A Basic Introduction to Photography

8/2/2019 A Basic Introduction to Photography

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_ic~ dòa c~ jb~` wahawwao t` j~ lwaaf g`y dòa `f Njf`f O^BW~& Lafawjbbshw`|fao q}`f gs }i`t`lwj}iaw~" ct njf lcxa s`q oanaft t` l`ò wa~qbt~" gqt oa}wcxa~s`q `h qfoaw~tjfocfl i`| jf ^BW |`wk~ `w }i`t`lwj}is j~ j |icba |`wk~& Jooctc`f$jbbs" tia jbl`wctidcn cd}badaftjtc`f `h hqfntc`f~ ~qni j~ JH }`cft ~bantc`f dclitf`t jlwaa |cti s`qw ay}antjtc`f~&Ch s`q ijxa eq~t g`qlit s`qw fa| njdawj" jqt`djtcn c~ zqcta }`~~cgbs j l`ò dòat` lat ~`da cfctcjb q~a `qt `h s`qw njdawj" gqt s`q ~i`qbo jcd t` d`xa j|js hw`dct j~ zqcnkbs j~ }`~~cgba&Bj~tbs" `f `boaw ^BW~" s`q dclit f`t ga jgba t` ~jxa cdjla~ cf WJ\ |iaf ~i``tcflcf jqt`djtcn dòa" wajo ~antc`f :&1 t` fo `qt |is ~i``tcfl WJ\ c~ cd}`wtjft&

:&?&7 ] $ ]w`lwjd

_ia ]w`lwjd dòa `f Njf`f ^BW~ c~ j w~t ~ta} q} hw`d jqt`djtcn& H`w jbb cftaft~jfo }qw}`~a~" tic~ c~ j hqbbs jqt`djtcn dòa& I`|axaw s`q jwa jbb`|ao t` cftawhawa|cti tia njdawj~ hqfntc f~ jfo ~attcfl~& \icba ay}`~qwa" j}awtqwa jfo C^@ jwajqt`djtcnjbbs" s`q jwa jgba t` nijfla tia~a ~attcfl~&

:& S`q njf oatawdcfa |icni h`nq~~cfl }`cft tia njdawj ~i`qbo q~a jfo o` f`tijxa t` bajxa ct t` nijfnajf jbl`wctid tijt s`q o` f`t kf`|& Wajo ~antc`f>&: ch s`q jwa cftawa~tao cf hqwtiaw oatjcb~ jg`qt tia jqt`h`nq~ `f j dòawf

^BW&

7& S`q njf ocjb cf ay}`~qwa n`d}af~jtc`f" daj~qwao cf ~t`}~" iafna s`q njfoancoa |iatiaw s`qw cdjla ~i`qbo ga gwclitaw `w ojwkaw" `xaw$ `w qfoaway}`~ao&

?


13/94

:&? Njdawj Dòa~

>& S`q njf nijfla tia j}awtqwa~iqttaw ~}aao ~cdqbtjfa`q~bs" |icba tia njdawjgjbjfna~ tia ay}`~qwa jnn`wocfl t` s`qw ay}`~qwa n`d}af~jtc`f& I`|axaw tianjdawj |cbb f`t watjcf s`qw dòcnjtc`f" |iaf s`q wah`nq~" ct |cbb jljcf oancoajnn`wocfl t` ct~ `|f jbl`wctid |icni ay}`~qwa jfo j}awtqwa t` q~a&

Ga~coa~ tia tiwaa `}tc`f~ daftc`fao jg`xa" s`q jwa hqwtiaw jgba t` ni`~a tia datawcfldòa" tia n`b`qw tad}awjtqwa" tia jqt`h`nq~ ts}a jfo |iatiaw t` ~i``t j ~cflbacdjla `w j ~awca~&

:&?&> _x $ îqttaw ]wc`wcts

_ia _x dòa gqcbo~ q}`f tia ] dòa cf ~antc`f :&?&7&I`|axaw" s`q jwa lcxaf hqbb n`ftw`b `xaw tia ~iqttaw ~}aao& _ia njdawj |cbb nijfla

tia j}awtqwa jnn`wocfl t` s`qw ay}`~qwa n`d}af~jtc`f& _ic~ c~ q~ahqb ch s`q jcdt` nj}tqwa h`w ayjd}ba jntc`f ~i`t~ cf ocnqbt bclitcfl |iawa s`q wazqcwa j nawtjcf~iqttaw ~}aao& Oafcfl tia ~iqttaw ~}aao jbb`|~ s`q t` }waxaft d`tc`f gbqw" |icba~tjscfl h`nq~~ao `f ~i``tcfl wjtiaw tijf nijflcfl s`qw j}awtqwa t` ~qct tia bclitcfln`foctc`f&D`wa cfh`wdjtc`f `f tia ~iqttaw ~}aao" jb~` wahawwao t` j~ ay}`~qwa njf ga h`qfo cf~antc`f 7&:

:&?&? Jx $ J}awtqwa ]wc wcts

_ia Jx dòa gqcbo~ q}`f tia ] dòa cf ~antc`f :&?&7&

I`|axaw" s`q jwa lcxaf hqbb n`ftw`b `xaw tia j}awtqwa jfo tia njdawj joj}t~ tia~iqttaw ~}aao jnn`wocfl t` s`qw ay}`~qwa n`d}af~jtc`f& _ic~ c~ q~ahqb h`w ~ctqjtc`f~|iawa s`q faao t` n`ftw`b tia gjnklw`qfo gbqw" g`kai" gqt hjna xjwscfl bclitcfln`foctc`f~& Ct jb~` ij~ ct~ q~a |iaf s`q jwa cf j ~ctqjtc`f |iawa s`q o` f`t ijxatia tcda t` djfqjbbs nijfla ~attcfl~" gqt kf`| s`q |cbb wazqcwa j ~}ancn dcfcdqdj}awtqwa&D`wa cfh`wdjtc`f `f tia j}awtqwa njf ga h`qfo cf ~antc`f 7&7

:&?&1 D $ Djfqjb

_ia djfqjb dòa c~ |ijt axaws }i`t`lwj}iaw ~i`qbo j~}cwa t` ga jgba t` q~a n`d$

}ataftbs&Djfqjb ~tjfo~" j~ tia fjda ~js~" h`w hqbb djfqjb n`ftw`b& S`q jwa lcxaf n`ftw b`xaw axaws ~attcfl" hw`d j}awtqwa `xaw ay}`~qwa t` C^@ j~ |abb j~ jqt` h`nq~ )JH#"datawcfl jfo n`b`qw tad}awjtqwa&

1


14/94


I`|axaw" ijxcfl ~jco tijt" C ijxa ~aaf }a`}ba n`ddaft tijt tia djfqjb dòa c~}`cftba~~ ch jbb s`q o` c~ uaw` tia faaoba cf tia xca|foaw& _ic~ c~ twqa jfo s`q~i`qbo ni`~a tia t``b~ tijt ~qct s`qw jcd~ ga~t& _iawa c~ f`ticfl |w`fl |cti q~cflJx `w _x" }w`xcoao s`q qfoaw~tjfo tiacw |`wkcfl~ jfo tiacw bcdctjtc`f~&_` djka hqbb q~a `h djfqjb dòa" s`q ~i`qbo wajo jfo qfoaw~tjfo nij}taw 7&

:&?&8 G $ Gqbg

_ia gqbg dòa c~ h`w b`fl ay}`~qwa~ gas`fo >=~ `w }i`t`lwj}i~ |iawa s`q faaotia `}tc`f `h ~tjwtcfl jfo ~t`}cfl tia ay}`~qwa djfqjbbs & _ia ~iqttaw wabaj~a c~}wa~~ao t` ~tjwt tia ay}`~qwa jfo oa}wa~~ao t` afo ct& I`|axaw ct |`qbo ga xaws

ocnqbt t` i`bo tia njdawj ~tajos ch tia gqtt`f faao~ t` ga }wa~~ao h`w ~axawjb~an`fo~ `w axaf dcfqta~& J twc}ò jfo wad`ta n`ftw b h`w s`qw njdawj jwa tiq~iclibs wan`ddafoao" |icni jbb | s`q t` ~tjwt tia ay}`~qwa jfo afo ct |cti`qtt`qnicfl )jfo iafna ~ijkcfl tia# njdawj&

Hclqwa :&:5 ay}`~qwa `h :=8~

_ia cdjla cf lqwa :&: oa}cnt~ `fa q~a h`w gqbg dòa" |cti jf ay}`~qwa tcda `h:=8~" tcdao |cti j ~t`}|jtni&

8


15/94


16/94


Hclqwa :&75 b`l n`d}jwao t` bcfajw

9


17/94

:&1 î``tcfl WJ\

Hclqwa :&>5 |ijt j njdawj ~af~`w ~aa~

gqnkat jfo ~`jk~ tia ``w ~qww`qfocfl tia gqnkat&

_ic~ c~ tia djcf waj~`f |is ct c~ ocnqbt t` wa}bcnjta j ~nafa tia |js |a ~aa ct

jfo |is tanifczqa~ ijxa gaaf oaxab`}ao t` `xawn`da tic~ bcdctjtc`f `h tia wan`wo$cfl daocqd" ~}ancnjbbs icli osfjdcn wjfla )IOW#& Ct dq~t i`|axaw jb~` ga ~jco"tijt joxjfna~ jwa djoa t`|jwo~ ~af~`w~ tijt njf nj}tqwa tia ~jda osfjdcn wjflaj~ iqdjf asa~&

J tawd tijt ~i`qbo ga xaws cd}`wtjft t` tia j~}cwcfl }i`t`lwj}iaw c~ osfjdcnwjfla& Osfjdcn wjfla oa~nwcga~ tia ~}wajo `h j ~nafa cf tawd~ `h ~t`}~& ^t`}~jwa j |js `h oa~nwcgcfl tia jd`qft `h bclit" `w wjtiaw wjtc` `h tia jd`qft~ `h bclit&J ocawafna `h : ~t`} azqjb~ tia ocawafna gat|aaf t|cna j~ dqni `w ijbh j~ dqnibclit&_ia iqdjf asa n`xaw~ jg`qt :9 ~t`}~ `h bclit" |icba ~af~`w~ tòjs |cbb lafawjb n`xaw

jw`qfo 8 t` 9 ~t`}~ jt ga~t& _ic~ dajf~ iqdjf~ njf ~aa j ~nafa |iawa tia gwclit$a~t }jwt `h tia ~nafa n`ftjcf~ 7:9 tcda~ j~ dqni bclit j~ tia ojwka~t ~nafa" tijtc~ 787:?? tcda~ j~ dqni bclit cf gwclit jwaj~ `xaw ojwk jwaj~& Cf n`ftwj~t" jdòawf njdawj ~af~`w njf wa~`bxa jg`qt 9 ~t`}~ jt ga~t" |icni twjf~bjta~ t` 718

3


18/94


Hclqwa :&?5 |ijt |a ~aa

tcda~ j~ dqni bclit cf tia gwclita~t }jwt `h tia cdjla |iaf n`d}jwao t` tia ojwka~t~nafa cf tia cdjla&Jfsticfl tijt c~ ojwkaw tijf 9 ~t`}~ |cbb b`~a oatjcb jfo gan`da jg~`bqta gbjnk"|icba jfsticfl tijt c~ gwclitaw tijf 9 ~t`}~ |cbb gan`da jg~`bqta |icta `w jg~`bqta

waolwaafgbqa ch `fa n`b`qw o`dcfjta~ cf tic~ }jwt `h tia ~nafa&Jooctc`fjbbs" f`c~a njf waoqna tia jd`qft `h ~t`}~ tia ~af~`w njf wa~`bxa" j~ ct joo~j xjwcjtc`f cf tia wan`woao ojtj tijt njf dj~k ~qgtba nijlfa~&

:&1&> Njdawj âf~`w~ xaw~q~ tia Iqdjf Asa $ N`b`qw~

Njdawj~ wan`wo n`b`qw~ j~ j n`dgcfjtc`f `h wao" lwaaf jfo gbqa bclit" tia wjtc` ga$t|aaf tiad c~ lcxaf cf tia |icta gjbjfna )jb~` n`b`qw tad}awjtqwa# jfo n`b`qw t`fa&N`b`qw oa}ti `h jf cdjla `w j h`wdjt c~ daj~qwao cf gct~ }aw nijffab" h`w E]AL ctc~ 9gct~ }aw nijffab" h`w WJ\ nqwwaftbs :?gct~ }aw nijffab `f n`dd`f O^BW~&

J~ b`fl j~ tia }i`tòcòa~ `f tia ~af~`w jwa f`t `xawb`joao" j icliaw gct oa}ti|cbb jb|js~ wa~qbt cf d`wa oatjcb~ |cti wa~}ant t` gwclitfa~~ jfo iafna n`b`qw~& Chs`q `xawb`jo tia }i`tòcòa~" axaf tia iclia~t wa~`bqtc`f |cbb f` ~jxa s`q jfs oatjcb&

:=


19/94

:&1 î``tcfl WJ\

J ~antc`f `h tia njdawj~ ~af~`w n`ftjcf~ tia }jttawf ~i`|f cf lqwa :&1&

Hclqwa :&15 ântc`f `h j njdawj âf~`w Hclqwa :&85 ? ]cyab~ s`q âa

_ic~ ts}a `h ~af~`w oa~clf c~ |is djfqhjntqwaw~ tafo t` ~}anchs t|` xaws ocawaft}cyab n`qft~ h`w tiacw ~af~`w& H`w ayjd}ba" Njf`f ~}anca~ tia h`bb`|cfl h`w t|` `htiacw O^BW~" ~i`|f cf tjgba :&:&

Njdawj _s}a Aantcxa ]cyab~ _`tjb ]cyab~


20/94


\icba ~qni ~af~`w oa~clf~ dclit ~aad }w`fa t` cfjnnqwjta wa~qbt~" jbl`wctid~ ijxacd}w`xao j b`t ~cfna tia w~t oclctjb njdawj~& J~ j wa~qbt" t`ojs~ ~`ht|jwa c~ xawsl``o jt wan`f~twqntcfl fa oatjcb hw`d tia cfh`wdjtc`f n`bbantao gs tia ~af~`w& I`|~ijw} jf cdjla c~ oa}afo~ djcfbs `f tia jftc$jbcj~cfl btaw cf hw`ft `h tia ~af~`wjfo tia }`~t }w`na~~cfl j}}bcao t` tia cdjla" f` djttaw |iatiaw tia bjttaw c~ o`facf tia njdawj `w `f j n`d}qtaw&

N`d}jwcfl tia njdawj~ ~af~`w t` `qw asa~" tia wana}t`w~ `f j iqdjf watcfj |cbbwan`lfcua actiaw gwclitfa~~ jb`fa" wa~qbtcfl cf j lwas cdjla ch tias jwa tia `fbs cf}qt"`w n`b`qwao gwcltifa~~ wajocfl~ |iaf af`qli bclit c~ }wa~aft&_ia wana}t`w~ h`w gwclitfa~~ |cti`qt n`b`qw jwa d`wa fqdaw`q~ tijf tia wana}t`w~h`w n`b`qw" iafna iqdjf~ }awnacxa fclit ~nafa~ |cti`qt j b`t `h bclit t` ga d`wa lwas

tijf ojsbclit ~nafa~&

D`wa Oatjcb~ `f WJ\

J E]AL njf `fbs wa~`bxa 79 `w 718 ocawaft baxab~ `h gwclitfa~~ h`w j n`b`qw" hw`d= t` 711& J WJ\ ba cf n`ftwj~t njf wa~`bxa 7:? `w :8>9? baxab~ `h gwclitfa~~ }awnijffab&Jooctc`fjbbs" h`qw }cyab~ hw`d j E]AL wazqcwa fcfa }cyab~ hw`d j WJ\ ba" wa$~qbtcfl cf j d`wa oatjcbao wan`wocfl `h tia ~jda ojtj&

F`t `fbs njf `fa wan`wo bclit daj~qwadaft~ `xaw j lwajtaw wjfla tijf cf j E]AL"

gqt jb~` cf faw ~ta}~& Iafna" |ijt c~ }awhant |icta cf j E]AL |cbb ~tcbb n`ftjcfj n`b`qw tcft cf WJ\& \ijt c~ }awhant gbjnk cf j E]AL |cbb n`ftjcf oatjcb cf j WJ\&

_ia WJ\ ba h`wdjt njf jbb`| s`q t` ~jxa jf cdjla ch s`q djka dcf`w dc~tjka~"gqt }baj~a o` f`t q~a tic~ j~ jf aynq~a h`w gacfl ~b`}}s |iaf ~i``tcfl }i`t`lwj}i~&\icba `fa njf `htaf ~jxa j ~bclitbs ` cdjla" ~i``tcfl ct tia |js `fa cftafoao cf tiaw~t }bjna c~ lafawjbbs tia gattaw ni`cna j~ tia fjb wa~qbt |cbb jb|js~ b``k gattaw&I`|axaw tiawa jwa axaf d`wa waj~`f t` ~i``t cf WJ\ cf~tajo `h E]AL& J E]ALcdjla c~ nwajtao q~cfl b`~~s n`d}wa~~c`f" iafna ojtj c~ oc~njwoao )jfo b`~t h`waxaw#|iaf n`d}wa~~cfl tia wj| ~af~`w ojtj jfo nwajtcfl tia cdjla ba& Jfs nijfla~ t`tia cdjla" ~qni j~ nijfla~ t` ~ijw}fa~~" n`ftwj~t" ~jtqwjtc`f jwa ocnqbt `w cd}`~$

~cgba t` waxaw~a&

J WJ\ ba jbb`|~ s`q" tia }i`t`lwj}iaw" t` tjka hqbb n`ftw`b `xaw tia~a ~attcfl~&S`q oancoa i`| dqni ~ijw}afcfl s`q |jft" i`| dqni s`q |jft t` cfnwaj~a tia

:7


21/94

:&1 î``tcfl WJ\

~jtqwjtc`f" i`| dqni s`q |jft t` nijfla tia n`ftwj~t& @h n`qw~a ch s`q haab bjusjfo bcka tia wa~qbt" s`q njf j}}bs ~`da ~tjfojwo jqt`djtcn ~attcfl~ jfo ga o`fa|cti ct" gqt ~i`qbo s`q axaw oancoa t` wa$cftaw}wat tia cdjla cf tia hqtqwa" s`q |cbbf`t walwat f`t ijxcfl ~i`t cf WJ\& î``tcfl cf WJ\ c~ ~cdcbjw t` gqscfl tia cflwa$ocaft~ n`d}jwao t` gqscfl j fc~iao wajos dajb& @h n`qw~a tic~ wazqcwa~ s`q afe`sn``kcfl t` afe`s tia dajb" gqt s`q ijxa hqbb n`ftw`b `xaw tia wa~qbt& ]i`t`lwj}isc~ ~cdcbjw" aoctcfl j }i`t`lwj}i c~ xaws dqni j }jwt `h }i`t`lwj}is& Iafna ch s`qjwa ~awc`q~ jg`qt lattcfl cft` }i`t`lwj}is" s`q ~i`qbo n`f~coaw bajwfcfl jt baj~t tiagj~cn~ `h aoctcfl jfo jnna}tcfl tiad j~ jf a~~aftcjb cflwaocaft cf tia fjb wa~qbt&

:&1&? îjw}fa~~ jfo ^jtqwjtc f cf WJ\

Hw`d n`d}jnt njdawj~" djfs }a`}ba jwa q~ao t` ~axawabs `xaw ~ijw}afao jfo `xaw$~jtqwjtao cdjla~& \iaf s`q ~aa s`qw w~t WJ\ ba" ct djs ~aad jt )oqbb n`b`qw~#jfo gbqwws ganjq~a ct ij~ f`t gaaf }`~t$}w`na~~ao& _ws f`t t` wa~adgba j n`d}jntnjdawj |iaf q~cfl j O^BW" ganjq~a ct c~ f`t j n`d}jnt njdawj&

_ia jt" oa~jtqwjtao b``k ij~ gaaf cd}badaftao gs oa~clf" t` af~qwa tijt d`waoatjcb c~ watjcfao& Ct dclit ~aad n`qftawcftqctcxa jt w~t" gqt j jt cdjla" iafna`fa tijt ij~ f`t gaaf ~jtqwjtao ~axawbs |cbb n`ftjcf d`wa n`b`qw cfh`wdjtc`f tijf jiajxcbs ~jtqwjtao cdjla" cf |icni iclibclit~ njf ga b`~t jfo n`b`qw nijfla~ n`ftjcf~~taa} lwjocaft~&\cti wa~}ant t` ~ijw}fa~~" WJ\ ~af~`w ojtj" j~ ~i`|f cf lqwa :&8 faao~ t` ga

cftaw}watao t` n`f~twqnt }cyab~" iafna ~i`|cfl s`q tia cfctcjb `qt}qt |cbb wa~qbt cfj ~bclitbs ba~~ ~ijw} cdjla& J gct `h ~ijw}afcfl c~ aj~cbs j}}bcao |cti jfs }`~t$}w`na~~cfl ~`ht|jwa" |cti ocawaft jbl`wctid~ cd}badaftao gs ocawaft ~`ht|jwa&

]baj~a o` f`t djka tia dc~tjka `h ticfkcfl n`d}jnt njdawj~ nj}tqwa tia ~nafaocawaftbs" tias o` f`t" tias eq~t }`~t }w`na~~ tia ~af~ w ojtj cf njdawj& \iaf~i``tcfl WJ\ cdjla~ jfo }`~t }w`na~~cfl tiad s`qw~abh" s`q watjcf hqbb n`ftw`b `xawi`| tia cdjla b``k~& J~ j wa~qbt" jgba t` `gtjcf j fjtqwjb b``k hw`d s`qw cdjla~jfo njf jx`co tia jwtahjnt~ nwajtao gs ayna~~cxa ~ijw}afcfl `w tia qfjtqwjb n`b`qw~oqa t` ayna~~ ~jtqwjtc`f&

I`|axaw" tijt oà~ f`t dajf tijt `xaw~jtqwjtao `w `xaw ~ijw}afao cdjla~ ~qnij~ `htaf }wòqnao gs n`d}jnt njdawj~ njff`t ijxa tiacw }bjna cf }i`t`lwj}is j~jf jwt&

:>


22/94


]baj~a f`ta ti`qli" ~i`qbo s`q j~}cwa t` gan`da j }i`t`e`qwfjbc~t" s`q ~i`qboaoct s`qw cdjla~ j~ bcttba j~ }`~~cgba `w dclit axaf ga wazqcwao f`t t` aoct tiad jtjbb&

:?


23/94

7 Ay}`~qwa" J}awtqwa" C^@ $ tia ^ncafnagaicfo ]i`t`lwj}is

Ijxcfl jbwajos cftwòqnao ~t`}~ j~ j |js `h oa~nwcgcfl tia wabjtc`f~ic} gat|aafbclit cftaf~cts" ct c~ f`| tcda t` }qt tic~ t` l`ò q~a& _ic~ nij}taw c~ j dq~t wajocf tia |i`ba lqcoa" j~ ct |cbb cftwòqna s`q t` tia tiwaa d`~t cd}`wtjft n`fna}t~ `h

oclctjb `w jb~` jfjb`l }i`t`lwj}is" fjdabs ay}`~qwa" j}awtqwa jfo C^@&_ic~ nij}taw |cbb jljcf wazqcwa ~`da djtiadjtcn~" gqt `fbs ~cd}ba `}awjtc`f~& _`~tjwt `" j bcttba gct `h tawdcf`b`ls& \iaf ~tjtcfl gs j hjnt`w" tic~ wahaw~ t` actiaw jdqbtc}bcnjtc`f `w ocxc~c`f& Iafna Gs j hjnt`w `h t|` dajf~ ocxcoa gs t|` `w dqbtc}bsgs t|`&

7&: Ay}`~qwa

Ay}`~qwa cfocnjta~ i`| b`fl tia ~af~`w c~ ay}`~ao )iafna tia fjda# t` bclit&J nijfla cf s`qw ay}`~qwa gs j hjnt`w `h t|` azqjb~ j nijfla cf bclit gs `fa ~t`}&_|cna `w ijbh j~ dqni bclit |cbb wajni tia ~af~`w&J wqba `h tiqdg h`w }i`t`lwj}is |cti`qt cdjla ~tjgcbcujtc`f )C^# `w j twc}ò" c~ tijt

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h`njb baflti `h tia baf~c~ tia b`fla~t ay}`~qwa s`q ~i`qbo q~a& ^` h`w ayjd}ba" `f j

1=dd baf~" tia djycdqd wan`ddafoao ay}`~qwa |iaf ijfoi`bocfl c~ :1=

~an`fo~&_ic~ oà~ f`t dajf `fa njff`t ay}`~a jfs b`flaw" gqt ct cfnwaj~a~ tia wc~k `h njdawj~ijka |iaf f`t q~cfl C^&J~ tic~ wqba ojta~ gjnk t` tia bd awj" jfo d`~t ^BW~ )h`w Njf`f jbb dòab~ ayna}ttia 1O jfo :O~ ~awca~# ijxa j ~af~`w ~djbbaw tijf j ~bcoa `h bd" tia djycdqdwan`ddafoao ay}`~qwa |iaf ijfoi`bocfl |cti`qt C^ c~ jntqjbbs ~i`wtaw& H`w ~`$

njbbao J]^$N njdawj~ hw`d Njf`f" dqbtc}bs gs :&8 h`w Fck`f gs :&1& _ic~ dajf~"j 1=dd baf~ `f jf aftws baxab Njf`f njdawj |cbb ijxa tia abo `h xca| `h jf 9=ddbaf~" jfo tia djycdqd wan`ddafoao ay}`~qwa c~ :

9=~an`fo~& )Eq~t t` ga jnnqwjta"

tia :O hw`d Njf`f ij~ jf J]^$I ~af~`w" |icni faao~ j hjnt`w `h :&>

:1


24/94

7 Ay}`~qwa" J}awtqwa" C^@ $ tia ^ncafna gaicfo ]i`t`lwj}is

7&:&: Nwajtcfl D`tc`f Gbqw

Ay}`~qwa c~ cd}`wtjft cf t|` |js~&@f tia `fa ijfo ct oa~nwcga~ i`| dqni bclit njf wajni tia ~af~`w" `f tia `tiawijfo" ct jb~` n`ftw`b~ |iatiaw jf cdjla n`ftjcf~ d`tc`f gbqw" ~qni j~ ~`ht" `|cfl|jtaw cf ~twajd~ jfo |jtawhjbb~ `w j ~}cffcfl }w`}abbaw `f jf jcwnwjht `w iabcn`}taw`w ~}cffcfl |iaab~ `f j njw&_ia b`flaw tia ay}`~qwa" tia d`wa d`tc`f gbqw" tia ~i`wtaw tia ay}`~qwa" tia ba~~d`tc`f gbqw& J }w`}abbaw jcwnwjht tafo~ t` ~i`| fcna }w`}abbaw gbqw jt jw`qfo :

71=~

jfo jfsticfl hj~taw tijf ::===

~ ~i`qbo hwaaua }watts dqni jfs d`tc`f&

\icba f`t lwajt cdjla~" tia cjdla cf lqwa 7&: jfo lqwa 7&7 cbbq~twjta tia n`f$na}t fcnabs& F`tcna i`| tia }w`}abbaw~ b``k ocawaft `f tia ~jda Kcfl Jcw j~ ct

j}}w`jnia~ tia wqf|js& @f cdjla 7&: tia }w`}abbaw~ jwa hwùaf" |icba `f cdjla 7&7tia }w`}abbaw~ ~i`| ~}cf tiw`qli d`tc`f gbqw wa~qbtcfl cf j d`wa }baj~cfl cdjla&

Hclqwa 7&:5 ::71= ~ Hclqwa 7&75 :>7= ~

7&:&7 Fclit ]i`t`lwj}is

Ch s`q ijxa f`t l`t j l`ò twc}ò" C |`qbo iclibs wan`ddafo s`q `gtjcf `fa& Cfdjfs nj~a s`q djs afo q} oc~j}}`cftao |cti`qt j twc}ò" i`|axaw ct njf ga o`fa|cti jfo |cti`qt j twc}ò" actiaw ijfoi`bocfl `w q~cfl tia ~q}}`wt `h j d`f`}ò&

_ia zqa~tc`f s`q faao t` j~k s`qw~abh c~" |ijt c~ d`~t cd}`wtjft& C~ ct lat$tcfl tia ~i`t jt jbb0 @w c~ ct lattcfl j l`ò}awhant wa~qbt0Ch s`q j~}cwa t` gan`da j }i`tè`qwfjbc~t" lattcfl tia ~i`t njf djka s`qw njwaaw"cf |icni nj~a s`q |`qbo cfnwaj~a tia C^@" `}af tia j}awtqwa )âa ~antc`f 7&7 h`w

:8


25/94

7&: Ay}`~qwa

d`wa `f tia j}awtqwa# jfo o` s`qw ga~t t` q~a j ~iqttaw ~}aao j}}w`}wcjta t` s`qwh`njb baflti& @f tia `tiaw ijfo" ch s`qw cftawa~t cf }i`t`lwj}is c~ d`wa jwtc~tcn" s`q|`qbo j~}cwa t` `gtjcf tia ga~t cdjla zqjbcts }`~~cgba" jt j b`| C^@" j}}w`}wcjtaj}awtqwa jfo iafna ~b`| ~iqttaw& I`|axaw" tic~ oà~ f`t dajf s`q dq~t q~a j twc}òjt jbb tcda~&

H`w ayjd}ba" ijxa j b``k jt tia h`bb`|cfl }i`t`lwj}i~" w~t lqwa 7&> jfo lqwa7&?&_ia Iqdgaw Gwcola dclit f`t b``k bcka j b`fl ay}`~qwa" gqt ct |j~ j >=~ ay}`~qwa&Axaf ti`qli C cfnwaj~ao tia C^@ j gct )~aa ~antc`f ~an5C^@ h`w d`wa oatjcb~#" ganjq~aC q~ao h:>&= C faaoao j b`fl ay}`~qwa& J~ j wa~qbt" tia hqbb cdjla watjcf~ oatjcb tijt|`qbo `tiaw|c~a ga b`~t cf f`c~a `w gs gacfl `qt `h h`nq~& J~ tia cdjla ba }wa~aftao

c~ j ~djbb ~jd}ba" s`q |cbb f`t ga jgba t` j}}wancjta tic~ hjnt tijt |abb& Hqwtiaw"tia |jtaw ij~ j ~cbks ~d``ti j}}ajwjfna ganjq~a jfs |jxa~ `w wc}}ba~ jwa ~d``tiao`qt gs d`tc`f gbqw&

_ia fayt cdjla C |`qbo bcka t` owj| s`qw jttaftc`f t` c~ }wa~aftao cf lqwa 7&?&J wafaws jt fclit" |abb bct& Jbb tia bclitcfl jbb`|ao h`w j waoqnao ay}`~qwa" gqtjljcf oatjcb |j~ kas& _ia C^@ |j~ b`|aw |iaf n`d}jwao t` tia Iqdgaw Gwcola"jfo tia j}awtqwa `}afao j gct d`wa" ~tcbb tia ay}`~qwa tcda h`w tia cdjla |j~ 1~&S`q ~i`qbo ga jgba t` oc~nawf tia ~d``ti }bqda~ `h ~tajd cf tia cdjla& _ic~ c~ oqat` tia b`fl ay}`~qwa" |icni jbb`|ao tia ~tajd t` twjxab" jfo ~d``ti `qt oatjcb~ cfct& J ~i`wtaw ay}`~qwa |`qbo ijxa eq~t nj}tqwao j }`cft cf tcda" cfnbqocfl oatjcb cf

tia ~tajd&

Iafna wadadgaw5

Ay}`~cfl jf cdjla h`w j b`fl jd`qft `h tcda bajo~ t` j ~d``ti tay$tqwagbqw `f d`xcfl `geant~&

Jhtaw tia b`fl ay}`~qwa" tia ~i`wt ay}`~qwa fclit }i`t`lwj}is& Jljcf t|` ~jd}bacdjla~ tijt C |`qbo bcka t` owj| s`qw jttaftc`f t`" tic~ tcda `fa cdjla hw`d Baao~cf lqwa 7&1 jfo `fa cdjla hw`d îaabo cf lqwa 7&8&

Cf Baao~ Ncts Naftwa" C oco f`t ijxa j twc}ò |cti da" gqt C wajbbs bckao tia waan$

tc`f~ `f tia |at t`|f ~zqjwa& C ijo |jbkao }j~t tiad |cti`qt j njdawj" jfo tiawaC |j~" |cti tcda" |cti j njdawj&C cfnwaj~ao tia C^@ j~ dqni j~ C |j~ |cbbcfl t` o` |cti`qt lattcfl t` dqni f`c~a"|coafao tia j}awtqwa jfo q~ao jf ay}`~qwa `h :

?=~ t` nj}tqwa tic~ cdjla& N`qbo C

:


26/94


Hclqwa 7&>5 Iqdgaw Gwcola

Hclqwa 7&?5 Wafaws

ijxa o`fa gattaw |cti j twc}ò0 @h n`qw~a& _ia zqa~tc`f c~" |iaf |cbb C ga jgba t`~i``t ~qni j ~nafa jljcf0 C o` f`t njwws j njdawj |cti da axaws ojs" f`w o` C njwwsj twc}ò axaws tcda C njwws j njdawj& Nj}tqwcfl jf jnna}tjgba }i`t`lwj}i cf tic~d`daft |j~ d`wa cd}`wtjft t` da tijf lattcfl tia jg~`bqta ga~t }`~~cgba" |icni|`qbo ga }`~~cgba |cti j twc}ò&

_ia fayt cdjla C |`qbo bcka t` owj| s`qw jttaftc`f t` c~ hw`d tia h`qftjcf jtîaabo ^tjtc`f" cf lqwa 7&8& Cf tic~ ~ctqjtc`f" ~attcfl q} j twc}ò |`qbo ga och$nqbt" gqt f`t cd}`~~cgba& Jooctc fjbbs" C |jftao t` nj}tqwa tia |jtaw j~ hwùaf cftcda jfo f`t cf d`tc`f& _ia cdjla |j~ ~i`t jt jf abaxjtao C^@" |cti h?&= jt :

7=~"

ijfoiabo& J ~b`| ~iqttaw t` jbb`| af`qli bclit t` wajni tia ~af~`w" gqt jb~` jt tia`qtaw aola~ `h |ijt njf ga ijfoiabo ~tajocbs" a~}ancjbbs cf |cftaw& _ia ni`cna `h~iqttaw ~}aao jb~` jbb`|~ h`w tia |jtaw~ `| t` ga hwùaf cf tcda&

\ijtaxaw s`q ni`~a cf tia afo" ct faao~ t` ljcf s`q j wa~qbt tijt s`q jwa ij}}s|cti& C i`}a C ijxa }wa~aftao t` s`q" tijt actiaw j}}w`jni" ijfoi`bocfl `w q~cfl jtwc}ò njf lat s`q tia oa~cwao }i`t`lwj}i" gqt tijt q~cfl j twc}ò c~ gafancjb chjg~`bqta cdjla zqjbcts c~ s`qw kas n`fnawf&

7&:&> N`fnbq~c`f $ Ay}`~qwa

_ia ga~t joxcna C njf lcxa s`q" c~ t` l` `qt jfo tws ct h`w s`qw~abh" j~ `fbs ay}awcafna

|cbb jbb`| s`q t` zqcnkbs eqola tia d`~t j}}w`}wcjta ~iqttaw ~}aao&

@fa ~qlla~tc`f faao~ t` ga djoa ti`qli& Ch s`q }bjf `f o`cfl jfs fclit }i`$t`lwj}is" lat j l`ò twc}ò" j~ axaf tia ga~t cdjla ~tjgcbcujtc`f lafawjbbs oà~ f`t

:9


27/94

7&7 J}awtqwa

Hclqwa 7&15 Baao~ Ncts Naftwa Hclqwa 7&85 ^iaabo" H`qftjcf

iab} jljcf~t njdawj ~ijka jt tia~iqttaw ~}aao~ hwazqaftbs ad}b`sao cf fclit }i`$t`lwj}is&_ia ga~t C^ |cbb ljcf s`q jg`qt ? ~t`}~ `h bclit" |icba `boaw baf~a~ dclit eq~t ljcfs`q jg`qt 7 ~t`}~ |cti C^&

7&7 J}awtqwa

7&7&: J Zqcnk lafawjb Ay}bjfjtc`f

J}awtqwa c~ cd}`wtjft ganjq~a ct jljcf ij~ t|` hqfntc`f~" eq~t bcka ay}`~qwa& Ct

n`ftw`b~ i`| dqni bclit njf aftaw tia njdawj" gqt jb~` i`| dqni oa}ti `h abos`q lat& Iafna i`| dqni `h tia gjnklw qfoh`walw`qfo c~ xc~cgba" jfo i`| dqnigbqwwao&

_ia h`bb`|cfl cbbq~twjtc`f cf lqwa 7&< i`}ahqbbs iab}~ s`q t` qfoaw~tjfo tia n`fna}t`h tia oa}ti `h abo&

_ia sabb`| twcjflba cf lqwa 7&< cbbq~twjta~ tia jflba `h xca| tiw`qli tia baf~" tianjdawj gacfl oaf`tao gs j gbjnk g`y& _ia wao jww`|~ wahaw t` tia oc~tjfna t` tia~qgeant" cf tic~ nj~a j xc`bat Y&_ia gbqa jwaj cf lqwa 7&< c~ tia oa}ti `h abo& Ch |a h`w ayjd}ba j~~qda tia Yc~ 7 datwa~ j|js" tia oa}ti `h abo njf ga 1nd" `w :=nd& _ia oa}ti `h abo

oa}afo~ `f tia j}awtqwa jfo oc~tjfna t` tia `geant" }w`xcoao tia j}awtqwa jfo h`njbbaflit c~ n`f~tjft& H`w j n`f~tjft j}awtqwa" tia hqwtiaw tia `geant" tia lwajtaw tiaoa}ti `h abo" tia nb`~aw tia `geant" tia ~djbbaw tia oa}ti `h abo& J~ j wa~qbt" s`q|cbb fo tijt djnw` }i`t`lwj}is `htaf tjka~ }bjna jt j}awtqwa~ ~qni j~ h:: t` af~qwa

:3


28/94


Hclqwa 7&&7 |`qbo ga j ticwo `h j ~t`}" |icba h7&9 t` h>&1 |`qbo ga t|`$ticwo~ `h j~t`}&

7&7&> Baf~a~ jfo tiacw J}awtqwa

J baf~ c~ oa~nwcgao lafawjbbs gs ct~ djycdqd j}awtqwa ga~coa~ ct~ h`njb baflti& H`wj kct baf~ tic~ |`qbo ts}cnjbbs ga :9$11dd h>&1$1&8& _ic~ dajf~" tijt jt :9dd

ct ij~ jf j}awtqwa `h >&1 jfo jt 11dd jf j}awtqwa `h 1&8" |icni twjf~bjta~ t` tiabaf~ battcfl cf :&> ~t`}~ ba~~ bclit jt 11dd n`d}jwao t` :9dd& ^qni baf~a~ jwa jb~`njbbao xjwcjgba j}awtqwa baf~a~&

7=


29/94

7&7 J}awtqwa

Baf~a~ |cti j n`f~tjft j}awtqwa |`qbo ga bjgabbao h`w ayjd}ba :7 c~ b`|aw tijf h77 $ |abb" tanifcnjbbs tia j}aw$tqwa c~ j hwjntc`f jfo :

>7c~ ~djbbaw tijf :

77& _ic~ c~ n`fhq~cfl jt tia ~tjwt" gqt eq~t

jnna}tcfl tia tawdcf`b`ls c~ }watts dqni tia `fbs ticfl s`q njf o`& \cti tcda" `falat~ q~ao t` ct& _ia gcllaw tia h$fqdgaw" tia ~djbbaw tia j}awtqwa&

7&7&? Gjnklw qfo Gbqw $ G`kai

\ijt C ijxa daftc`fao" gqt ijxa f`t abjg`wjtao `f" |j~ gjnklw qfo gbqw& _iatanifcnjb tawd h`w ct c~ g`kai jfo n`da~ hw`d tia Ej}jfa~a& Ct ij~ f` ocwanttwjf~bjtc`f jfo c~ q~ao" j~ ~}abt" t` oa~nwcga j }baj~jft gjnklw`qfo gbqw& ^`da }a`$}ba xca| tia g`kai nwajtao gs tia 1=dd h:&9 baf~ daftc`fao jg`xa j~ ijw~i" |icbatia 91dd h:&7 g`kai c~ lafawjbbs jodcwao j~ `fa `h tia ga~t& G`kai" `w }baj~cflgjnklw`qfo gbqw" c~ j wa~qbt `h tia ~ij}a `h tia j}awtqwa gbjoa~ )}aftjl`f ~ij}ao

`f tia 1=dd h:&9 `w fajw }awhantbs ncwnqbjw `w d`wa ay}af~cxa |coa j}awtqwa baf~a~~qni j~ tia 91dd h:&7# j~ |abb j~ tia ~cua `h tia j}awtqwa&Lafawjbbs" tia gjnklw`qfo gbqw `h baf~a~ |cti ncwnqbjw j}awtqwa gbjoa~ c~ xca|ao j~d`wa }baj~cfl jfo iafna oa~nwcgao j~ tia d`wa }baj~cfl g`kai" gqt tia zqjbcts `h

7:


30/94


tia lbj~~ q~ao jb~` ij~ jf aant&

I`|axaw" tiawa c~ jf`tiaw abadaft t` gjnklw`qfo gbqw" fjdabs tia h`njb baflit&J b`flaw h`njb baflit `f j baf~ |cbb wa~qbt cf j ~i`wtaw oa}ti `h abo jt tia ~jdaj}awtqwa" n`d}jwao t` j baf~ |cti j ~i`wtaw h`njb baflit&Bat da cbbq~twjta tic~ |cti ~`da ayjd}ba~& _ia oc~tjfna wjtcfl c~ tjkaf hw`d tiaaych ojtj cf tia }i`t`lwj}i~ cf lqwa~ 7&9 jfo 7&3 jfo a~tcdjtao h`w tia cdjla cflqwa7&:=&

Hclqwa 7&95 h7&9"


31/94

7&> C^@ }waxc`q~bs jb~` J^J

7 N`fxaw~abs" tia ~djbbaw tia j}awtqwa )tia gcllaw tia h$fqdgaw#" tia lwajtaw tiaoa}ti `h abo jfo tia gjnklw`qfo gbqw oc~j}}ajw~waoqna~&

Ch s`q oa~cwa jf cdjla |cti tia h`walw`qfo j~ ~ijw} j~ oc~tjft `geant~" tjka j |coajflba `w ~tjfojwo u``d baf~ jfo ~at ct t` h77" djfqjbbs h`nq~~cfl jt > haat `w :d&

7&> C^@ }waxc`q~bs jb~` J^J

C^@" `w jb~` J^J cf tia }j~t" c~ q~ao t` oaf`ta i`| ~af~ctcxa tia bd c~ t` bclit& @fj oclctjb njdawj" ct ij~ jf coaftcnjb aant" gqt ~bclitbs ocawaft dajfcfl& Ct oà~f`t ~` dqni oa~nwcga ~af~ctcxcts t` bclit" gqt wjtiaw ~af~`w ljcf" |icni wa~qbt~ cf tia~jda aant&

J hjnt`w `h t|` azqjta~ t` j ocawafna `h `fa ~t`} |cti wa~}ant t` C^@&

J~ |cti tia }waxc`q~ t|` ~attcfl~" C^@ ij~ j ~an`fo ~coa t` ct" djcfbs f`c~a" `w~clfjb aww w~& _ia icliaw tia C^@" tia lwajtaw tia f`c~a& Ct c~ `htaf joxc~jgba t`kaa} tia C^@ ~attcfl b`|" gqt dòawf ^BW~ ~i`qbo ga xaws nbajf q} t` C^@9==jnw`~~ jbb djfqhjntqwaw~& F`c~a waoqntc`f njf jb~` iab} |cti f`c~a" gqt cfnwaj~aoC^@ jb~` n`d}wa~~ao tia osfjdcn wjfla& Ct c~ q} t` s`q t` oancoa |ijt C^@ ~attcfl~s`q jwa ij}}s t` q~a `f s`qw njdawj" j~ axaws njdawj c~ ocawaft& Jooctc fjbbs"ocawaft ~ctqjtc`f~ j~ |abb j~ ay}antjtc`f~ t` zqjbcts |cbb ga j }jwt `h s`qw oanc~c`f&H`w ayjd}ba" j f`c~s cdjla c~ gattaw tijf f` cdjla `w j gbqwwao cdjla&

7&? N`fnbq~c`f $ Ay}`~qwa" J}awtqwa" C^@

Ijxcfl fc~iao tic~ nij}taw" s`q ijxa n`d}batao tia gj~cn cftwòqntc`f t` tia kas~attcfl~ `h j oclctjb ^BW njdawj& S`q njf f`| iajo `qt jfo ay}awcdaft j gct" `wjbtawfjtcxabs" wajo `f&

7>


32/94


33/94

> Jqt`h`nq~ jfo Datawcfl

>&: Jqt`h`nq~

\iatiaw s`q q~a JH `w djfqjb h`nq~ )DH# c~ wajbbs s`qw ni`cna" i`|axaw f`|jojs~"`f oclctjb ^BW~" jqt`h nq~ c~ `htaf d`wa jnnqwjta& Ayna}tc`f~ jljcf ayc~t" jfo cf$nbqoa }wòqnt djnw` ~i`t~ cf j ~tqoc` |iawa djfqjb h`nq~ tafo~ t` ga }wahawjgba&

Nwajtcxa }i`t`lwj}is njf jb~` gafat hw`d djfqjb h`nq~ jt tcda~" a~}ancjbbs |iafs`q ijxa ocnqbts t` fo j ~qctjgba h`nq~~cfl tjwlat& Cf xaws ojwk afxcw`fdaft~"djfqjb h`nq~ djs jb~` ga gafancjb" j~ tia JH ~af~`w~ wazqcwa bclit t` hqfntc`f}w`}awbs&Ch s`q o` q~a jqt`h`nq~" bajwf i`| t` n`ftw`b tia h`nq~~cfl }`cft~ )djwkao cf tiaxca|foaw# `w h`nq~~cfl }`cft lw`q}~ t` s`qw joxjftjla& O` f`t bat tia njdawjoancoa |ijt c~ cd}`wtjft" gqt tabb tia njdawj |iawa t` h`nq~ jqt`djtcnjbbs& \icbact c~ j lwajt iab} t` d`~t }i`t`lwj}iaw~" ct c~ j t``b xaws aj~cbs jgq~ao" a~}ancjbbsch dc~qfoaw~t`ò& _ia njdawj oà~ f`t kf`| |ijt s`q |jft t` h`nq~ `f jfo tiq~i`| s`q |jft s`qw cdjla t` b``k& Faxawtiaba~~" ct c~ l`ò jt h`nq~~cfl `f j ~}`t"~` q~a tia jqt`h`nq~ t` s`qw joxjftjla&

H`w tic~" s`q ~i`qbo kf`| i`| tia jqt`h`nq~ |`wk~&J njdawj ij~ f`wdjb JH ~af~`w~ `w nw`~~ ts}a JH ~af~`w~& )O`qgba nw`~~ ts}aayc~t~" gqt c~ f`t n`dd`fbs h`qfo `f n`f~qdaw lwjoa azqc}daft Jf JH ~af$~`w daj~qwa~ tia gwclitfa~~ nijfla |iawa ct c~ }`cftao jt& _ia lwajtaw tia ~ta}cf gwclitfa~~" tia ba~~ lwjoqjb tia nijfla" tia ~ijw}aw tia cdjla& Jf qfh`nq~~aocdjla |`qbo wa~qbt cf j gbqwws" ~d``ti nijfla cf gwclitfa~~& _ic~ c~ |is }jttawf~jwa lafawjbbs lwajt h`w h`nq~~cfl jfo }bjcf n`b`qwao jt jwaj~ jwa q~aba~~&

_ia h`bb`|cfl tiwaa cdjla~ cf lqwa~ >&:" >&7 jfo >&> lcxa s`q j ~cd}bcao ayjd}baj~ t` i`| jf JH ~af~`w ~aa~ j tjwlat jfo |ijt ct jcd~ t` jnicaxa&

_ia ocawafna gat|aaf f`wdjb JH ~af~`w~ jfo jnw`~~ ts}a JH ~af~`w c~" tijtj f`wdjb JH ~af~`w daj~qwa~ actiaw i`wcu`ftjbbs `w xawtcnjbbs |icba j nw`~~ ts}a~af~ w daj~qwa~ i`wcu`ftjbbs jfo xawtcnjbbs& ]watts dqni axaws ^BW ij~ jt baj~t`fa nw`~~ ts}a JH }`cft jt tia naftwa& J~ j wa~qbt" tic~ c~ tia d`~t jnnqwjta cfoc$

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35/94

>&> Ic~t`lwjd~

>&> Ic~t`lwjd~

>&>&: Cftw`oqntc`f

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S`q ~i`qbo jb~` f`tcna tijt tia ic~t`lwjd `f s`qw )Njf`f# njdawj jfo cf ~`daaoct`w~ c~ ocxcoao cft` 1 jwaj~; tia~a jwa tia xa ~t`}~ `h osfjdcn wjfla tijt s`q|cbb lat cf j ts}cnjb E]AL cdjla& Dcfo s`q" j WJ\ ba" j~ daftc`fao ajwbcaw" njfn`ftjcf d`wa tijf xa ~t`}~ `h osfjdcn wjfla jfo njf ga n`d}wa~~ao cft` xa ~t`}~cf }`~t }w`na~~cfl&

>&>&7 Ayjd}ba~

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\iaf tia qfaoctao WJ\ ba c~ oc~}bjsao" Njf`f~ O]] oc~}bjs~ tia bclit cftaf~ctscf ~t`}~" |iaf jf aoctao cdjla c~ ~i`|f" tia n`b`qw nijffab~ jwa ~i`|f cfocxcoqjbbsjfo |cti`qt djwkcfl~ h`w ~t`}~ `h bclit&_jka h`w ayjd}ba tia ic~t`lwjd h`w tia cdjla cf lqwa >&?" j h`qftjcf cf tia DqLjcf Lawdjfs& S`q ~i`qbo ~aa j fcna" f`t zqcta ~sddatwcnjb" gqt wclit iajxs `xawjbboqdggabb ~ij}a& _ia ic~t`lwjd t`qnia~ factiaw tia wclit ijfo ~coa f`w tia bahtijfo ~coa jt &1& S`q ~i`qbo jljcf ~aa tijt factiaw~coa `h tia ic~t`lwjd c~ t`qniao" ~` f` ~ijo`| `w iclibclit oatjcb ij~ gaaf b`~t&\ijt s`q ~i`qbo hqwtiaw f`tcna c~" tijt tia ic~t`lwjd t`qnia~ tia nacbcfl `f tiawclit ijfo ~coa& _ic~ c~ `h f` n`fnawf" ct eq~t dajf~ tijt tia n`qft ij~ l`fa tiw`qli

7


36/94


Hclqwa >&?5 ojs" gjbjfnao

Hclqwa >&15 ojs" bclit cdjla

79


37/94

>&> Ic~t`lwjd~

Hclqwa >&85 fclit" gjbjfnao cdjla

tia w``h" iafna j ~clfcnjft }w`}`wtc`f `h tia cdjla c~ xaws bclit `w gwclit" gqt f`oatjcb ij~ gaaf b`~t& _ic~ njf ij}}af cf gwclit ~nafa~ jfo j~ j wa~qbt tia `xawjbbic~t`lwjd c~ j gct wclit iajxs |iaf n`d}jwao t` tia ic~t`lwjd cf lqwa >&?&

_ia fayt ic~t`lwjd c~ hw`d j fclit ~nafa jfo ~i`|f cf lqwa >&8& S`q ~i`qbo f`tcnatijt c~ lcxa~ jf `xawjbb gjbjfnao j}}ajwjfna& Cf hjnt" ct c~ axaf ~bclitbs wclit iajxswjtiaw tijf baht iajxs j~ s`q |`qbo }`~~cgbs ijxa ay}antao&_ic~ c~ f`t ~tjfojwo h`w fclit cdjla~" j~ lqwa >&< ~i`|~&

Hclqwa >&< ~i`|~ tia ic~t`lwjd `h j d`wa osfjdcn fclit ~nafa& J |abb bct gqcbocfl"|jtaw tijt waant~ bclit jfo tia ojwk ~ks& _ia }i`t`lwj}iaw |cbb" qfba~~ ct j IOWj}}w`jni c~ }bjffao" ijxa t` djka j n`d}w`dc~a gat|aaf nj}tqwcfl tia oatjcb~ cfojwkfa~~ jfo tia oatjcb~ |abb bct& Ch tia ojwkaw ~nafa~ jwa n`wwantbs ay}`~ao" tia bclit|cbb ga gb`|f `qt |icta |cti`qt oatjcb" n`fxaw~abs" ch tia bjd}~ jwa |abb ay}`~ao"tia ~ijo`|~ |cbb ga jg~`bqta gbjnk&@xawjbb i`|axaw" tia cdjla c~ ~tcbb waj~`fjgbs |abb gjbjfnao" gqt d`wa baht iajxs"

|cti d`wa `h tia ~nafa cf ojwkfa~~" gqt f` `gxc`q~ oatjcb b`~~ ~i`|cfl cf tia ic~$t`lwjd& )Jbti`qli C njf tabb s`q tijt tia bjd}~ jfo tia |jbb gaicfo tiad o` f`tn`ftjcf jfs oatjcb

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Hclqwa >&&9_ia cdjla c~ xaws baht iajxs |cti ~ijo`| oatjcb b`~t& Gqt oà~ tic~ djka ct j gjo`w |w`fl cdjla0 F`" ganjq~a tia ~nafa ct oa}cnt~ n`ftjcf~ xaws ojwk jwaj~& _iaqfoaway}`~qwa |j~ ni`~af t` n`fxas tia d`ò `h tia ~nafa jfo t` djcftjcf oatjcb~

cf tia bclit jfo waantc`f~ `h bclit&

>&>&> N`fnbq~c`f jfo Wan`ddafojtc`f

_` n`fnbqoa" tiawa c~ f` }awhant ic~t`lwjd& F` ic~t`lwjd c~ d`wa wclit `w |w`fltijf jf`tiaw& I`|axaw ct c~ j q~ahqb t``b t` j~~a~~ tia ay}`~qwa `h jf cdjla zqcnkbsjfo t` oatawdcfa |iatiaw tia wa~qbtcfl cdjla ij~ jfs }w`gbad~ oqa t` tia osfjdcnwjfla `h tia ~nafa nj}tqwao&

_iq~ ct c~ iclibs wan`ddafoao tijt s`q niank s`qw ic~t`lwjd jhtaw nj}tqwcfl j~nafa& Ct c~ jb|js~ jnnqwjta" f` djttaw |ijt bclitcfl n`foctc`f~ jfo jb|js~ d`wawa}wa~aftjtcxa tijf tia cdjla xc~cgba `f tia BNO oc~}bjs&Ch s`q |jft t` ga aytwadabs njqtc`q~" Njf`f njdawj~ àw s`q tia jgcbcts t` oc~}bjsj ic~t`lwjd h`w axaws n`b`qw nijffab" j~ ay}`~qwa njf xjws gs j hjcw jd`qft gat|aafocawaft nijffab~&

>=


39/94

>&> Ic~t`lwjd~

Hclqwa >&95 fclit cdjla

>:


40/94


41/94

? Baf~a~

?&: Lafawjb Cftwòqntc`f t` Baf~a~

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\iaf s`q galcf" gqscfl tia wclit baf~ h`w s`qw }i`t`lwj}is njf ~aad bcka j ojqft$cfl tj~k& ^cdcbjwbs" ~abantcfl tia wclit baf~ `w baf~a~ t` tjka jb`fl njf ~aad bcka jtwcnks }w`gbad" ganjq~a |a njff`t njwws d`wa tijf j ha| aj~cbs& Axaws tcda |a l``qt t` }i`t`lwj}i ~`daticfl |a faao t` n`d}w`dc~a jfo oancoa |icni baf~ h`wd~tia coajb t``b h`w |ijt |a jcd t` }i`t`lwj}i& J ~tjwtcfl }`cft c~ t` qfoaw~tjfo tiats}a~ `h baf~a~ jxjcbjgba t` }i`t`lwj}iaw~ tòjs" |ijt tiacw q~a~ jwa jfo i`| tiasjant tia wa~qbtcfl cdjla&

?&:&: H`njb Baflti cf~tajo `h U``d Hjnt`w

Hcw~t bat da cftwòqna s`q t` tia j}}w`}wcjta tawdcf`b`ls |cti wa~}ant t` baf~a~&@f n`d}jnt njdawj~" |a l`t q~ao t` wajocfl ~tjtadaft~ ~qni j~ :=y u``d" |icnijwa dajfcflba~~" `f n`d}jnt~ j~ |abb j~ ^BW~&:9$11dd c~ jg`qt >y u``d" j~ c~


42/94

? Baf~a~

h`njb baflit `f hqbb hwjda |icba tia h`njb baflit `h tia baf~ ~tjs~ tia ~jda" j~ ct c~j }w`}awts `h tia baf~&

_jka j b``k jt tia owj|cfl cf lqwa ?&:" |icni c~ f`t zqcta t` ~njba" gqt nb`~acf tawd~ `h wabjtcxa ~af~`w ~cua~&_ia ocdaf~c`f~ `h j hqbb hwjda ~af~`w jwa >8dd 7?dd" |icba ct c~ 7dd :?&3dd h`w J]^$N h`w Njf`f& \icba tia ~cua`h hqbb hwjda ~af~`w~ c~ oafao gs `bo |at bd" nw`} h`wdjt~ jwa ~}ancao gs tiadjfqhjntqwaw&_ia ~cua `h tia ~af~`w oafa~ i`| dqni `h tia cdjla ncwnba tiw`|f gs tia baf~ c~jntqjbbs xc~cgba jfo wan`woao" iafna j ~djbbaw ~af~`w nw`}~ `qt j }jwt `h tia |i`bacdjla&

Hclqwa ?&:5 N`d}jwc~`f `h ~af~`w ~cua~" sabb`| 4 HH" `wjfla 4 J]^$I" wao 4 J]^$N

N`fhq~ao0 C ~ijbb tws j ~cd}ba ayjd}ba&J 1=dd baf~ c~ j 1=dd baf~& Gqt `f j Njf`f J]^$N ~af~`w" |icni c~ j :&8 nw`}"

ct |cbb ijxa tia ~jda xca|cfl jflba j~ jf 9=dd baf~ `f j hqbb hwjda njdawj& Ctwadjcf~ j 1=dd baf~" gqt s`q `fbs ~aa j }jwt `h tia cdjla ct tiw`|~&

Ijxa j b``k jt tia cdjla cf lqwa ?&7& Ct |j~ ~i`t |cti j 7?dd u``d baf~ `f

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43/94

?&: Lafawjb Cftwòqntc`f t` Baf~a~

hqbb hwjda& _ia cdjla cf lqwa ?&> ~i`|~ tia ~af~`w ~cua~ `xawbjsao jfo tia wa~qbt$cfl abo `h xca| h`w j 7?dd baf~ `f ocawaft ~af~`w~&

Hclqwa ?&75 Gaxawbs Dcf~taw Hclqwa ?&>5 ~af~`w `xawbjs

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Gw`jobs" baf~a~ hjbb cft` h`qw njtal`wca~" |icni njf ga n`dd`fbs lw`q}ao j~ h`b$b`|~5

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_jgba ?&:5 Baf~ Nbj~~cnjtc`f~

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44/94

? Baf~a~

J ~tjfojwo u``d baf~ n`xaw~ tia ~tjfojwo h`njb baflit" }bq~ ~`da aytwj `f actiaw~coa& H`w ayjd}ba" j 7?$8


45/94


46/94

? Baf~a~

?&7 î`wt Cftwòqntc`f t` Ocawaft _s}a~ `h Baf~a~

?&7&: ]wcda xaw~q~ U``d

Gah`wa C daftc`f |ijt ts}a~ `h baf~a~ ayc~t" C |`qbo bcka t` cftwòqna ~`da d`watawdcf`b`ls& S`q jwa d`~t bckabs hjdcbcjw |cti j u``d baf~" |icni c~ j baf~ tijt njfnijfla ct~ h`njb baflit" `w wjtiaw j baf~ tijt njf n`xaw dqbtc}ba h`njb baflit~&

Cf n`ftwj~t" j }wcda baf~ c~ j baf~ tijt `fbs n`xaw~ `fa h`njb baflit" |icni njf$f`t ga nijflao&

Ch s`q j~k" |icni c~ gattaw" tia jf~|aw c~ factiaw& J }wcda baf~ |cbb cf lafawjb}w`xcoa ~q}awc`w `}tcnjb }awh`wdjfna jfo àw |coaw j}awtqwa~ tijf j n`d}jwjgba

h`njb baflit u``d baf~& Cf n`ftwj~t" j u``d baf~ |cbb àw j b`t d`wa xaw~jtcbcts"n`xawcfl j wjfla `h h`njb baflit~&^`da }a`}ba q~a `fbs }wcda~" |icba `tiaw~ ijxa j }wahawafna h`w u``d~& S`q faaot` tjka s`qw `|f oanc~c f `f tic~ t`}cn& Ch s`q jwa f`t ~qwa |ijt t` o`" ct djs ga jfcoaj t` gqs j niaj} 1=dd }wcda baf~ t` l` jb`fl |cti s`qw kct baf~ jfo ~aa |icni`h tia t|` baf~a~ s`q }wahaw&

?&7&7 \coa Jflba

\coa$jflba baf~a~ ijxa j ~i`wt h`njb baflit jfo tiq~ n`xaw j |coa jflba `h xca|&Nbj~~cn q~a~ h`w |coa$jflba baf~a~ cfnbqoa bjfo~nj}a }i`t`lwj}is" jwnictantqwjb }i`$t`lwj}is jfo cftawc`w~ |iawa ~}jna c~ jt j }wadcqd& ]`wtwjct~ jwa lafawjbbs f`t~i`t |cti j |coa$jflba baf~ j~ tic~ wa~qbt~ cf j f`c~s" oc~twjntcfl gjnklw`qfo jfo~`datcda~ wjtiaw òo oc~t`wtc`f& Jf ayna}tc`f t` tic~ c~ tia }i`t`lwj}i `h j bjwlalw`q} `h }a`}ba" a~}ancjbbs ch ~}jna c~ jt j }wadcqd&

?&7&> ^tjfojwo baf~a~

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>9


47/94

?&7 î`wt Cftw oqntc`f t` Ocawaft _s}a~ `h Baf~a~

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?&7&? _aba

_aba baf~a~ jwa `htaf q~ao h`w }`wtwjct~ `w }i`t`lwj}i~ `h oatjcb~&\cti }`wtwjct~" tia fjww`| abo `h xca| jbb`|~ h`w tia xc~qjb c~`bjtc`f `h tia ~qgeant"|icba |cti h`w ayjd}ba jwnictantqwjb ~i`t~" taba baf~a~ jbb`| h`w ~i`t~ `h oatjcb~ tijtjwa `tiaw|c~a `qt `h wajni&

?&7&1 ^q}aw _aba

Cf ~`da nj~a~" j f`wdjb taba baf~ c~ f`t af`qli" cf tic~ nj~a ~q}aw$taba baf~a~ jwaq~ao gs }i`t`lwj}iaw~" |icni lafawjbbs ijxa j h`njb baflit cf ayna~~ `h 7==$>==dd&^qni baf~a~ njf ga q~ao h`w }`wtwjct~" gqt jwa lafawjbbs q~ao t` ~i``t ~}`wt axaft~|iawa tia ~qgeant c~ hjw j|js j~ |abb j~ |cbobcha `w jcwnwjht& _ia }wcdjws `geantcxagaicfo ~q}aw$taba baf~a~ c~ wajni" |icba ~tcbb n`bbantcfl af`qli bclit t` jbb`| h`w hj~t~iqttaw ~}aao~& \cti l`ò `}tcnjb zqjbcts" tia~a baf~a~ wazqcwa bjwla baf~ abadaft~"|icni djka tiad bjwla jfo xaws ay}af~cxa&\icba a~}ancjbbs tia galcffaw~ dclit ga tad}tao gs niaj} ==dd baf~a~ hw`dxjwc`q~ djfqhjntqwaw~" tiacw `}tcnjb zqjbcts tafo~ t` ga j ~`$~` jjcw& C ijo j niaj}

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?&7&8 Hc~iasa

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48/94

? Baf~a~

?&7&< Djnw` baf~a~

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?&7&9 _cbt$~icht baf~a~

Ganjq~a n`fxaftc`fjb `}tcn~ tafo t` bajo t` j bajfcfl t`|aw~ aant `f gqcbocfl~"jwnictant~ wazqcwao j baf~ tijt |`qbo ~i`| }jwjbbab bcfa~aola~ `f gqcbocfl~& _iatcbt$~icht baf~ |j~ g`wf&

Gs }is~cnjbbs dc~jbclfcfl tia baf~ abadaft~" tia }i`t`lwj}iaw c~ jgba t` af~qwa}jwjbbab bcfa~ `f gqcbocfl~& _ia oc~joxjftjla5 tcbt$~icht baf~a~ jwa f`t |ajtiaw ~ajbaojfo djfqjb h`nq~ `fbs&_òjs tias ijxa jb~` gaaf oc~n`xawao gs jwtc~tcn }i`t`lwj}iaw~ |i` djka nwajtcxaq~a `h tia aant~ nwajtao gs j tcbt$~icht baf~&

?&> \ijt Baf~ ~i`qbo C gqs0

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wclit jf~|aw&

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@fna s`q ijxa oancoao |icni h`njb baflit s`q jcd t` gqs" tia fayt }`cft `h n`fnawf

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49/94

?&> \ijt Baf~ ~i`qbo C gqs0

Qfba~~ s`q njf fo jfs ~}ancn c~~qa~ |cti tia dòab s`q wa~ajwniao" ct |cbb jb|js~ijxa ~q}awc`w lbj~~ n`d}jwao t` tia ~djbbaw j}awtqwa dòab `h tia ~jda h`njb baflit&_ic~ oà~ gan`da j gct twcnkcaw" ch s`qw ni`c~a c~ gat|aaf j baf~ |cti C^ `w |cti`qt"jfo tia zqa~tc`f~ s`q faao t` j~k s`qw~abh c~" i`| cd}`wtjft C^ c~ t` s`q& Kaa} cfdcfo ti`qli" tijt j bjnk `h C^ njf ga n`d}af~jtao h`w gs j twc}ò cf d`~t ~ctqj$tc`f~" |icba j |coaw j}awtqwa |`qbo wazqcwa ~clfcnjft }`~t}w`na~~cfl |`wk ch ct njfga wajbc~tcnjbbs ~cdqbjtao jt jbb&Jt tia ~jda tcda" `gxc`q~bs" ch s`q faao j baf~ f`| jfo njff`t j`wo ~js j 1=ddh:&7 baf~" j h:&? `w h:&9 |cbb ga j l`ò ni`cna" ti`qli tias jwa `}tcnjbbs cfhawc`w&Bj~tbs" ~`datcda~ jnw`~~ ocawaft djfqhjntqwaw~" h`njb baflit~ xjws ~bclitbs" gs|icni C dajf tijt n`d}atcfl baf~a~ o` f`t ijxa coaftcnjb h`njb baflit~& Ay}antn`d}atcfl baf~a~ gat|aaf djfqhjntqwaw~ t` ~i`| j ocawafna `h : t` >dd `f tia

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50/94


51/94


52/94

1 N`d}`~ctc`f Gj~cn~

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53/94

1&: Hwjdcfl

I`|axaw" tiawa jwa ~`da `tiaw }`cft~ tijt s`q ~i`qbo ticfk jg`qt&

1&: Hwjdcfl

O` f`t hwjda s`qw ~qgeant t`` tclitbs |iaf tjkcfl tia }i`t`lwj}i& @f tòjs~ icliwa~`bqtc`f ~af~`w~" `fa njf jb|js~ nw`} j|js }jwt~ `h jf cdjla" gqt `fa njf faxawjoo ~`daticfl& A~}ancjbbs ch s`q oancoa t` }wcft" s`q faao j ~djbb g`woaw" |icni|cbb ga n`xawao gs tia hwjda& _ia ~jda là~ h`w njfxj~ }wcft~& @fbs njwo~ njf latj|js |cti tclit hwjdcfl" jfo axaf tiaf" n`f~coaw tia ja~tiatcn~ `h tia cdjla&

1&7 ]i`t`lwj}iaw~ xaw~q~ Xca|aw~ Xc~c`f_icfk jg`qt |ijt s`q |jft t` ~i`| jfo |ijt tia xca|aw |cbb ~aa&_icfkcfl jg`qt |ijt tia xca|aw ~aa~ c~ cd}`wtjft gqt jb~` ocnqbt& S`q kf`| tiajwaj" tia afxcw`fdaft" tia jtd`~}iawa" tia xca|aw cf d`~t nj~a~ oà~ f`t& \icba j~nafa djs b``k cftawa~tcfl t` s`q" tia xca|aw dclit ga oa~}awjtabs ~ajwnicfl h`w jh`njb }`cft" j }`cft `h cftawa~t&

H`w ayjd}ba tjka j b``k jt tia cdjla cf lqwa 1&?" |ijt o` s`q ticfk0@f tic~ ~}ancn cdjla" C j~kao h`w nwctczqa jfo bajwfao j ba~~`f; ch C h`bb`| ct c~jf`tiaw t`}cn ti`qli&

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54/94


55/94

8 N`d}qtaw gj~ao _anifczqa~

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8&: IOW $ Icli Osfjdcn WjflaCh s`q ijxa wajo tia ajwbcaw nij}taw~" s`q ~i`qbo wadadgaw tijt tia iqdjf asa njfwa~`bxa jg`qt :9 ~t`}~ `h osfjdcn wjfla" |icba j njdawj djs jt ga~t wa~`bxa jg`qt9 ~t`}~ `h osfjdcn wjfla& Cf djfs ~nafa~ tic~ c~ f`t j bjwla c~~qa" gqt ~`da ~nafa~b``~a jbb tiacw djlcn j~ j wa~qbt `h b`~cfl iclibclit jfo ~ijo`| oatjcb& _ia ~`bqtc`fc~ t` ~i``t jf IOW cdjla" |icni n`f~c~t~ `h ~axawjb cdjla~" n`xawcfl tia osfjdcnwjfla `h tia ~nafa" bjsawao `f t`} `h ajni `tiaw t` wa~`bxa tia hqbb osfjdcn wjfla&_ia cw`fs `h tic~ c~" tijt |icba tia cdjla nwajtao oqwcfl tia }`~t }w`na~~cfl ~ta}~c~ j twqa icli osfjdcn wjfla cdjla" tia fjb wa~qbt" ti`qli fjdao icli osfjdcnwjfla c~ f`t j~ ct c~ j n`d}wa~~ao E]AL&

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56/94


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8&7 IOW Ayjd}ba~

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8&7&: O`fnj~taw Dcf~taw

J niqwni c~ j b`xabs gqcbocfl h`w }i`t`lwj}is" tia ic~t`ws `h naftqwca~" abjg`wjta `w$fjdaft~" dj~taw}cana~ `h aflcfaawcfl jfo jwt& Jt tia ~jda tcda" tia ~tjcfao lbj~~"c~ aytwadabs ocnqbt t` }i`t`lwj}i |abb ch s`q |jft t` ga jgba t` oc~tcflqc~i d`watijf eq~t tia |cfo`| `w eq~t tia cftawc`w& J nijbbaflcfl" iclibs osfjdcn" ~nafa tijtwazqcwa~ j tanifczqa ~qni j~ IOW~&

_ia h`bb`|cfl > cdjla~ jwa ayjd}ba~ `h tia ?1 cdjla~ q~ao t` nwajta tia fjb cdjla~i`|f cf lqwa 8&?& C ijxa ni`~af tia ~i`wta~t" dcooba jfo b`fla~t ay}`~qwa `htia ~awca~ h`w tia ayjd}ba cdjla~& Ch s`q wajo tia nj}tc`f~" s`q ~i`qbo ~}`t tijttia ay}`~qwa tcda~ jwa :

:1~ h`w tia cdjla cf lqwa 8&:" :~ h`w tia cdjla cf lqwa 8&7

jfo bj~tbs :1~ h`w tia cdjla cf lqwa 8&>&Wahawwcfl s`q gjnk t` tia nij}taw `f osfjdcn wjfla" s`q ~i`qbo ga jgba t` ~}`ttijt tia ocawafna gat|aaf tia ~i`wta~t jfo b`fla~t ay}`~qwa c~ j hjnt`w `h 771&) :1~::1

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57/94

8&7 IOW Ayjd}ba~

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Hclqwa 8&:5 ::1 ~ Hclqwa 8&75 :~ Hclqwa 8&>5 :1~

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8&7&7 ^qf~at cf tia ]affcfa~

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Cf tic~ nj~a" `fbs tiwaa ay}`~qwa~ |awa q~ao5Ct djs f`t ga `gxc`q~" gqt ct c~ xc~cgba cf lqwa 8&1" tijt tia ~qf~at n`ftjcf~ ~`daxaws gwclit ~}`t~" tijt wazqcwa j ~i`wt ay}`~qwa& Jt tia ~jda tcda" ojwkaw oatjcb~

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58/94


`f tia nb`qo~ jwa gattaw ay}`~ao cf tia cdjla~ cf lqwa 8&8 jfo lqwa 8&


59/94

8&> ]jf`wjdj~

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8&>&: Ayjd}ba~

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60/94


Hclqwa 8&?5 O`fnj~taw Dcf~taw $ IOW

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61/94

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62/94


Hclqwa 8&35 Oa Fcaq|a Kawk $ oc~t`wtc`f

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63/94

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64/94


?& ^jtqwjtc`f $ o`a~ tia cdjla b``k oqbb0

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65/94


66/94


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67/94

Hqwtiaw ^ta}~ h`w ]`~t ]w`na~~cfl

Hclqwa


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Gah`wa s`q n`ftcfqa t` wajo" tws t` lqa~~ |ijt C ijxa o`fa t` tia cdjla" jfo tiafn`d}jwa s`qw ay}antjtc`f~ t` |ijt C tabb s`q C ijxa o`fa&

:& C ~bclitbs cfnwaj~ao tia n`b`qw tad}awjtqwa t` djka tia cdjla |jwdaw" a~}a$ncjbbs j~ |jwd t`fa~ tafo t` o`dcfjta ~qf~at~ jfo iafna lcxa ct j d`wa cfxctcflb``k&

7& Fayt C ~bclitbs cfnwaj~ao tia n`ftwj~t&

>& ^ijw}fa~~ jfo f`c~a waoqntc`f |awa baht qfnijflao" j~ tiawa c~ f` faao h`wactiaw cf tic~ cdjla&

?& Cf tia h`qwti ~ta} C cfnwaj~ao xclfattcfl cf NjdawjWJ\" tic~ c~ tia ojwkafcfl`h tia n`wfaw~ tijt s`q ~aa&

1& _ia bj~t ~ta} c~ tia d`~t cd}`wtjft& C ~cdqbjtao j lwjoqjb faqtwjb oaf~cts b$taw" |icni dajf~ tijt C jooao j lwjoqjb nijfla cf gwclitfa~~& \iaf j}}bscfltic~ nijfla" C jb~` ~clfcnjftbs cfnwaj~ao tia ~jtqwjtc`f&

C jooao `fa lwjocaft hw`d :&11 ~t`}~ t` = ~t`}~ hw`d tia t`} t` tia|jtawbcfa t` ojwkaf tia ~ks jfo waoqna tia `xaway}`~qwa nwajtao gs tia ~qf& Chs`q n`f~qbt lqwa


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Hqwtiaw ^ta}~ h`w ]`~t ]w`na~~cfl

Hclqwa


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71/94

9 N`b`qw Djfjladaft" D`fct`w~

9&: N`b qw Djfjladaft

N`b`qw djfjladaft wahaw~ t` tia djfjladaft `h n`b`qw ~}jna~& ^` w~t" bat da lcxas`q jf cftw`oqntc`f t` |ijt n`b`qw ~}jna~ jwa&

9&:&: N`b`qw~}jna

Cf j zqcnk jnnqwjta oa~nwc}tc`f" tia n`b`qw ~}jna oafa~ i`| n`b`qw~ jwa dj}}aojfo i`| djfs n`b`qw~ jwa cfnbqoao jfo tiq~ djs ga oc~}bjsao jfo wan`woao cf jfcdjla&^}ancnjbbs" ganjq~a tanif`b`ls |`wk~ |cti bcfajw bclit cftaf~cts" |icba iqdjf~ }aw$nacxa bclit cftaf~cts b`ljwctidcnjbbs" j~ |abb j~ ocawaft ~af~ctcxcts t` ocawaft |jxa$baflti~ )n`b`qw~# `h bclit" tiawa c~ f` waj~`f |is h`w ayjd}ba ):>>""7>:# c~ j nawtjcfn`b`qw" fjdabs tia n`b`qw ~i`|f cf lqwa 9&:& Cf hjnt" tiawa c~ f` waj~`f |is tic~n`b`qw ~i`qbo b``k tia ~jda `f ocawaft d`fct`w~ `w }wcftaw~ |cti`qt j n`b`qw ~}jna&

Hclqwa 9&:5 _ia n`b`qw ):>>""7>:#

\ijt c~ wazqcwao" c~ j dj} tijt dj}~ tia fqdawcnjb xjbqa~ t` j }waoafao n`b`qw&J~ j wa~qbt" h`w ayjd}ba ~WLG jfo Jo`ga WLG jwa ~cdcbjw n`b`qw ~}jna~ gqt f`tcoaftcnjb& Hqwtiaw" tic~ dj} |cbb jb~` oafa |ijt osfjdcn wjfla njf ga oc~}bjsao j~|abb j~ i`| fa tia ~ta}~ gat|aaf ocawaft n`b`qw~ jwa" jbti`qli tia bjtaw c~ d`waocwantbs wabjtao t` gct oa}ti tijf n`b`qw ~}jna&H`w |ag q~a" ~WLG c~ tia ~tjfojwo n`b`qw ~}jna" h`w }wcftcfl ~WLG tafo~ t` ga tia

n`b`qw ~}jna `h ni`cna& Ch s`q o` f`t q~a ~WLG `f j |ag~cta jfo j q~aw xc~ct~ tijt~cta |cti j f`f$n`b`qw djfjlao gw`|~aw" tias |cbb f`t ~aa tia ~jda n`b`qw~ s`q ~aa&Cf jooctc`f" axaf ch tia gw`|~aw ~q}}`wt~ n`b`qw djfjladaft" ct o`a~ f`t jb|js~|`wk |abb& ]aw~`fjbbs" C ijxa ~aaf ~kca~ tqwf }qw}ba ganjq~a ds n`b`qw djfjlao

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9 N`b`qw Djfjladaft" D`fct w~

gw`|~aw" Hcwah`y" oco f`t walc~taw tijt tia cdjla ct c~ oc~}bjscfl q~ao Jo`ga WLGwjtiaw tijf ~WLG h`w ~`da waj~`f&

9&:&7 Djfjlcfl N`b`qw

N`b`qw djfjladaft eq~t dajf~ af~qwcfl tijt tia j}}bcnjtc`f~ wa~}ant tia n`b`qw~}jna cfh`wdjtc`f" jfo tijt n`b`qw ~}jna cfh wdjtc`f c~ watjcfao& Ct jb~` dajf~adgaoocfl tia j}}w`}wcjta n`b`qw ~}jna cft` tia wa~qbtcfl cdjla ba" ~` tijt bjtawxca|aw~ jwa jgba t` wan`f~twqnt |ijt s`q ~aa" |cti tia n`b`qw~ tijt s`q ~j|&

Bat da lcxa s`q jf ayjd}ba& Ch s`q b``k jt tia cdjla~ }wa~aftao cf lqwa 9&7jfo lqwa 9&>" s`q dclit ga jgba t` oatant j ocawafna cf n`b`qw" oa}afocfl `f tiazqjbcts `h s`qw d`fct`w& _ia ~`qwna cdjla |j~ }wa~aft cf tia Jo`ga WLG n`b`qw~}jna" cf lqwa 9&7 tic~ |j~ n`fxawtao t` ~WLG" |icba cf lqwa 9&> tia n`b`qw ~}jna|j~ clf`wao jfo tia fqdawcnjb xjbqa~ jt axaws }cyab~ |awa twajtao j~ ch tias |awahw`d tia ~WLG n`b`qw ~}jna&Ganjq~a tia n`b`qw~ jwa dj}}ao ~bclitbs ocawaftbs" tia cdjla~ b``k ~cdcbjw gqt f`tcoaftcnjb& ^}ancnjbbs" ch s`qw d`fct`w c~ l``o jt oc~}bjscfl gbqa jfo xc`bat `w n`b`qwjnnqwjta" s`q ~i`qbo ga jgba t` oc~nawf j d`wa xc`bat tcft cf tia cdjla" |icni ij~clf`wao tia n`b`qw ~}jna" `xaw tia cdjla cf |icni tia n`b`qw ~}jna |j~ joiawao t`&

Hclqwa 9&75 n b`qw~}jna n`fxawtao Hclqwa 9&>5 n b`qw~}jna clf`wao

\icba tia ocawafna~ jwa ~djbb gat|aaf ~WLG jfo Jo`ga WLG" `tiaw n`b`qw ~}jna~

njf ijxa j ~clfcnjft cd}jnt `f tia wa~qbtcfl cdjla& N`b`qw ~}jna~ gj~ao `f `tiawn`b`qw ~s~tad~ tijf WLG ~qni j~ Bjg NDSK njf wa~qbt cf n`d}batabs ocawaftcdjla~& S`q dclit ijxa ~}`ttao" tijt tia Bjg NDSK n`b`qw~ djtni tia n`ftaft~ `hs`qw }wcftaw" axaf ti`qli s`qw i`da }wcftaw |cbb ijxa jf WLG n`b`qw }w`ba `f s`qw

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j n`b`qw djfjlao j}}bcnjtc`f&

9&:&> N`b`qw ^s~tad~

Ocawaft j}}bcnjtc`f~ wazqcwa ocawaft j}}w`jnia~ t` oc~}bjscfl n`b`qw" `h |icni tiat|` j}}w`jnia~ }wa~aftao jwa tia d`~t n`dd`f&_ia~a jwa5

:& WLG $ WaoLwaafGbqa

7& NDSK $ NsjfDjlaftjSabb`|Gbjnk

WLG

WLG c~ q~ao h`w lb`|cfl daocj" ~qni j~ ~nwaaf~ `f BNO~" _X~ `w bjwla oc~}bjs~&\icba j bjwla oc~}bjs jt ~js j ~tjtc`f djs ~i`| xc~cgbs oc~nawfcgba ocòa~ cf tian`b`qw~ WLG `f nb`~aw cf~}antc`f" s`qw jxawjla d`fct`w |cbb wazqcwa j djlfchscfllbj~~ t` ~aa tia ocawaft n`b`qw nijffab~ }aw }cyab&Jbb lb`|cfl ~nwaaf~ tijt }is~cnjbbs adct bclit q~a jf WLG j}}w`jni t` wa}wòqncflcdjla~& F` djttaw |iatiaw ct c~ j njtiòa$wjs tqga" j _F `w C]^ d`fct`w )g`ti jwaBNO oc~}bjs~# `w jf @BAO `w JD@BAO gj~ao }i`fa& \ijt oà~ ocaw i`|axaw c~tia ayjnt ~ij}a `w oc~twcgqtc`f `h tia }cyab~& @f BNO oc~}bjs~ j~ |abb j~ njtiòa$wjs$tqga$gj~ao d`fct`w~ jfo @BAO oc~}bjs~" ajni n`b`qw `nnq}ca~ tia ~jda }w`}`wtc`f`h ~}jna cf j }cyab&@f JD@BAO jfo ^q}aw$JD@BAO tia jwaj `nnq}cao }aw }cyab c~ f` b`flaw ~}bctazqjbbs" jfo ~ta}~ ijxa gaaf tjkaf j|js hw`d ~zqjwa }cyab~ t``& _ic~ c~ o`fa t`waant tia ocawaft ~af~ctcxcts `h tia iqdjf asa t` ocawaft n`b`qw~ )|jxabaflti~ `hbclit#&

NDSK

NDSK c~ q~ao h`w jbb ~`wt~ `h }wcftao daocj" |icni o` f`t adct bclit tiad~abxa~&F` djttaw |iatiaw tia }jla~ s`q }wcft jt i`da" tia NO bjgab `w j }w`ha~~c`fjbbs}wcftao }i`t`lwj}i" tias jwa jbb nwajtao q~cfl cfk n`b`qwao sabb`|" nsjf" djlaftj

jfo gbjnk" ti`qli `fa njf jwlqa tijt gbjnk c~ f`t j n`b`qw& Ch |icta faao~ t` gawa}wa~aftao" tic~ c~ o`fa xcj j |icta ~qg~twjta& H`w ayjd}ba" djljucfa~ w~t n`jttiacw }jla~ |cti j |icta ~qg~twjta" |icni c~ aantcxabs j |icta }jcft |icni jb~`n`ftjcf~ fabs lw`qfo djwgba" `f |icni tia n`b`qw c~ tiaf }wcftao `f&

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9&7 D`fct w~

I`| n`b`qw |`wk~

Ch s`q ijxa wajo tic~ hjw" s`q dq~t f`| |`foaw |is tia t|` ~s~tad~& \abb" tijfk$hqbbs tia ay}bjfjtc`f c~ ~cd}ba af`qli jfo cf hjnt cd}bcnctbs }jwt `h jfs }is~cn~ nbj~~jt ~ni``b& )Jt baj~t cf Lawdjfs |iaf C |aft t` ~ni``b tiawaS`q ~i`qbo kf`| tijt |icta bclit ~qni j~ ~qfbclit" njf ga ~}bct cft` ct~ n`b`qwnijffab~ q~cfl j }wc~d" |icni |cbb lcxa s`q j wjcfg`|& Ocawaft |jxabaflti~ `hbclit jwa wahwjntao )`w gaft cf }bjcf Aflbc~i# gs j ocawaft jflba |iaf aftawcfl tia}wc~d |icni c~ j daocqd `}tcnjbbs oaf~aw tijf jcw& )Wahwjntc`f `nnqw~ jt axaws cf$tawhjna gat|aaf `}tcnjbbs twjf~}jwaft daocj |cti ocawaft oaf~ctca~ Jt tia ~jdatcda" tic~ ~atq} jb~` |`wk tia `tiaw |js" iafna ch s`q dcy tia n`b`qw~" s`q lat|icta bclit& Wao ij~ tia b`fla~t |jxabaflti `h xc~cgba bclit" lwaaf c~ ~`da|iawa cftia dcooba" jfo gbqa ij~ tia ~i`wta~t& Gs dcycfl ti`~a tiwaa nijffab~ s`q njf tiq~

nwajta cf gat|aaf n`b`qw~&

\icba WLG c~ q~ao |cti bclit ~`qwna~" NSDK c~ d`wa }j~~cxa& \a ~aa `geant~ganjq~a tias waant |icta bclit tijt ict~ tiad" jg~`wgcfl ~`da `h ct& Ocawaft ~qw$hjna~ waant ocawaft |jxabaflti~ jfo jd`qft~ `h bclit& Gbjnk waant~ xaws bcttba"jfo tia afawls jg~`wgao c~ twjf~bjtao cft` iajt" |icba |icta waant~ d`~t `h tiabclit icttcfl ct& _ic~ c~ |is ojwk nb`tia~ cf ~qddaw jwa |jwdaw tijf |icta nb`tia~&_` ~aa n`b`qw" j~ daftc`fao jg`xa" |a faao t` joo `w wad`xa n`b`qw nijffab~& \icba|cti adcttcfl bclit |a n`qbo joo j n`b`qw nijffab" `f waantao bclit" |a njf `fbswad`xa j n`b`qw nijffab |iaf waantcfl bclit& J sabb`| `geant jg~`wg~ jbb bclit tijtc~ f`t sabb`| jfo waant~ `fbs sabb`| bclit& N`fxaw~abs" j wao `geant waant~ wao bclit

jfo j gbqa `geant waant~ gbqa bclit&_iawah`wa" ch s`q }wcft wao jfo sabb`|" s`q waant sabb`| jfo wao |icni dcy t` h`wd`wjfla& Eq~t bcka |jtawn`b`qw~ cf hjnt&

9&7 D`fct w~

9&7&: \is ticfk jg`qt D`fct`w~

@fa `h tia oatjcb~ tijt c~ aj~s t` falbant c~ s`qw d`fct`w& Ch s`q j~}cwa t` gan`da j}w`ha~~c`fjb" s`q |cbb faao t` ~}afo ~`da|iawa gat|aaf 1==a dcfcdqd t` ~axawjb

:===a

`f j n`b`qw jnnqwjta d`fct w& _ia ni`cna s`q |cbb faao t` djka c~ gat|aafj f`wdjb d`fct`w |icni n`xaw~ tia WLG ljdqt jfo j |coa ljdqt d`fct`w |icnin`xaw~ j n`b`qw ~}jna bjwlaw tijf ~WGL )~qni j~ Jo`ga WLG `w F_^N#&Ljdqt cf j d`~t gj~cn oa~nwc}tc`f c~ ~cdcbjw t` osfjdcn wjfla" gqt tia t`}cn c~ j

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gct d`wa aytaf~cxa j~ ct jb~` wahaw~ t` j wahawafna n`b`qw ~}jna& \ijt ~i`qbo gacd}`wtjft t` s`q c~ tijt d`~t }wcftaw~" axaf }w`ha~~c`fjb }wcftaw~" `fbs }wcft n`b`qw~cf tia ~WLG n`b`qw ~}jna&I`|axaw" ch s`q jwa j i`ggsc~t `w eq~t ~tjwtcfl cf }i`t`lwj}is" gqscfl ay}af~cxad`fct`w~ |cbb ga" jfo }`~~cgbs ~i`qbo ga" b`| `f s`qw bc~t" qfba~~ s`q faao j fa|d`fct`w jfs|js&

9&7&7 Njbcgwjtc`f

Njbcgwjtc`f `h s`qw d`fct`w wazqcwa~ ijwo|jwa t` ga jnnqwjta" axaf ch ~`da }a`}batws t` tabb s`q `tiaw|c~a& @fa ~qni }cana `h ijwo|jwa c~ djwkatao qfoaw tia fjda`h ^}soaw> gs ojtjn`b`w hw`d ^|ctuawbjfo&

I`|axaw" j~ |cti jfs }w`oqnt" tiawa jwa `tiaw djfqhjntqwaw~ t`` jfo C njff`t tabbs`q |icni c~ ga~t&Njbcgwjtcfl s`qw d`fct`w |cbb lcxa s`q n`b`qw jnnqwjns |cticf tia ljdqt `h s`qwd`fct`w& _ic~ dajf~ ct af~qwa

A Basic Introduction to Photography

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