A. Carbohydratessciencetoat.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/0/23803204/sbi4u...3. Polysaccharides •...
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Unit 1: Biochemistry
Macromolecules A. Carbohydrates
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Macromolecules
• macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units (monomers)
• some of the biologically important macromolecules are: – carbohydrates -lipids – proteins -nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates• carbohydrates are our most important energy source • can be simple (mono- or disaccharides) or complex
sugars (polysaccharides)
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1. Monosaccharides
• single sugars in straight chain or ring form
• C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6)
• examples: glucose, fructose, deoxyribose
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1. Monosaccharides• some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose &
fructose (same formula-C6H12O6, different structure)
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Isomers of Glucose - & ß
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= double sugar
+Glucose Fructose
Sucrose
2. Disaccharides
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2. Disaccharides• sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars • formed by a dehydration reaction
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Dehydration reactions - a chemical reaction where monomers are joined by the removal of water (H+ & OH-) (aka condensation)
Hydrolysis Reactions - reverse of dehydration - H+ & OH- are added to molecules to break them into smaller subunits
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3. Polysaccharides• oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with
3-10 single sugars • longer chain carbohydrates are called
polysaccharides • examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin • Polymerization- linking identical subunits (i.e.,
monomers) to make a larger molecule
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1. Cellulose • humans cannot digest this cellulose (=fibre) • long chains of ß-linkages • structural molecule in plants (cell wall)
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2. Starch • very easy for humans to digest • alpha-linkages in sugars • fast source of energy • storage molecule for plants
(Note: all sugars line up the same way)
Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose
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3. Glycogen • a large molecule that is used by humans to store
energy • found in muscles & liver cells • similar in structure to starch (i.e., alpha links) but
branching molecule
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Let’s take a look at starch (crystals, that is...)
1. Make a wet mount of a banana cell. 2. Stain the cells with iodine. 3. Draw and label the starch crystals. --> Note: starch crystals do not look like glucose
molecules!
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Carbohydrate SummaryType Examples Function Drawing
monosaccharide
disaccharide
Polysaccharide starch
Glycogen