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A Blueprint to Inform and Promote Community Recovery

Analysis of Safety and Community Conditions of Sacramento’s Gang Prevention Task Force Zones

Produced through generous support from The California Endowment and the City of Sacramento.

July 22, 2013

City of Sacramento Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task ForceThe Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force is a partnership with the City of Sacramento, County representatives, school districts, faith leaders, community based organizations, law enforcement and others. The primary objective of the Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force (MGPTF) is fulfilling the goals and strategies of the Strategic Plan.

The MGPTF Strategic Plan is the policy document that provides a blueprint of best practices to address and prevent youth and gang violence in Sacramento. Based on the concept of reconnecting with Sacramento’s high-risk and gang involved youth, the Strategic Plan builds upon strong working relationships; promotes social and economic policies that support positive youth development; and blends policing efforts with a heavy dosage of prevention and intervention. This comprehensive approach is intended to allow the City, its stakeholders, its partners, and the community to assume responsibility and accountability for the safety, health, and welfare of our youth, families, and neighborhoods.

UC Davis: Center for Regional ChangeThe Center for Regional Change at UC Davis brings together faculty, students, and communities to collaborate on innovative research to create just, sustainable, and healthy regional change in California's Central Valley and Sierra Nevada.

Youth engaging in activities at the Johnston Community Center in North Sacramento

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Advancement Project

Advancement Project is a public policy change organization rooted in the civil rights movement. We engineer large-scale systems change to remedy inequality, expand opportunity and open paths to upward mobility. Our goal is that members of all communities have the safety, opportunity and health they need to thrive.

Our signature is reach and impact. With our strong ties to diverse communities, unlikely alliances, policy and legal expertise, and creative use of technology, we and our partners have won over $15 billion to extend opportunity. Whether it is to build 150 schools, transform the City of Los Angeles’ approach to its gang epidemic, or revolutionize the use of data in policymaking, Advancement Project evens the odds for communities striving to attain equal footing and equal treatment.

The Urban Peace program at Advancement Project reduces and prevents community violence, making poor neighborhoods safer so that children can learn, families can thrive and communities can prosper. A new approach to preventing community violence, Urban Peace applies public health methods to understand the underlying reasons for violence and creates innovative, holistic ways to change the conditions that lead to them.

Part of the Urban Peace program, the Urban Peace Academy—the only one of its kind in the nation—is a critical component of our overall comprehensive violence reduction strategy. The Urban Peace Academy serves as the training platform for the implementation of violence reduction strategies that require sector-specific trainings for gang intervention, law enforcement, government agencies, service providers, and community leaders. Most recently, the Urban Peace Academy team conducted a training assessment for the Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force. The team participated in four stakeholder focus groups and meetings with city councilmembers, including a community tour with a South Sacramento Gang Unit officer. The series of focus groups consisted of one-hour discussions on gang issues and violence in Sacramento. Focus groups were divided into four categories: 1) schools, 2) law enforcement, 3) gang outreach and intervention, and 4) community-based organizations and service providers. In addition, they provided a series of three two-day trainings focused on gang dynamics and intervention, violence reduction strategies, and the importance of multi-sector collaboration for Sacramento stakeholders.

Healthy City is an information + action resource that unites community voices, research and technology to solve the root causes of social inequity in California. Our team is the first to incorporate authorities in public policy, technology, and data analysis. We provide actionable information such as data, maps, and service referrals through HealthyCity.org, our easy-to-use online platform. Healthy City also partners directly with organizations to develop targeted strategies to fuel social change.

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Table of Contents

Introduction 5

Geographic Context: Task Force Zones 8

Task Force Zone Safety Analysis: Indicators 13

City of Sacramento

School Districts

Community Profiles

18

Sacramento Police Beats

Safety

School Conditions

Risk Factors

Protective Factors

20

23

26

Appendix

9

10

11

27

34

Summary Table: Needs in Sacramento Task Force Zones

15

Comprehensive Violence Reduction Strategy (CVRS) 6

Schools Serving Students in Task Force Zones 12

Credits and Acknowledgements 40

5

Introduction

The Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force is a multidisciplinary group of key leaders from various sectors of the city and county, including law enforcement, education, government, and non-profit organizations in Sacramento that share a vision of collaboratively reducing violence using an array of prevention, intervention, re-entry, enforcement, and government accountability strategies. Examples of the type of committed collaboration and solution-driven planning that occurs during a single Task Force meeting include discussions around community/police initiatives, school funding strategies, and an Essential Services Protection Measure.

The Task Force’s larger Strategic Plan for gang intervention includes a comprehensive accountability model with the following focus areas with its corresponding goals:

Focus Goal

School-based Approach Increasing reading proficiency rates at targeted schools

Community Empowerment 100 community leaders and practitioners trained and certified in violence reduction and conflict mediation

Workforce Readiness Create 1,000 internships/training opportunities for at-risk youth

Regional Accountability Reduce gang-involved firearm assaults in high crime areas

In 2010, the Advancement Project (AP) published a Community Safety Scorecard for the City of Los Angeles measuring safety, school conditions, protective, and risk factors based on the Comprehensive Violence Reduction Strategy (CVRS). The City of Sacramento’s Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force (MGPTF) invited AP to combine the lessons it learned in the Los Angeles Scorecard experience with local Sacramento knowledge and create a Scorecard specific to the Sacramento area. The Scorecard highlights areas in the city where service expansion, resources, improvement, and investment is needed in order to create a real sense of safety for all residents.

The Scorecard helps the Task Force meet these goals by serving as a common operating picture of community safety assets and needs, and a valuable quantitative tool for evaluating the outcomes of strategic efforts to reduce gang violence. Tactically, the report will help the task force understand where their efforts should be coordinated and directed.

Distinct from the Los Angeles Scorecard, this report will focus on five zones experiencing the highest amounts of violence in the City of Sacramento. These zones were identified by law enforcement and community experts in an iterative process over a series of months. For each zone, CVRS indicators will be analyzed and compared to a city or county figure. We are indebted to school officials, police officers, Sheriff’s deputies, and many more for the selection of Sacramento-specific indicators that fit in the CVRS model.

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23

the chart below Provides a comPrehensive chart of the cvrs’s three guiding PrinciPles, five elements, and ten root community conditions of violence.

Equitable Distribution

Of ResourcesPrevention Intervention Suppression Reentry

F I V E K E Y E L E M E N T S T O C O M M U N I T Y V I O L E N C E R E D U C T I O N

URBAN PEACE GUID ING PR INCIPLES

COMMUNITY-BASED & CULTURALLY COMPETENT

SERVICE DEL IVERY

DATA-DRIVEN POL ICY MAKING

BUILT- IN ACCOUNTABIL ITY

Normalization of Violence

Poor Access to Quality Health and Mental

Health Care Services

Inadequate Government Coordination and

Accountability

Lack of Community Economic Investment, Workforce

Development, and Family Economic Success

Lack of Effective Reentry Strategies and Support

Early Academic Failure and Lack of School Attachment

Lack of Targeted Suppression that

Follows a Community Policing Model

Lack of Comprehensive Primary Prevention

Infrastructure

Lack of Community Cohesion to Improve

Public Safety

Family Isolation and Lack of Access to

Support Structures

10 ROOT CONDIT IONS OF

COMMUNITY -LEVEL V IOLENCE

The question for violence entrenched communities is how the Ten-Five-Three come together into an actionable strategy capable of achieving immediate reductions in violence, but also sustaining a long-term basic level of safety. Through our practice of technical assistance and support of 19 communities, Urban Peace has developed concrete tools that operationalize the Ten-Five-Three. These tools help a community to identify its assets and needs, build a multi-sector stakeholder network for action, and develop the most feasible pathway for violence reduction tailored to that community.22

Comprehensive Violence Reduction Strategy (CVRS)The Urban Peace program has continued to refine the public health approach to violence reduction first articulated in A Call to Action. Building upon that research and primary data gathered from our engagement with 19 communities since 2006, we have developed a model for gang entrenched communities – the Comprehensive Violence Reduction Strategy (CVRS).

The CVRS is an asset-based, public health approach to violence that links all the elements of violence reduction with community development, cultural transformation, multi-jurisdictional coordination, and accountability. Urban Peace’s theory of change asserts that sustainable violence reduction happens when community and government work together under a single, data-driven strategy; are

accountable to each other; and invest in community-driven solutions. Furthermore, we contend that violence reduction leading to a basic level of safety is the first step toward community transformation resulting in better health, educational, and economic outcomes.

Like other public health threats, violence is a symptom of many risk factors interacting at different levels; no single factor can put some individuals or communities at a higher risk than others. Both risk and protective factors exist at four different levels within our social ecology: the individual, the relationship, the community, and the societal. Within this ecological framework, preventing violent behavior or the likelihood of violent behavior is possible, but complex.

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Any initiatives must be community based, honor the existing leadership and assets of the community, and must deliver culturally competent services.

Three Guiding Principles

Five Key Elements

Ten Root Conditions

Initiatives must aim to improve the use of data and data-sharing protocols across various public and community based service providers leading to more effective and coordinated service delivery, as well as the ability to track what works.

Any initiative must have built in accountability measures that ensure the initiative is regularly evaluated and effective. Both the public sector and the community must be held accountable.

The public health approach to violence reduction addresses the unique conditions in a given community at the “root” of long-term neighborhood violence. Therefore, a public health approach rejects suppression-only strategies that fail to address the underlying community conditions spawning gangs and violence. This model also goes way beyond incremental, “one child at a time,” solutions to community violence. Instead, the public health model advocates for a solution within each high violence community that is linked to a larger, regional strategy.

All of the 19 communities in which Urban Peace has conducted a community violence assessment share 10 common root conditions that contribute to entrenched violence. These conditions manifest themselves differently in each community, reflecting the historical and cultural legacy of each neighborhood, as well as the specific way in which public policy and local practices have evolved.

Some communities may have experienced rapid demographic shifts while others may have a highly transient population – both lead to isolated families. Some may have chronically under-performing schools while others may only have recently experienced a decline – both lead to lack of school attachment for high-risk youth. In short, despite the specifics, we have found that all communities with violence and gang entrenchment have some manifestation of these 10 root conditions.

Community Based & Culturally Competent Service Delivery

Data-Driven Policy Making

Built-In Accountability

To combat the 10 root conditions fueling community violence, a sustainable violence reduction initiative must target five key service elements: Prevention, Intervention, Suppression, Reentry, and Equitable Distribution of Resources.

While the first four elements are familiar from other models, Equitable Distribution of Resources is unique and simply means that the other four service elements are equally available to all individuals and communities at-risk of violence and that these services are culturally competent, meeting the true needs of diverse families. This is particularly important in places that have undergone rapid demographic shifts or where there are significant pockets of underserved and isolated segments of the community.

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Geographic Context: Task Force Zones

The Gang Task Force selected five zones for research and analysis via a multi-stage, collaborative process. The five zones include: the Mack Road/Valley Hi, Oak Park/Fruitridge, Meadowview, Del Paso Heights, and Northgate zones. To identify them, local experts first submitted areas as recommendations.

The process for selecting the zones was a long iterative process that included balanced reasoning, data research, and community competency behind each selection. The selection process was an effort among the various sectors that are part of the Gang Task Force; and a perfect example of effective multi-sector collaboration. For example, people in the Meadowview Zone, nominated this area to be considered one of the zones. The steering committee vetted these

recommendations and made adjustments with the help of Healthy City’s interactive mapping platform. With the platform, they were able to align zones with City boundaries where applicable. Next, the Advancement Project presented maps of these zones at a Gang Task Force meeting. Advancement Project made adjustments based on comments and aligned the zones to police precincts to improve the accuracy of crime data. The Sacramento Police Department provided support in this alignment and further recommendations based on their knowledge of crime in each zone. Finally, the Gang Task Force approved the zones in the research that follows. To see these zones on an interactive mapping platform go to http://www.healthycity.org/wikimap/vm/sacramento_scorecard_zones.

Youth engaging in afterschool programing at the Boys & Girls Club in South Sacramento

9Geographic Context: Five Communities in Sacramento

City of Sacramento and Task Force Zones

5

80B

80

50

99

99

Oak Park/Fruitridge

Northgate

Del PasoHeights

Meadowview

Mack Road/Valley Hi

Free

port

Blv

d

Watt Ave

Florin Rd

Jackson Rd

Broadway

65Th St

Madison Ave

Ca-160

Fran

klin

Blv

d

Fruitridge Rd

S Watt A

ve

15Th

St

Arden Way

Fair Oaks Blvd

Old R

iver Rd

City of Sacramento

0 2.5 5

MilesCity of Sacramento

10 Geographic Context: Five Communities in Sacramento

Task Force Zones and City Council Districts

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7 District 8

5

80B

80

50

99

99

Oak Park/Fruitridge

Northgate

Del PasoHeights

Meadowview

Mack Road/Valley Hi

Free

port

Blv

d

Watt Ave

Florin Rd

Jackson Rd

Broadway

65Th St

Madison Ave

Ca-160

Fran

klin

Blv

d

Fruitridge Rd

S Watt A

ve

15Th

St

Arden Way

Fair Oaks Blvd

Old R

iver Rd

0 2.5 5

MilesSacramento City Council Districts


Note: The County Sheriff’s Department polices the part of the Oak Park/Fruitridge zone outside the City of Sacramento.

Task Force Zones and Sacramento Police Beats

5

80B

80

50

99

99

Oak Park/Fruitridge

Northgate

Del PasoHeights

Meadowview

Mack Road/Valley Hi

Free

port

Blv

d

Watt Ave

Florin Rd

Jackson Rd

Broadway

65Th St

Madison Ave

Ca-160

Fran

klin

Blv

d

Fruitridge Rd

S Watt A

ve

15Th

St

Arden Way

Fair Oaks Blvd

Old R

iver Rd

0 2.5 5

Miles

1C

1A

1B

2A

2C

2B

3A

4A

3C

4C

4B

3M

3B

5A 5B

5C

6A 6B

6C

Sacramento Police Department Beats

12 Geographic Context: Five Communities in Sacramento

Task Force Zones and School Districts

Free

port

Blv

d

Florin Rd

Watt Ave

Broadway

Old R

iver Rd

Fair Oaks Blvd

65Th St

Elk Grove Florin R

d

Fran

klin

Blv

d

Arden Way

Fruitridge Rd

Jackson Rd

S Watt A

veMadison Ave

15Th

St

Northgate

Del PasoHeights

Meadowview

Mack Road/Valley Hi

Oak Park/Fruitridge

Elk GroveUni�ed School District

Sacramento CityUni�ed School District

NatomasUni�ed School District

Twin RiversUni�ed School District

Robla Elementary School District/Twin Rivers Uni�ed School District in Robla

0 2.5 5

Miles

5

80B

80

50

99

99

Ca-160


Zones Schools

Mack Road/Valley Hi

Barbara Comstock Morse Elementary Las Flores High (Alternative)

Charles E. Mack Elementary Prairie Elementary

Herman Leimbach Elementary Rio Cazadero High (Continuation)

Irene B. West Elementary Samuel Jackman Middle

John Reith Elementary Valley High

Meadowview Capital City Independent Study John H. Still K-8

Capitol Collegiate Academy Luther Burbank High

Cesar Chavez Intermediate Mark Hopkins Elementary*

Edward Kemble Elementary Rosa Parks K-8

John Bidwell Elementary Susan B. Anthony Elementary

John D. Sloat Elementary Union House Elementary

John F. Kennedy High School Woodbine Elementary

Oak Park/Fruitridge

American Legion High (Continuation) Hiram W. Johnson High School

Aspire Capitol Heights Academy Kit Carson Middle

California Middle Oak Ridge Elementary

Clayton B. Wire Elementary* Pacific Elementary

Ethel I. Baker Elementary Sacramento Charter High

Father Keith B. Kenny Elementary St. HOPE Public School (PS7)

Fern Bacon Middlle Will Wood Middle

Fruit Ridge Elementary*

Del Paso Heights

Del Paso Heights Elementary Martin Luther King Jr. Technology Academy

Fairbanks Elementary Morey Avenue Early Childhood Development

Glenwood Elementary Noralto Elementary

Grant Union High Norwood Junior High

Harmon Johnson Elementary Taylor Street Elementary

Main Avenue Elementary Twin Rivers Adult- Grant Ave Center

Northgate American Lakes Elementary Natomas High

Discovery High Rio Tierra Junior High

Garden Valley Elementary Smythe Academy of Arts and Sciences

Hazel Strauch Elementary

Note: Some schools listed in the Oak Park/Fruitridge and Meadowview zone are located outside the boundary, but are neighborhood schools for a large number of youth in those zones and were included in our analysis. *School has since closed, but reported data in the 2011-2012 school year and were included in our analysis.

Schools Serving Students in Task Force Zones

Task Force Zones Safety Analysis: Indicators

Indicators for this report were selected based on Advancement Project’s Comprehensive Violence Reduction Logic Model and refined by Sacramento local experts: The Logic Model generated over 1,400 potential indicators; many of which could not be used because of the lack of available representative data. Once available datasets were identified for each remaining indicator, a correlation analysis was done to identify which school, protective, and risk factors were most strongly related to safety indicators. Finally, from this list, the researchers from Healthy City, Urban Peace and the Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles selected the most relevant indicators for the purpose of the original Los Angeles-focused Community Safety Scorecard.

Using the indicators identified during the development of the Los Angeles Community Safety Scorecard, Sacramento’s Gang Task Force and Center for Regional Change – representing a wide variety of experts who could speak to the importance of Logic Model indicators in the Sacramento context – vetted the Logic Model and made some suggestions to add or remove indicators.

In particular, local law enforcement spoke to the details of the specific designation of gang-involved crime and how it could be captured in a Scorecard indicator. The Steering Committee and Education Committee were especially active and helpful.

Overall, the indicators were grouped into four broad categories: safety, school, risk factors and protective factors. Each category of the Scorecard had a minimum of four indicators used to determine its relative importance. The county figure served as the “gold standard” for comparison in all with the exception of safety indicators, which were compared to Sacramento City data and data for the county falling within a zone boundary. The safety indicator “gold standard” was selected because of the absence of up-to-date data at the county level for indicators included in this report.

Data Analysis: Safety|School Conditions|Risk Factors|Protective Factors 15

What do the four categories tell us?

Safety

School Conditions

Risk Factors

Protective Factors

The safety indicators help us understand neighborhood safety, a threshold issue in reducing gang violence. When communities are unsafe, residents are unable to meaningfully participate in a community development process, including a process to develop solutions to reduce violence.

Early academic failure and lack of school attachment undermine successful outcomes for youth and increase the chances that they will become perpetrators or victims of violence. To crease safer more effective schools require a multi-sector partnership focused on improving the academic and socio-emotional outcomes for students

The risk factors indicate the ecology of a neighborhood, including risks posed at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. These factors inform a place-based, public health approach to implementing strategies that increase safety.

The protective factors highlight the existing resources that can help reduce gang violence. An equitable distribution of resources is a key component of violence reduction. These assets can be mobilized in as asset-based approach promoting community-driven development, rather than relying on external agencies alone for support.

Data Analysis: Safety|School Conditions|Risk Factors|Protective Factors16

Safety

Community Gang-involved Crime

Mack Road / Valley Hi 2.3

Meadowview 3.4

Oak Park / Fruitridge 4.7

Del Paso Heights 3.8

Northgate 1.7

City of Sacramento* 2.2

Presence of Gangs

Gang-involved Crime Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012.

Crime data from the Sacramento Police Department (2012) and Sacramento County Sheriff’s Department (2012). Demographic data from Esri (2012).

*City of Sacramento statistics include the total number of incidents reported to the Sacramento Police Department and the portion of Sacramento County Sheriff’s Department data covering the Oak Park / Fruitridge area.

1. Campos, E. (2013, May 30). North Sacramento Gang Violence Has Residents Ready to Move. CBS Sacramento. Retrieved from http://sacramento.cbslocal.com

2. DuHain, T. (2013, April 14). Officers fear gang war in South Sacramento. KCRA Sacramento. Retrieved from http://www.kcra.com

3. Minugh, K. (2013, April 21). Church plans prayer rally in stand against youth violence. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com

Even in the most gang entrenched neighborhoods, only a small minority of youth ever joins a gang. However, the majority of children and youth who live in these neighborhoods face daily exposure to violence. The presence of this violence and lack of attachment to positive culture allows for gang members and community residents to see violence as a normal everyday occurrence as opposed to a force that can be combated and eliminated. Persons in the Oak/Park Fruitridge zone suffered from the highest rates of gang-involved crime in 2012, but local news has reported spikes in Sacramento gang violence in northern1 and southern2 parts of the city this spring. Gang affiliation3 has been cited as a reason for three recent homicides.

Community Violent Crime


Meadowview 7.5



Northgate 7.7


Presence of Violent Crime

Violent Crime Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012.



4. Hemphill, A. (2012, October 14). Midtown Residents Concerned Over Growing Violent Crime Rate. CBS Sacramento. Retrieved from http://sacramento.cbslocal.com

5. Goode, E. (2012, November 3). Crime Increases in Sacramento After Deep Cuts to Police Force. The NewYork Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Violence is a public health epidemic with crippling impact on the health and wellbeing of youth, children, families and entire communities. People who witness or are exposed to violence are more prone to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression, resulting in other public health conditions like obesity and diabetes. The Sacramento Police and Sheriff’s Departments recorded the highest rates of violent crime in the Oak Park/Fruitridge zone, where each zone was at or above the city average. Residents in these areas are increasingly worried4 about violent crime, while budget cuts adopted in a struggling economy have reduced enforcement resources.5


Safety

Zones Domestic Violence Incidents


Meadowview 7.1



Northgate 5.0


Violence in the Home: Family Connectedness

Domestic Violence Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012.



6. Sacramento County Domestic Violence Coordinating Council. What you should know. Retrieved from http://www.dvccsac.org

Zones Child Abuse Incidents


Meadowview 1.6



Northgate 0.7


Child SafetyChild Abuse Incidents per 1,000 Children Ages 0 to 5.



7. Haskins, R. et al. (2009). Preventing Child Maltreatment. The Future of Children. Vol 19, No. 2.

Child abuse and neglect, often referred as child maltreatment, is generally categorized into four areas: neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Children who suffer from maltreatment are more likely to suffer from stress, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and delayed cognitive and emotional development. Additionally, children who experience abuse or neglect are more likely to have substance abuse issues and be involved in criminal activity later in life.7 The Sacramento Police and County Sheriff’s Departments reported the Meadowview zone to have the highest rate of child abuse among the zones in 2012.

Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can disrupt a family’s ability to work and care for its members,6 which can proliferate into a cycle of abuse. It is linked to family isolation, a root condition of sustained community violence. The Del Paso Heights zone had the highest rate of domestic violence incidents per 1,000 people in 2012.


Safety

Zones Narcotics Crime


Meadowview 3.8



Northgate 4.6


Presence of Narcotics

Narcotics Crime Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012



The presence of illegal drugs can make communities and schools unsafe as crime and arrests are correlated with drug use. An important job of a community’s prevention and intervention infrastructure is to prevent drug addiction and intervene in addictive disorders. The Mack Road/Valley Hi zone had less than half the city rate of drug crimes per 1,000 residents, while the Oak Park/Fruitridge zone had double the city figure.

Zones Property Crime


Meadowview 30.1



Northgate 33.4


Presence of Property CrimeProperty Crime Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012



Property crime includes burglary, theft, motor-vehicle theft, and vandalism among other crimes. It is associated with a lack of safe and well-maintained public spaces, including parks, and a weak business infrastructure. Community policing, locally-owned businesses, and community cohesion are important deterrents. Property crime can be underreported in high-crime areas where community members do not feel comfortable reporting incidents or believe reporting to be of no value. All five zones had lower rates of property crime than the city in 2012. In Sacramento, more property crimes occur in the downtown and business areas as opposed to the more residential zone areas.


School Conditions

Zones High School Graduation


Meadowview 88.1



Northgate 82.1

Sacramento County 76.7

Academic Success: School Attachment

Percent of Cohort Graduates among all Cohort Students in the 2011-12 School Year.

Data from the California Department of Education DataQuest database (2011-12).

8. Kalb, L. (2013, April 10). Dropout rates improve at Sacramento-area schools. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com

A lack of access to services promoting family economic success and a lack of school attachment, or connection to people at school and a feeling of being a part of it, are root causes of sustained community violence. High school graduation rates are an indicator of both. Programs that reduce truancy and dropouts and positively develop youth in school, family, and community settings help schools increase graduation rates. The Meadowview zone had the highest graduation rate among zones in 2011-12. Graduation rates for Sacramento area schools have been increasing with the state of California overall.8

Zones College Readiness


Meadowview 41.9



Northgate 24.7


College Readiness

Percent of High School Graduates Completing Courses Required for California State University (CSU) and/or University of California (UC) Entrance among all Graduates in the 2011-12 School Year.

Data from the California Department of Education DataQuest database (2011-12).

9. Freedman, J. et al. (2011). Raising the Bar: Understanding and Assessing A-G College Readiness Requirements as High School Graduation Standards. Silicon Valley Education Foundation. Retrieved from http://svefoundation.org.

10. Oakes, J. et al. (2006). Removing the Roadblocks: Fair College Opportunities for All California Students. University of California/All Campus Consortium for Research Diversity & UCLA Institute for Democracy, Education and Access.

In order to be eligible for admission to a UC or CSU campus, among other requirements, a high school student must complete required courses known as “A-G” requirements. Their completion indicates the student is prepared for college-level coursework. Studies have shown socioeconomic and geographic disparities in the rates of students who met these requirements.9 10 Less than half of graduates of all zones (and the county) were ready to enter the CSU/UC system in 2011-12. The Oak Park/Fruitridge neighborhood, has a higher rate of college readiness (45.8%) than the county average (37.7%), while Northgate (24.7%) lags behind the county average.


Zones 3rd Grade 7th Grade

Mack Road / Valley Hi 31.0 27.9

Meadowview 34.7 21.9

Oak Park / Fruitridge 36.2 17.2

Del Paso Heights 41.1 29.1

Northgate 36.3 14.0

Sacramento County 25.0 15.0

School Readiness: Reading Skills and Literacy

Percent of Students in 3rd or 7th Grades Scoring “Below Basic” or “Far Below Basic” on the 2012 English Language-Arts California Standards Test.

Data from the California Department of Education Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) database (2012).

11. Sacramento READS! (2012). Literacy Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.sacramentoreads.com/sacramento-reads/literacy-crisis

12. Root Cause. (2012). Guide to Giving: School Readiness. Retrieved from http://rootcause.org/school-readiness California State Board of Education. (2009). English-Language Arts Content Standards for California Public

13. California State Board of Education. (2009). English-Language Arts Content Standards for California Public Schools. Retrieved from http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/elacontentstnds.pdf

Early academic failure and a lack of school attachment are contributing factors for sustained community violence.

Third grade is a pivotal point in student learning and a benchmark for future academic success. This is the point where children experience an academic cognitive shift and when educators expect children to transition from learning to read to reading to learn. Falling short of this milestone has significant consequences including, students not graduating from high school and those that do graduate are not prepared for college, careers, or military service.11 Additionally, third grade reading scores are generally regarded as a benchmark of prior school readiness for kindergarten, a fixed standard of physical, intellectual, and social development required for success at school.12 Third graders in Scorecard zone schools generally were more likely to score below basic or far below basic on the English Language Arts (ELA) California Standards Test (CST) than students countywide.

Seventh grade reading scores reflect continued effectiveness of schools to raise student reading levels. Among other things, seventh graders should be able to use context clues to help understand unknown words, comprehend grade-level appropriate text, and be able to read and respond to texts in clear, coherent, and focused essays.13 Students in each zone, save Northgate, were more likely to score below basic or far below basic on the ELA CST than students countywide.

School Conditions


Risk Factors

Zones Firearm-Related Incidents


Meadowview 3.7



Northgate 3.2


Presence of Violence In CommunityFirearm-Related Incidents per 1,000 Residents in 2012.



14. Black, D. (1970). Production of Crime Rates. American Sociological Review. Vol 35.

15. Goode, E. (2012, November 3). Crime Increases in Sacramento After Deep Cuts to Police Force. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

16. Wakeling, S. et al. (2012). Sacramento Safe Community Partnership (Ceasefire): An Initial Progress Report. California Partnership for Safe Communities.

17. Sacramento Area Congregations Together. (2013, March 8) Sacramento Clergy from 24 Congregations Launch “Gun Violence Sabbaths´Across Sacramento, Urge Local City Leaders to Address Violence and Expand Ceasefire Strategy City-wide. Retrieved from http://www.sacact.org

18. Zaveri, P. (2013, May 23). Sacramento takes steps to regulate gun sales. The California Aggie. Retrieved from http://www.theaggie.org

Although police incident data has shortcomings (e.g., lacking crimes not reported),14 shootings are a relatively good indicator of gun violence.15 The Sacramento Police and County Sheriff’s Departments reported higher rates of firearm incidents in the five zones analyzed in this report than the city as a whole, lead by Oak Park/Fruitridge. The Mack Road/Valley Hi area was singled out in a previous report for a concentration of shootings.16 The Sacramento public sector has been seeking funding17 and developing policies18 to reduce gun violence in the city.

Juvenile Participation in the Criminal Justice System

Juvenile Arrests for Violent Offenses per 1,000 Residents Ages 10 to 17 in 2012.



Participation in violence as a young person and experience in the juvenile justice system increases the probability of violence or criminal justice system involvement as an adult. Time spent in the juvenile justice system usually reduces time spent in the educational system, making higher learning a less-achievable goal. Northgate alone had a higher rate of juvenile arrests for violent offenses compared to the city. Although rates of juvenile arrests for violent offenses were low in Scorecard zones, over one third of all juvenile arrests for violent offenses took place in them. The zones have higher concentrations of youth than other parts of the city, lowering the rates compared to non-zone areas.

Zones Juvenile Arrests


Meadowview 5.6



Northgate 7.9



Lack of Economic Stability and DevelopmentPercent of Families in Poverty among all Family Households (2007-2011).

Data from American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates (2011).

Zone figures are aggregations of Census Tract estimates.

Families living in poverty, struggling with basic necessities, often cannot provide adequate support and supervision for their children and become isolated from support structures. To achieve safety, it is vital to help families become economically stable. Key elements of an economically strong community include a robust business infrastructure providing living-wage jobs, job training resources and opportunities, and access to services that promote families’ economic independence. Even accounting for margins of error, the Meadowview, Oak Park/Fruitridge, and Del Paso Heights zones had higher percentages of families in poverty than the county over the past five years.

Unemployment is linked to a weak infrastructure and an insufficient amount of local well-paying jobs and training resources. In cases of high joblessness, youth struggle to remain on a career path, making underground economies become more attractive to people looking to support themselves and their families. Over the past five years, the Oak Park/Fruitridge, Meadowview, and Northgate neighborhoods had higher unemployment rates than the county, even when accounting for margins of error. The California economy has suffered since 2008 following the mortgage crisis and meltdown on Wall Street. Sacramento unemployment levels peaked in 201019 and are now decreasing to 2008 levels. 20

Risk Factors

Zones Families in Poverty Margin of Error


Meadowview 23.4 8.3



Northgate 15.5 7.8


Zones Unemployment Margin of Error


Meadowview 18.7 7.3



Northgate 18.4 6.2


Percent of Unemployed Civilians in the Civilian Labor Force (2007-2011).

Data from American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates (2011).

Zone figures are aggregations of Census Tract estimates.

19. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2010

20. Milne, S. (2013, May 17). Sacramento Area Unemployment Down in April. Capital Public Radio. Retrieved from http://archive2.capradio.org


Risk Factors

Presence of Isolated FamiliesPercent of Single-Parent Families among all Family Households (2010).

Data from the 2010 U.S. Census.

Zone figures are aggregations of Block Group estimates.

High violence communities often have significant concentrations of families that are racially, socially, culturally, financially or otherwise isolated from the larger community. Isolated families face a multitude of challenges to accessing services, such as language barriers and unprotected legal status. Single-parent families may have access to fewer family supports and services than two-parent households. These working single parents can struggle at times to identify child care from a quality source or care from relatives and friends. In this report, no zone had fewer than 40% of its families headed by a single parent and more than half of Oak Park/Fruitridge families were one-parent households.

Zones Single-Parent Families


Meadowview 49.2



Northgate 44.0



Zones Child Care Capacity


Meadowview 9.2



Northgate 22.7


Early Childhood Development ServicesNumber of Licensed Child Care Facility Seats per 100 Children Ages 0 to 5.

Licensed Child Care Facility Data from the California Child Care Licensing Division (2013).

21. Webster-Stratton, C. & Reid, J. (2010). A School-Family Partnership. In S. L. Christenson & A.L. Reschly (Eds). Handbook on School-family partnerships.

22. Lara-Cinisomo, S. et al. (2004). Are L.A.’s Children Ready for School? RAND Labor and Population. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org Between 2008 and 2011, California made staggering cuts to the early

care and education sector, resulting in lost opportunities for children to be educated, parents to continue working, and members of the early care and education workforce to remain employed and contribute to the state’s economic recovery. Cuts were particularly devastating to low-income families depending on these services. Quality child care is an important contributor to school readiness, which is related to higher educational and occupational outcomes as well as lower levels of aggression, noncompliance and oppositional behaviors21 and rates of crime.22 The Meadowview and Del Paso Heights communities have roughly half the county rate of licensed child care seats, according to the California Child Care Licensing Division.

Protective Factors

Zones Violence Prevention Services


Meadowview 3.0



Northgate 1.3


Access to Violence Prevention ServicesNumber of Violence Prevention Services per 10,000 Residents (2013).

Service data from 211 Sacramento in partnership with Community Link (2013). Population data from Esri (2012).

23. Advancement Project (2012). A Call to Action: Los Angeles’ Quest to Achieve Community Safety. Retrieved from http://www.advancementprojectca.org/sites/default/files/imce/AP%20Call%20To%20Action_LA%20Quest%20to%20Achieve%20Community%20Safety%20FINAL%202013.

pdfThe creation and maintenance of a robust primary prevention infrastructure in high violence communities is a critical element in eradicating root conditions of violence.23 High violence communities can have concentrations of formerly incarcerated and system-involved youth and adults who are unprepared to be fully reintegrated into their communities. System-involved youth and adults often lack comprehensive transitional planning linking them to a support system in the community (e.g., housing, education, jobs, mental health/healthcare services). A lack of coordinated reentry resources puts these returning residents at risk of re-offending. Each Scorecard zone had a higher rate of violence prevention services than the county as a whole in 2013.


Zones Insured


Meadowview 87.0



Northgate 85.6


Health Care CoverageNumber of Residents with Health Insurance per 100 Residents Ages 0 to 64.

Data from the California Health Interview Survey (2009).

Zone figures are aggregations of ZIP code estimates. See page 36 for calculation methods.

24. Advancement Project (2011). Community Safety Scorecard: City of Los Angeles 2011. Retrieved from http://www.advancementprojectca.org/sites/default/f i les/ imce/Community%20Safety%20Scorecard%20FINAL%20LowRes%2010-25-11.pdf

Violence is a public health epidemic with crippling impact on the health and wellbeing of youth, children, families and entire communities. Communities in highest need of health services seldom have consistent access to quality, culturally-competent, preventative health and mental health services and education. Youth in high crime areas are often over-medicated, or misdiagnosed and at-risk of being labeled and placed in services that further stigmatize them, or categorically exclude them from rehabilitative services.24 The California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) reported that in 2009 each zone had insurance coverage levels below the county average, lead by the Northgate zone.

Civic Engagement and Neighborhood CohesionNumber of Registered Voters who Voted in the General Election per 100 Citizen Voting Age Population in 2012.

Data from the University of California Berkeley Statewide Database (2010).

Zone figures are aggregations of Census Block estimates.

25. Advancement Project. (2011). Comprehensive Violence Reduction Strategy (CVRS): A Framework for Implementing the CVRS in your Neighborhood. Retrieved from http://www.advancementprojectca.org/sites/default/files/imce/CVRSReport_Final.pdf

Governments with jurisdiction over high violence communities often fail to demand and deliver comprehensive solutions to the complex, entrenched issues facing socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. The rate of active voters in a community speaks to its cohesion and willingness to hold its elected officials accountable for these solutions.25 The Statewide Database reported active voting age population rates well below the County figure for each Scorecard zone, lead by the Del Paso Heights zone.

Zones Active Voting Age Population


Meadowview 46.9



Northgate 43.6


Protective Factors


Protective Factors

Family and Residential StabilityPercent of Owner-Occupied Housing Units out of All Occupied Housing Units (2010).

Data from the 2010 U.S. Census.

Zone figures are aggregations of Block Group estimates.

26. Van Der Meer, B. (2013, May 24). Sacramento housing market edges toward normalcy. Sacramento Business Journal. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento

27. Locke, Cathy. (2013, June 9). Sacramento County homeless count shows increase since 2011. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com

28. The Editorial Board (2013, March 31). Editorial: Sequester cuts could add to homelessness. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com

Communities with high concentrations of crime usually lack community cohesion overall, which is necessary in addressing public safety. Fear of violence prevents and limits residents from organizing or participating in social and civic institutions. Community cohesion occurs when strong networks of social infrastructure exist and when diverse groups gather and share bonds of neighborliness, civility, and trust. These neighborly connections can then give way to collective community events, information sharing, neighborhood watch programs, and other layers of community engagement. Low home-ownership, associated with high neighborhood instability is one barrier of sustained community cohesion. Each zone in this report had a lower home-ownership rate than the county as a whole. Although Sacramento is beginning to emerge from the mortgage crisis,26 many are struggling to even afford rent,27 and resources for housing continue to be a concern.28

Zones Owner-Occupied Housing


Meadowview 52.6



Northgate 54.0


Zone data values were classified and given a color from green to red, based on their distance above or below the city or county value. This distance was quantified based on standard deviations of the data. Go to pages 15-25 for detailed information about each indicator.


Summary Table: Needs in Sacramento Task Force Zones

Indicator Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Crime Domestic Violence 3 4 4 5 3Property Crime 2 1 2 2 2Gang-Related Crime 3 4 5 4 3Narcotics Crime 2 3 5 3 3Violent Crime 3 3 5 4 3Child Abuse 4 5 3 4 3

Risk Factors

Firearm-Related Incidents 3 3 5 4 3Families in Poverty 3 4 5 5 3Unemployed Population 3 4 5 4 4

Juvenile Arrests 2 3 3 2 4Single-Parent Families 4 5 5 5 4

SchoolConditions

3rd_Below_FarBelow_Perc 4 5 4 5 57th_Below_FarBelow_Perc 4 3 2 4 3High School Graduation 3 1 3 3 2Prepared for College 3 3 3 3 5

Protective Factor

Licensed Child Care Facilities 3 5 3 5 3Owner- Occupied Housing Units 3 3 5 5 3

Insured Population 5 5 5 5 5Active Voting Age Population 5 5 5 5 5Violence Prevention Services 2 2 1 2 2

Safe

Good

Few

Many

Unsafe

Poor

Many

Few

Crime

SchoolConditions

Risk Factors

ProtectiveFactors

Community Profiles28

Community Profiles

This Community Safety Scorecard highlights disparities that exist in the City and County of Sacramento, while underscoring the need for collective action in reducing entrenched community violence. Based on the analysis of the community safety indicators, this section takes a closer look into each task force zone. Each zone has its own demographic and geographic characteristics helpful for understanding the four categories of community safety indicators.

The following community profiles will show which factors have the most impact on community safety and what kind of attention is needed to improve it. For indicators classified as medium to high, it is probable that the level of violence entrenchment in the community necessitates an implementation of comprehensive violence reduction strategies around them. Indicators classified as medium to low may represent community assets or strengths to build from.

Neighborhood Characteristics

Mack Road / Valley HiThe Valley Hi community was largely developed in the 1960’s. Made up of single family homes, the community is home to one high school, one alternative high school, one middle school and three elementary schools, all part of the Elk Grove Unified School District. Mack Road is a major transportation route, running west to east at the northern boundary of the Valley Hi community. Mack Road serves as a commercial corridor and is also home to over 1,100 multi-family housing units.

Currently, the Valley Hi / Mack Road community is the recipient of a grant from Kaiser Permanente to the Health Education Council of Sacramento to focus on families eating healthy meals and drinking non-sugar beverages. In early 2011, the property owners along Mack Road voted to assess themselves, in addition to forming a Property and Business Improvement District (PBID) including both Kaiser and Methodist Hospitals. The community is also one of the focus communities for Ceasefire; a gang intervention strategy. The strategy targets youth and young adults who are the “drivers of violence” off the streets through outreach and direct communication, and into jobs and support services.

MeadowviewThe Meadowview community is part of the Sacramento City Unified School District operating six elementary schools and two middle schools. The Meadowview community was developed in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s and is largely made up of single-family homes. In recent years the Meadowview community has seen a rise in businesses along the Meadowview Road corridor with such businesses as Home Depot, Starbucks, Walgreens, and IHOP. The Meadowview community is also home to the Samuel Pannell Meadowview Community Center and the Martin Luther King Library.

A working-class community, Meadowview has experienced a number of community changes and challenges including high crime and gang related violence. The community has transitioned from a multi-cultural neighborhood of homeowners to a neighborhood made up of largely rental homes. The Meadowview community has one of the last major non-residential, non-commercial, and non-industrial pieces of land in Sacramento. This land will become an 800-acre master planned development that will feature 1.3 million square feet of planned retail, 250,000 square feet of hotel and commercial uses, and 5,200 new residents.

Community Profiles 29

Youth engaging in afterschool programing at the Boys & Girls Club in South Sacramento

1. Rios, Michael et al. (2011). A Citizen’s Guide to South Sacramento. Retrieved from http://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/projects/current/sacramento-diasporas-project-1/sacramento-diasporas-project.

Oak Park / FruitridgeOak Park was Sacramento’s first suburb. The Oak Park / Fruitridge zone is part of an area commonly referred to as South Sacramento, an area with one of the most culturally diverse populations in the larger Sacramento region due to the presence of African Americans, Chinese, Hmong, Laotians, Latinos, Mien, and Vietnamese among other cultural groups. The area faces challenges, including dwindling government resources, a scarcity of private investment, and high poverty rates, while it sees opportunities in local social entrepreneurialism and diversity.1 Oak Park became known for crime and problems with drugs starting in the 1960s, but more recently has undergone some revitalization with public programs like St. Hope, affordable housing, and jobs through UC Davis and Shriner’s hospitals. The northern portion of the area has especially benefitted from investment, while more is needed in the southern part of the zone.

Del Paso HeightsBarriers such as highways and levees and a lack of attractions isolate Del Paso Heights from surrounding areas. From the 1970s – early 90s, the area had a red light district, where narcotics and criminal activity flourished. In the last eight years, things have improved.

Residents advocate for their neighborhood.

Nonprofits like the Roberts Family Development Center, Mutual Assistance Network, Centers for Fathers and Family and Urban League have stepped in. Parks have been rebuilt and social connections are stronger (e.g., joint-use agreements between schools and parks; Grant Little League has reformed and a soccer league has formed, community centers attract people with new classes like Zumba).

NorthgateNorth Sacramento was an independent city until it was annexed by the city of Sacramento in 1964. There was a great deal of animosity related to the annexation that lasted for a couple of decades. There was also a lack of initial (political) representation at the beginning. Not having an economic engine, it has relied on the city of Sacramento to address its issues. Because it was an older area there was not a lot of space for new development, so it was left alone as other areas became developed. The residents became older, poorer, and had more needs. Homeowners moved out and rented their properties. Drug issues affected the community. In the last 10-15 years people have recognized the need for change and became more entrepreneurial, and encouraged residents to be more self-sufficient. Several school districts were combined into one (Twin Rivers) and that has presented challenges, but they are positive about the future.


Zone 1: Mack Road / Valley Hi

Ethnicity & Race* (%)

Latino 32.0

White 24.4

African American 23.5

Asian 23.7

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders

2.9

American Indian/Alaska Native

0.8

Other 16.6

Mack Rd

Bruceville R

d

Gerber Rd

Stockton Blvd

Cosumnes River Blvd

Power Inn R

d

Calvine Rd

Elsie Ave

Sheldon RdCenter Pky

JacintoCreek Park

Florin CreekPark

Valley Hi Park

ShastaCommunity Park

SheldonPark

MiddlebrookLaguna Park

NielsenPark

CountrysideCommunity Park

Norman WatersPark

Fran

klin

Blv

d

99

Valley High

PrairieElementary

Samuel JackmanMiddle

John ReithElementary

Irene B. WestElementary

Herman LeimbachElementary

Charles E. MackElementary

Las Flores High(Alternative)

Barbara ComstockMorse Elementary

Rio Cazadero High(Continuation)

0 0.5 1

Miles

2.37.45.71.42.635.9

76.332.431.027.9

3.44.517.914.543.8

16.41.986.344.051.0

Gang-Involved CrimeViolent Crime Domestic ViolenceChild AbuseNarcotics-Related Crime

Protective Factors

Property Crime

% 3rd Grade Below/Far Below

% High School Graduation% College Readiness

% 7th Grade Below/Far Below

Firearm-Related Incidents per 1k

% Families in Poverty% Unemployed Population

Juvenile Arrests per 1k

% Single-Parent Families

Licensed Child Care Seats per 100

% Owner-Occupied Housing Units

% Insured Population% Active Voting Age Population

Violence Prevention Services per 10k

Needs in Mack Road/Valley Hi

School ConditionsSafety (per 1k)

Risk Factors

Low High

3.47.57.11.63.830.1

3.75.623.4

49.2

9.23.087.046.952.6

88.141.934.721.9

18.7

Property Crime


Needs in Meadowview












Protective Factors


Risk Factors

Low High

*Latino is an ethnicity and can consist of people from different races. For example, there are some Latinos in this zone that also make up part of the African American population. Additionally, because the “Two or More Races” category from the ACS data was not included in our analysis, the calculations for race do not add up to 100 percent.

Population (#) (%)

Youth 13k 30.8

Adult 26k 60.9

Senior 3k 8.3

Total 43,059


Zone 2: Meadowview

Ethnicity & Race (%)

Latino 30.3

White 23.2


Asian 25.5


3.7


1.0

Other 15.4

NicholasPark

MeadowviewPark

WoodbinePark

Bowling GreenPark

NielsenPark

Cabrillo Park

Susan B. AnthonyPark

Franklin Blvd

Florin Rd

Free

port

Blv

d

Meadowview Rd

S River Rd

47Th Ave

24Th

St

Mack Rd

99

5

John H. Still

Rosa Parks Middle

WoodbineElementary

Capitol Collegiate Academy

Luther Burbank High

Union HouseElementary

Mark HopkinsElementary

John Bidwell Elementary

John D. SloatElementary Edward Kemble

Elementary

Cesar Chavez Intermediate

Susan B. AnthonyElementary

Capital CityIndependent Study

0 0.5 1

Miles

2.37.45.71.42.635.9

76.332.431.027.9

3.44.517.914.543.8

16.41.986.344.051.0


Protective Factors

Property Crime












Needs in Mack Road/Valley Hi


Risk Factors

Low High

3.47.57.11.63.830.1

3.75.623.4

49.2

9.23.087.046.952.6

88.141.934.721.9

18.7

Property Crime


Needs in Meadowview












Protective Factors


Risk Factors

Low High


Population (#) (%)

Youth 15k 32.5

Adult 27k 58.0

Senior 4k 8.4

Total 46,055


Zone 3: Oak Park / Fruitridge

Ethnicity & Race (%)

Latino 44.3

White 34.0


Asian 12.9


0.9

American Indian/Alaskan Native

1.9

Other 23.3

50

99

Pacific Elementary

Oak Ridge Elementary

Fruit Ridge Elementary

Ethel I. BakerElementary

Clayton B. Wire Elementary

Aspire Capitol Heights Academy

St. HOPE PublicSchool 7 (PS7)

Father Keith B. Kenny Elementary

Will WoodMiddle

Stockton Blvd

24Th

St

47Th Ave

Broadway

14Th Ave

Mar

tin L

Kin

g B

lvd

Folsom Blvd

59Th St

34Th

St T St

Sutterville Rd

Elvas Ave

12Th Ave

65Th St

Fruitridge Rd

Broadway

CurtisPark Tahoe Park

Nicholas Park

James McClatchyPark

FruitridgeCommunity Park

AirportPark

LawrencePark

James ManganPark

RainbowPark

Fran

klin

Blv

dSacramento Charter High

0 0.5 1

Miles

Sacramento County

Sacramento County Line

4.711.17.01.110.738.0

77.145.836.217.2

14.54.285.738.339.8

6.25.528.623.351.1

Property Crime


Needs in Oak Park/Fruitridge

Protective Factors

School Conditions (%)Safety (per 1k)

Risk Factors

3rd Grade Below/Far Below

High School GraduationCollege Readiness

7th Grade Below/Far Below









Low High

3.89.78.21.46.233.5

80.736.041.129.1

5.14.726.518.547.6

9.23.086.636.642.3

Needs in Del Paso Heights

Property Crime


Safety (per 1k)

Risk FactorsFirearm-Related Incidents per 1k




Protective Factors

School Conditions (%)








Low High

Population (#) (%)

Youth 11k 30.0

Adult 22k 62.0

Senior 3k 7.0

Total 36,092



Zone 4: Del Paso Heights

Rio

Lin

da B

lvd

Nor

thga

te B

lvd

Nor

woo

d A

veBell Ave

Main Ave

El Camino Ave

Grand Ave

Aubur

n Blvd

Marysville Blvd

San Juan Rd

Ral

ey B

lvd

Del Pas

o Blvd

Arcade BlvdM

arys

ville

Blv

d

80

Grant UnionHigh

NoraltoElementary

Norwood Junior High

GlenwoodElementary

FairbanksElementary

Taylor StreetElementary

Main AvenueElementary

Harmon JohnsonElementary

Martin Luther King Jr.Technology Academy

Del Paso Heights Elementary

JohnstonPark

Hagginwood Park

Robla CommunityPark

GardenlandPark

Nuevo ParkRobertson Park

Del Paso HeightsPark

0 0.5 1

Miles

4.711.17.01.110.738.0

77.145.836.217.2

14.54.285.738.339.8

6.25.528.623.351.1

Property Crime


Needs in Oak Park/Fruitridge

Protective Factors


Risk Factors












Low High

3.89.78.21.46.233.5

80.736.041.129.1

5.14.726.518.547.6

9.23.086.636.642.3

Needs in Del Paso Heights

Property Crime


Safety (per 1k)

Risk FactorsFirearm-Related Incidents per 1k




Protective Factors

School Conditions (%)








Low High

Population (#) (%)

Youth 12k 33.1

Adult 22k 59.5

Senior 2k 6.5

Total 36,190



Latino 36.3

White 33.4


Asian 18.1


2.3


1.4

Other 19.3


Zone 5: Northgate

NatomasHigh

Discovery High

Rio TierraJunior High

Hazel Strauch Elementary

Garden Valley Elementary

Smythe Academy ofArts and Sciences

Trux

el R

d Nor

thga

te B

lvd

Garden Hwy

W El Camino Ave

San Juan Rd

Arden-Garden Conn

Azevedo D

r

Discovery ParkAmerican River Parkway

JohnstonParkNorthgate

Park

NinosParkway

GardenlandPark

80

0 0.5 1

Miles

1.77.75.00.74.633.4

82.124.736.314.0

22.71.385.643.654.0

3.27.915.518.444.0

Property Crime









Protective Factors


Risk Factors

Needs in Northgate Low High





Population (#) (%)

Youth 6k 27.9

Adult 15k 64.5

Senior 22k 6.7

Total 22,494



Latino 46.5

White 43.5


Asian 9.2


1.4


1.6

Other 22.6

Appendix 35

Appendix

I. Data and Analysis Limitations

II. Census geographies in Scorecard Zones

III. Calculations of Insured Population

IV. Further Readings

Appendix36

I. Data and Analysis Limitations

Data & Analysis Limitations

This scorecard is an improvement over related research in several respects, but the data and analysis used to create the scorecard come with several limitations based on time of data collection, standards, methods, data, and geographies.

Time

Data in this report represents the best, most up-to-date indicators of safety, school conditions, risk factors and protective factors. Safety data here is for 2012, practically real-time data in this type of research. Other data, however, are as old as 2009, and some are pooled estimates over time (see American Community Survey data below). That data for different indicators are from different years should be noted. Additionally, this report is a snapshot in time, and some indicators will rise or fall substantially in the coming years, and are part of an increasing or decreasing trend now. For example, we hope that the falling unemployment rate continues to fall.

Data standards

The inclusion of a standard, or the city and county data by which to judge neighborhood statistics is of more help than comparing the neighborhoods to each other alone. However, Sacramento city or county figures may be higher or lower than desired. California has the highest rate of poverty among any state in the nation, according to the Census Bureaus’ supplemental poverty measure. Thus, Sacramento city or county poverty rates may be too high to serve as standards. Standards more connected to state or national research like Healthy People 2020 goals or their equivalents in the education and safety fields will make the comparisons more meaningful in future analyses.

Methods

We chose mix Sacramento Police and County Sheriff’s Department data in this report to create figures for the Oak Park/Fruitridge zone. There are practical benefits of doing so, including painting a more accurate picture of the entire zone, and building a shared vision among the two departments to work together towards safety in the area. A drawback is that the two data sets have some differences. Although both departments calculated data using the same crime codes, the two departments have slightly different crime code taxonomies, and policies in each department might affect how law enforcement officials in the field collect this data.Classifying data using standard deviations will help the Gang Task Force and others track this data more easily in the future. A better understanding of how the data is distributed could provide more insight into the strength of this classification method. A further improvement would be to calculate whether figures are significantly higher or lower from standards, adding additional clarity to the highest or lowest or priorities within the data.

Data

School condition data in this scorecard are derived from different types of schools (e.g., traditional schools, public charter schools, continuation schools) with different types and amounts of funding streams, many of which are the subject of recent political debate (e.g., Local Control Funding Formula discussions). Remarkable individual-school trends may be masked by aggregation with data from other schools to form neighborhood figures. Therefore, it is important to look at the data for each school in the context of its neighborhood and school district. American Community Survey 5-year estimates enable local employment, poverty, and other socioeconomic data. The benefits of these estimates compared to data sold by vendors are that the methodologies behind ACS data are clear and margins of error communicate the extent of data accuracy. The weaknesses are that they are periodic (in this case 5-year) and not single point in time estimates, and their margins of error can be high, compared to decennial Census data based on a total count of the population.Forging partnerships with other county police departments to acquire data to strengthen the county standard would have been ideal. Our analysis used the city plus a portion of the county in a scorecard zone to develop the standard. This scorecard was fortunate to include timely assistance and data from the Sacramento Police and County Sheriff’s Departments in refining aspects of the county standard.

More community involvement and qualitative data collection could further enhance the benefits of the community characteristic data.

Geographies

Creating zones based on crime patterns and Task Force input mean that figures for those relate to law enforcement and local understanding of them. As seen in the appendix, data constructed for the zones by ZIP Code, Census Tract, or other geographies should be viewed in the context of how those geographies fit with the zone. Many zone figures will include some small area not included in the zone and exclude small areas within it (see Appendix X). Zone figures also predominately rely on people living in each zone, though some with different needs will work or travel through it on a daily basis.

Appendix 37

II. Census Geographies in Scorecard Zones

0065001 0065002 0065003 0065004 0065005 0066001

0066002 0066003 0066004 0066005 0067011 0067012

0067013 0067014 0067021 0067022 0067023 0067024

0067025 0068001 0068002 0068003 0068004

0049043 0049051 0049052 0049053 0096061 0096062 0096063

0096064 0096081 0096082 0096091 0096092 0096101 0096102

0096103 0096331 0096332 0096341 0096342 0096343

0041002 0041003 0042011 0042012 0042013 0042021 0042022 0042023

0042031 0042032 0043001 0043002 0043003 0043004 0049031 0049032

0049033 0049061 0049062 0096011 0096012 0096013

0065001 0065002 0065003 0065004 0065005 0066001

0066002 0066003 0066004 0066005 0067011 0067012

0067013 0067014 0067021 0067022 0067023 0067024

0067025 0068001 0068002 0068003 0068004

Mackroad/Valley Hi

Meadowview

Oak Park/Fruitridge

Del Paso Heights

0018002 0018003 0018004 0018005 0027002 0027003 0027004

0028001 0028002 0028003 0037001 0037002 0044011 0044012

0044013 0044014 0044021 0044022 0044023 0046011 0046012

0046013 0046014 0046015 0046021 0046022 0046023

Northgate

006500 006600 006701 006702 006800

004905 009606 009608 009609 009610 009633 009634

004100 004201 004202 004203 004300 004903 004906 009601

007001 007004 007007 007013 007014

002700 002800 003700 004401 004402 004601 004602

Census Tracts Census Block Groups

Census Tracts and Block Groups were selected under each Zone if they have a centroid within the boundaries of each Zone. All codes start with 06067 which indicates Sacramento County. (Ex. “004905” means 06067004905)

Appendix38

III. Calculation of Insured Population

95838

95815

Census Block Group for Del Paso HeightsZIP Code

Del Paso Heights Area

Total Population of Block Groups of each zone within the ZIP Code area

Population of the ZIP Code area XTotal Insured Population

in the ZIP Code area=∑

24,608X 20,555

Insured Population of Del Paso Heights within 95815

36,379X 31,674

Insured Population of Del Paso Heights within 95838

= 22,069 = 9,743

Total Insured Population in Del Paso Heights22,069 + 9,743 =31,812

Percentage of Insured Population in Del Paso Heights

(25,347+11,408)

31,812X 100 = 86.55%

95838

95815

Total Population of ZIP Code 95838 = 31,674 Total Population of ZIP Code 95815 = 20,555

( )Total Number of Insured Population in a Zone

Example - Total Insured Population in Del Paso Heights Zone

Healthy City estimated the total number and percentage of insured population using 2009 California Health Interview Survey Small Area Estimates (ZIP code) and 2009 Nielsen Claritas Population Estimate (Block Group/ZIP Code). The estimates assume that the number of insured population for areas within each ZIP code are proportionate to the size of the area populations. Block Groups for each Safety Scorecard Zone are selected if they had their centroids within the Zone boundaries.

Each Safety Scorecard Zone is partially covered by multiple ZIP code boundaries. Healthy City estimated the number of insured population in each zone first by multiplying the proportion of population covered by each ZIP code with total insured population by ZIP code. Then the values from the separate calculations for each ZIP code were added up to calcuate the total number of insured population in each Zone.

25,347 11,408

Multiply the proportion of Block Group area population by the total insured population of ZIP code area to calculate the size of insured population of Del Paso Heights within each ZIP code.

Add up the calculated insuded populations above to estimate the total insured population in Del Paso Heights.

Appendix 39

Safety Factors

Do Domestic Violence Services Save Lives? By Laura Dugan, Daniel Nagin, & Richard Rosenfeld. National Institute of Justice Journal. Nov 2003. Issue 250, pages 1-6. Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and non-violent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. By Henry B, Avshalom C, Moffitt TE, Silva PA. Developmental Psychology. Jul 1996. Vol 32, Issue 4, pages 614-623. Do We Really Help? Perspectives of Abused Women. By Melanie Lutenbacker, Alison Cohen, & Julia Mitzel. Public Health Nurses. Jan-Feb 2003. Volume 20, Issue 1, pages 56-64.

Abandoned Homes and Broken Windows. By Karie Partington. Law & Order. Oct 2008. Vol 56, Issue 10, pages 83-85.

Youth, Underemployment, and Property Crime: Differential Effects of Job Availability and Job Quality on Juvenile and Young Adult Arrest Rates. By Emilie Allan and Darrell Steffensmeier. American sociological Review. Fb 1989. Vol 54, Issue 1, pages 107-123.

A Systemic Analysis of the Dynamics and Organization of Urban Street Gangs. By Nikki Ruble and William Turner. The American Journal of Family Therapy. 2000. Volume 28, pages 117-132.

An Experimental Intervention with Families of Substance Abusers: One Year Follow Up Focus on Families Project. By Richard Catalano, Randy Gainey, Charles Fleming, Kevin Hageerty, & Norman Jackson. Addiction Journal. Feb 1999. Volume 94, Issue 2, pages 241-254.

CDC’s National Violent Death Reporting System: Background and Methodology. By L J Paulozzi; J Mercy; L Frazier Jr; JL Annest. Center for Disease Control and Preventio, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Feb 2004. Volume 10, Issue 1, pages 47-52.

Helping Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Law Enforcement & Community Partnerships, Final Report. By Barbara E. Smith, Laura B. Nickles, Darlanne H. Mulmat, Heather J. Davies. Department of Justice. Mar 2002.

Fact Sheet Juvenile Delinquency. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistance Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2010.

School Conditions

Early Warning! Why Reading by the End of Third Grade Matters. A KIDS COUNT Special Report from the Annie E. Casey Foundation. 2010. Schools and Neighborhoods: Organizational and Environmental Factors Associated with Crime in Secondary Schools. Marry Ann P. Limbos, MD MPH, Carris Casteel MPH, PhD. Journal of School Health. Oct 2008. Vol 78, Issue 10, page 539-544. Early Predictors of Adolescent Aggression and Adult Violence. By Farrington DP. Violence and Victims: Institute of Criminology. Summer 1989. Vol 4, Issue 2, pages 79-100.

Assessment and Accountability Systems in the 50 States: 1999-2000. By Margaret E. Goertz, Mark C. Duffy, et al. Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Pennsylvania. CPRE Research Report Series. Mar 2001. RR-046. Losing Our Future: How Minority Youth Are Being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis. By Gary Orfield, Daniel Losen, Johanna Wald. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, The Urban Institute, et al. 2004.

Expanded Pathways for Access and Success. Undergraduate Students New Freshmen. A-G Completion Rates. University of California, Berkeley Equity, Inclusion, and Diversity. A Report Card on District Achievement: How Low -income, African-American, and Latino Students Fare in California School Districts. By Lindsey Stuart, Carrie Hahnel. The Education Trust West. Apr 2011.


Appendix40


Risk Factor

National Estimates of Nonfatal Firearm-Related Injuries: Beyong the Tip of the Iceberg. By Joseph L. Annest, PhD; James A. Mercy, PhD; Delinda R. Gibson; George W. Ryan, PhD. Journal of the American Medical Association. Jun 1995. Vol 273, No. 22, pages 1749-1754.

Education on Lockdown: The Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track. By Advancement Project, Padres & Jovenes Unidos, Southwest Youth Collaborative, et al. March 2005. Opportunities Suspended: The Devasting Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline Policies. By The Civil Rights Project Harvard University and Advancement Project. A Report from a National Summit on Zero Tolerance. June 2000. Education Interrupted: The Growing Use of Suspensions in New Youth City’s Public Schools. By the Student Safety Coalition. Jan 2011. Education on Lockdown: The Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track. By Advancement Project, Padres & Jovenes Unidos, Southwest Youth Collaborative, et al. March 2005. Opportunities Suspended: The Devasting Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline Policies. By The Civil Rights Project Harvard University and Advancement Project. A Report from a National Summit on Zero Tolerance. June 2000. Education Interrupted: The Growing Use of Suspensions in New Youth City’s Public Schools. By the Student Safety Coalition. Jan 2011.

Fact Sheet Juvenile Delinquency. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistance Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2010. Risk Factors for Overall Recidivism and Severity of Recidivism in Serious Juvenile Offenders. By Eva Mulder, Eddy Brand, Ruud Bullens, Hjalmar van Marle. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Feb 2011. Vol 55, Issue 1, page 118-135.

Violent Victimization and Offending: Individual, Situational, and Community-level Risk Factors. By Robert J. Sampson, Janet L. Lauritsen. In: A.J. Reiss, J.A. Roth (Eds.) Understanding and Preventing Violence. 1994. Vol 3, pages 451-81. Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and non-violent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. By Henry B, Avshalom C, Moffitt TE, Silva PA. Developmental Psychology. Jul 1996. Vol 32, Issue 4, pages 614-623. Violent Victimization and Offending: Individual, Situational, and Community-level Risk Factors. By Robert J. Sampson, Janet L. Lauritsen. In: A.J. Reiss, J.A. Roth (Eds.) Understanding and Preventing Violence. 1994. Vol 3, pages 451-81.

Effects of Neighborhood and Family Structure on Violent Victimization and Violent Delinquency. By David Huizinga. Denver Youth Survey. May 2005. Family and Community Characteristics: Risk Factors for Violence Exposure in Inner-City Youth. By: Ashli J. Sheidow, Deborah Gorman-Smith, Patric H. Tolan, and David B. Henry. Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiaty, University of Illinois at Chicago. 2001.

Protective Factor

Protective Factors Literature Review: Early Care and Education Programs and the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. By Arthur J. Reynolds, Dylan L. Robertson. Child Development. Jan-Feb 2003. Vol 74, Issue 1, pages 3-26.

Meeting Our Nation’s Housing Challenges. Report of the Bipartisan Millennial Housing Commission Appointed by the Congress of the United States. May 2002.

Availability of Family Support as a Moderator of Exposure to Community Violence. By Stacy Overstreet, Margaret Dempsey, Darnika Graham, Barbara Moely. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1999. Vol 28, Issue 2, pages 151-159.

The Built Environment and Collective Efficacy. By Deborah A. Cohen, Sanae Inagami, Brian Finch. Health & Place. Department of Health, Rand Corporation. Nov 2008. Vol 14, pages 198-208.

Prosocial Involvement and Antisocial Peer Affiliations as Predictors of Behavior Problems in Urban Adolescents: Main Effects and Moderating Effects. By Dagmar R. Kaufmann, Peter A. Wyman, Emma L. Forbes-Jones, Jason Barry. Journal of Community Psychology. May 2007. Vol 35, Issue 4, pages 417-434.

Credits

MAYOR’S GANG PREVENTION TASK FORCE

Steering CommitteeKhaalid Muttaqi, Gang Prevention Project ManagerVincene Jones, City of Sacramento Neighborhood ServicesDan Schiele, Sacramento Police DepartmentMike Butler, Sacramento County Sheriff’s DepartmentBrad Marietti, Sacramento County ProbationKaren Flynn, Sacramento County Public DefenderPamela Robinson, Sacramento County Office of EducationRachel L. Perry, Sacramento County Office of EducationTracey Lopez, Sacramento City Unified School DistrictEdward Doonan, Police Services, Elk Grove Unified School DistrictDwight Washbaugh, Sacramento Regional Conservation CorpEllen Brown, Kaiser PermanenteWendie Skala, Kaiser Permanente

ADVANCEMENT PROJECT

Project Management, Violence Reduction Framework ApplicationMaribel Meza, Urban Peace Coordinator/Senior Policy AnalystSusan Lee, National Director of Urban PeaceCaroline Rivas, Healthy City Director of Policy and ProgramsVirginia Lee, Urban Peace ManagerPatricia Neri, Urban Peace Policy Analyst

Research, Data Analysis, Mapping, Report Design and ProductionChris Ringewald, Healthy City Research ManagerJuHyun Yoo, Healthy City Research AnalystAdriana Quiquivix, Healthy City Research AnalystJewel DeGuzman, Healthy City Research and Analysis Intern

UC DAVIS CENTER FOR REGIONAL CHANGE

Teri Greenfield, Director of Informatics

We would like to thanks the time and efforts of the following mostly local experts (in no particular order), who also contributed in ways great and small to this report:

Symia Stigler, Sacramento READS!; Rudy Puente, Twin Rivers Unified School District; Alan Lange, Community Link; Erin Coleman, Advancement Project; Johnathan Nomachi, Advancement Project; Iysha Jenkins, City of Sacramento; Christine Tien, The California Endowment; Caitlin Kosec, Advancement Project; Stephanie Papas, California Department of Education; Tom Jenkins, Elk Grove Unified School District; Joel Rabin, Natomas Unified School District; Mao Vang, Sacramento City Unified School District; Nancy Erbstein, University of California, Davis; Sgt. Lai Lai Bui, Sacramento Police Department; Jason Rhode, Sacramento Police Department; Sgt. Dan Morrissey, Sacramento County Sheriff’s Department; Jack Andrzejewski; Ami Shaw, California Health Interview Survey; Matt Agustin, Advancement Project; Melissa Nalani Ross, Advancement Project; Fernando Rejon, Advancement Project; Sandy Escobedo, Advancement Project

Acknowledgements

ADVANCEMENT PROJECT1910 W. Sunset Blvd. STE 500

Los Angeles, CA 90026(213) 989-1300

www.AdvancementProjectCA.orgwww.HealthyCity.org

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