9789088902932 - Jones Et Al. 2015 - Settlement and Metalworking in the Middle Bronze Age and Beyond...

7/21/2019 9789088902932 - Jones Et Al. 2015 - Settlement and Metalworking in the Middle Bronze Age and Beyond - eBook

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Ilw lvc`liml erha

Prlahubf, Mhriwnoo

Ni`y A. Khils, Knals Bhsscp

ni` Flirclttn ûciiloo

l`ctl` dy

]lttolalit nià l t n o w h r g c i bci tfl Ac`òl

Drhizl Nbl ni`dlyhi`


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]c`lsthil ZrlssN ilw blilrntchi he Zudocsfcib

Shu nrl rln`cib n euoo vlrschi he tfcs dhhg, ehr erll!

Pfcs dhhg cs pnrt he tfl ]c`lsthil l-ocdrnry wflrl ahst he hur

pudocmntchis nrl euooy nmmlsscdol ehr erll. Ehr nmmlss th ahrl

erll dhhgs vcsct; www.sc`lsthil.mha/ocdrnry

@hwiohn` Euoo Z@E

Ucsct tfl ]c`lsthil l-ocdrnry th drhwsl hur l-dhhgs. Ehr n acicano

ell yhu mni purmfnsl n euooy euimtchino Z@E ni` dy `hcib sh, yhu

flop th gllp hur ocdrnry ruiicib.

www.sc`lsthil.mha/ocdrnry


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]c`lsthil Zrlss

]lttolalit ni` altnowhrgcib ci

tfl Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl ni` dlyhi`


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Ilw lvc`liml erha Prlahubf, Mhriwnoo

Ni`y A. Khils, Knals Bhsscp ni` Flirclttn ^uciilool`ctl` dy

]lttolalit ni` altnowhrgcib ci

tfl Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl ni` dlyhi`


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4:>< N. Khils, K. Bhsscp & F. ^uciiloo

Zudocsfl` dy ]c`lsthil Zrlss, Olc`liwww.sc`lsthil.mha

C]DI 326-3:-663:-43=-4

Ony-hut & mhvlr `lscbi; ]c`lsthil ZrlssZfhthbrnpfs mhvlr; Mhriwnoo Nrmfnlhohbcmno \ict, Mhriwnoo Mhuimco

Nosh nvncondol ns;l-dhhg (Z@E); C]DI 326-3:-663:-430-3


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Mhitlits

Ocst he ecburls 3

Ocst he tndols >=

Nmgihwol`blalits >2

>. Dnmgbrhui` th tfl civlstcbntchis >3

Citrh`umtchi >3

Tlphrt strumturl 4:

lracihohby usl` ci tfcs rlphrt 4:

Hvlrvclw he whrg ui`lrtngli hi tfl sctl 4>

Ohmntchi ni` slttcib 4=

fl pontlnu 4=

Blhohby 40

ZNM duco`cib 40

NCT duco`cib ni` Mnr Znrg 0 4

NCT duco`cib =>]trumturl > =>

N``ctchino elnturls ==

Mnr Znrg 0 ==

Thui`fhusl > =0

Thui`fhusl 4 =6

]thil sprln`/dnig ni` durcl` shco/ho` oni` surenml =6

Limohsurl > =6

Nrln shutf he Mnr Znrg 0; Limohsurl 4 03

=. Pfl prlfcsthrcm mlrnacms


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0. Pfl prlfcsthrcm whrgl` sthil nrtlenmts 6>

]trumturl > 6>

Thui`fhusl > 64

Limohsurl > ni` nsshmcntl` strumturls 60

63

fl mony ahuo`s erha Zct W>40Q ci Limohsurl > 33

Mony ahuo`s erha htflr mhitlxts ci Limohsurl > >:>

fl mhpplr-noohy hdklmts >:4

Mhpplr-noohy hdklmts erha Thui`fhusl > >:4

5. Blhmflacmno ninoyscs he snapols erha Prlahubf >:2

Zrlpnrntchi >:2

Altfh`s he ninoyscs >:2Tlsuots ni` `csmusschi >:3

2. Pfl octfcms >>>

Eocit erha tfl ZNM duco`cib, cimou`cib Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts W>:4Q

ni` W>:>>

Tnw antlrcno shurmls >>>

Mhaalits dy mhitlxt >>0

Octfcms erha Thui`fhusls > ni` 4 ni` Limohsurl > >>5

Tnw antlrcno shurmls >>2

Mhaalits dy typl >>2@csmusschi >4:

6. Pfl mfnrrl` ponit rlancis >4>

Mfnrrl` ponit rlancis >4>

Tlsuots >44

Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts >44

]trumturl > (Lnroclr Drhizl Nbl) >44

Zct W=2Q (Thanih-Drctcsf) >4=

Thui`fhusl > (Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl) >4=

Limohsurl >; `ctmf ni` citlrino elnturls (Ontl Drhizl Nbl) >40Mrhp ponits ni` wll` nssladonbls >4445

Nvlin sp. (Hnts) >45

Ucmcn endn (Mlotcm Dlni) >42

Rco` ponits >42

Nrndol wll`s >42

Brnssoni` tnxn >42

@csmusschi >46

Mhapnrcshi wctf htflr lnroclr ni` Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl sctlsci Mhriwnoo >43

Gly th mfnrrl` ponit rlancis >=4


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3. Pfl mfnrmhno >=2

Altfh`hohby >=2

Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts W>:4Q ni` W>:=2

Tlsuots >=2@csmusschi >=6

Drhizl Nbl >=6

Tlsuots >=6

]trumturl > >=3

Thui`fhusl > >0:

Ontl Drhizl Nbl Limohsurl > >0:

@csmusschi >04

Rhh`oni` rlshurmls >04

Hrcbci he tfl mfnrmhno nssladonbls >00

Mhimouschis >05

>:. Tn`chmnrdhi `ntcib >03

@ntcib strntlby >>:: mno DM) >>::-6:: mno DM) >>. @csmusschi; pcts, `lphsctchi altnowhrgcib ni` mcrmuonrcty >5:

fl ZNM duco`cib pcts >5:

Lnroy Drhizl Nbl nmtcvcty >53

Lnroclr Drhizl Nbl ]trumturl > >53

Olnvcib tfl strumturl dlfci` >24

fl slttcib he ]trumturl > >2=

]trumturl >, n suaanry >22

Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl slttolalit >26

Thui`fhusl >; N ocel fcsthry >23

Altnowhrgcib ci tfl rhui`fhusl ni` dlyhi` >63

fl slttcib he Thui`fhusl > >3, n suaanry 4::

Ontl Drhizl Nbl Limohsurl > 4:4

fl wc`lr dnmgbrhui` 4:4

Limohsurl > ni` tfl rlbchino Ontl Drhizl Nbl slttolalit mhitlxt

ci tfl shutf wlst he Drctnci 4:=

Limohsurl > ni` cts wc`lr rlontchisfcps th htflr limohsurls 4: 4> 444

Limohsurl >, n suaanry 440Dcdochbrnpfy 442


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>:

Ecburl Ahuo` > sfhwcib erhit surenml (@rnwcib dy Mrncb Rcoocnas).

Ecburl sfhwcib ehit surenml.

Ecburl sfhwcib dnmg surenml.

Ecburl ->: ns

sfhwi ci ndol 5.>.

Ecburl 5.4 VTE `ntn. Mhpplr, tci ni` oln` mhimlitrntchis ihranocsl` uscibnouacicua, phtnsscua ni` mnomcua. ]napols c`litcecmntchis nrl; >->:

ns sfhwi ci tndol >.

Ecburl 5.= rlahubf mhpplr ni` mhdnot mhimlitrntchis (CMZ-A] `ntn).

Ecburl 2.> ]lolmtl` eocits erha tfl ZNM pcts W>:4Q ni` W>:-5).

Ecburl 2.4 Eocits erha tfl 4:>> lxmnvntchis7 O2 n sc`l ni` li` smrnplr erha (>5


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>>

Ecburl 3.> Zlrmlitnbl erlqulimy he tnxn dy pfnsl; \dcqucty ninoyscs (dnsl` uphi

snapols, 6>= ernbalits).

Ecburl 3.= \dcqucty ninoyscs he mfnrmhno erha pcts/phstfhols wctf ni` wctfhut

durit sthil erha tfl Zct / Zhstfhol Brhup > ni` Zct Nocbialit 4, ni`

]trumturl 4:< (dnsl` uphi >6 snapols).

Ecburl 3.0 nxhihacm mhaphsctchi he elnturls ehui` ci Thui`fhusl >, dnsl` uphi

ernbalit mhuit (5 snapols7 442 ernbalits).

Ecburl >:.> @ntl rnibls erha Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts mhitncicib phttlry ci Mhriwnoo.

Ecburl >:.4 @ntl rnibls erha lnroclr Drhizl Nbl strumturls ci Mhriwnoo.

Ecburl >:.= @ntl rnibls erha Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl fhoohw-slt rhui`fhusls nsshmcntl`

wctf altnowhrgcib ci Mhriwnoo.

Ecburl >>.> fl `cstrcdutchi he pcts wctf Lnroy Ilhoctfcm phttlry ci Mhriwnoo.Ecburl >>.4 Lnroy Ilhoctfcm elnturls.

Ecburl >>.= fl prcimcpno lnroclr Drhizl Nbl strumturls rlelrrl` th ci tfl tlxt.

Ecburl >>.0 Lnroy Drhizl Nbl elnturls.

Ecburl >>.< Zfhthbrnpf he strumturl 55 tngli erha tfl shutf-wlst.

Ecburl >>.5 fl cstrcdutchi he fhoohw-slt rhui`fhusls ci Mhriwnoo.

Ecburl >>.2 Zfhthbrnpf sfhwcib tfl mhpplr-noohy spcrno rcib wfcmf fn` dlli ponml`

cith tfl thp he phstfhol W2:>.6 Zoni sfhwcib tfl `cstrcdutchi he nrtlenmts ci Thui`fhusl >.

Ecburl >>.3 Zfhthbrnpf sfhwcib ci sctu phttlry `lphsct ci Thui`fhusl >.Ecburl >>.>: Zfhthbrnpf he tfl mhpplr-noohy gicel erha n phstfhol wctfci tfl

rhui`fhusl nt Dh`li Ulni.

Ecburl >>.>> Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl elnturls.

Ecburl >>.>4 Tlmhistrumtchi he tfl Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl oni`smnpl sfhwcib tfl tcadlr

mcrmols ci tfl ehrlbrhui` ni` rhui`fhusls > ni` 4 th tfl shutf.

Ecburl >>.>= Zfhthbrnpf he strumturl >:4 tngli erha tfl shutf.

Ecburl >>.>0 Zfhthbrnpf he strumturl =34 tngli erha tfl shutf-lnst.

Ecburl >>.>< fl `cstrcdutchi he eci`s ci Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl strumturls.

Ecburl >>.>5 Zfhthbrnpf he Limohsurl > erha tfl shutf. fl sctl anrgs tfl ecrstehrano limohsurl he spnml. Ihtl tfl durit sthils dlsc`l pct W>40Q ci tfl

ehrlbrhui` ni` phst-ducot strumturls ci tfl ac`òl brhui`.

Ecburl >>.>2 fl `cstrcdutchi he phsscdol ontl slmhi` /lnroclr ecrst acooliicua mno DM

limohsurls ci Mhriwnoo rlelrrl` th ci tfl tlxt.

Ecburl >>.>6 fl auotcpol `ctmfl` limohsurl nt rlmrhbh erha tfl ncr (Fcsthrcm

Livcrhialit, Mhriwnoo Mhuimco).


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>4

Ecburl >>.>3 Dnrtciily erha tfl ncr wctf mlitrno mncris vcscdol (Fcsthrcm Livcrhialit,

Mhriwnoo Mhuimco).

Ecburl >>.4: Mhapnrntcvl rcib-ehrts ni` rlahubf Limohsurls > ni` 4 (Netlr Anidy

4::2 ni` Drhwi ni` Alòymhtt 4:>=).

Ecburl >>.4> fl `cstrcdutchi he Crcsf (hr phsscdol) altnowhrg ci Mhriwnoo.

Ecburl >>.44 Zfhthbrnpf he tfl Dnoocithdlr-typl swhr` erha Mnriplsslmg (olet) ni`

tfl Buiòcibli-typl swhr` erha ]liili Mhvl (rcbft). (Canbl tngli

dy Niin ynmgl, rlprhùml` wctf plracsschi he tfl Thyno Mhriwnoo

Auslua).

Ecburl >>.4= Zfhthbrnpf he Zhst ]trumturl 0 tngli erha tfl lnst.

Ecburl >>.40 Ontl Drhizl Nbl Limohsurl > ni` ontlr prlfcsthrcm Limohsurl 4.


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>=

Ocst he tndols

ndol =.>; @ltncos he phttlry erha ]trumturl > dy sflr` iuadlr ni` wlcbft.

ndol =.4; @ltncos he phttlry erha Thui`fhusl > dy sflr` iuadlr ni` wlcbft.

ndol =.=; Zhttlry erha Thui`fhusl 4 ni` htflr elnturls ci Mnr Znrg 0 dy sflr`

iuadlrs ni` wlcbft (b). htno nssladonbl erha Thui`fhusl 4, 600 brnas, erha htflr elnturls 00 sflr`s >0>= brnas.

ndol =.0; @ltncos he phttlry erha Limohsurl > mhitlxts dy sflr` iuadlrs ni` wlcbft.

htno nssladonbl =; ]thilwhrg erha ]trumturl >.

ndol 0.4; ]thilwhrg erha mhitlxts ci Thui`fhusl >.

ndol 0.=; ]thilwhrg erha mhitlxts ci Limohsurl >.

ndol 5.>; Mhpplr, tci ni` oln` mhimlitrntchis ci tfl rlahubf snapols, ns alnsurl`dy CMZ-A] ni` VTE. Zrlslitl` ns ppa. Ihtl, VTE vnouls hioy mhiecra

prlsliml, sll tlxt, ni` nrl suppocl` hioy ns n``ctchino ciehrantchi.

ndol 2.>; Ocst he noo pclmls wctfci tfl ZNM duco`cib eocit nssladonbl. fl ndhvl tndol

prlslits tfl rlsuots he n pclml dy pclml ninoyscs. Ct sfhuo` dl ihtl` tfnt noo

mhaalits rlbnr`cib usl-rlontl` wlnr nrl dnsl` hi anmrhsmhpcm ninoyscs

hioy.

ndol 6.>; nxhihacm mhaphsctchi he ponit anmrhehsscos erha Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts

W>:4Q ni` W>:; nxhihacm mhaphsctchi he mfnrmhno erha Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts W>:4Q ni`

W>:; Lnroclr Drhizl Nbl

elnturls (f 1 flnrtwhh`7 s 1 snpwhh`7 r 1 rhui`whh`).

ndol 3.=; Mfnrmhno nssladonbl erha Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl Thui`fhusl > (ernbalit

mhuit7 qunitcecl` snapols hioy) (f 1 flnrtwhh`7 s 1 snpwhh`7 r 1

rhui`whh`7 d 1dnrg).

ndol 3.0; Mfnrmhno erha Limohsurl >; Ontl Drhizl Nbl elnturls (ernbalit mhuit7

qunitcecl` snapols hioy) (f 1 flnrtwhh`7 s 1 snpwhh`7 r 1 rhui`whh`7

d 1 dnrg).

ndol >:.>; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi ntcib he ZNM Duco`cib pcts W>:4Q ni` W>::.4; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib he Lnroy Ilhoctfcm elnturls lxmnvntl`

ci 4:::.

ndol >:.=; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib he tfl lnroclr Drhizl Nbl, ]trumturl >.


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>0

ndol >:.0; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi ntcib he Lnroy Drhizl Nbl elnturls lxmnvntl`

ci 4::4.

ndol >:..

ndol >:.5; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib he Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl elnturls

lxmnvntl` ci 4::4.

ndol >:.2; Tlsuots erha tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib he Ontl Drhizl Nbl elnturls wctfci

Limohsurl > ni` rlsc`ul hi n sflr` erha hvlr Thui`fhusl 4.

ndol >>.>; Zcts wctf Lnroy Ilhoctfcm phttlry wctf mohsloy nsshmcntl` rn`chmnrdhi

`ltlracintchis erha Mhriwnoo ni` @lvhi.

ndol >>.4; Mhpplr-noohy nrtlenmts ni` hdklmts nsshmcntl` wctf altnowhrgcib erha

Drhizl Nbl fhusl strumturls ci Mhriwnoo ni` @lvhi.


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>


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>2

]uaanry

fcs ahihbrnpf rlphrts hi tfrll nrmfnlhohbcmno prhklmts nt tfl rlahubf mnapus,

ilnr Zliryi, Mhriwnoo, tfnt wlrl mnrrcl` hut hvlr n twh-ylnr plrch` dltwlli4::3 ni` 4:>> dy Mhriwnoo Nrmfnlhohbcmno \ict. Ct nosh suaanrczls tfl rlsuots he

lvnountchi trlimfcib ui`lrtngli ci 4::6.

fl ecrst pfnsl thhg ponml ci 4::3 ni` civhovl` nrmfnlhohbcmno ahicthrcib

ùrcib tfl mhistrumtchi he n ilw Zlrehracib Nrts Mlitrl (ZNM). wh pcts he Lnroy

Ilhoctfcm ntl ni` twh trll-tfrhws, tfl ciecoocib he wfcmf, cs tfhubft th dl drhnòy

mhitlaphrnry wctf tfnt he tfl pcts, wlrl c`litcecl`. Hvlr tfl onst >0 ylnrs n iuadlr

he htflr Ilhoctfcm pcts ni` tflcr nsshmcntl` nrtlenmt `lphscts fnvl dlli lxmnvntl`

nt rlahubf, ni` tflsl ZNM pcts fnvl n``l` th hur gihwol`bl he tfcs prnmtcml7 ci

pnrtcmuonr tflrl wns lvc`liml tfnt tflcr phsctchis any fnvl dlli anrgl` dy sthils.

rll-tfrhws nrl dlcib cimrlnsciboy rlmhbicsl` ni` civlstcbntl` hi prlfcsthrcm sctlsnmrhss Drctnci ni` tfl c`litcecmntchi he tflsl ci n Mhricsf mhitlxt fns cimrlnsl`

hur ui`lrstni`cib he tflsl elnturls. Ct fns dlli subblstl` tfnt tfl vhc`s olet dy tfl

enooli trlls wlrl usl` ci n scaconr aniilr th tfl pcts.

Pl slmhi` ni` tfcr` prhklmts wlrl mnrrcl` hut ci ontl 4:>: ni` 4:>>. Hi tfl

sctl he tfl Nmn`lay ehr Ciihvntchi ni` Tlslnrmf (NCT) n sanoo, sud-mcrmuonr, phst-

ducot strumturl wns rn`chmnrdhi `ntl` th tfl rst fnoe he tfl slmhi` acooliicua mno

DM. Ct cs hil he tfl rst duco`cibs ci tfl ]hutf Rlst rlbchi th dl rn`chmnrdhi `ntl`

th tfl lnroclr Drhizl Nbl, ni` hil he hioy n elw th dl ehui` ci shutflri Drctnci.

Hi tfl sctl he n ilw mnr pnrg (Mnr Znrg 0), civlstcbntchis rlvlnol` n fhoohw-

slt rhui`fhusl wctfci wfcmf wns n mhoolmtchi he sthil dcvnovl ahuo`s ehr tflprhùmtchi he mhpplr-noohy hdklmts, wfcmf cimou`l` rcib-fln`l` pcis, shmgltl`

thhos ni` mfcslos `ntcib th tfl Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl, nuithi altnowhrgcib pfnsl,

mcrmn>=:: mno DM. N sanoo iuadlr he mhpplr-noohy hdklmts wlrl nosh rlmhvlrl`,

wfcmf cimou`l` n spcrno eciblr rcib ni` pnrt he n pci. Ninoyscs he tfl shco snapols

rlvlnol` tfnt sanoo `rhpolts he mhpplr-noohy wlrl prlslit ni` tfl blhmflacstry

he tfl shcos erha slvlrno elnturls c`litcecl` fcbf olvlos he mhpplr ni` tci, wfcmf

ci`cmntl` tfnt altnowhrgcib fn` tngli ponml cisc`l tfl strumturl. Nt tfl li` he cts

hmmupntchi, tfl fhusl wns ehranooy ndni`hil` ni` ciecool` wctf antlrcno wfcmf

cimou`l` hvlr 5:: sflr`s he rlvcsglr Rnrl phttlry ns wloo ns whrgl` sthil. fl

lxmnvntchi he tfl rhui`fhusl fns dlli fubloy scbicecmnit dlmnusl ct rlprlslits tflecrst altnowhrglrs fhusl th dl civlstcbntl` ci Liboni` ni` prhvc`ls n mohsl slt he

rn`chmnrdhi `ltlracintchis ehr tfl altnowhrg.

N slmhi` fhoohw-slt Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl rhui`fhusl wns ohmntl` caal`cntloy

th tfl shutf wlst dut tfcs wns iht lxmnvntl` ni` wns durcl` ci sctu ci hr`lr th

prlslrvl ct. Molnicib ndhvl, fhwlvlr, rlvlnol` mlrnacms he Ontl Drhizl Nbl `ntl,

wfcmf acbft subblst tfnt tfl sctl fn` dlmhal usl` ns n ac``li.

Ilnrdy ni` th tfl ihrtf wlst he tfl rhui`fhusls wns n `llpoy mut murvcocilnr

`ctmf, wfcmf ehral` pnrt he n mcrmuonr limohsurl. fcs `ctmf surrhui`l` iualrhus

pcts ni` phstfhols, n iuadlr he wfcmf ehral` rlmtnibuonr strumturls. Onrbl

qunitctcls he durit sthil wlrl ehui` ci nsshmcntchi wctf twh pcts, ni` tflsl wlrl


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>6

phsscdoy ocigl` wctf mhhgcib. Rhrgl` sthil, phttlry `ntcib th tfl Ontl Drhizl Nbl

ni` tfl tcp he n mony swhr` ahuo` wlrl nosh rlmhvlrl` erha tfcs limohsurl, wfcmf

cs subblstcvl he sanoo-smnol altnowhrgcib tngcib ponml wctfci tfl sctl. Tn`chmnrdhi

`ntcib ponmls nmtcvcty wctfci tfl limohsurl ci tfl plrch` mcrmn>:::-6


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>3

Mfnptlr >

Dnmgbrhui` th tfl civlstcbntchis

Ni`y A Khils ni` Knals Bhsscp

Citrhùmtchi

fl pontlnu uphi wfcmf rlahubf Mhadcil` \icvlrsctcls ci Mhriwnoo (M\M)

mnapus, Zliryi, cs ohmntl` fns prhvl` th dl hil he tfl rcmflst nrmfnlhohbcmno sctls ci

Mhriwnoo, wctf lvc`liml ehr fuani hmmupntchi lxtli`cib, nt olnst citlracttlitoy,erha Alshoctfcm eocitwhrg tfrhubf th tfl fcsthrcm ûlli Niil fhusl ni` tfl

ah`lri uicvlrscty duco`cibs wfcmf stni` hi tfl sctl th`ny. Hvlr tfl onst >< ylnrs

slvlrno htflr nrmfnlhohbcmno citlrvlitchis fnvl tngli ponml ni` tfl lnroclr stnbls

fnvl dlli euooy rlphrtl` ci twh pudocmntchis (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::27 Bhsscp ni`

Khils 4::3->:).

Ci pnrtcmuonr, onrbl-smnol lxmnvntchis ui`lrtngli dltwlli 4::: ni` 4::0 wlrl

ehmusl` hi tfl civlstcbntchi he ni lnroclr ehurtf acooliicua mno DM Ilhoctfcm eocit

smnttlr ni` pcts wfcmf wlrl lvhc` he eci`s ni` n nihtflr pct brhup wfcmf mhitncil`

n scbicecmnit ontlr Ilhoctfcm Brhhvl` Rnrl nssladonbl rn`chmnrdhi `ntl` th mcrmn

43::-4=:: mno DM. Ecvl tcadlr phst-rcib strumturls `ntl` th tfl Lnroy th Ac`òlDrhizl Nbl wlrl uimhvlrl` ni` tflsl npplnr th fnvl dlli usl` ehr mlrlahicno

purphsls. Ecinooy, n Ontl Crhi Nbl limohsurl ni` n sanoo limohsl` Thanih-Drctcsf

slttolalit ni` eclo` systla wlrl nosh civlstcbntl` (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::2, 44-2).

Prurh

Onuimlsthi

: 4

Gcohaltrls

Mrhwi mhpyrcbft. Noo rcbfts rlslrvl`. Mhriwnoo Mhuimco (>:::03:02) 4:>0

Zliryi

Enoahutf

Ayohr Drc`bl

MnrrcmgThn`s

MnrrcmgThn`s

Prlahubf Zontlnu

Ah`lri urdni

`lvlohpalit

Ecburl >.> Ohmntchi anp sfhwcib Prlahubf.


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fcs rlphrt mhvlrs tfrll pfnsls he nrmfnlhohbcmno rlmhr`cib mnrrcl` hut nt

rlahubf dy Mhriwnoo Nrmfnlhohbcmno \ict, Mhriwnoo Mhuimco, dltwlli 4::3

ni` 4:>>. fl ecrst stnbl thhg ponml ci 4::3 nt tfl sctl he tfl Zlrehracib Nrts

Mlitrl (ZNM). fl slmhi`, nt tfl Nmn`lay ehr Ciihvntchi ni` Tlslnrmf (NCT),

ni` tfl tfcr` nt Mnr Znrg 0 wlrl mnrrcl` hut ci 4:>: ni` 4:>>. Ni lnroclr pfnslcivhovcib tfl lvnountchi trlimfcib ci 4::6 he n auotc-mcrmuctl` limohsurl wcoo nosh

dl rlphrtl`, ns tfcs sctl ony caal`cntloy th tfl shutf he tfl ankhr sctls `csmussl`

flrl ni` fns iht dlli pudocsfl` loslwflrl.

Tlphrt strumturl

Ci tfl ocbft he tfl vlry scbicecmnit rlsuots bntflrl` dy tfl rlmlit nrmfnlhohbcmno

citlrvlitchis rlontcib th tfl Lnroy Ilhoctfcm ni` Drhizl Nbl hmmupntchi he tfl

pontlnu nt rlahubf (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::2), ct wns `lmc`l` tfnt rntflr tfni

rlphrtcib hi tfl sctls ns slpnrntl litctcls ci n slrcls he khurino nrtcmols, tflysfhuo` dl `rnwi thbltflr cith n scibol pudocmntchi. fcs whuo` cimou`l noo tfl

ninoyscs ui`lrtngli hi tfl mhaphilit sctls ni` mhisc`lr tfla nbncist tfl drhn`lr

gihwol`bl wfcmf fns dlli bncil` hvlr tfl onst >0 ylnrs. Bcvli tfl scbicecmniml he

tfl lvc`liml ehr altnowhrgcib wfcmf wns ehui` ci Thui`fhusl >, ni` tfl onmg he

ilnrdy mhapnrni`n ehr dhtf Limohsurl > ni` ]trumturl >, ct wns nosh `lmc`l` th

`csmuss tflsl sctls nt brlntlr olibtf wctfci n drhn`lr syitflscs.

fcs rlsuotcib ahihbrnpf cs `cvc`l` cith ehur slmtchis. fl ecrst (tfcs slmtchi)

hutocils tfl dnmgbrhui` th tfl prhklmt ni` bcvls n drcle hvlrvclw he rlontl` sctls

ni` tfl prhbrnaal he nrmfnlhohbcmno rlmhr`cib ui`lrtngli sciml 4::6. Ct nosh

`lsmrcdls tfl slttcib he tfl pontlnu ni` tfl blhohbcmno dnmgbrhui`, ni` prhvc`lsmhimcsl `lsmrcptchis he lnmf he tfl tfrll civlstcbntl` nrlns (ZNM duco`cib, NCT

duco`cib ni` Mnr Znrg 0).

fl slmhi` slmtchi hutocils tfl strntcbrnpfcmno rlsuots erha tfl ankhr lxmnvntl`

sctls, cimou`cib tfl ZNM pcts, ]trumturl >, Thui`fhusl > ni` Limohsurl >. Ci

n``ctchi, tfl lvnountl` Limohsurl 4 cs nosh `lsmrcdl`.

fl tfcr` slmtchi mhitncis ltncol` splmcnocst rlphrts hi tfl nrtlenmts, cimou`cib

rlphrts hi tfl mlrnacms, sthilwhrg, mhpplr-noohy eci`s ni` tfl ahuo`s. fl rlphrts

hi ninoyscs he tfl livcrhialitno snapols nrl nosh ehui` wctfci tfcs slmtchi ni`

tflsl cimou`l tfl blhmflacmno ninoyscs he Thui`fhusl >, tfl ponit anmrhehsscos

ni` tfl mfnrmhno. fl rlsuots he tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib nrl nosh rlphrtl` flrl.fl ecino slmtchi prhvc`ls n syitflscs wfcmf `rnws thbltflr tfl rlsuots erha

tfl ninoysls he tfl lxmnvntl` sctls ni` ponmls tfla wctfci tflcr wc`lr mhitlxt wctf

htflr lxmnvntl` sctls ci Mhriwnoo ni` dlyhi`.

Plracihohby usl` ci tfcs rlphrt

@ltncol` rlmhr`s he noo nrmfnlhohbcmno elnturls wlrl an`l, wctf lnmf mhitlxt dlcib

noohmntl` n uicqul iuadlr. Noo mut elnturls nrl sfhwi wctf W Q, nrmfnlhohbcmno

onylrs rlelrrl` th tfrhubfhut tfl rlphrt nrl sfhwi wctfci ( )drnmglts. ]trumturls

nrl `lihtl` dy ni uidrnmgltl` iuadlr, ni` tfl ankhr lxmnvntl` sctls rlphrtl` hici tfcs vhoual nrl prlecxl` wctf n mnpctnoczl` olttlr (ehr lxnapol, Thui`fhusl >)


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th cstcibucsf tfla erha sctls lxmnvntl` loslwflrl ni` erha sctls mhvlrl` dy lnroclr

pudocmntchis hi rlahubf. @ltncos he tfl rlmhr`cib altfh`hohby ni` tfl prhklmt

nrmfcvls mni dl ehui` ci tfl brly octlrnturl (Bhsscp 4::6n7 4::37 4:>>).

fl prhdndcocty cstrcdutchis ehr tfl rn`chmnrdhi ltlracintchis (sll mfnptlr >:)

fnvl dlli mnomuontl` uscib HxMno (v0.>). fl 3< plr mlit olvlo he prhdndcocty csusl` tfrhubfhut tfcs rlphrt uiolss htflrwcsl stntl`. Rflrl `ltlracintchis erha

htflr sctls nrl quhtl` ci euoo tfly fnvl nosh dlli rlmnocdrntl` th HxMno (v0.>).

Mhislqulitoy tfly any `ceelr erha tfl hrcbcino pudocsfl` shurmls, wflrl lnroclr

mnocdrntchi murvls wlrl usl`.

Hvlrvclw he whrg ui`lrtngli hi tfl sctl

fl rlahubf pontlnu, wfcmf mhvlrs npprhxcantloy >5 flmtnrls, fns prhvl` th

dl hil he tfl rcmflst ni` ahst nrmfnlhohbcmnooy caphrtnit nrlns ci Mhriwnoo

civlstcbntl` th ntl (Ecburl >.>). ]lvlrno stnbls he nrmfnlhohbcmno civlstcbntchi fnvlrlvlnol` n pcmturl he fuani nmtcvcty wfcmf spnis slvlrno acooliicn.

Blhpfyscmno survlys, nrmfnlhohbcmno nsslssalits ni` eclo`whrg dy Mhriwnoo

Nrmfnlhohbcmno \ict nmrhss aumf he tfl rlahubf mnapus hvlr ahrl tfni n

`lmn`l, fnvl c`litcecl` aniy scbicecmnit prlfcsthrcm, Thanih-Drctcsf ni` al`clvno

sctls, cimou`cib Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts, Ontl Ilhoctfcm pcts nsshmcntl` wctf Brhhvl`

Rnrl, Drhizl Nbl mlrlahicno phst-rcibs, n rlmtcocilnr limohsurl he Ontl Crhi Nbl

`ntl, gihwi ns tfl Ehrt, Thanih-Drctcsf slttolalits ni` eclo` systlas (Bhsscp

ni` Khils 4::27 4::3->:), ni` n strumturl he lnroclr al`clvno `ntl (Bhsscp, ci

prlpnrntchi) (Ecburl >.4).

]lvlrno he tflsl sctls wlrl ohmntl` mohsl th ni` hvlronp mfrhihohbcmnooy wctftfhsl rlphrtl` hi ci tfcs ahihbrnpf. h tfl ihrtf he tfl ZNM duco`cib, Lnroy

Ilhoctfcm pcts, n `ctmf ni` n eocit smnttlr wlrl rlmhr`l` ci 4:::7 ci 4::4 (TA

:4 nrln) n iuadlr he Lnroy Drhizl Nbl pcts ni` ecvl phst-rcibs he Lnroy th Ac``ol

Drhizl Nbl `ntl wlrl civlstcbntl` th tfl shutf he tfl NCT duco`cib `lvlohpalit

ni` th tfl ihrtf he Mnr Znrg 0 (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::2, 5-44). flsl elnturls wcoo

dl `rnwi cith tfl `csmusschi he tfl sctl ci mfnptlr >>.

Mohslst th tfl ZNM ni` Mnr Znrg 0 `lvlohpalit sctls, n auotcpol mhimlitrcm-

rcibl` limohsurl (Limohsurl 4) he nt olnst ontlr Crhi Nbl - Thanih-Drctcsf ntl wns

rlvlnol` dy n blhpfyscmno survly ni` rlmhr`l` urcib lvnountchi trlimfcib ci 4::6

(Bhsscp 4::6n). fl rlsuots erha tfcs trlimf nrl rlphrtl` dlohw ci mfnptlr 4.fl blhpfyscmno survly mnrrcl` hut ci 4::6 nosh rlvlnol` elnturls subblstcib

prlfcsthrcm nmtcvcty ci tfl nrln he Mnr Znrg 0 (Nrmfnlhohbcmno ]urvlys 4::6),

cimou`cib murvcocilnr elnturls mhrrlsphi`cib wctf Limohsurl >, wfcmf dlmnal tfl

ehmus ehr lxmnvntchi ci 4:>>.

Ci tfl sprcib he 4::3 n prhbrnaal he nrmfnlhohbcmno rlmhr`cib wns mnrrcl`

hut ci n`vniml he tfl mhistrumtchi he n ilw Zlrehracib Nrts Mlitrl (ZNM)

(Ecburl >.4). fcs whrg prhvl` th dl vlry scbicecmnit ns ct lxtli`l` tfl lvc`liml

ehr Lnroy Ilhoctfcm nmtcvcty nmrhss tfl pontlnu nrln, dlyhi` wflrl ct fn` prlvchusoy

dlli limhuitlrl` (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::2, 5), ni` lxpni`l` tfl rnibl he nmtcvcty

c`litcecl` hi tfl sctl.


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fl whrg hi tfl ZNM sctl wns ehoohwl` ci 4:>: dy nrmfnlhohbcmno rlmhr`cib hi

tfl sctl he tfl Nmn`lay ehr Ciihvntchi ni` Tlslnrmf (NCT) hi tfl ihrtf sc`l he tfl

mhoolbl mnapus. fl rlsuots erha tfcs eclo`whrg nosh prhvl` th dl fcbfoy rlwnr`cib

ns tfly rlvlnol` n sanoo mcrmuonr phst-ducot strumturl 2a ci `cnaltlr (]trumturl >)

nsshmcntl` wctf Drhizl Nbl phttlry, wfcmf wns sudslqulitoy `ntl` th tfl lnroclrpnrt he tfl slmhi` acooliicua mno DM. Ns sumf, ct cs scbicecmnit dlmnusl ct cs hil

he hioy n sanoo iuadlr he lnroclr Drhizl Nbl strumturls th fnvl dlli lxmnvntl` ci

shutflri Drctnci. Ct nosh prhvc`l` tfl ecrst fcits he altnowhrgcib, n elnturl he tfl

Ac`òl ni` Ontl Drhizl Nbl sctls rlphrtl` hi ci tfcs vhoual.

Ni nrmfnlhohbcmno wntmfcib drcle wns ui`lrtngli ci Kniunry 4:>> ùrcib tfl

mhistrumtchi he Mnr Znrg 0 ni` ni n`knmlit nrln he tlaphrnry mnr-pnrgcib.

Ci tfl shutf-lnst phrtchi he tfl strcppl` nrln, twh fhoohw-slt Ac`òl Drhizl

Nbl rhui`fhusls wlrl uimhvlrl`. Hil he tflsl, Thui`fhusl >, wns lxmnvntl`

ni`, notfhubf sfnoohw, caphrtnitoy ct prhùml` n mhoolmtchi he sthil ahuo`s

usl` ehr mnstcib shmgltl` mhpplr-noohy thhos ni` pcis. flsl rlprlslit tfl ecrst

Lxmnvntl` nrlns

4::6 hiwnr`s

Citlrvlitchi

prchr th 4::6

Prlahubf Mhoolbl

mhapolx

>:::

altrls

ZNM

NCT

MZ0

PTA :4

Blhpfyscmno survly

Pfcs anp cs dnsl` uphi tfl Hrìniml ]urvly antlrcno wctf tfl plracsschi he Hrìniml ]urvly hi dlfnoe he tfl Mhitrhoolr he Flr Anklsty's ]tntchilry Heecml

Mrhwi mhpyrcbft. \inutfhrcsl` rlprhùmtchi ciercibls Mrhwi mhpyrcbft ni` any oln` th prhslmutchi hr mcvco prhmll`cibs. Mhriwnoo Mhuimco (>:::03:02) 4:>0

Ecburl >.4 Ohmntchi ni` nrlns he nrmfnlhohbcmno civlstcbntchi nt Prlahubf.


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ci sctulvc`liml ehr altnowhrgcib wctfci n `halstcm rhui`fhusl th dl rlmhvlrlèrha Drctnci. fl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib prhvc`ls slmurl `ntcib ehr nuithi-pfnsl

altnowhrgcib (mcrmn >=:: mno DM). fl n`knmlit rhui`fhusl, prhdndoy

mhitlaphrnry, wns prlslrvl` ci sctu.

Nt tfl ihrtflri li` he tfl Mnr Znrg 0 nrln ni limohsurl `ctmf wns rlvlnol`surrhui`cib strumturno rlancis `ntcib th tfl lnroy ecrst acooliicua mno DM (mcrmn

>:::-6:: mno DM). fl lxmnvntl` phrtchi he tfl limohsurl rlvlnol` ih rhui`fhusls

hr hdvchus `wloocibs, dut tflrl wlrl nt olnst twh rlmtcocilnr strumturls, ns wloo

ns elnturls wfcmf any fnvl dlli nsshmcntl` wctf strumturls ni` pcts nsshmcntl`

wctf ecrl-mrnmgl` sthils. flsl wlrl phsscdoy nsshmcntl` wctf ehh` prlpnrntchi.

Ernbalits he ahuo`s wlrl nosh ehui`, ci`cmntcvl he sanoo-smnol altnowhrgcib. fcs

sctl, Limohsurl >, cs tfl ecrst slmurloy `ntl` Ontl Drhizl Nbl limohsurl th dl ehui`

ci tfl ]hutf Rlst plicisuon, ni` tfl nmtcvctcls wctfci ct nrl th `ntl uipnrnoolol`

ci tfl rlbchi.

ngli thbltflr, tfl lxmnvntchis nt rlahubf `lsmrcdl` ci tfcs rlphrt fnvl sfl`vnoundol ocbft hi tfl mfnibcib mfnrnmtlr he slttolalit nmtcvcty hvlr slvlrno acooliicn

ni` hi tfl mfnrnmtlr he altnowhrgcib hvlr tfl spni he tfl slmhi` acooliicua

mno DM. fcs tflal wcoo dl n``rlssl` ci tfl ehoohwcib mfnptlrs.

Ci pnrtcmuonr, tfl rlsuots he tfl civlstcbntchi he sctls wctfci tfl mnr pnrgcib nrln

nrl he intchino scbicecmniml dlmnusl tfly fnvl rlvlnol` shal he tfl dlst lvc`liml th

`ntl ehr Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl altnowhrgcib wctfci n slttolalit mhitlxt ci shutflri

Drctnci. fcs nsplmt he tfl prhklmt cs tfl ehmus he sudslqulit mfnptlrs.

Ohmntchi ni` slttcib

Pfl pontlnu

fl lxmnvntl` sctls nt rlahubf nrl sctuntl` nt tfl ihrtf-wlstlri ni` shutflri li`s

he ni lohibntl` spur hr pontlnu wfcmf ocls nt n flcbft he 6:->4:a H@ caal`cntloy

ihrtf wlst he tfl thwi he Zliryi (IBT ]R 2520> =06=0) (Ecburl >.>). fl

pontlnu mhvlrs npprhxcantloy >5 flmtnrls, ni` uitco rlmlitoy aumf he tfl nrln

wns nbrcmuoturno oni` n`knmlit th tfl lxcstcib rlahubf \icvlrscty mnapus. flrl

nrl bhh` vclws erha tfl sctl hvlr tfl onrbl nrln he tc`no lstunry gihwi ns Mnrrcmg

Thn`s th tfl lnst ni` th tfl sln dlyhi`. fl Zliryi Tcvlr, wfcmf eohws cith

Mnrrcmg Thn`s, ocls shal 4 gcohaltrls th tfl lnst he tfl civlstcbntl` nrln ni` ct csocgloy tfnt tflsl wntlrwnys ehral` caphrtnit mhaauicmntchi rhutls ci prlfcsthry.

h tfl wlst ni` ihrtf he rlahubf ocls tfl lolvntl` uiùontcib brnictl pontlnu

he Mnrialiloocs wfcol tfl oni`smnpl nrhui` rlahubf cs `hacintl` ni` strhiboy

cieouliml` dy tfl Eno Tcn. fcs mhaprcsls n slrcls he citlrohmgcib trcdutnry mrllgs

eohwcib cith tfl Tcvlr Eno, wc`licib cith tfl onrbl lstunry he Mnrrcmg Thn`s wctf

tfl sln dlyhi`. h tfl lnst ni` ihrtf ocl blitol uiùontcib fcoos `hacintl` dy

nrndol ni` pnsturl eclo`s.

fl rlahubf ponml-inal cs he lnroy al`clvno hrcbci ni` prchr th tfl lvlohpalit

he tfl \icvlrscty mnapus tfl sctl wns enraoni` mfnrnmtlrcsl` ns Nimclitoy Limohsl`

Oni` (Mhriwnoo Mhuity Mhuimco >335). Nimclitoy Limohsl` oni` cs an`l up


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he enracib slttolalits `hmualitl` dlehrl tfl slvlitllitf mlitury N@ ni` eclo`

pnttlris he al`clvno hrcbci. fl al`clvno ni` phst-al`clvno enracib oni`smnpl

wns, fhwlvlr, lxtliscvloy notlrl` ci tfl ontlr lcbftllitf ni` iciltllitf mliturcls

ehoohwcib tfl mhistrumtchi he tfl prlslit rlahubf fhusl. @urcib tfcs plrch` tfl

eclo` onyhut wns rlhrbnicsl` th angl onrblr rlmtcocilnr eclo`s ni` ni hrinalitnooni`smnpl wns onc` hut nrhui` tfl fhusl (Bhsscp ni` Khils 4::2, >).

Civlstcbntchis nmrhss Mhriwnoo fnvl `lahistrntl` tfnt Nimclitoy Limohsl`

Oni` fns fcbf phtlitcno ehr durcl` nrmfnlhohby `ntcib th tfl prlfcsthrcm ni`

Thanih-Drctcsf plrch`s (ehr lxnapol, Khils ni` nyohr 4:>:, =), ni` ct wns ehr

tfcs rlnshi tfnt, `lspctl fnvcib elw gihwi nrmfnlhohbcmno sctls ci 4:::, tfl nrln

wns ecrst tnrbltl` ehr civlstcbntchi ci 4:::.

Blhohby

Blhohbcmnooy tfl lxmnvntl` sctls nrl nt tfl kuimtchi dltwlli tfl cbilhus brnictl

he Mnrialiloocs ni` tfl @lvhicni Ayohr Dl`s. fl lxphsl` rlahubf dl`rhmg

cs mntlbhrcsl` ns altnahrpfcm, wctf vcscdol qunrtz vlcicib, erlqulitoy mhithrtl`

altnahrpfhsl` sontls ni` au`sthils (Blhohbcmno ]urvly he Brlnt Drctnci >320)

gihwi ohmnooy ns gcoons ni` brnictls ni` htflr cbilhus rhmgs hmmurrcib.

fl ui`lroycib inturno sudshco ci tfl nrln he tfl ZNM Duco`cib mhaprcsl` n

brnictcm yloohw mony, gihwi ohmnooy ns rnd, dlmhacib pnolr nt tfl dnsl he tfl eclo`

sohpl. Ci tfl nrln he Mnr Znrg 0 tfl inturno mony sudshco rnibl` erha n drcbft pnol

yloohw th n `llp rusty hrnibl nmrhss dhtf sctls wctf ndui`nit wlntflrl` sthils

prlslit ci tfl sudshco. fl hvlroycib shco-typl nmrhss tfl lxmnvntl` nrlns fns dlli

monsscecl` ns ]tnbihboly shcos ni` Tniglrs (]hco ]urvly he Liboni` ni` Rnols >36=).

ZNM duco`cib

fl ZNM `lvlohpalit sctl nt rlahubf wns ohmntl` hi tfl ohwlr sohpls he n fcoo

hi tfl shutf-lnstlri sc`l he tfl M\M mnapus (mlitrl` hi ]R 22:03 =060:, sfhws tfl eclo` aumf ns ct

wns prchr th tfl `lvlohpalit. Nrrhws phcitcib `hwisohpl hi tfl ihrtf-lnstlri

l`bl ni` nohib tfl shutf-wlstlri dhui`nry fl`bl subblst tfnt wntlr `rncil`

nohib tflsl rhutls.

Ahst rlmlitoy tfl nrln he tfl ZNM `lvlohpalit fns dlli ci pnsturl dut tfl

blhpfyscmno survly (Nrmfnlhohbcmno ]urvlys 4::6) ehui` tfnt aumf he tfl nrln wns

ansgl` dy n `lphsct he ah`lri hvlrdur`li ni` mhuo` iht tflrlehrl dl rlocndoy

survlyl`.


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4.4). fl NCT sctl cs ohmntl` hi n brn`uno

ihrtf-enmcib sohpl, olss tfni .

fl Mnr Znrg 0 sctl wns sctuntl` nt tfl thp he ni lvli, blitol, shutf-enmcibsohpl, erha wfcmf tflrl wlrl lxtliscvl vclws th tfl lnst ni` shutf lnst hvlr tfl

rcvlr Eno lstunry. fl tctfl anp nbnci sfhws tfnt tflrl fn` dlli octtol mfnibl th

tfl eclo` onyhut ci tfl nrln he Mnr Znrg 0 ni` uitco tfl tcal he tfl civlstcbntchis ct

wns `hwi th pnsturl ni` fn` dlli usl` ehr brnzcib.

Blhpfyscmno survly he tfl eclo`s nrhui` tfl Mnr Znrg 0 sctl (Nrmfnlhohbcmno

]urvlys 4::6) subblstl` tfnt nrmfnlhohbcmno phtlitcno wns fcbf ci tfcs nrln,

c`litceycib dhtf Limohsurl > ni` Limohsurl 4. Ns n mhislquliml, mhitrhool` thpshco

strcppcib wns ui`lrtngli ci 4:>>. fcs rlvlnol` n onrbl iuadlr he blilrnooy wloo-

prlslrvl` durcl` nrmfnlhohbcmno elnturls he ontlr prlfcsthrcm `ntl.


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Mfnptlr 4

Tlsuots erha tfl lxmnvntchis

Knals Bhsscp

fcs slmtchi ehmusls hi tfl strntcbrnpfcmno rlsuots erha tfl lxmnvntl` elnturls.

flsl nrl prlslitl` dy sctl, tfnt cs th sny tfl ZNM duco`cib, NCT duco`cib ni` Mnr

Znrg 0, ni` dy plrch`, erha tfl Lnroy Ilhoctfcm tfrhubf th tfl Ontl Drhizl Nbl.

Ecinooy, tfl rlsuots erha tfl 4::6 lvnountchi trlimfcib he n auotc-mcrmuct limohsurl`ntcib th tfl ontlr prlfcsthrcm plrch` nrl prlslitl`.

ZNM duco`cib

hpshco ni` sudshco thbltflr nvlrnbl` :.6a ci `lptf, dut wlrl up th >.:6)

Zct W>::4Q

Prll-tfrhw (>:2)

W>>>Q

Pfcs anpcs dnslùphitflHrìniml]urvly antlrcnowctftflplracsschihe Hrìniml]urvly hi dlfnoe he tfl Mhitrhoolrhe Flr Anklsty's ]tntchilry Heecml

Mrhwimhpyrcbft. \inutfhrcsl`rlprhùmtchiciercibls Mrhwimhpyrcbft niàny oln`thprhslmutchihrmcvcoprhmll`cibs. MhriwnooMhuimco(>:::03:02)4:>0

Ecburl 4.> Zoni

sfhwcib Lnroy

Ilhoctfcm elnturlsci tfl ZNM nrln.


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fl ZNM pcts fn` n `csmrltl slt he mhitlxt iuadlrs ni` tflsl hvlronp wctf

tfhsl cssul` ci tfl 4:>> lxmnvntchis.

Lnroy Ilhoctfcm pcts

wh pcts (Ecburls 4.>, 4.4 ni` 4.=), onrbloy ui`csturdl` dy ah`lri nmtcvcty, wlrl

rlvlnol` dlilntf tfl thpshco (>>:), muttcib cith tfl inturno.

Zct W>:4Q wns n rnbbl`oy mcrmuonr dhwo-sfnpl` pct mut cith tfl inturno (>:3),

>.>a ci `cnaltlr ni` n anxcaua he :.=a `llp. fl pct wns ecool` wctf `lisloy

pnmgl` brnictl ni` gcoons sthil aumf he wfcmf sfhwl` lvc`liml he duricib. fl

ecoo (>::) surrhui`cib tflsl sthils wns n `nrg rl``csf-drhwi scoty mony mhitncicib

n onrbl prhphrtchi he mfnrmhno an`l up he hng, sanoo fnzlo rhui`whh`, fnzloiut

: 4

a

W>::0)(>:=)

(>:5)

W>::0)(>:=)

(>:5)

(>::)

W>:4Q W>:4Q

W>:4Q

(>::)

(>:0)

(>:=)W>:>>Q

Zrl-lxmnvntchi poni Zhst-lxmnvntchi poni

durit sthil

sthil

ZCP W>:4Q

ZCP W>::4Q (thp) ni` W>:


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43

sfloo ni` fnwtfhri. N rn`chmnrdhi `ltlracintchi he 02 ni` O4) (Onwshi-Khils,

dlohw). N brhup he onrbl brnictl rhmgs ehui` ndhvl tfl inturno sudshco ilnrdy th

tfl shutf any fnvl dlli ponml`, phsscdoy nmtcib ns anrglrs ehr tfl dnmgecool` pct.

Zct W>::4Q dut blilrnooy hvno ci sfnpl,

alnsurcib 4..5a wc`l, wctf n mhimnvl prhecol up th :.4:5). fl prcanry pct ecoo wns n donmg-brly mfnrmhno-

rcmf scoty mony (>:=) :.>a `llp mhitncicib tfrll pclmls he eocit n pclml he wnstl,n mhrl thho ni` n prhdndol drhgli olne-sfnpl` nrrhwfln` O= thbltflr wctf n

sflr` he Lnroy Ilhoctfcm phttlry (ZZ>). fl mfnrmhno wns `hacintl` dy fnzlo,

cimou`cib fnzloiut sfloo, wfcmf bnvl n rn`chmnrdhi `ltlracintchi he 02:0), n

mhapnmt brlycsf-drhwi scoty mony mhitncicib durit sthil ni` tfrll sflr`s he Lnroy

Ilhoctfcm bnddrhcm phttlry, cimou`cib hil erha vlsslo ZZ6.

Ecburl 4.= Zfhthbrnpf he pct W>:4Q sfhwcib sthils wctfci ni` dlsc`l ct.


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=:

>5->3:: mno DM

(3)

4363 43 DZ >=>5->=05 mno DM

(35:6- 0=< mno DM

(3

Z4

Mnssctlrctl

plddol

]thil

Zht4:

altrls

W


33/254

=>

N ohhsloy-ecool` fhoohw W>>>Q :.4a `llp ni` :.=a ci `cnaltlr caal`cntloy th

tfl ihrtf he tfl pct rlprlslits n phsscdol phstfhol ni` mhitncil` sthils tfnt any

fnvl dlli pnmgcib antlrcno.

fl brly mony sudshco (>:5) wns ohmnooy vlry pnol ni` brctty ni` wns tfhubft

lctflr th dl n inturno vnrcntchi hr th fnvl dlli neelmtl` dy nmtcvcty nrhui` tfl pct,plrfnps tfl rlsuot he citlisl flnt.

Zrlfcsthrcm trll-tfrhws

wh htflr elnturls, (>:2) ni` (>:6) (Ecburl 4.>), wlrl rlmhr`l` mohsl th tfl

shutflri lxtlit he tfl `lvlohpalit nrln. flsl wlrl dhtf crrlbuonr hvno fhoohws

dltwlli :.4a ni` :.=a `llp, alnsurcib =a dy 4.4a ni` >.>:2) nosh npplnrl` th fnvl sueelrl` nicano `csturdniml. Dhtf elnturls fnvl dlli

citlrprltl` ns tfl fhoohws olet dy trll-tfrhws. N scibol pclml he eocit `ldctnbl wns

rltrclvl` erha trll-tfrhw (>:6).

NCT duco`cib

fl NCT duco`cib ni` nsshmcntl` mnr pnrgcib mhvlr ni nrln he kust hvlr > flmtnrl, noo

he wfcmf wns ahicthrl` `urcib thpshco strcppcib. Elnturls lxphsl` ci tfl inturno

(npprhxcantloy :.=a dlohw surenml) cimou`l` shal rlontcib th ni Lnroy Drhizl Nbl

strumturl, n Thanih-Drctcsf flnrtf ni` cshontl` pcts he uigihwi `ntl.

]trumturl >

fl prcimcpno nrln he citlrlst wns ni nrrniblalit he >> elnturls, ahstoy phstfhols,

ehracib n socbftoy lohibntl` sud-mcrmuonr sfnpl alnsurcib npprhxcantloy 2a ci

`cnaltlr (Ecburl 4.0). Ct pnrtcnooy mut tfrhubf n durcl` shco he drhwi sthiy mony

(). Ci htflr phstfhols, pnmgcib sthils wlrl

prlslit dut fn` mhoonpsl` cith tfl ecoo, ni` hioy twh W


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=4

Zhstfhol W5Q fn` dlli mut dy n`knmlit phstfhol W6Q ni` tfl ecoo (2) mhitncil`

twh sflr`s he Drhizl Nbl phttlry, ernbalits he n brllisthil mhddol ni` n sn``ol

qulri. Zhstfhols W>2Q ni` W>3Q/W5->3:: mno DM (]\LTM-0246>).

Zhstfhols W44Q/W, notfhubf tfl

elnturls wlrl iht n`knmlit. Zct W4=Q nosh mhitncil` n dlnmf mhddol ruddcib sthil,

rl-usl` ns n fnaalrsthil. Ct wns n sfnoohw mhimnvl mut >a ci `cnaltlr ni` :.>:) ci n rl``csf mony ni` drhwi monycsf scot antrcx (>>)

wctf hmmnschino mfnrmhno. @lphsct (>>) mhitncil` n thtno he =3 sflr`s he phttlry,

cimou`cib tfl khcicib sflr`.

Zhstfhol W4>Q/W50Q prh`uml` n phsscdol Drhizl Nbl sflr` ni` n phsscdoldlnmf mhddol plstol, ni` phstfhol W40=< mno DM (]\LTM-06>a npnrt, wctf n enr wc`lr bnp he =a

hi tfl shutf-lnstlri sc`l dltwlli phstfhols W>3Q ni` W54Q. fl ohmntchi mlitrnooy

wctfci tfcs bnp he sfnoohw pct W6a `llp, mhimnvl ni` dhwo-sfnpl`, mhitncicib

Ecburl 4.< Zfhthbrnpf he ]trumturl > tngli erha tfl shutf-lnst, wctf stngls anrgcib tfl

phsctchis he phsts.


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==

`lphsct (->>45 mno DM (]\LTM-02464). Fhwlvlr, tfcs phstfhol

wns ohmntl` ci ni nrln wfcmf fn` dlli `csturdl` ni` tfl mfnrmhno any fnvl dllierha citruscvl antlrcno. Rctfci tfl strumturl, citlrino phstfhol WQ mhitncil` n

wfltsthil wctf lvc`liml he slmhi`nry usl ns n fnaalrsthil.

N``ctchino elnturls

Zct W=2Q, , prh`uml` tfl ahst `cvlrsl mfnrmhno

nssladonbl erha tfcs sctl, mhaprcscib hng, fnzlo, phponr / wcoohw, fnwtfhri ni`

fhooy. fcs wns n sfnoohw mhimnvl elnturl, :.>a `llp ni` :.3a ci `cnaltlr, ecool`

wctf vlry `nrg, brlycsf-drhwi mfnrmhno-rcmf scoty mony. fl l`bls mut cith tfl inturno

sudshco wlrl mhohurl` rl`, prlsuandoy n rlsuot he ci sctuduricib, subblstcib tfnt

tfl elnturl wns n flnrtf. Ecoo (>:5) nosh prh`uml` n rcmf mfnrrl` mlrlno nssladonbl

thtnoocib >053:=< DZ, mno N@ 43

(]\LTM-56:=< DZ, mno N@ 4).

N brhup he pcts ni` phstfhols wlrl rlvlnol` shal 6:a th tfl ihrtf lnst he]trumturl >. flsl cimou`l` mcrmuonr mhimnvl pcts ecool` wctf `nrg monys ni` durit

brnictl, mohsl th wfcmf wlrl tfrll phsscdol phstfhols hr sanoo pcts wfcmf ehral` n

socbft nrm ndhut 0a ohib. ]urenml phttlry eci`s wlrl ui`cnbihstcm ni` tflrlehrl tfl

elnturls mniiht dl nsscbil` th niy pnrtcmuonr pfnsl.

Mnr Znrg 0

hpshco strcppcib ci tfl Mnr Znrg 0 nrln lxtli`l` hvlr n thtno he :.24 flmtnrls.

Tlmhr`cib whrg ci tfl ihrtf-wlst mhrilr he tfl strcppl` zhil rlvlnol` n murvcocilnr

limohsurl ctmf wctf pct ni` phstfhol strumturls he Ontl Drhizl Nbl ntl wctfci tfl

limohsl` nrln (Ecburl >.4). Elnturls wlrl mut cith tfl inturno, dlohw tfl thpshco,

wfcmf wns shal :.=-:.0a tfcmg. Zct ecoos hetli mhitncil` onrbl qunitctcls he durit

sthil ni` nt olnst twh rlmtnibuonr phst-ducot strumturls wlrl c`litcecl`, wflrl

`llp phstfhols mhitncil` citnmt sthil-pnmgcib. N pct ecool` wctf durit sthil nosh

mhitncil` ernbalits he altnowhrgcib ahuo`s.

Mohsl th tfl shutf-lnstlri lxtlit he tfl strcppl` nrln wlrl tfl rlancis he twh

fhoohw-slt rhui`fhusls. Thui`fhusl > wns lxmnvntl` ni` ehui` th mhitnci n wloo-

strntcecl` mhoolmtchi he sthil ahuo`s ehr mnstcib altno thhos ni` pcis (mfnptlr


36/254

=0

Thui`fhusl >

hpshco strcppcib rlvlnol` n mcrmuonr nrln he `nrg drhwi scot npprhxcantloy 3a ci

`cnaltlr, vcscdol nbncist tfl rl``csf-drhwi mony he tfl inturno. Zhttlry rlmhvlrl`

erha tfl drhwi `lphsct subblstl` tfl prlsliml he n fhoohw-slt Drhizl Nbl

rhui`fhusl. fl nrln wns molnil` dy fni` ni` vnrchus eci`s wlrl rlmhvlrl`. Ct

wns tfli `cvc`l` cith ehur qun`rnits ehr lxmnvntchi. Cictcnooy :.4 ni` 4) rlvlnol`

tfnt tfl rhui`fhusl wns slt wctfci n mhimnvl fhoohw W235Q mut th n `lptf he

npprhxcantloy :.=a, cith tfl dnsl he wfcmf phstfhols ni` htflr elnturls fn` dlli

mut. fl shutflri fnoe he tfl strumturl, qun`rnits = ni` 0, wns olss wloo-prlslrvl`,fnvcib dlli truimntl` dy ontlr nbrcmuoturno nmtcvcty. Rctfci tfl qun`rnit > mut he

: >:

altrls

Thui`fhusl 4(>:3) / (>>:)

464: 43 DZ >: DM(3

W263Q

W2=2Q

W23>Q

W26=Q

W434Q

(>:5)(>::, Z>:n, Z>>

Zhttlry

]thil sprln` dnig

\ilxmnvntl`

Ecburl 4.5 Zoni sfhwcib Ac``ol Drhizl Nbl Thui`fhusl >, Thui`fhusl 4 ni` n`knmlit

elnturls.


37/254

=


38/254

=5

dlli n``l` th tfl prcimcpno phst-rcib ns n alnis he strlibtflicib hr rlilwcib tfl

strumturl. Mfnrmhno erha phstfhols W2:>Q ni` W2::343 DZ, >00>->0:2 mno DM

(]\LTM-0243=) ni` =:5 DZ, >0>4, notfhubf tfl scbicecmniml he

tfcs ci tlras he pfnscib cs uimlrtnci. Zhstfhols rnibl` ci `lptf erha :.4-:.0-:.>). ]tnglfhols tli`l` th

dl :.:6a hr olss ci `cnaltlr ni` :.>-:.4a `llp, usunooy vlrtcmno dut hmmnschinooy

`rcvli cith tfl sudshco nt nibols he up th =: `lbrlls.

Flnrtf W206Q/W220Q wns n mhimnvl dhwo-sfnpl` mut alnsurcib :.6a ci cnaltlr

ni` :.> tngli erha tfl shutf.


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=2

mfnrmhno-rcmf scoty mony wctf pntmfls he durit mony. Dhtf flnrtfs sfhwl` lxtliscvl

smhrmfcib hi tfl dnsl wflrl tfly fn` dlli mut cith tfl inturno sudshco.

h tfl ihrtf wlst he tfl flnrtfs wns tfl dngl` mony eohhr surenml (233), wfcmf

fn` plrfnps dlmhal n fnr`lil` surenml ns n rlsuot he prhohibl` prhxcacty th tfl

flnrtfs. fl surenml mhiscstl` he n onylr he mony ih ahrl tfni :.:5a tfcmg ndhvltfl inturno sudshco, cts survcvcib lxtlits alnsurcib npprhxcantloy 4a ohib ni` >a

wc`l. Ct cs phsscdol tfnt ct fn` hrcbcinooy sprln` eurtflr dut fn` dlli whri nwny.

Ni nrrniblalit he phstfhols prl`hacinitoy ci tfl ihrtflri pnrt he tfl

strumturl mhaprcsl` phstfhols W225Q, W422Q, W464Q, W20::

mno DM (]\LTM-02434).

Mhpplr-noohy nrtlenmts rlmhvlrl` erha tfl phstfhols mhaprcsl` twh olibtfs erha

n phsscdol pci sfnet (]E0>=) erha tfl oo he phstfhol W26) ni` n spcrno

iblr rcib (]E0:=) ehui` wctfci phstfhol W2:>).

fl rhui`fhusl fhoohw fn` dlli ciecool` dy n scibol `lphsct he ac` drhwi

scoty mony-ohna shco. fcs wns iuadlrl` (>:0)/(42=) ci qun`rnit >, (420) ci

qun`rnit 4, (46:) ci qun`rnit =, ni` (42 (>:0)/(42=) mhitncil` phttlry cimou`cib sflr`s

erha Z0, Z5, ni` Z2, (420) hvlr qun`rnit 4 mhitncil` n sflr` erha vlsslo Z6ni`(42:0)/(42=). fcs cs he Ontl

Drhizl Nbl `ntl (mfnptlr =, dlohw) ni` cs ci`cmntcvl he ontlr nmtcvcty hvlr tfl sctl.

fl ahst scbicecmnit nrtlenmts erha tfl eohhr he tfl rhui`fhusl wlrl tfl

rlancis he icil sthil ahuo` ernbalits ehr mnstcib altnowhrg, cimou`cib rcib-

fln`l` pcis, n shmgltl` nxl ni` n mfcslo (mfnptlr ni` 4 nt tfl dhttha he ciecoo onylrs (42=) ni` (420), `crlmtoy hi

tfl eohhr he tfl rhui`fhusl, wctf n molnr mhimlitrntchi nrhui` tfl nrln he flnrtf

W206Q/W220Q ni` dngl` mony eohhr surenml (233).Mfnrmhno erha `lphsct (46:) ci qun`rnit = bnvl n rn`chmnrdhi `ltlracintchi

he =:3>42 DZ, >043->432 mno DM (]\LTM-02436).

Hutlr rcib phstfhol W25:Q ni` tfl fhusl fhoohw fn` dlli mut dy n ontlr

ocilnr buooy, W434Q, wfcmf rni ihrtf lnst shutf wlst nmrhss tfl rhui`fhusl. fl

buooy wns 0:a ohib, ruiicib erha tfl lnstlri lxtlit he tfl lxmnvntl` nrln ni`

tlracintcib >


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=6

Thui`fhusl 4

Tlahvno he thpshco caal`cntloy shutf-wlst he Thui`fhusl > rlvlnol` n slmhi`

mcrmuonr sprln` he nrglr drhwi scoty mony alnsurcib 2a ci `cnaltlr, subblstcib tfl

prlsliml he nihtflr fhoohw-slt rhui`fhusl (Ecburl 4.5). Zrlocacinry fni` molnicib

he tfcs `lphsct prhùml` sflr`s he Ontl Drhizl Nbl Zonci Rnrl phttlry erha onylr

(>:3)/(>>:), cimou`cib Z>:, Z>:nni` Z>>ni` htflr sflr`s tfnt any noo dlohib

th tflsl vlsslos (mfnptlr =). Tn`chmnrdhi `ltlracintchi 464:43 DZ, >:

mno DM (]\LTM-02433), wns hdtncil` erha rlscùl hi phttlry, ihtcmlndoy ontlr

tfni `ntls erha tfl n`knmlit Thui`fhusl >. fcs any ci`cmntl tfnt tfl sctl he

Thui`fhusl 4 fn` dlli usl` ns n ac``li ùap ùrcib tfl Ontl Drhizl Nbl, tfl

nmtcvcty drhnòy mhitlaphrnry wctf Limohsurl >.

Ehoohwcib cictcno molnicib, tfl `lmcschi wns an`l th dury tfl rhui`fhusl

wctfhut eurtflr lxmnvntchi dlohw onylrs he blhtlxtcol aladrnil, ecil lxmnvntl`

sudshco ni` sni` (Bhsscp 4:>>).

]thil sprln`/dnig ni` durcl` shco/ho` oni` surenml

h tfl shutf lnst he Thui`fhusl > wns n sthiy sprln`, hr dnig (>:.

Limohsurl >

Limohsurl > mhaprcsl` n sudstnitcno olibtf he `ctmf wfcmf, ce prhklmtl` dlyhi`

tfl civlstcbntl` nrln, cs ocgloy th fnvl limohsl` ni nrln rhubfoy 5:-55:Q/W>2:Q

N murvcocilnr limohsurl `ctmf W>5:Q/W>2:Q rni erha tfl wlstlri lxtlit he tfl

strcppl` nrln ci ni nrm thwnr`s tfl ihrtf. fl `ctmf wns up th >.2a wc`l ni` up

th >.=:). fl `ctmf mcrmuct wns drhgli hi cts lnstlri sc`l dy n


41/254

=3

ct cs ocgloy tfnt tflrl wns n dnig ni` tflrl wns spnml ehr hil wctfci tfl limohsurl,

tflrl wns ih ci`cmntchi he tfl phsctchi he hil, lctflr hi tfl cisc`l hr tfl hutsc`l he

tfl limohsurl ctmf, ni` tfl tcp-ocils ci tfl ctmf ecoos wlrl cimhimouscvl. Fhwlvlr,

tfl qunitcty he onrbl brnictl sthils rlmhvlrl` erha tfl `ctmf ecoocib acbft fnvl

`lrcvl` erha n sthil rlvltalit enmcib sumf n dnig.

fl dnsno ecoo (452)/(236) nohib tfl shutflri nrm he tfl `ctmf mhaprcsl` n `nrg

brlycsf-drhwi scoty mony wctf eolmgs ni` ernbalits he mfnrmhno. fcs wns hvlronci

dy n summlsschi he `uapl` hr lrh`l` scoty mony `lphscts, (455), (45:

Ehrslmtchisll

Ecburl4.>:

: >:

altrls

Zhsscdol phst

strumturl

]thil

Zhttlry

Zct W>40Q

Z>2, Z>6n, Z>6d,]2, ]6, A>:4202 45 DZ 324-642 mno DM

(3=Q

W4:3Q

]trumturl 4:0, Z>:06-635 mno DM(3

W>2:Q (shutf)

Limohsurl `ctmf >

W>5:Q (ihrtf)

]

W>6 ni` citlrino elnturls.

(>>2)

(45:)

(45>)

(454)

W>5:QW>2:Q

(450)

(45: ]lmtchis nmrhss Ontl Drhizl Nbl Limohsurl > `ctmf W>5:Q.


42/254

0:

mhitncicib n ah`lrntl nahuit he brnictl sthils. \pplrahst `lphsct (>:2)/

(45>2) mhitncicib vlry erlqulit brnictl sthils :.>a th :.4:).

Zct / Zhstfhol Brhup >

N `lisl moustlr he elnturls, wfcmf fnvl dlli brhupl` thbltflr ns Zct / Zhstfhol

Brhup >, wns rlvlnol` ci tfl ihrtflri pnrt he tfl limohsurl. Cictcnooy npplnrcib

rntflr rni`ha, ct cs vlry phsscdol tfnt tflsl elnturls, mhaprcscib ancioy phstfholsdut nosh pcts mhitncicib durit sthil, rlprlslit n strumturl hr plrfnps n slrcls he

strumturls, prhdndoy rlmtnibuonr, ducot summlsscvloy ci tfcs nrln hvlr tcal. Rctfci

tfcs brhup he elnturls wlrl slvlrno mhaphilits, cimou`cib ni O-sfnpl` slttcib, ni

nahrpfhus brhup he pcts ni` twh sfnoohw ocilnr `lprlsschis.

Zhsscdol O-sfnpl` strumturl

wh ocilnr nrrniblalits he elnturls phstfhols W400Q, W40:Q, W>00Q

ni` pct W>>0Q hi n ihrtf-wlst shutf-lnst nocbialit ni` phstfhols W4>Q nocbil` shutf wlst ihrtf lnst slla th ehra ni O-sfnpl` strumturl

hr twh sc`ls he n sud-rlmtnibuonr strumturl alnsurcib npprhxcantloy 5a dy2a (Ecburl 4.>>). Zhttlry erha pct W>>0Q fn` citlrino rlscùl wfcmf prhùml`

n rn`chmnrdhi `ntl he 4644=: DZ, >:2>-633 mno DM (]\LTM-02466). fcs

`ltlracintchi wns tfl lnroclst th dl hdtncil` erha n elnturl cisc`l tfl limohsurl.

Zcts W>50Q, W403Q ni` phstfhol W>2>Q ony hi hr mohsl th tfl shutf-wlst - ihrtf-lnst

nocbialit ni` any fnvl dlli nsshmcntl` wctf ct, hr mhuo` phsscdoy fnvl dlli pnrt

he n strumturl `lsmrcdl` dlohw. fl ecoo (>2:) he phstfhol W>2>Q mhitncil` twh

sthil auoolrs, ]< he qunrtz brlcslini` ]5 he brnictl. Noo he tfl pcts mhitncil`

durit sthils ni` ah`lrntl th erlqulit nahuits he mfnrmhno ci tflcr ecoos, W403Q

prhùmcib tfl rcmflst mfnrmhno snapol he tfl brhup wctf tnxn mhaprcscib hng,


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0>

fnzlo, donmgtfhri, fnwtfhri ni` drhha hr bhrsl (mfnptlrs 6 ni` 3). He pnrtcmuonrihtl cs phstfhol W>00Q, tfl ecoo he wfcmf mhitncil` mony altnowhrgcib ahuo`

ernbalits N-@, wfcmfnrlscaconr th tfhsl erha pct W>40Q (dlohw ni` mfnptlr ), n `nrg drhwi scoty

mony. fl phstfhol wns :.5-:.0a ci `cnaltlr7 `lptfs wlrl

ahrl mhiscstlit, ci tfl rnibl :.4-:.=a. fl sanoo ciilr phst nocbialit (W4=5Q,

W4=0Q ni` W4=6Q) mhaprcsl` sanoo phstfhols :.>a ci `cnaltlr ni` dltwlli :.>a

th :.4a `llp. fl ihrtf-lnstlriahst phstfhol W>63Q wns ihtndol ns ct wns onrblr,

alnsurcib :.=a ci `cnaltlr ni` :.6a `llp.

Ecburl 4.>> Zoni sfhwcib Zct / Zhstfhol Brhup >.

:

altrls

4

W400Q

W40:Q

W4:6QW>63Q

W4>Q

W4>=Q

W4>0Q

W4>2QW>>0Q

W>=:Q

W>00Q

W>=4Q

W>2>Q

W404Q

W>22Q

W>50QW4:4

]5

W400Q

W40:Q

W4:6QW>63Q

W4>Q

W4>=Q

W4>0Q

W4>2QW>>0Q

W>00Q

W>2>Q

W404Q

W>22Q

W>50QW4


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04

N slpnrntl strumturl8

N eurtflr brhup he pcts ni` phstfhols ony caal`cntloy th tfl shutf he tfl O-sfnpl`

strumturl. Ct cs uimolnr wfltflr tflsl ehral` pnrt he tfl snal strumturl hr wlrl pnrt

he n slpnrntl pfnsl. fl brhup wns an`l up he phstfhols W>2=Q, W43=Q),

W>=:Q, W>=4Q, W>50Q (Ecburl 4.>>).

flsl elnturls ehral` n rhubf trcnibol npprhxcantloy =a ci sczl. Zhstfhols W>2>Q

ni` W>22Q wlrl nosh phsscdoy nsshmcntl` wctf tfcs brhup ni` prh`uml` hng, fnzlo,

donmgtfhri, fnwtfhri ni` drhha hr bhrsl mfnrmhno (mfnptlr 3).

Ahst he tflsl elnturls nosh fn` vlrtcmno hr ilnr vlrtcmno prhecols wctf eont dnsls

ni` nrl ocgloy th fnvl dlli strumturno, alnsurcib :.>=4Q.

N wci`-drlng hr smrlli8

]fnoohw mut / `lphscts W4:3Q caal`cntloy th tfl ihrtf ni` W4>=Q th tfl lnst nrl

ocgloy th fnvl dlli nsshmcntl` wctf tfl brhups he pcts ni` phstfhols `lsmrcdl`

ndhvl. Alnsurcib hioy :.:366, >0->3).

Zct Nocbialit 4

Ni nocbialit he elnturls wns rlmhr`l` hi n >:a ohib lnst-wlst nxcs ci tfl mlitrno

nrln he tfl limohsurl (Ecburl 4.>4). fcs mhaprcsl` pcts W4:4Q, W4::Q, W>45Q, W>=5Q,

W>4=Q, W>=6Q, ni` phstfhols W>0:Q ni` W>04Q. fl pcts wlrl ahrl hr olss mcrmuonr

wctf stllp sc`ls ni` eont dnsls hr ahrl dhwo-sfnpl` prhecols. fly wlrl sfnoohw,

ihil he tfla lxmll`cib :.=a ci `lptf. @cnaltlrs rnibl` erha :.0a th >.6a.

Zcts W>=0Q ni` W>46Q ony th tfl ihrtf he tfl nocbialit nt cts wlstlri li`, nibol`

thwnr`s tfl ihrtf-wlst. Zcts blilrnooy mhitncil` scibol `lphscts he ahstoy `nrg

brlycsf-drhwi scoty monys, wctf shal mhitncicib durit sthils7 ihtndol lxnapols

wlrl W>46Q, W>=0Q ni` W>0:Q. Mfnrmhno wns ocactl` th hng erha pcts W>45Q, W>=0Q


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0=

ni` W>=5Q, wctf W>46Q nosh mhitncicib trnmls he fnzlo (mfnptlr 3). Zcts W4:4Q,

W>45Q ni` W>4=Q cimhrphrntl` shal mfnrrl` ponit rlancis, cimou`cib hmmnschino

wflnt brncis ni` boual dnsls, ni hnt / brnss brnci, hmmnschino wll`s, n mfnrrl`

fnzloiut ernbalit ni` ni hng du`, wfcol pct W>46Q prh`uml` n onrblr nssladonbl

he anmrhehsscos cimou`cib 44 fuool` wflnt brncis (mfnptlrs 6 ni` >>).

fl nrtlenmtuno nssladonbl erha tfcs brhup cimou`l` sflr`s erha n tfci-wnool`

dcmhicmno vlsslo Z>= ehui` ci pct W>=0Q.

Zhstfhols W>0:Q ni` W>04Q nt tfl lnstlri li` he tfl nocbialit wlrl molnroy

`ceelrlit th tfl htflr elnturls ni` ahrl lvc`litoy euimtchil` ns phstfhols, wctfvlrtcmno sc`ls, eont dnsls (:.0a ni` :.==2), tfl ecoo he

pct W>=6Q.

]trumturl 4:< ni` pct W>>3Q

Nt tfl wlstlri li` he Zct Nocbialit 4 wns n onrbl mcrmuonr pct W>>3Q alnsurcib

>.44). fl cisc`l l`bl he tfl mut fn`n brhhvl mut cith cts dnsl wctfci wfcmf wns `lphsct (4:=), n ocbft drhwi scoty mony

:.:>6), n `nrg brlycsf-drhwi scoty mony mhitncicib erlqulit

pclmls he mfnrmhno, :.4>5Q, hvlr wfcmf wns sthil

]trumturl 4:.5a ni` n flcbft ndhvl tfl dnsl he W>>5Q he :.=). Aniy he tfl sthils wlrl mrnmgl` hr smhrmfl`, ci`cmntcib tfnt tfly

fn` dlli durit. fl strumturl wns ducot wctfci n sfnoohw mcrmuonr, mhimnvl mut cith

tfl inturno sudshco :.4=6Q

W>0:QW>04Q

W>4=Q

W>=5QW>45Q

W4::Q

W4:4Q

W>=0Q

W>>3Q

W>>5Q

Z>=

:

altrls

4

]trumturl 4::06 - 635 mno DM

(34 Zoni sfhwcib Zct Nocbialit 4.


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00

ocetl` th rlvlno n ac` drhwi scoty mony ecool` mhrl, tfl hutlr vcscdol sthils he tfl

mncri ehracib n mhnrsloy mhistrumtl` mcrmuonr wnoo :.4:=) mhitncil` sflr`s he phttlry

erha Ontl Drhizl Nbl vlsslos Z>0 ni` Z>>:=) rlturil` n rn`chmnrdhi

`ntl he 46:643 DZ, >:06-635 mno DM (]\LTM-02463). Zonit anmrhehsscos

rlmhvlrl` erha (>>:=) cimou`l` wflnt ni` dnroly, n fnzloiut ernbalit ni` n

sanoo nrndol wll` nssladonbl (mfnptlr 6). fl mfnrmhno wns hacintl` dy hng wctf

n sanoo mhoolmtchi he dcrmf, donmgtfhri ni` bhrsl.

@lphsct (42:)/(42>) erha dlohw tfl sthils fn` n brlnsy tlxturl ni` mhitncil`

sanoo hng ernbalits ni` n scibol fuool` wflnt brnci. fl eci`s erha tfcs nrln nrl

prhdolantcm ns tfly purphrtl`oy cimou`l` n sflr` erha Ontl Crhi Nbl caphrtl`

vlsslo Z>3ni` n sflr` he bonzl` phst-al`clvno phttlry (mfnptlr =). flrl wns,

fhwlvlr, ih scbi he `csturdniml th tfl sthils he tfl mncri ni` tfl rlancicibmlrnacm nssladonbl nsshmcntl` wctf ]trumturl 4:< wns noo he Ontl Drhizl Nbl `ntl.

Ct cs tflrlehrl prhdndol tfnt tfl sflr` erha vlsslo Z>3 ni` tfl phst-al`clvno

bonzl` sflr` nrl dhtf erha n`knmlit onylrs (plrfnps tfl thpshco), ns onylr (42:)/

(42>) wns ecrst lxphsl` `urcib anmfcil strcppcib ni` cts lxtlit iht rlmhbicsl`

nt tfl tcal. fl eci`s nrl tflrlehrl ocgloy th fnvl dlli wrhiboy nsscbil` th tfcs

mhitlxt iuadlr.

Ct cs prhdndol tfnt ]trumturl 4:< rlprlslits durit ahui` antlrcno wfcmf fn`

dlli mnrleuooy nrrnibl` netlr usl, wctf tfl n`knmlit pct W>>3Q usl` ns n mhhgcib

pct wfcmf any fnvl dlli ocil`, fliml tfl brhhvl. fl phsscdol euimtchi(s) he tfcs

elnturl nrl `csmussl` ci mfnptlr >>.

Ecburl 4.>= Zfhthbrnpf sfhwcib ]trumturl 4:


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0 wns n brhup he ecvl phstfhols nppnrlitoy ehracib

n rlmtnibuonr strumturl 0.4a ohib (ihrtf wlst shutf lnst) ni` 4a wc`l (ihrtf lnst shutf wlst) (Ecburl 4.>0). fl phstfhols ehracib tfl strumturl fn` mhiscstlitoy

vlrtcmno sc`ls ni` noahst eont dnsls, wlrl rlbuonr ci `cnaltlr, rnibcib erha :.>4a

th :.>54Q ni`

W>06Q mhitncicib phst-pnmgcib sthils. fhsl ci phstfhol W>06Q wlrl pnrtcmuonroy

wloo-prlslrvl`, wctf sthils ocicib tfl vlrtcmno mut he tfl elnturl. fl citnmt inturl

he tfl phstfhols subblsts tfnt phsts rhttl` ci sctu.

Ih nrtlenmts wlrl rlmhvlrl` erha tfcs strumturl, ni` ihil he tfl mhistctulit

phstfhols prh`uml` niy mfnrrl` ponit anmrhehsscos. Hioy n elw eolmgs he mfnrmhnowlrl prlslit ni` ct wns iht phsscdol th `ntl tfcs duco`cib. Ct cs, fhwlvlr, ocgloy,

bcvli cts sczl ni` ehra, tfnt ct wns drhn`oy mhitlaphrnry wctf Zhst ]trumturl 0

(dlohw).

Zhst ]trumturl 0

Oycib shutf he Zct Nocbialit 4 wns n brhup he phstfhols ehracib n rlmtnibuonr

strumturl alnsurcib 0.Q,

W>62Q, W>53Q hi tfl ihrtf-wlst sc`l, W>23Q, W>36Q ni` W453Q hi tfl shutf-lnst

sc`l), wctf twh n``ctchino phstfhols socbftoy hee-slt erha tflsl ocils; W>254Q

W>06Q

W>05Q

W4>3Q

W44>Q

:

altrls

4Ecburl 4.>0

Zoni he Zhst

]trumturl =.


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05

ihrtf-wlst sc`l ni` W>3>Q (wctf n`knmlit W402Q) hi tfl shutf-lnst sc`l. fl shutf-

wlstlri sfhrtlr l`bl nosh fn` phstfhol W>6=Q, n `llp vlrtcmno-sc`l` sthil-ocil`

phstfhol caal`cntloy n`knmlit th W>23Q. N sfnoohw lohibntl` pct W>52Q alnsurcib

4a dy :.6a wns phsctchil` cisc`l tfl strumturl mohsl th cts ihrtflriahst mhrilr,

ool` wctf n onrbl qunitcty he durit brnictl sthils ci n `nrg brlycsf-drhwi scoty mony.Zhstfhols W>23Q, W>6=Q, W>6>Q ni` W>36Q/W>4>Q hi tfl shutf ni` lnstlri sc`ls

he tfl strumturl fn` citnmt sthil-pnmgcib ocicib vlrtcmno muts cith tfl shoc` inturno

sudshco. fl phstfhols mhitncil` scibol `lphscts he brlycsf hr rl``csf-drhwi scoty

monys7 noo wlrl mcrmuonr wctf eont hr socbftoy rhui`l` dnsls. ]hal wlrl pnrtcmuonroy

`llp; W>6>Q, W>236Q/W>4>Q wlrl :.2a, :.6a ni` :.3a `llp rlsplmtcvloy.

fl rlancicib phstfhols (wctf tfl lxmlptchi he sfnoohw phstfhol W>35Q) rnibl`

ci `lptf dltwlli :.0a ni` :.5a wctf n alni `lptf he :.3>Q nosh fn` nihtflr, W402Q,caal`cntloy n`knmlit, plrfnps th prhvc`l n``ctchino supphrt. fl shutf-lnstlri

mhrilr phst W>23Q any nosh fnvl dlli strlibtflil` dy tfl n``ctchi he phstfhol

W>6=Q nohib tfl shutflri l`bl. Dlyhi` tfl shutf-wlst mhrilr he tfl strumturl

W>53Q

W>262Q

W453Q

W>=5Q

W>36Q/W>4>Q

W>52Q

W>6>Q

W>3>Q

W>35Q

W>23Q

W>6=Q

W402Q

Z>0, Z>5

423> 42 mno DZ >:>>-605

(3< Zoni he Zhst ]trumturl 0.


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02

phstfhol W>640Q.

Aniy he tfl elnturls prhùml` ernbalits he phttlry, wctf phstfhol W>53Q, (ecoo

(>56), mhitncicib Z>5, ni` pct W>52Q, (ecoo (>55), mhitncicib 24 sflr`s he phttlry,

cimou`cib n sflr` scaconr th Z>0 (]trumturl 4:55) bnvl tfl rn`chmnrdhi `ntl 423>42 DZ, >:>>-605 mno DM (]\LTM-0243:).

Zhstfhols W>3>Q ni` W>36Q/W>4>Q mhitncil` sthil auoolrs ni` W>36Q/W>4>Q ni`

phstfhol W>66>Q mhitncil` n elw

tciy ernbalits he durit dhil.

Zonit anmrhehsscos cimou`l` dnroly ni` wflnt, wctf n scibol hnt nwi erha W>52Q

(mfnptlr 6). Zhstfhols W>36Q/W>4>Q, W>223Q, W>6>Q ni` pct W>52Q prhùml`

onrbl qunitctcls he hng mfnrmhno (mfnptlr 3). Zhstfhol W>62Q prlslitl` hioy n elw

ernbalits he hng mfnrmhno, dut n onrblr qunitcty he fnzlo. Hvlrnoo, tfl strumturl

prhùml` n `cvlrsl rnibl he splmcls cimou`cib dcrmf, no`lr, fnzlo, donmgtfhri,

fnwtfhri, drhha hr bhrsl, fhooy ni` cvy.

Zct W>40Q

Npprhxcantloy =a th tfl shutf he Zhst ]trumturl 0 wns mcrmuonr pct W>40Q, 4a ci

`cnaltlr ni` :.4)/(>:6) he ac`-drhwi scoty mony rcmf ci mfnrmhno ernbalits, wfcmf

ehral` tfl antrcx ehr n `lisloy pnmgl` `lphsct he onrbloy ecst-sczl` nibuonr brnictl

sthils, nahuitcib th npprhxcantloy 2< plr mlit he tfl thtno `lphsct (Ecburl 4.>5).

Noo tfl sthils wlrl mrnmgl` hr smhrmfl`, ci`cmntcib tfnt tfly fn` dlli flntl`.

]thils wlrl nosh slli ndhvl tfl olvlo he tfl inturno sudshco ùrcib tfl thpshco

Ecburl 4.>5 Zfhthbrnpf sfhwcib pct W>40Q, fnoe lxmnvntl`. Ihtl tfl durit sthils

ci cts oo.


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06

strcppcib stnbl ci tfl nrln he pct W>40Q ni` tflsl any fnvl dlli pnrt he n sthil

mncri. Ns wctf ]trumturl 4:>).

Mfnrrl` ponit anmrhehsscos wlrl ocactl` th hioy scibol lxnapols he n wflnt

boual dnsl ni` spcglolt ehrg, wctf n rcdwhrt ponitnci ni` brnss mnryhpscs. N tciynahuit he durit dhil wns ihtl`. fl nrtlenmtuno nssladonbl erha pct W>40Q

mhaprcsl` ahrl tfni 2, Z>6nni` Z>6d,

sontl oc` ]6, n ernbalitl` auoolr ni` n ruddlr. Citlrlstciboy, n musfchi hr ecicsfcib

sthil ]2, wns rlmhvlrl` wfcmf any fnvl dlli nsshmcntl` wctf altnowhrgcib. Ct

wns hil he hioy twh erha tfl sctl, tfl htflr ]3dlcib uistrntcecl`. Nosh wctfci

ecoo (>>4) wns Ahuo` >:, tfl tcp he n mony ahuo` ehr n olne-sfnpl` swhr`, wctf >=

htflr sanoo ernbalits he ahuo`s. flsl cimou`l` ernbalit M, phsscdoy pnrt he n

rcddl` shmgltl` nxl ahuo`, @, pnrt he n phsscdol mfcslo ahuo` ni` htflr shmgltl`

nxl ahuo` ernbalits B, F ni` K. Tlsc`ul hi phttlry bnvl tfl rn`chmnrdhi

`ltlracintchi 420245 DZ, 324-642 DM mno DM (]\LTM-02462). fcs `lphsctcs ocgloy th fnvl dlli nsshmcntl` wctf ni lpcsh`l he strumturl` `lphsctchi

(mfnptlrs < ni` >>).

Zhsscdol phst strumturl

Ni crrlbuonr brhup he ehur phstfhols 6a th tfl wlst he tfl litrniml th Limohsurl >

any rlprlslit n sanoo strumturl =.5a ohib ni` 4.2a wc`l (Ecburl 4.3). frll he tfl

phstfhols wlrl sud-mcrmuonr ni` stllp-sc`l`, dltwlli :.42 Zoni sfhwcib lvnountchi trlimf nmrhss Limohsurl 4.


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03

Nrln shutf he Mnr Znrg 0; Limohsurl 4

Ohmntl` npprhxcantloy >2

wns n auotc-mcrmuct `ctmfl` sctl, Limohsurl 4, wfcmf cs onrbloy gihwi erha tfl

rlsuots he n blhpfyscmno survly (Nrmfnlhohbcmno ]urvlys Ot` 4::6), notfhubf ni

lvnountcvl trlimf wns lxmnvntl` nmrhss ct (Ecburl >>.40). Ct cs `csmussl` dhtf flrl

ni` ci mfnptlr >> dlmnusl he cts prhxcacty th tfl lxmnvntl` rlancis ci Mnr Znrg 0,

ni` pnrtcmuonroy dlmnusl he cts phtlitcno rlontchisfcp wctf tfl Ontl Drhizl Nbl

Limohsurl >, `lsmrcdl` ndhvl.

Ci 4::6 n prhbrnaal he lvnountchi civlstcbntchis cimou`l` trlimfcib th tfl

shutf he Mnr Znrg 0 (Bhsscp 4::6n). N scibol =6a ohib dy >.) up th :.>-:.> lxmnvntchis.

Mut W2:=Q, ecoo (2:4), wns n mcrmuonr phstfhol :.4a ci `cnaltlr ni` :.>a `llp.

fl thp he tfl mut wns hvlronc` dy n `lphsct he vlry mhapnmt rl`lphsctl` inturno,

tfhubft th dl `lrcvl` erha tfl lxmnvntchi he tfl onrbl n`knmlit slrvcml trlimf. N

onrbl sflr` he phttlry erha n Ontl Crhi Nbl hr Thanih-Drctcsf Mhr`hil` Rnrlsthrnbl knr wns rlmhvlrl` erha ecoo (2:4).

Mut W2:3Q, n onrbl hvno pct >.2a th tfl lnst he W2:=Q. Ct alnsurl` >.0.=a wc`l ni` :.32). fl pct fn` ilnr vlrtcmno l`bls ni` n eont

dnsl. hp ecoo (2:6) mhaprcsl` ac` drhwi ercndol scoty mony :.6a tfcmg mhitncicib

onrbl qunitctcls he brnictl sthils up th :.=a ci olibtf ni` n `lmhrntl` sflr` he

Crhi Nbl hr Thanih-Drctcsf phttlry. fcs slnol` prcanry ecoo (2>2), n `nrg drhwi,

mhapnmt scoty mony, wctf hmmnschino brnictl sthils up th :.>)

(244)

(2:0)

(24:)

(2>4)

(2>>)

(2>5)

@ctmf W2>=Q

R L

: >

altrl

Zrhklmtl` lxtlrino

l`bl he W2>=Q

(2>:)

Ecburl 4.>6 ]lmtchi nmrhss Limohsurl 4 `ctmf W2>=Q.


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3 Zfhthbrnpf sfhwcib @ctmf W2>=Q ni` hutlr sthil dnig, tngli erha wlst.


53/254

cimouschis hi tfl lnstlri sc`l7 dlohw tfcs wns (2>>), n ercndol ocbft rl``csf-drhwi

scoty mony wctf hmmnschino mfnrmhno ni` n sflr` he Crhi Nbl hr Thanih-Drctcsf

phttlry7 tfcs hvlrony (2>5), n `nrg rl``csf-drhwi scoty mony ni` dnsno ecoo (2>4), n

brctty ocbft yloohwcsf-drhwi scoty mony, wctf ah`lrntl sanoo sthil cimouschis. Noo

he tflsl `lphscts dlilntf (2:0)/(2>:) wlrl molnroy `lphsctl` hr ciecool` erha tflwlstlri sc`l he tfl `ctmf.

Mut W2>=Q, hmmurrcib :.5a

dlohw prlslit brhui` olvlo. fl `ctmf fn` stllp mhimnvl sc`ls ni` n eont dhttha.

Ct wns :.2a `llp, >.6a wc`l nt tfl thp ni` :.5a wc`l nt tfl dnsl. fl thp ecoo

(2>0) wns n ocbft drhwi mhapnmt scoty mony, wctf hmmnschino brnictl ernbalits ni`

hmmnschino mfnrmhno eolmgs7 n sanoo rca sflr` he Ontl Crhi Nbl phttlry wns nosh

rlmhvlrl` erha tfcs onylr. Dlohw (2>0) wns onylr (2>6), n ac` rl``csf-drhwi scoty

mony wctf hmmnschino `lbrn`l` brnictl ni` hmmnschino mfnrmhno eolmgs ni`, dlilntf

tfcs, prcanry ecoo (2>3), n ocbft yloohwcsf-drhwi ercndol ni` brctty scoty mony.

Mohsl th tfl lnstlri li` he tfl trlimf ni` slnol` dlilntf :.5a he thpshco (24>)ni` mhoouvcua (244) wns W245Q, n sud-mcrmuonr pct npprhxcantloy >a ci `cnaltlr

ni` :.4=Q ni` tfl nsshmcntl` lxtlrino sthil-enml` dnig

nrl pnrtcmuonroy citlrlstcib ni` subblst n sctl he shal scbicecmniml (mfnptlr >>).

fl auotc-mcrmuctl` `ctmfl` ehra he tfl limohsurl cs vlry uiusuno ci Mhriwnoo

ni` ct any rlprlslit n mlrlahicno ahiualit. \iehrtuintloy, tfl prcanry pfnsl

he tfl ahalit mhuo` iht dl `ntl`, ni` `cnbihstcm phttlry erha tfl limohsurl cs

ocactl` th n elw sflr`s he Ontl Crhi Nbl hr Thanih-Drctcsf phttlry erha tfl upplr

onylrs he tfl `ctmfls. fcs ci`cmntls tfnt tfl ontlst pfnsl he usl `ntls th tfl onttlr

prlfcsthrcm plrch`. Fhwlvlr, bcvli tfl prhxcacty he Ontl Drhizl Nbl Limohsurl >

ct cs phsscdol tfnt cts hrcbcis wlrl lnroclr. fl phsscdol mfnrnmtlr ni` ntl he tfcs sctl

nrl `csmussl` dlohw (mfnptlr >>).


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55/254

> lxmnvntchis. Ci

4::3 twh sanoo pcts wlrl c`litcecl` ns dlcib he Lnroy Ilhoctfcm `ntl, ni` tflsl

prhùml` tfl ecrst sudstnitcvl nssladonbl he phttlry he tfcs `ntl th dl rlmhvlrlèrha rlahubf.

fl 4:>> lxmnvntchis he ni lnroclr Drhizl Nbl strumturl, n Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl

rhui`fhusl ni` n Ontl Drhizl Nbl limohsurl ol` th tfl rlmhvlry he n scbicecmnit

mlrnacm nssladonbl spniicib aumf he tfl slmhi` acooliicua mno DM.

Lnroy Ilhoctfcm phttlry erha tfl ZNM duco`cib

@ltncos he tfl nssladonbl

fl nssladonbl mhiscstl` he =>b) he brnictcm endrcms. Hi sflr` iuadlrs, tflrlehrl, 04 plr mlit he tfcs sanoo

nssladonbl cs mhaphsl` he bnddrhcm endrcms, =3 plr mlit dy wlcbft7 tfl plrmlitnbls

ehr brnictcm endrcms nrl plr mlit hi wlcbft.

Noo sflr`s, lxmlpt tfhsl tfnt wlrl uistrntcecl`, npplnr th fnvl dlli `lphsctl`

ci n erlsf mhi`ctchi wctf nrlns he ndrnschi ùl th brhui` wntlr ni` dchturdntchi.

Mhitlxt (>::), pct W>:4Q

Mhitlxt (>::), tfl ecoo he pct W>:4Q, mhitncil` >3 sflr`s he bnddrhcm endrcm wlcbfcib

53b =0 he brnictcm endrcm (4>>b), ni` cimou`l` vlsslos ZZ>-ZZ5. Ulsslos ZZ0-5

sfhw molnr hvlronp he mhcos usl` th duco` vlsslos. Noo sflr`s erha tfcs elnturl any

mhal erha tfl scx vlsslos `lsmrcdl` dlohw.

ZZ> wh khcicib sflr`s (5b) erha sanoo dhwo hr mup, sahhtfl` surenml, endrcm

0->< ni` scaconr vlsslos erha Mnri Drln (]actf>36>, ecb 2>).


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.4aa, spnrsl dchtctl,

al`cua th pnol drhwi molnvnbl eongls, :.=-:.5aa. Napfcdhol spnrsl wfctl,

ecdrhus, lohibntl` brncis, :.4->.>aa, ni` n ecdrhus nbbrlbntl, 4aa. Anbiltctl donmg sud-nibuonr anbiltcm brncis, :.>-:.0aa. ^unrtz spnrsl trnispnrlit th

trnisoumlit mhohurolss nibuonr brncis, :.>= erha Mnri Drln (]actf >36>, ecb 2>).

Zltrhohby; Ecil-brncil` bnddrhcm endrcm wctf spnrsl cimouschis, dut ih mhaphilit

ci`cmntls ahvlalit he mony.

ZZ=Tca (0b) erha strncbft-sc`l` vlsslo, sahhtfl` surenml, endrcm .4aa, ns erlsf nibuonr

ernbalits, >-2aa7 qunrtz/ausmhvctl nbbrlbntls, nibuonr ernbalits, >-4aa7

`holrctcm brllisthil, socbftoy ehocntl` elo`spnr ni` `nrg brlli napfcdhol, n moustlr

he sud-nibuonr ernbalits, 0.:.5aa. ^unrtz n smnttlr he trnisoumlit

mhohurolss nibuonr ni` ndrn`l` sud-nibuonr brncis, >-4.


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::) ci pct W>:4Q ni` (>:=) ci pct W>:.=b nt Zhrtsmntfh (ûciiloo

4::5) ni` >6b nt rlbnrrcmg Enra (ûciiloo 4::4-=). fcs sanoo sczl nrbuls

nbncist niy splmcno slolmtchi ehr `lphsctchi. fl onrbl wc`l-ahutfl` dhwos wfcmf

wlrl vlry aumf n elnturl he Zhrtsmntfh ni` rlbnrrcmg Enra, ni` nosh he tfl pct

nssladonbl erha Rnyoni`s, cvlrthi (Olvlrltt ni` ûciiloo 4:>:) `h iht npplnr

th dl rlprlslitl`. flrl cs nosh, ci mhapnrcshi th Zhrtsmntfh ni` rlbnrrcmg Enra

(ûciiloo 4::57 ûciiloo 4::4-=), ih lvc`liml ehr tfl splmcno slolmtchi he sflr`s

sumf ns rcas, ni` ihtfcib, lxmlpt ehr tfl erlsfilss he tfl antlrcno, ci`cmntls ni nmt

he `locdlrntl `lphsctchi. flrl nrl slvlrno `ceelrlit ehras rlprlslitl` nt rlahubf

ZNM, tfl rnibl rlpocmntl` nt dhtf Zhrtsmntfh ni` rlbnrrcmg Enra.

fl phttlry cs caphrtnit, fhwlvlr, ehr tfl mhapolxcty he cts endrcms. Ulsslos

ZZ4,

ZZ=,

ZZ5ni`

ZZ6nrl an`l hioy he bnddrhcm antlrcnos7 tfl onttlr twh nrlmhnrslr tfni tfl ecrst twh ni` tfl twh pncrs any dl mhapnrl` rlsplmtcvloy th tfl

ecil ni` al`cua bnddrhcm endrcms c`litcecl` nt Mnri Drln (]actf >36>, >54).

Fhwlvlr, ZZ>cs an`l he bnddrhcm mony nppnrlitoy trnisphrtl` th tfl nrln he tfl

sctl ni` acxl` wctf mony mhitncicib antlrcno `lrcvcib erha tfl Mnrialiloocs

brnictl. Ulsslo ZZ>any wloo fnvl dlli phttl` mohsl th tfl sctl he cts `lphsctchi.

Ulsslo ZZ2cs an`l he bnddrhcm mony acxl` wctf mhnrsl, ancioy wntlr-whri sni`

erha tfl Mnrialiloocs brnictl ni` nbnci cs ocgloy th fnvl dlli an`l hi hr ilnr tfl

sctl. Rfcol bnddrh mony fns ihw dlli `lahistrntl` th fnvl dlli ahvl` ni` tfli

acxl` wctf htflr mhaphilits erha loslwflrl ùrcib tfl Drhizl Nbl, ci`ll` nt

rlahubf (ûciiloo 4::2, :) pcmgcib up ecilr ltncos he pltrhbrnpfy tfni fl c`

n `lmn`l nbh, n mhaalit, wfcmf ci ctsloe angls n mnsl ehr n rlvclw he noo bnddrhcm

mhoolmtchis prlvchusoy pudocsfl`. fl brnictcm endrcms he ZZ0 ni` ZZ-4 gcohaltrls th tfl ihrtf he tfl rlahubf sctl. fl hvlrnoo pcmturl cs he tfl

mhaphilits ehr phttcib dlcib drhubft thbltflr shalwflrl ilnr tfl `lphsctchi

sctl dhtf erha tfl bnddrh shal >< gcohaltrls th tfl shutf ni` ahrl ohmnooy erhatfl ercibl he tfl Mnrialiloocs brnictl.


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@lsmrcptchi he tfl nssladonbl

]flr`s ci ]trumturl > wlrl ci blilrno encroy erlsf hr ah`lrntloy ndrn`l` (ndol =.>).

Z>(Ecburl =.>) Ahstoy erha ecoo (>>) he pct W4=Q ni` khcicib sflr` erha ecoo (>4) he

phstfhol W44Q. N tfci bnddrhcm endrcm wctf spnrsl mhnrsl vlry mhnrsl cimouschis.

Ulsslo rntflr crrlbuonr wctf socbft ilmg dlohw encroy uprcbft rca wctf eonttlil`

thp. Citlrino rca `cnaltlr npprhxcantloy >wlrl iht n`knmlit th hil nihtflr.

Zltrhohby; Elo`spnr notlrl` shet wfctl th pnol brly nibuonr th sud-nibuonrbrncis, :.>-4.33:, >:), sanoo

vlsslos suctndol ehr lntcib ni` `rcigcib dut `lmhrntl` wctf caprlssl` mhr`. Ih

mohsl pnrnoolo cs gihwi ehr tfl uitc`y ni` uistrumturl` mhr`-caprlssl` lmhrntchi

wfcmf any fnvl lxtli`l` wloo `hwi dlohw tfl bcrtf7 `lmhrntchi npplnrs th survcvl

rcbft `hwi vlsslo Z>ns cooustrntl` (Ecburl =.>). fl blilrno sfnpl he tfl vlsslo,

tfci-wnool` wctf n socbftoy murvl` sfhuo`lr, cs nosh wctfhut mohsl pnrnoolo.

Z4 (Ecburl =.>) Ecoo (>6) wctfci phstfhol W>3Q/W2:aa. Dni` he uitc`y `llpoy cimcsl` mrcss-mrhss ocils

Mhitlxt @lsmrcptchi Bnddrhcm

(>6)/(3Q 4=/>3: Z4

(>=) Ecoo he phstfhol W4>Q >/=

(06) Ecoo he phstfhol W03Q 4/=

(45) Ecoo he phstfhol W42Q 4/>0

(43) Ecoo he phstfhol W=:Q 4/>) Ecoo he pct W4=Q =3/5=< Z>

(>4) Ecoo he phstfhol W44Q >/>= Z>

\/] \istrntcl` >/>:

Phtnos 2=/666

Pndol =.>; @ltncos he phlry erha

]trumturl > dy sflr` iuadlrs ni`

wlcbft (b).


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33:). Zhstfhol ecoo (43) fns

twh `ceelrlit rca sflr`s erha slpnrntl vlsslos7 sczl cs npprhprcntl nbnci ehr Brhup

>) nrl tfcmg, npprhxcantloy >2aa, ni` mhal

erha n onrbl vlsslo he wc`l `cnaltlr wctf twh mhr`-caprlssl` ocils ruiicib rhui`

tfl bcrtf7 lnmf ocil cs an`l dy n `hudol mhr` wctf hpphsl` twcst. fcs vlsslo fn`

n `cnaltlr he npprhxcantloy=0:aa ni` dlohibs wctf Znrglr Zlnrshis Brhup >

vlsslos (>33:) wctf mhr`-caprlssl` `lmhrntchi, dlst citlrprltl` ns sthrnbl knrs.

Mhaalit hi tfl ]trumturl > nssladonblfl `cstrcdutchi he phttlry nmrhss ]trumturl > sfhws ih pnttlricib. Ct cs `ceecmuot

th nsslss tfl scbicecmniml he tfl prlsliml he sflr`s he Z> ci twh ihi-n`knmlit

phstfhols. Ct cs iht gihwi wfltflr tfl sflr`s rlontl th cictcno phst-pnmgcib hr

th tc`ycib he tfl sctl netlr ]trumturl > wns ih ohiblr ni upstni`cib duco`cib.

flcr blilrnooy erlsf mhi`ctchi, acbft, fhwlvlr, subblst tfl onttlr (sll `csmusschi

ci mfnptlr >>).

fl rn`chmnrdhi `ntcib erha ]trumturl > cs rntflr drhn`. Ecoo (06) he

phstfhol W03Q prhùml` n `ntl he =54=42 DZ, mnocdrntcib th 4>>5->3:: mno DM

(]\LTM-0246>), oo (>45

mno DM (]\LTM-02464), ni` mhitlxt (40) erha phstfhol W45:6->0=< mno DM (]\LTM-06>:), wflrl ct cs mhimou`l`

tfnt tfl ocglocfhh` cs tfnt tfl lnroclr pnrt he tfl tcal spni ci`cmntl` dy tfl `ntls cs

ahrl ocgloy. Ce sh, tfl strumturl cs lnroclr, anydl dy shal mhisc`lrndol spni, tfni

tfl ankhrcty he mcrmuonr fhusls wfcmf prhùml rlvcsglr nssladonbls (ehr lxnapol,

Np]cahi ni` Brllieclo` >3247 Ihwnghwsgc >33>7 Khils ni` nyohr 4:>:).

Rfcol tfl `ntcib mni hioy dl drhnòy nsscbil` th tfl ecrst fnoe he tfl slmhi`

acooliicua mno DM, tfl nssladonbl any dl lnroclr tfni tfhsl gihwi erha rlvcsglr

`halstcm sctls tfnt fnvl dlli lxmnvntl` nmrhss Mhriwnoo (ehr lxnapol, Rhh`wnr`

ni` Mnil >33>7 ûciiloo 4:>4). rlvcsglr mlrnacms npplnr ci drhnòy euilrnry


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5:

mhitlxts erha nrhui` 4::: mno DM (ûciiloo 4:>4, tndol 4) ni` ndhut fnoe he tfl

vlsslos he wfcmf tfl pltrhohby fns dlli stu`cl` ni` sfhwi th dl he bnddrhcm endrcm

nrl he nàcxturl (Znrglr Zlnrshi >33:, > mhitlxts cs iht rlontl` th mfrhihohby.

fl prlsliml he bnddrhcm endrcms hioy any dl n anttlr he mfniml, pnrtcmuonroy ns sh

Ecburl =.> Lnroclr ni` Ac`òl Drhizl Nbl phlry. Ulsslos Z>-4, ]trumturl >, NCT duco`cib.

Ulsslos Z=-3 Thui`fhusl > (@rnwcib dy Knil Tln`).


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5>

elw (hioy scx vlsslos) ill` dl rlprlslitl`, hr any fnvl dlli splmcnooy mfhsli ehr

rlnshis wfcmf mniiht ihw dl nsmlrtncil`.

Ehur he tfl scx vlsslos, cimou`cib Z>, nrl Brhup < (Znrglr Zlnrshi >33:). fl

htflr vlsslos prlslit dlohib th Brhups > ni` =/0 rlsplmtcvloy. Rhh`wnr` ni` Mnil

(>33>, >45, ecb : plr mlit he

tfhsl erha Lnroy Drhizl Nbl euilrnry / mlrlahicno mhitlxts. N `cstcimtcvl sanoo

nssladonbl he Brhup < vlsslos wctf mhr`-caprlssl` `lmhrntchi mnal erha nmtcvcty

erha tfl slvlitllitf th ecetllitf mliturcls mno DM hvlr tfl sctl 4 mncri nt ]tniihi

@hwi, hi Dh`aci Ahhr (^uciiloo 4::0- cs

ocgloy th dlohib ci tfl lnroclr rntflr tfni tfl ontlr pnrt he tfl slmhi` acooliicua

DM, ni` tfl uiusuno sfnpl ni` `lmhrntchi he Z>any dl rlontl` th tfcs lnroclr

`ntl, ehr wfcmf tflrl nrl sh elw mhapnrni`n. flrl cs murrlitoy ih lvc`liml ehr

tfl mhitciuniml he Brhup < mhr`-caprlssl` vlsslos netlr mcrmn>0:: mno DM. flphttlry `ntn, ocactl` ci lxtlit tfhubf ct cs, supphrts n `ntl lnroclr rntflr tfni ontlr

ci tfl slmhi` acooliicua DM.

Thui`fhusl >

]flr`s erha elnturls ci Thui`fhusl > (ndol =.4) nrl blilrnooy ci n erlsf mhi`ctchi

dut ahst he tfhsl erha tfl ciecoo onylrs fnvl vnrycib lbrlls he ndrnschi, subblstcib

tfnt tfly wlrl erlsf wfli `lphsctl` dut fn` sueelrl` tfl leelmts he brhui`wntlr

ni` dchturdntchi.

]flr`s wctf cooustrntchi ni` / hr pltrhohby

Z= (Ecburl =.>) @lphsct (240), ecoo he phstfhol W24


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54

Zltrhohby; Elo`spnr shet wfctl notlrl` sud-rhui`l` th sud-rhui`l`-brncis,

:.aa, rnrloy 4aa, shal olss notlrl` molnvl` brncis, :.4aa. ^unrtz n smnttlr

he mhohurolss th pnol yloohw stncil`, trnispnrlit th trnisoumlit nibuonr th sud-

nibuonr brncis, onrblr brncis flnt mrnmgl`, :.=-=./4> >/4>

(432) Ecoo he phstfhol W436Q >/3 >/3

(2::) Ecoo he phstfhol W2:>Q =/4= =/4=

(2=:) Ecoo he phstfhol W2>>Q, cimou`ls W2:0Q 4=/54= Z= 4=/54=

(2=4) Ecoo he phstfhol W2==Q 5/=/6>4

(22) Ecoo he phstfhol W254Q >/5 >/5

(260) Ecoo he phstfhol W26) Ecoo he buooy W434Q 5/=3 >/< 2/00

(232) Plracino oo he buooy W434Q >/5 >/5

(>:0)/(42=) Cioo onylr ci qun`rnit > :22: Z0, Z5 4/>>4 Z2, 3 :664

(426) Buooy cioo ci qun`rnit > =6/>44:/==4 >/>= Z6 >>/=06/>=: >6/>=:

(420/>/03 Z< >33

Tlahvcib dnuogs >:/>:5 >:/>:5

Molnicib hvlr Thui`fhusl > 64/>:2/4060 Z0 405 >=4/45=:

Phtnos 602/>6004 =>/==> 626/>622=

Pndol =.4; @ltncos he phlry erha Thui`fhusl > dy sflr` iuadlr ni` wlcbft (b).


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5=

prh`uml`. rcpol ocils he tfcs ponctl` mhr` dhr`lr tfl dnsl he tfl `lscbi. N phsscdol

sflr` erha tfl erhit he n plrehrntl` oub fns caprlsschis an`l dy tfl snal mhr`

ns dlohw tfl rca. fl vlsslo prhdndoy fn` twh hpphsl` onrbl plrehrntl` oubs hi

cts bcrtf. Rfcol n onrbl iuadlr he ponci dh`y sflr`s nrl prlslit, tflrl nrl ih dnsl

nibol sflr`s ni` ih `lecictl dnsl sflr`s. Ndhut 6: plr mlit he tfl rca cs prlslit.Ndhut n tfcr` he tfl sflr`s fnvl `lmhrntchi dut tflrl nrl elw tfnt mhikhci ni`

sflr`s erha tfl dnsl he tfl `lmhrntl` zhil `h iht khci sflr`s erha tfl upplr pnrt.

fl sanoo iuadlr he khcis any dl ul th tfl vlry onrbl vlsslo sczl, dut ct cs phsscdol

tfnt slpnrntl mouaps he sflr`s wlrl slolmtl` ehr `lphsctchi.

fl vlsslo dlohibs th Znrglr Zlnrshis Brhup > sthrnbl knrs (>33:) hi wfcmf

ponctl` caprlssl` mhr` `lmhrntchi cs usuno. Mflvrhis nrl hil he tfl mhaahi

pnttlris hi sumf vlsslos7 tfl mohslst pnrnoolo th tfl icil uitc`y ocils

9789088902932 - Jones Et Al. 2015 - Settlement and Metalworking in the Middle Bronze Age and Beyond...

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Transcript of 9789088902932 - Jones Et Al. 2015 - Settlement and Metalworking in the Middle Bronze Age and Beyond...