A Basic Approach to Poultry Disease Diagnosis · 2017-07-20 · • Clinical signs grouping –...
Transcript of A Basic Approach to Poultry Disease Diagnosis · 2017-07-20 · • Clinical signs grouping –...
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A Basic Approach to Poultry Disease Diagnosis
Mohamed El-GazzarDVM, MAM, PhD, DACPV
Assistant Professor Poultry Extension Veterinarian
The Ohio State University
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Trends in Food Production
• Organic
• Free Range
• Produce local/Eat local
• Shift in Poultry Population
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Urban Chicken Ownership in Four U.S. Cities
• Denver• Los Angles• Miami• New York
– Around 1% of all households– Quadruple (4%) within 5 years– Not enough veterinary services
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Backyard flocks Not only Urban
• Urban, Suburban and Rural• Few birds to several hundreds (Average 49
birds)• Still food animals not Pets• Population medicine • Mainly Chicken• Some Turkey• Other species
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But they are falling through the crakes!!
• Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323527004579081812563033586
• A gap that needs to be filled
• Small and mixed Animal Practices or Even Poultry Specialists
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Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Control
• Clinical History• Clinical signs• Necropsy• Laboratory diagnosis• Control
Rule Out List
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• Clinical signs grouping– Respiratory– Digestive – Musculoskeletal– Neurological – Others
• Samples to collect• General control
Poultry Disease Diagnosis
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Necropsy
• Extremely useful in poultry • Recently dead • Clear clinical picture• Sample collection
http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/veterinarians/avian-necropsy-examination
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Usual Clinical Samples
• Blood serology• Swabs bacterial isolation• Organs virus isolation• Organs histopathology
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Disclaimer
• Non of lists is comprehensive
• Only most common
• Starting point
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Respiratory Diseases
General signs:• Mortality• Anorexia/Fever/lethargy• Coughing/Sneezing• Rales/Weezing• Nasal/Occular discharges• Swollen head/swollen sinuses• inflamed eyelids
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Respiratory Diseases
Gross lesions:• Inflammation of:
– head tissues– nasal cavity– conjunctivitis
• Tracheitis• Pneumonia • Air sacculitis• Polyserositis
Turbinate
Normal Trachea
Inflamed Trachea
Early Airsacculitis
PolyserositisPnuemonia
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Respiratory DiseasesRule out list:• Newcastle disease• Infectious bronchitis• Infectious laryngotracheitis• Avian Influenza• Mycoplasmosis (4 species)• Colibacillosis (E. coli)• Fowl Cholera (Pasteurella multocida)• Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum)• Turkey coryza (Bordetella avium)• Aspergillosis• Cryptosporidiosis• Gape worms (Syngamus trachea)
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Respiratory Sampling
Samples:• Blood Serology• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and
kidney Histopath• Eye lids, Trachea, lungs and
kidney Virus isolation• Trachea/choana/airsacs
swabing Bacterial isolation
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Digestive Diseases
General signs:• Mortality• Anorexia/Fever/lethargy• Dehydration • Diarrhea/Loose droppings
(watery/bloody)• Pasty vent/wet litter
Normal Droppings
Loose Droppings
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Digestive Diseases
Gross lesions:• Intestinal mucosa• Intestinal content• Parasite• Pathognomonic
lesions
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Digestive DiseasesRule out List:• Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus• Turkey Corona Virus • Clostridium species• Salmonella species• Coccidia species• Histomonas meliagridis (Black head)• Trichomonus gallinae• Intestinal helminthes (Tapeworms and
Round worms)
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Digestive Diseases Sampling
Samples:• Intestine/liver/other
histopathology• Intestinal/liver/spleen swabs bacterial isolation
• Intestinal scrapings• Impression smears
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Coccidosis• Most common protozoan
parasite• Mortality/economic losses• Bloody Diarrhea E. tenella• Diarrhea (not always bloody)• Predispose for Clostridium
enteritis• Vaccines• Amprolium for prevention and
control
Eimeria acervulina
Eimeria maxima
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Not All Internal Parasites are Intestinal
• Histomonus meliagridis(Black head)– Liver lesions – Cecal cores
• Syngamus trachea (Tracheal worms or Gapeworms)
Histomonus meliagridis
Syngamus trachea
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External Parasites• Lice• Mites
– Red mites– Northern fowl mites– Scaly leg mite
• Powdering, dusting or spraying of insecticides– Birds and Environment– Minimum of Two treatments– 7 days interval
Red Mites Northern fowl Mites
Chicken Lice
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
General Signs:• Mortality• Paralysis• Lameness• Down birds
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
Gross Lesions:• Nerve inflammation • Joint inflammation• Foot pad infection
(bumblefoot)• Weak/soft bones
(rickets or osteoporosis)
• Bone deformities
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
Rule out list:• Marek’s disease (nerve involvement)• Reo virus • Staphylococcus aureus• E. coli• Pasteurella maltocida• Mycoplasma synoviea• Calcium/Phosphorus deficiency• Ionophore toxicity• Genetic deformities
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
Samples:• Swab lesions bacterial isolation• Nerve/muscle/affected tissue histopathology• Feed samples feed analysis
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Neurological Diseases
General signs:• Paralysis • Ataxia • Torticollis• Tremors
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Neurological Diseases
Rule out List:• Marek’s Disease• Avian Encephalomylitis• Newcastle Disease• Influenza• Pasteurella• E. coli • Nutritional deficiency• Ionophore toxicity
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Neurological Diseases SamplingSamples:• Nerves/brain histopathology
• Lesions other organs histopathology
• Organs virus isolation
• Blood serology
• Feed feed analysis
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Vitamin E difficiency
General signs:• 3 forms of the disease
– Encepahlomalacia– Exudative diathesis – Muscular dystrophy
Exudative diathesis
Muscular dystrophy
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Other Common Conditions in Backyard Flocks
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Egg Production problemsBirds are not laying??• Review lighting• Review feeding• Water consumption• Infectious causes
– Egg peritonitis– New castle– Infectious bronchitis– Laryngotracheitis– Influenza – Egg drop syndrome– Pasteurella– Coriza– Mycotoxins in feed
Egg peritonitis
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Pox virus
• Dry form and wet form• Collect samples for histopathology
Dry form Wet form Inclusion bodies
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Tumor Viruses (3 viruses)
1- Marek’s Disease2- Leukosis/Sarcoma3- Reticuloendotheliosis
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Recommended References
• Avian Disease Manual: 7th edition 2013
• A laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens: 5th edition 2008
• Diseases of Poultry: 13th edition 2013
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Take Home• Good management and Biosecurity
Clinical signs and Lesions
List of Diseases
Sampling and treatment
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Questions?