A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k...
Transcript of A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k...
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Photonic Crystals:Periodic Surprises in Electromagnetism
Steven G. JohnsonMIT
A “Defective” Lecturecavity waveguide
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The Story So Far…a
Waves in periodic media can have:• propagation with no scattering (conserved k)• photonic band gaps (with proper e function)
Eigenproblem gives simple insight:
(r — + i
r k ) ¥
1e
(r — + i
r k ) ¥
È Î Í
˘ ˚ ˙
r H r k =
w n(r k )
cÊ
Ë Á
ˆ
¯ ˜
2 r H r k
Q r k
Hermitian –> complete, orthogonal, variational theorem, etc.
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Photonic Band Gap
TM bands
w
k
r
H = ei(r k ⋅r x -wt ) r
H r k (r x )Bloch form:
band diagram
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Properties of Bulk Crystalsby Bloch’s theorem
(cartoon)
cons
erve
d fre
quen
cy w
conserved wavevector k
photonic band gap
band diagram (dispersion relation)
dw/dk Æ 0: slow light(e.g. DFB lasers)
backwards slope:negative refraction
strong curvature:super-prisms, …
(+ negative refraction)
synthetic mediumfor propagation
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Applications of Bulk Crystals
Zero group-velocity dw/dk: distributed feedback (DFB) lasers
negative group-velocity ornegative curvature (“eff. mass”):
Negative refraction,Super-lensing source imageobject image
negative refraction medium
super-lensVeselago (1968)
divergent dispersion(i.e.!curvature):Superprisms
[Kosaka, PRB 58, R10096 (1998).]
using near-band-edge effects
[ C. Luo et al.,Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2352 (2002) ]
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Cavity Modes• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •
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Help!
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Cavity Modes• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •
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finite region –> discrete w
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Cavity Modes: Smaller Change• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •
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Photonic Band Gap
Cavity Modes: Smaller Change
G X M G
G X
M r k
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
L
Bulk Crystal Band Diagram
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Cavity Modes: Smaller Change
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
JJ J J
J JJ J
J JJ J J J J
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J
J
J
J
J
J
JJJJJJJ J J
JJJJJJJJ J J
JJ J J
JJJJ
J J J J JJ
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Photonic Band Gap
G X M G
G X
M r k
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
L
Defect Crystal Band Diagram
Defect bands areshifted up (less e)
∆k ~ π / L
with discrete k
# ⋅l2
~ L (k ~ 2p / l)
confinedmodes
k not conservedat boundary, so
not confined outside gap
escapes:
![Page 10: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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Photonic Band Gap
Single-Mode Cavity
G X M G
G X
M r k
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
Bulk Crystal Band Diagram
A point defectcan push up
a single modefrom the band edge
(k not conserved)
w0
w
field decay ~ w -w 0
curvature
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Photonic Band Gap
“Single”-Mode Cavity
G X M G
G X
M r k
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
Bulk Crystal Band Diagram
A point defectcan pull down
a “single” mode
(k not conserved)X
…here, doubly-degenerate(two states at same w)
![Page 12: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tunable Cavity Modes
Ez:
Radius of Defect (r/a)0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
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Air Defect Dielectric Defectair bands
dielect ric bands
0
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
monopole dipole
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Tunable Cavity Modes
Ez:
band #1 at M band #2 at X’s
multiply by exponential decay
monopole dipole
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Defect Flavors
a
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Projected Band Diagrams
conserved k!
1d periodicity
G X
M
r k
conserved
not c
onse
rved
So, plot w vs. kx only…project Brillouin zone onto G–X:
gives continuum of bulk states + discrete guided band(s)
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Air-waveguide Band Diagram
any state in the gap cannot couple to bulk crystal –> localized
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(Waveguides don’t really need acomplete gap)
Fabry-Perot waveguide:
We’ll exploit this later, with photonic-crystal fiber…
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So What?
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Review: Why no scattering?
forbidden by gap(except for finite-crystal tunneling)
forbidden by Bloch(k conserved)
![Page 20: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Benefits of a complete gap…
broken symmetry –> reflections only
effectively one-dimensional
![Page 21: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lossless Bends
symmetry + single-mode + “1d” = resonances of 100% transmission
[ A. Mekis et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3787 (1996) ]
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Waveguides + Cavities = Devices
“tunneling”
Ugh, must we simulate this to get the basic behavior?
No! Use “coupling-of-modes-in-time” (coupled-mode theory)…[H. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics]
![Page 23: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
“Coupling-of-Modes-in-Time”(a form of coupled-mode theory)
[H. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics]
ainput outputs1+s1– s2–
resonant cavityfrequency w0, lifetime t |s|2 = flux
|a|2 = energy
dadt
= -iw0 a -2t
a +2t
s1+
s1- = -s1+ +2t
a, s2- =2t
a
assumes only:• exponential decay (strong confinement)• conservation of energy• time-reversal symmetry
![Page 24: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
“Coupling-of-Modes-in-Time”(a form of coupled-mode theory)
[H. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics]
ainput outputs1+s1– s2–
resonant cavityfrequency w0, lifetime t |s|2 = flux
|a|2 = energy
transmission T= | $ s2– |2 / |$ s1+ |2
1
w0
T = Lorentzian filter
=
4t 2
w -w0( )2+
4t 2
w
FWHM1Q
=2
w0t
…quality factor Q
![Page 25: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A Menagerie of Devicesl 1.55 microns
Page 4
l
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Wide-angle Splitters
[ S. Fan et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 162 (2001) ]
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Waveguide Crossings
[ S. G. Johnson et al., Opt. Lett. 23, 1855 (1998) ]
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Waveguide Crossings
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ughp
ut
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stalk
frequency (c/a)
empty
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empty
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empty
5x5
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Channel-Drop Filters
[ S. Fan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 960 (1998) ]
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Channel-Drop Filters
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Enough passive, linear devices…
Photonic crystal cavities:tight confinement (~ l/2 diameter)
+ long lifetime (high Q independent of size)
= enhanced nonlinear effects
e.g. Kerr nonlinearity, ∆n ~ intensity
![Page 32: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A Linear Nonlinear Filter
in out
Linear response:Lorenzian Transmisson shifted peak
+ nonlinearindex shift
![Page 33: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A Linear Nonlinear “Transistor”
Linear response:Lorenzian Transmisson shifted peak
+ feedback
Bistable (hysteresis) responsePower threshold is near optimal
(~mW for Si and telecom bandwidth)
semi-analytical
numerical
Logic gates, switching,rectifiers, amplifiers,
isolators, …
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Enough passive, linear devices…
Photonic crystal cavities:tight confinement (~ l/2 diameter)
+ long lifetime (high Q independent of size)
= enhanced nonlinear effects
Photonic crystal waveguides:tight confinement (~ l/2 diameter)
+ slow light (e.g. near band edge)
= enhanced nonlinear effects
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Cavities + Cavities = Waveguide
“tunneling”
[ A. Yariv et al., Opt. Lett. 24, 711 (1999) ]
coupled-cavity waveguide (CCW/CROW): slow light + zero dispersion
![Page 36: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Enhancing tunability with slow light
[ M. Soljacic et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2052 (2002) ]
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periodicity:light is slowed, but not reflected
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Uh oh, we live in 3d…
rod layer
hole layer
(fcc crystal)
A
B
C
![Page 39: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2d-like defects in 3d
modify single layerof holes or rods
[ M. L. Povinelli et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 075313 (2001) ]
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3d projected band diagram
wavevector kx ( 2p/a)
2D Photonic Crystal3D Photonic Crystal
J JJ
JJ
J
J
JJ J
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
J JJ
J
JJ J
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
wavevector kx ( 2p /a)
TM gap
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
frequ
ency
(c/a
)
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2d-like waveguide mode
y
-1 1Ez y
z
y
-1 1Ez
x x
3D Photonic Crystal 2D Photonic Crystal
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2d-like cavity mode
![Page 43: A “Defective” Lectureab-initio.mit.edu/photons/tutorial/L2-defects.pdfTM bands w k r H = ei(r k ⋅ r x -wt) r H r k (r Bloch form: x ) band diagram. Properties of Bulk Crystals](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f701fb690829d35b2598ca3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Upshot
To design an interesting device, you need only:
symmetry
+ resonance
+ (ideally) a band gap to forbid losses
+ single-mode (usually)
Oh, and a full Maxwell simulator to get Q parameters, etcetera.