Howard'Yana*Shapiro,*PhD*

Chief*Agricultural*Officer*

Mars*Advanced*Science*InsAtute*Fellow*

Senior*Fellow*Plant*Sciences*

*The*University*of*California,*Davis**

Fellow*The*World*Agroforestry*Centre*

*Uncommon&Collabora,on:&

Flavonoids,&Flavanols,&Flavan434ols,&the&Theobroma&Cacao&Genome&and&Visions&for&Change:&

A&Business&Case&for&Agroforestry:&&Sustainable&Supply&The&3rd&World&Congress&on&Agroforestry&

11&February&2014&New&Delhi&

It*is*Difficult*to*be*the*Agent*of*

Change*

*

The*System*Likes*the*Present*Order*

More*Than*

Discovering*the*Future*

*

2*

Why&Cacao&Science,&&Human&Health,&Genomics&and&Sustainability?&

&&Without*new*science*the*industry*will*stagnate,*one*only*has*to**********look*at*yields,*disease*resistance,*adaptability*to*see*the*future*

**No*single*scienAfic*advance*will*sustain*an*industry*

**Soils*are*as*important*as*sequencing*

**Mycorrhizae*are*as*important*as*markeAng*

**Phytoecology*is*as*important*as*pathogenicity***Needs*to*be*demand'*driven*not*supply'led*(esp.*by*farmers)*

**Not*all*of*science*developed*will*work*

**Possible*≠*Feasible*≠*PracAcal*≠*Profitable*

Remember*the*biggest*consumers*of*cacao*are*insects,**

*********fungus*and*viruses*It*will*cost*money*

*Must*be*�fundamental*and*translaAonal�********************************************************************************(from*Tony*Simons)*

3*

4

Cacao&Flavanols&[Flavan434ols&and&Procyanidins]&

Clinical Research | June 03, 2008 !Sustained Benefits in Vascular Function Through Flavanol-Containing Cocoa in Medicated Diabetic Patients: A Double-Masked, Randomized, Controlled Trial Jan Balzer, MD*; Tienush Rassaf, MD*; Christian Heiss, MD*; Petra Kleinbongard, PhD*; Thomas Lauer, MD*; Marc Merx, MD*; Nicole Heussen, PhD†; Heidrun B. Gross, PhD‡; Carl L. Keen, PhD‡; Hagen Schroeter, PhD§; Malte Kelm, MD* * Department for Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany † Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ‡ Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California § Mars Symbioscience, Rockville, Maryland.

&

Conclusion:**Diets*rich*in*flavanols*reverse*vascular*

dysfuncAon*in*diabetes,*highlighAng*therapeuAc*

potenAals*in*cardiovascular*disease.** 5*

The&Science&of&Cacao&

August*2012:*Cacao*flavanol*consumpAon*shown*to*improve*cogniAve*funcAon*

Desideri*et*al.*Hypertension.*(2012)*60(3):794'801.

1960*

1945*1990*

1973*

Cacao*and*Ca`le*

The*Ma`a*AtlanAca*

Rainforest*in*Bahia,*Brazil*

IntegraAon*of*Trees*in*Farms:*Brazil*

10*

Part*Two*

The*Kumasi*Consensus*&**

The*2nd*World*Congress*of*Agroforestry*Develop*comprehensive*mulA'sector*strategies*for*science,*

technology*and*development,**bringing*together*all*stakeholder*views.**

*Bundle*the*scienAfic*values*with*cerAficaAon*for*sustainable*

producAon,*intensified*yields*and*diversificaAon*of*cacao*agroforestry*systems*to*change*the*enAre*supply*chain*globally**

“Mars&will&not&cer,fy&poverty”&&

Develop*Yield*PotenAal*understanding*to*benchmark*global*producAon*figures*

*

Build*coaliAons/partnerships*of*Governments'Industries'UniversiAes'Farmers'Research*InsAtuAons*to*jointly*solve*the*problems****

All*players*have*to*be*at*the*table.**

No*one*part*of*the*soluAon*can*do*this*alone*

Put*aside*long*standing*myths*

Sustainable**

Cacao**IniAaAve*

*Cacao*Science*Mapping*the*Cacao*Genome*Using*Marker*Assisted*SelecAon*to*develop*more*producAve*trees**

Technology*Transfer*Vision*for*Change**

CerAficaAon**100%*sustainable*cerAfied*cacao*by*2020*

ECONOMIC**ISSUES*

• Low*farmer*income*• Inability*to*invest*in*farms*

• No*new*planAng*material**

• Limited*use*of*ferAlizer*

• No*quality*incenAves*

SOCIAL*ISSUES*

• Low*availability*of*social*services*

• Poor*access*to*health*care**&*educaAon*

• Declining*interest*in*cocoa*farming*

• Increased*urban**migraAon*

ENVIRONMENTAL*ISSUES*

• Declining*soil*ferAlity*

• Aging*trees*• Pest*&*disease*exposure*

• Loss*of*biodiversity*• New*land*unavailable*

• DeforestaAon*

DECLINING**CACAO*YIELDS**AND*QUALITY*

Cacao*Cycle*of*

Decline*

24*

Vision*for*Change*

A*“ProducAvity*Package”*with*all*3*elements*to*farmers*

*

Graned*best*current*plant*material,*even*be`er*material*in*the*future*enabled*by*the*cacao*

genome**

*

Cacao*specific*ferAlizer*

*

Rural*sector*financing*

June*26th*2008*Mars*announced*it*would*sequence*the*cacao*genome.**We*also*

announced*it*would*give*it*away.**Enormous*media*response.**Quickly,*the*

public*domain*release*is*seized*upon*as*a*new*paradigm*in*geneAcs.*

*

On*September*15th**2010,*Mars,*IBM*and*the*U.S.*Department*of*Agriculture'

Agriculture*Research*Service**(USDA'ARS)*and*our*partners*completed*a*two*and*

a*quarter*year*effort*to*sequence*assemble*and*annotate*the*cacao*genome.*

*

Approximately*$8*million*contribuAon*from*Mars,*Incorporated**

*

Will*allow*cacao*breeders*to*make*decisions*quickly*on*producing*high'yielding,*

climate*resilient,*disease'resistant*cacao*plants.*

Put*in*the*public*domain*through*the*Public*Intellectual*Property*Resource*for*

Agriculture*(PIPRA),*the*cacao*genome*will*not*be*patented.**

Sequencing,*Assembling*and*AnnotaAng*the*

Cacao*Genome*

*******************Uncommon&Collabora,on&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&IBM&

Wall*Street*Journal*May,*2009*

27*

INDIANA*UNIVERSITY*

Howard4Yana&Shapiro&

Juan&Carlos&Motamayor&Ray&Schnell&

David&Kuhn&

Brian&Scheffler&Isidore&Rigoutsos&

Niina&Haiminen&

Dorrie&Main&

Alan&BenneZ&

Richard&Michelmore&

Chris&Saski&

Alex&Feltus&

Keithanne&Mockai,s&

Greg&May&

Tim&Harkins&

The*Cacao*Genome*

Sequencing*Project*

28*

Witches’&Broom&inoculated&pods&

Tolerant&clones&&'TSH*1188*

'TSH*516*

Suscep,ble&clone&

&'Amelonado*

GeneAc*Resistance*

WB& WB&

WB&

WB&WB&

WB&

WB&WB&WB&

NAP*23*NB=31*

TAP*10*NB=4*

WB&

WB&

Resistance**

to*Witches’**

broom*

29*

6719

10635

4995

6612

4199

6393

3765

4338

2732

4554

2669

3156

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

PH 16 PH 16 CCN 51 CCN 51

4 X 2 m 3,5 X 1,5 m 4 X 2 m 3,5 X 1,5 m

Kg/

Ha

POTENTIAL

PREDICTED

REAL

Yield*PotenAal*Globally*the*yield*is*450*kgs*per*ha**

V4C*Empowering*Cacao*Farmers*

*Need*to*drive*yields*to*1500*kgs+*/*Ha*

*Change*must*occur*on*current*land*or*rehabilitated*land*

Expanded*land*use*and*deforestaAon*is*not*the*answer**

*Farmers*must*have*criAcal*inputs*available*

*Improved*planAng*material*made*available*via*budwood/somaAc*

*embryogenesis*for*graning*or*improved*hybrid*seed*

Appropriate,*effecAve*and*affordable*ferAlizer*

Pest*and*disease*soluAons*

Savings,*crop*insurance,*macro*and*micro*credit*instruments*

Outreach*and*success*promoted*via*responsible*naAonal*standards*

Shared*knowledge*and*value*

Science*translated*to*the*Farmer’s*field*

Success*is*complex*VerAcal*integraAon*for*all*Uncommon&Collaborators,*from*governments*to*farmers*and*all*in*between.***

Remember*Edmund*Phelps,*Nobel*Laureate*Economics*thoughts*on*ag*

*“…there*will*be*winners*and*losers.**The*early*adaptors*win…”*

Mars*leads*and*a*few*of*our*compeAtors*are*becoming*uncommon**collaborators.*G7*

Failure*is*inevitable*but*success*is*realized*if*you*really*are*commi`ed* *and**will*go*the*distance.***

No*illusions.**Agree*to*evaluate*passionless*the*value*of*the*acAvity.*

“Put*your*money*where*your*mouth*is”*in*American*vernacular.*

****************Dollars*in*real*terms.*

****************Ministers*of*Ag*and*Finance*are*key*

****************Long'term*persistence*and*engagement.*

****************Science*and*pracAce*translated*for*the*benefit*of*the*farmer.*

****************Don’t*do*what*you*do*not*know*how*to*do,*others*can*do*it* ** * * *be`er.*

****************Pick*your*intervenAons.*

****************Scale*and*scaling.*

****************…and*more* 32*

We*know*how*to*increase*yields*3x*

Note: Poverty level defined as income of $1/day/person Source: World Development Report 2008; C. Peter Timmer, �Agriculture and Pro-Poor Growth�, Syngenta Foundation

Sub-Saharan Africa: Flat Cereal Yields, Persistent Poverty

South Asia: Increasing Cereal Yields, Decreasing Poverty

450

135

585

351

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Current Knowledge/ Pest

Control

PlantMaterial

Fertilizer

Poten,al&Impact&of&&Cacao&Farm&Produc,vity&Increases&(Gains&in&Kg/Ha)*

New Productivity – 1521 Kg/Ha

>3X

Coc

oa Y

ield

(Kg

/ Ha)

*600+*

InnovaAve*Farm*RehabilitaAon*

Older*ways*of*training*farmers*will*not*work**

*Good*Agricultural*PracAces*do*not*drive*change*when:*&Soils&are&depleted&&Trees&/&plan,ng&material&are&old&and&unimproved&&There&is&lack&of&disease&resistance&&&Pest&&&Disease&control&solu,ons&&Technical&training&for&farmers&&There&is&no&incen,ve&for&good&prac,ce&and&quality&of&produc,on&*

Farmers*need*to*see*and*believe*that*change*is*possible*on*their*farm*

Rigorous*pilot*plots*for*proof*of*concept*(mulAple*sites)*

*

Capacity*building*in*the**NaAonal*Agricultural*Research*Centres*and*in*the*NaAonal*Extension*Services**

*Not*the*responsibility*or*capability*of*NGO�s*working*on*short*term*basis*

*

Capacity*building*and*capacity*mobilisaAon:**

State*of*our*collaborator,*CNRA*HQ*in*Abidjan,**

Cote*d’Ivoire*August*2011* 35*

THE&WORLD&AGROFORESTRY&CENTRE&

You*cannot*do*it*alone!*

You*must*have*partners*on*the*ground*Choose*your*partners*from*shared*value*and*consensus*

through*tractable*conversaAons*

*

Our*choice*was*to*collaborate*with*

Uncommon*CollaboraAons*

Change*the*Model*of*Training*

V4C*ImplementaAon:**Uncommon*

CollaboraAon*

•  V4C in 2011 •  Community

Development

•  V4C in 2012-2013

•  Productivity

V4C&in&2011&Staffing&and&facili,es&

Staff&Soubre*

San*Pedro*

Field&Office&&&Training&centre&

5*CDC*Offices*

DemonstraAon**nurseries*

*

*

V4C&in&201142013&Community&Development&&5&CDC&Administra,ve&Unit&(Terroir)&mapped&3&Local&development&plan&–Terroir&(PDL4T)&developed&13&ANADER&staff&(EPL&team)&trained&on&Child&labor&and&social&cohesion&by&ICI&CD&Procedures&Manual&in&progress&&&&

Funding Mechanism for community empowerment projects developed with the Ivorian government

V4C&in&2011&&

Introduce grafting technologies to revitalize old cacao plantations Transforming cacao landscape And lives *

&V4C*in*2012*&Plan,ng&Material&&&

Investments&IrrigaAon*faciliAes*

Laboratory*faciliAes*for*

SomaAc*Embryogenesis*

*PropagaAon*

&V4C&in&201142014&&Plan,ng&Material&&&

CNRA**

3.5*ha*clonal*gardens*with*15*clones*

PotenAel*300*000*budwoods*sAcks*

*

In*2012:*

' *8ha*clonal*gardens*' 8*ha*seed*gardens*' mulAlocal*germplasm*evaluaAon*

In*2013**

'Screening*for*disease*

'CerAfied*disease*free*material*

In*2014*

'rapid*increase*of*producAon*region*wide*

*

1&billion&budwood*sAcks*is*our*goal**

Graning*for*RehabilitaAon*

4&weeks&ajer&grajing&

9&months&ajer&grajing&more&than&30&pods&

Demonstrate*The*Value*of*FerAlizer*

Shared*Value*of*Standards*Leading*to**

3rd*Party*CerAficaAon**Economic*power*built**on*higher*yields*(1500k+),*coupled*with*good*farming*

pracAces*and*higher*cacao*quality*for*the*marketplace***

Low&Quality&Poverty&

High&Quality&Prosperity&

The*Only*Future*Is*Sustainable*

ProducAon!**

At*the*2nd*World*Congress*on*

Agroforestry*

*I*said:*

We*will*not*cerAfy*poverty!*

*

Today,*let*be*absolutely*clear:*

We*will*only*cerAfy*prosperity!*

Part*3*

49*

300 die

We want to improve human health through making plants more

nutritious!

The*African*Orphan*Crops*ConsorAum*

*was*formed*in*2011*

*

The*African*Plant*Breeding*Academy**

opened*December*2nd*2013,**

250*plant*breeders*will*be*trained,**

are*they*the*future*of*Africa*

*

! ! ! ! !

Ayodeji(Abe,(Ph.D.(Nigeria

Ngozi(Eucharia(Abu,(Ph.D.(Nigeria!

Olagorite(A.(Adetula,(Ph.D.(Nigeria!

Daniel(Adewale,(Ph.D.(Nigeria(

Michael(Barnor(Ghana(

maize! pepper,!allium! creeping!foxglove! cocoa! eggplant,!yam,!rice!

!!!!

! ! !!

Agyemang(Danquah,(Ph.D.(Ghana!

Bathe(Diop,(Ph.D.(Senegal

Million(F.(Erena(Ethiopia!

Yonas(Moges(Gelaw(Ethiopia!

Honoré(Kam,(Ph.D.(Burkina!Faso(

sorghum,!bean! rice! bean,!pea,!oil!crops! sorghum,!bean! rice!

! ! !

!

!

Miseo(Keweti(Ethiopia(

Sunday(Makinde,(Ph.D.(Nigeria!

Busio(Olga(Mavankeni(Zimbabwe(

Firew(Mekbib(Ethiopia!

Desire(N’Da(Pokou,(Ph.D.(CôteCd'Ivoire

! maize! okra! bean,!cowpea,!rice! tef,!yam,!bean! cocoa!!

The*first*26*of*101*Genomes*will*be**

Sequenced,*Assembled*and*

Annotated**

in*2014**

15*of*the*crops*are*trees*

It*is*an*Uncommon*CollaboraAon**

BGI*(Beijing*Genomic*InsAtute)*Will*

Produce*the*101*Reference*

Genomes*Fully*Sequenced,*

Assembled*and*Annotated**

Resequencing*of*CulAvars*Will*Be*

Done*at*the*African*Plant*Breeding*

Academy*at*ICRAF*

Using*the*Life*Technologies**

Ion*Proton*Plaworm*

Big*Data*

That*is*101*genomes*resequenced*with*between*100*and*150*

culAvars.***

Do*the*math,*between*10,100*and*15,150*sequences*

The*data*BGI*and*the*AfPBA*generates*will*be*hosted*through*

iPlant*at*the*University*of*Arizona*

Shared*around*the*world*through*the*Google&Cloud&**

All&data&will&be&held&in&the&public&domain&

Breeding*with*Genomics*in*the*Public*Domain*

Whole*Genome*Reference*Sequence*

Resequence*

SNPs/indels*

AnnotaAon*

Genotype*by*sequence*Low*pass*sequence*

Sequence*sampling*

Marker*Assisted*Breeding*

QTLs*

High*density*geneAc*maps*

Genome*selecAon*

Shortened*breeding*cycles*

Breeding*by*design*

Novel*traits*

Access*unadapted*germplasm*

Biological*models*

Sequence*disease*and*pests*

Systems*biology* Improved*varieAes*

Sustainable*society*

To*significantly*improve*the*

nutriAon*of*an*enAre*conAnent*

And*posiAvely**

affect*the**

development*of*

every*child,*

shall*India*or*China*be*the*next*

Uncommon*CollaboraAon?*

67*

“Success*is*ConAnuously**Evolving*

Support*and*Discovery”**(Pal*Singh,2014)***