntroductionA. Review of Related LiteratureB. Conceptual FrameworkC. Statement of the ProblemD. HypothesesE. Research ObjectivesF. Significance of the Study

OUTLINE

II. MethodologyA. Research DesignB. ParticipantsC. Scope and LimitationsD. Operational DefinitionsE. Data CollectionF. Methods to Minimize Potential BiasesG. Methods to Minimize Sources of ErrorH. Data AnalysisI. Plan for Dissemination of ResultsJ. Ethical ConsiderationsK. TimetableL. Projected Cost

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

• Filipinos debilitated everyday road accidents• Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc. (Jan

2006 to Dec 2006) – 30.22% of non-fatal accidents– 56.92% of property damage were due to private vehicles

• 2005 Accident Locations (Arterial Roads) by Metropolitan Road Safety Unit 6433 accidents occur at EDSA alone

• Commonwealth Avenue ranks second

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• As of the year 2000, the Department of Health (DOH) ranks it as the fifth leading cause of death and mortality in the country

• vehicular accidents are prevalent in the Metro Manila end up in fatal injuries and even death

• possible outcomes of road collisions – fatality, injury, and property damage

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System (MMARAS) Types of vehicles

• Land Transportation Office topmost causes of vehicular accidents here in Metro Manila

INTRODUCTION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Driver Exposure to factors

-Environmental Factors (Ambient lighting, surface condition of road)-Vehicular Factors(motorcycle, motor tricycle, car, jeepney/FX/taxi, bus, van)-Driver Error (driving too fast, inattentiveness, bad overtaking, driving too close, disobeying traffic signs/ lights, others

Positive for Vehicular Accident

Related Injury (VARIs)

Negative for Vehicular Accident

Related Injury (VARIs)

Vehicular Accident:

INTRODUCTION STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• Aims to determine whether environmental, vehicular and driver-related exposures act as risk factors for acquiring vehicular accident-related injuries (VARIs)– What is the prevalence of each type of exposure?– Among the environmental/vehicular/driver error

factors, which has the strongest association with VARIs?

INTRODUCTION HYPOTHESES

• If the driver is exposed to certain environmental, vehicular and driver-related factors prior to the accident then there is an increased likelihood of VARIs. – driver (certain environmental factors) increased

likelihood of acquiring VARIs – exposure to certain vehicular factors and driver

factors increase acquiring VARIs.

INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• Identify exposures involved with the occurrence of VARIs.

• Identify the prevalence of each exposure.• Identify the prevalence of each factor under

each type of exposure.• Rank each type of exposure according to

degree of prevalence

INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• Rank each factors under each type of exposure according to degree of prevalence

• Rank strength of association between VARIs and each type of exposure

• Rank strength of association between VARIs and each factor under each type of exposure.

INTRODUCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• Traffic accidents are highly avoidable best to know the determinants of these unfortunate events, determine the ways to avoid them and the ways to improve the traffic system

• Focus of the study– more specific in the categories of traffic collisions, the

environmental factors, personal factors and type of vehicle• help formulate necessary intervention, decrease the

economic cost of accidents, and possibly improve the future quality of life of drivers

METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN

Occurrence of a Disease/ Condition

Positive for the Disease/ Condition

Negative for the Disease/ Condition

Identify the exposure/s suspected of causing the disease/ condition

a)

Negative for Vehicular Accident

Related Injuries (VARIs)

Occurrence of Vehicular Accident

Related Injuries (VARIs)

Positive for Vehicular Accident

Related Injuries (VARIs)

Identify the exposure/s suspected of causing VARIs

b)

Figure 5. Comparison between a Case Control Study’s retrograde process (a) with this study’s research design (b)

METHODOLOGY PARTICIPANTS

• EDSA and Commonwealth – main areas of the study

• Cases - motor vehicle drivers who are involved in vehicular accidents with accompanying major and/or minor injuries

• Controls - motor vehicle drivers who are involved in vehicular accidents without accompanying major and/or minor injuries

METHODOLOGY PARTICIPANTS

• Sampling method 1. All potential accident reports within the

limitations and framework of the study shall be compiled from official accident reports in the Guadalupe and Commonwealth Traffic Sectors

2. be segregated to the cases (for nonfatal accidents with minor or major injuries to the driver) and controls (for nonfatal accidents without minor or major injuries to the driver).

METHODOLOGY SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

• Time period: 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009.

• Non-fatal vehicle-to-vehicle accidents under the jurisdiction of the Guadalupe Traffic Sector (for EDSA) and the Commonwealth Traffic Sector (for Commonwealth)

• Primary data source: Official accident reports made by trained traffic police investigators in the Guadalupe and Commonwealth Traffic Sectors

METHODOLOGY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Vehicle ParametersVehicular Accident

Refers to accident involving collisions between two or more vehicles

Vehicle Refers to an engine-run transport mechanism, and is limited to the following:- Motorcycle (two-wheeled vehicle)- Motor Tricycle (three-wheeled passenger-carrying

vehicle)- Car (privately-owned vehicle, including all forms of

‘private use’ small passenger-carrying vehicles)- Jeepney/Taxi/Bus (four-wheeled vehicle which carries

passengers for a fee- Truck (large four or more-wheeled vehicle for

delivering goods)- Van (small four-wheeled vehicle used for delivering

goods)

METHODOLOGY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Driver Error ParametersDriving too fast Refers to driving beyond the speed limit (greater than 80 km/hr) as

indicated by skid marks on the road or extensive damage beyond repair to the vehicles involved, or both. Extensive damage refers to destruction of more than 50% of the vehicle, rendering it beyond economic repair

Inattentiveness Refers to the lack of attention to driving which directly contributed to the accident as directly indicated in the written affidavit of the parties involved

Bad overtaking Refers to the act of passing another vehicle on its passenger side without the use of signal lights which directly contributed to the accident

Driving too close Refers to the lack of sufficient distance between cars, which is specified as follows: If the traffic runs at 30-40 km/hr, there should be a 1 car distance between vehicles; from 40-70 km/hr there should be a distance of 2 cars between vehicles; lastly for speed of 80 km/hr and above, there should be a distance of 3 cars between vehicles.

Disobeying traffic signs/ Traffic

lights

Refers to the act of purposely violating traffic signs or traffic lights which directly contributed to the accident as judged by the police investigator.

Others Refers to other human error factors which do not fall under the preceding variables.

METHODOLOGY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Environmental ParametersAmbient light Refers to the amount of illumination available in the area of the

accident during its occurrence as indicated by the attending traffic enforcer, and consists of the following:- Daylight (natural-occurring illumination from a fully-risen sun)- Dawn/Dusk (illumination during sunrise and sunset, where the

sunlight is partially available)- Lit night (illumination during night, coming primarily from

nearby street lights)- Unlit night (illumination during night, in the absence of nearby

street lights)Surface condition

Refers to the state of the road in the area of the accident during its occurrence as indicated by the attending traffic enforcer, and consists of the following:- Dry (normal state of the road, without the presence of water or

mud)- Wet (damp or soggy road, with water levels not exceeding

3/4ths of the vehicle tire)- Muddy (road with the presence of wet and soft earth)- Flooded (road with water levels exceeding 3/4ths of the vehicle

tire)

METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION

METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION

METHODOLOGYMETHODS TO

MINIMIZE POTENTIAL BIASES

• Rater bias– Official accident reports filled up by

designated police investigators who have underwent the Traffic Accident Investigation Course

– Consider the investigator• Instrument bias

– DPWH-crafted police report

METHODOLOGYMETHODS TO

MINIMIZE SOURCES OF ERROR

• EDSA and Commonwealth have similar characteristics, such as the same types of vehicles that run through them, the same number of lanes and volume of traffic

• Data collection methods were standardized

METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS

• Odds ratio between the outcome and each of the available exposure factors (OR = AD/BC)

• Ranked in order to determine which exposure factor has the greatest correlation with the outcome

METHODOLOGYPLAN FOR

DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

• Presented to the general academic community• A copy of the study output will be given to the

MMDA and to other traffic-related bodies• Used as a reference for preventive

interventions against possible fatal and untimely accidents along major roads and highways

METHODOLOGY ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• The use of the data from the official accident reports solely for the purposes of the study

• The protection and right to privacy of the identities of the parties involved in the accidents described in the accident reports

METHODOLOGY TIMETABLE

MONTH October November December January February March April May

WEEK 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Activity

1. Preparation

a. Establish definitions        

b. Prepare a letter of request        

c. Scout for the different precincts along EDSA and Commonwealth Avenue        

d. Prepare a letter of request for access to records    

e. Finalize proposal and present to for approval          

2. Data-gathering

a. Gather data from the EDSA and Commonwealth police precincts    

b. Gather information needed from the raw data    

c. Conduct needed statistical analyses from the data acquired    

METHODOLOGY PROJECTED COSTS

Item (price) Quantity Total price

Transportation (gas)

Paper and PrintingOthers

~Php 1,000.00

Php 800.00

Php 200.00

TOTALPHP 1,800.00