a. b. - Estrella Mountain Community College · Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies ......
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neutron (no charge) Hydrogen 1 Proton 1 Electron Oxygen 8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons a. b. proton (positive charge) electron (negative charge) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2
Transcript of a. b. - Estrella Mountain Community College · Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies ......
neutron (no charge)
Hydrogen
1 Proton 1 Electron
Oxygen
8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons
a.
b.
proton (positive charge)
electron (negative charge)
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Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons
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x
y z
One spherical orbital (1s) a.
One spherical orbital (2s) b.
c.
x
z y
Neon
Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital
Energy Level K
Corresponding Electron Orbitals Electron Shell Diagram
Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals
Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p)
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Energy level L
3
N M
L K
K L M N
absorbed Energy
Nucleus
Energy released
Nucleus
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4
1 H
3 Li
4 Be
19 K
12 Mg
93 Np
94 Pu
95 Am
96 Cm
97 Bk
98 C f
99 Es
100 Fm
101 Md
102 No
103 Lr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
42 Mo
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
21 Sc
40 Zr
22 Ti 23
V 24 Cr
25 Mn 27
Co 28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
36 Kr
5 B
6 C
8 O 2
He
55 Cs
56 Ba
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 A u
80 Hg
81 Tl
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
57 La 89 Ac
104 105 106 107 108 109
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 T m
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 P a
92 U
(Lanthanide series)
(Actinide series)
11 Na
20 Ca
41 Nb
43 Tu
44 Ru
26 Fe
13 Al
31 Ga
32 Ge
14 Si
7 N 15 P 33 As
16 S
35 Br
34 Se
9 F
18 Ar
10 Ne
17 Cl
110 Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
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Key 1 H
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl)
Mg Fe S K P
Ca Cl Na N H
C
a. b .
O Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
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atomic number
chemical symbol
5
Helium
K K
L
2+ 7+
Nonreactive Reactive
2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons
7 protons 7 neutrons 7 electrons
Nitrogen
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6
7
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Sodium atom
Cl
Chlorine atom
a.
Sodium ion (+)
Cl–
Chloride ion (–)
b. NaCl crystal
Cl– Cl–
Cl– Cl–
Cl–
Na+ Na+ Na Na
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
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N N N2 N N
H H
O2 O O
H2
O O
Single covalent bond Hydrogen gas
covalent bond
Double covalent bond oxygen gas
Triple covalent bond Nitrogen gas
H H
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10
11
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δ +
δ –
+
+
104.5
a. b.
c .
Bohr Model
Space-Filling Model
8p
Ball-and-Stick Model
8n
δ –
δ +
δ +
δ +
δ –
δ –
δ +
δ +
δ –
12
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δ +
a.
b .
Water molecule Hydrogen atom
δ – Hydrogen bond
Oxygen atom
Hydrogen atom
Hydrogen bond δ +
δ –
An organic molecule
Oxygen atom 13
14
15
16
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Hydration shells
Water molecules
Salt crystal
Cl–
Na+
Cl–
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ+
δ –
δ –
δ –
δ –
δ –
Na+
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10–1
Acidic
Basic
10–2
10–3
10–4
10–5
10–6 Urine 10–7
10–8
10–9 Baking soda 10–10
10–11 Household ammonia 10–12
10–13
10–14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Hydrogen Ion Concentration [H+] pH Value Examples of Solutions
100
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach acid, lemon juice
Vinegar, cola, beer
Tomatoes
Black coffee
Pure water
Seawater
Great Salt Lake
Household bleach
Sodium hydroxide
18
1X 0 3X 4X 5X 2X
pH
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Amount of base added
Buffering range
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+
Bicarbonate ion
(HCO3–)
+
+ +
–
+
Water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbonic acid
(H2CO3)
Hydrogen ion (H+)
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