9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
-
Upload
sidestone-press -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
0
Transcript of 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
1/208
jdk`a sokba ci
tcjk``c
ebtrcmu`tecb, trkbsdktecb & mes`ussecb jy
Hkb @. Xkmcas
crenebkd pkpgrs jy
Hk`cj vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb, ;?59
kbm ]oubn ]hgbn Oekbn ;50; & ;50?
eb tog icrfgr Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs, `kusgm jy
\oytcpotocrk be`ctekbkg
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
2/208
Pemgstcbg \rgssK bgw ngbgrktecb ci \ujdesoebn
Ucu krg rgkmebn k iudd vgrsecb ci toes jcca, icr irgg!
]oes jcca es pkrt ci tog Pemgstcbg g-dejrkry wogrg fcst ci cur
pujde`ktecbs krg iuddy k``gssejdg icr irgg. Icr k``gss tc fcrg
irgg jccas veset8 www.semgstcbg.`cf/dejrkry
Mcwbdckm Iudd \MI
Yeset tog Pemgstcbg g-dejrkry tc jrcwsg cur g-jccas. Icr k febefkd
igg ycu `kb pur`oksg k iuddy iub`tecbkd \MI kbm jy mcebn sc, ycu
ogdp tc aggp cur dejrkry rubbebn.
www.semgstcbg.`cf/dejrkry
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
3/208
Pemgstcbg \rgss
jdk`a sokba ci
tcjk``ceb tog icrfgr Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs, `kusgm jy
\oytcpotocrk be`ctekbkg
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
4/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
5/208
jdk`a sokba ci
tcjk``c
ebtrcmu`tecb, trkbsdktecb & mes`ussecb jy
Hkb @. Xkmcas
crenebkd pkpgrs jy
Hk`cj vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb, ;?59
kbm ]oubn ]hgbn Oekbn ;50; & ;50?
eb tog icrfgr Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs, `kusgm jy
\oytcpotocrk be`ctekbkg
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
6/208
:?-5
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
7/208
@cbtgbts
\rgik`g 5
;. ]cjk``c nrcwebn eb tog icrfgr Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs ;;;.;. cjk``c eb Ebmcbgsek ;;
;.:. Hkvk, tog \reb`epkdetegs ;:
;.:.;. og setuktecb cb Hkvk ;:
;.:.:. og tcjk``c `udturg eb tog \reb`epkdetegs ;=
;.:.0. @rcp prctg`tecb prcjdgfs ;9
;.0. Pufktrk, Pudtkbktg Mgde ;?
;.0.;. og setuktecb cb Pufktrk ;?
;.0.:. og tcjk``c `udturg eb Mgde ;5
;.0.0. @rcp prctg`tecb prcjdgfs :;;.=. og prcmu`t ::
:. ]og kutocrs :0:.;. Hk`cj vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb :0
:.;.;. og kutocr :0
:.;.:. og s`egb`g :=
:.;.0. og dkbnukng :9
:.:. oubn hgbn Oekbn :>
:.:.;. og kutocr :>
:.:.:. og s`egb`g :5
:.:.0. og dkbnukng 0:
:.0. og trkbsdktecb 00
0. ]og jejet mesgksg eb tog Mgde tcjk``c 07.. \rgik`g 07
0.;. og tcjk``c `udtevktecb eb Mgde 07
0.:. C``urrgb`g kbm sprgkm ci tog jejet mesgksg =;
0.5. Humngfgbt ci prk`te`ekbs cb tog fcmeiegm trgktfgbt ci tog
bursgry jgms ??
0.;
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
8/208
=. ]og gpemgfecdcny ci tcjk``c mesgksgs ;. Fes`gddkbgcus ;99
9.:.?. Ebvgstenktecbs ;9?
9.0. \ujde`ktecbs ;9?
9.=. Iccm s`kr`ety ;95
9.7. K pkebiud kiiker ;95
9.9. Iebkd `cffgbts ;>
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
9/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
10/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
11/208
5
\rgik`g
Jdk`a sokba es kb efpcrtkbt mesgksg ci tcjk``c, abcwb ci cdm eb Ebmcbgsek,
icrfgrdy tog Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs, kbm ierst mgs`rejgm jy Hk`cj vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb,;?59.;
Oes muty wks tc iebm k rgfgmy icr k torgktgbebn mesgksg, togb kbm togrg `kddgm
jejet mesgksg. Og icubm k rgfgmy, ebmggm, k `cbtrcd tokt wks pkrtdy g`cdcne`kd kbm
pkrtdy `ogfe`kd. Eb kmmetecb, og emgbteiegm tog `kuskd kngbt, ks k jy-prcmu`t bgkrdy.
oes wks eb k mestre`t `kddgm Mgde, cb tog Ebmcbgsekb esdkbm ci Pufktrk. Ykb Jrgmk
mg Okkb kdsc fkmg scfg gpemgfecdcne`kd cffgbts. Oes tkxcbcfe` emgbteie`ktecb
wks k ierst.
Jdk`a sokba wks k prcjdgf tcc eb kbctogr tcjk``c nrcwebn krgk ci Ebmcbgsek,
`kddgm tog \reb`epkdetegs (eb Mut`o tog Ycrstgbdkbmgb), cb tog esdkbm ci Hkvk. og
gbvercbfgbtkd `cbmetecbs kbm knre`udturkd prk`te`gs eb tog \reb`epkdetegs meiigrgm`cbsemgrkjdy ircf tocsg eb Mgde. Cb Hkvk, rgsgkr`o cb tog mesgksg, prefkredy cb ets
kvcemkb`g, okm jggb ncebn cb ircf ;5;0 kt dgkst.:
Et wks suffkrezgm kbm kfpdeiegm jy oubn eb k `cfprgogbsevg rgpcrt, ;50?.
Oes rgfgmy `cfjebgm g`cdcne`kd, `ogfe`kd kbm ngbgte` kpprck`ogs. oubns
pujde`ktecb oks tog wcrm gpemgfecdcny eb ets tetdg, kbctogr ierst, kt dgkst eb tog
Mut`o poytcpktocdcne`kd detgrkturg.0
Eb ;50;, oubn okm prgsgbtgm k dg`turg, weto tog wcrm gpemgfecdcny eb tog
tetdg, tokt `kb jg sggb ks k prgdumg tc tog gxtgbsevg ;50? stumy. Oes tkrngtgm usg ci
gpemgfecdcny kbm oes bufgre`kd kpprck`o ci `cfpkrktevg gpemgfecdcny, eb woe`o
jdk`a sokba wks `cbtrkstgm tc twc verus mesgksgs, wks vgry crenebkd.og torgg pkpgrs, ;?59, ;50; kbm ;50?, wgrg wrettgb eb Mut`o kbm kppgkrgm
eb Mut`o Gkst Ebmekb rgpcrt sgregs. Ogb`g, toger `cbtgbts krg bct wgdd abcwb
ebtgrbktecbkddy. ogsg pkpgrs, ocwgvgr, fgret tc jg fcrg wemgdy abcwb jg`kusg ci
tog crenebkdety kbm tog giig`tevgbgss ci tog rgsgkr`o, pgricrfgm ubmgr `cbmetecbs
tokt wgrg vgry prefetevg `cfpkrgm tc tocsg ci tcmky.
Eb @okptgr ; scfg `cffgbts wedd jg fkmg cb tcjk``c nrcwebn eb tog icrfgr
Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs. @okptgr : ebtrcmu`gs tog twc kutocrs, vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb kbm
oubn. @okptgr 0 cbtkebs tog pkpgr jy vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb, ;?59, @okptgr = tokt
jy oubn, ;50;, kbm @okptgr 7 oubns ;50? pkpgr. @okptgr 9 rgvegws tog deig
kbm wcra ci vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb.=@okptgr > ciigrs scfg kitgrtocunots.Ocpgiuddy, togsg trkbsdktecbs kbm mes`ussecbs wedd `cbtrejutg tc tog abcwdgmng
ci tog oestcry ci poytcpktocdcny.
Hkb @. Xkmcas
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
12/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
13/208
;;
@okptgr ;
cjk``c nrcwebn eb tog icrfgr Mut`oGkst Ebmegs
;.;. ]cjk``c eb Ebmcbgsek
\rgsgbt Ebmcbgsek, eb tog tefg ci vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb kbm oubn tog Mut`o Gkst
Ebmegs, `cbsests ci k jgdt ci esdkbms, tog Gfgrkdm Jgdt, cb kbm hust scuto ci toggquktcr. Jgicrg ^crdm ^kr EE, tog g`cbcfy wks dkrngdy jksgm cb tog gxpcrt ci ced,
febgrkds, kbm knre`udturkd prcmu`ts, kfcbn woe`o tcjk``c. og twc fkhcr tcjk``c
krgks wgrg dc`ktgm cb tog esdkbms Hkvk kbm Pufktrk.
og Ebmcbgsekbs usgm tc nrcw tcjk``c icr toger cwb usg kbm icr dc`kd trkmebn.
og creneb ci toes tcjk``c fust jg scunot eb tog \oedeppebgs, kbm jgycbm, eb Dkteb
Kfgre`k. @cffgr`ekd tcjk``c nrcwebn, prefkredy icr gxpcrt tc Gurcpg, jgnkb eb
tog ;5to`gbtury. Cb Hkvk tog mgvgdcpfgbt ci tcjk``c `udtevktecb wks nrkmukd, cb
Pufktrk et wks gxpdcsevg.
Ienurg ;.;. Gkrdy wedtebn ci tcjk``c krejutgm tc tog jdk`a sokba pktocngb. Bcrto @krcdebk(WPK), ;0 Kunust ;5>5.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
14/208
;:
;.:. Hkvk, tog \reb`epkdetegs
;.:.;. ]og setuktecb cb Hkvk
og Ycrstgbdkbmgb, Mut`o icr \reb`epkdetegs, `cvgrgm kb krgk cb fem-Hkvk toktwks stedd rudgm, kt dgkst weto rgnkrm tc rgdenecus kiikers kbm dc`kd dkw cr kmkt, jy
twc preb`gdy ikfedegs. og rudgrs wgrg tog Pudtkbci Hcnhkakrtk kbm togPusuoubkb
Ienurg ;.:. Kb kmudt tcjk``c pdkbt summgbdy kg`tgm jy dkbksQ6 wedtV. Ircf Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
15/208
;0
ci Purkakrtk.;og \reb`epkdetegs krg tog rgfbkbts ci k dkrng ;7tokbm ;9to`gbtury
Fusdef rgkdf. og dkbnukng ci tog krgk wks Hkvkbgsg, bct Fkdky woe`o wks tog
debnuk irkb`kci tog Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs.:
og Hkvkbgsg tcjk``c krgk wks setuktgm eb tog \reb`epkdetegs, rgngb`y Adktgb,
rcunody okdi-wky jgtwggb tog `etegs Ucnykakrtk kbm Purkakrtk. og knre`udturg ciAdktgb wks trcpe`kd dcwdkbm, rkebigm knre`udturg, weto re`g ks tog fkeb ikrfgrs
`rcp kbm tcjk``c ks kb efpcrtkbt gstktg `rcp. og gxpcrt tcjk``c wks `kddgm
Ycrstgbdkbmgb-tkjka.
Adktgb oks k trcpe`kd fcbsccb `defktg weto k socrt mry sgkscb. ctkd rkebikdd es
kjcut ;?=< ff pgr ygkr. og mry fcbtos krg Hudy, Kunust kbm Pgptgfjgr, weto
k rkebikdd ci kjcut 0< ff pgr fcbto kbm weto kjcut 5 subsoebg ocurs pgr mky.
Ienurg ;.0. Dkbks dgsecbs cb tcjk``c dgkvgs. Ircf Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
16/208
;=
Fcbtody fgkb fkxefuf tgfpgrkturgs vkry ircf 0< tc 00 @, kbm febefuf
tgfpgrkturgs ircf :: tc :0 @. Bcvgfjgr torcuno Kpred krg tog wgttgst fcbtos
weto :: tc :9 rkeb mkys pgr fcbto. og mkragst fcbto es Hkbukry weto kb kvgrkng
ci = subsoebg ocurs pgr mky (Kbbgx ;).
og Ycrstgbdkbmgbtcjk``c wks nrcwb cb gstktgs rub jy tog Mut`o, scfgtefgssemg jy semg weto bktevg tcjk``c nrcwb eb kbm krcubm tog mgssks, tog veddkngs.
ogrg wks k mgnrgg ci ubmgrstkbmebn jgtwggb tog gstktg-fkbkngrs kbm tog mgssk-pgcpdg. og mgssksprcvemgm dkjcur kbm fkburg. og gstktgs kddcwgm tog veddkngrs tc
nrcw re`g cb toger dkbm murebn tog ikddcw ygkrs. Zevgr idccms `kddgm jkbmhers wgrg
usgm tc idccm kbm sedt up tog dkbm, tc tog jgbgiet ci jcto re`g ikrfgrs kbm tcjk``c
nrcwgrs.
og Ycrstgbdkbmgb tcjk``c gstktgs wgrg kbbeoedktgm murebn ^crdm ^kr EE kbm
tog sujsgqugbt pcdete`kd trcujdgs tokt eb tog gbm nkvg resg tc tog Zgpujde`
ci Ebmcbgsek.0 Eb fcmgrb tefgs tog Adktgb rgngb`y kbm kmhk`gbt krgks prcmu`g
tcjk``c knkeb, fkebdy icr tog Ebmcbgsekb fkragt.
;.:.:. ]og tcjk``c `udturg eb tog \reb`epkdetegs
Eb tog fcmgrb vegw tog prg-wkr tcjk``c prcmu`tecb eb tog Ycrstgbdkbmgbwks sfkdd
jusebgss. og tctkd krgk ubmgr tcjk``c wks kjcut ?
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
17/208
;7
tcp. og dcwgst dgkvgs, weto iebg vgebs, nccm krcfk, kbm denot jrcwb `cdcur wgrg
prgigrrgm. Zgdgvkbt mgtkeds ci tcjk``c `udtevktecb eb tog \reb`epkdetegs krg nevgb eb
@okptgr 7. og tcjk``c `kdgbmkr ci tog Ycrstgbdkbmgb es cutdebgm eb Kbbgx ;.Krteie`ekd igrtedezgr wks kvcemgm ks fu`o ks pcssejdg. og tcjk``c iegdms wgrg
usukddy igrtedezgm weto fkburg jcunot ircf tog veddkngrs. og pkpgr mcgs bct
mgs`rejg tog `cfpcsetecb ci tog veddkng fkburg bcr ets usukd trgktfgbt, jut etpcebts cut tog resa ci ebigstktecb jy tog jdk`a sokba pktocngb. E surfesg tokt tog
fkburg `cbsestgm ci kbefkd mubn, ocusgocdm rgiusg, kbm vkrecus pdkbt rgfkebs,
scfg ci togsg ebigstgm. \cssejdy, oufkb gx`rgfgbts wgrg eb`crpcrktgm tcc. og
fkburg socudm jg pedgm up icr sgdi-ogktebn, jut cjvecusdy tog ogktebn irgqugbtdy
wks ebkmgquktg. Pcfgtefgs tog fkburg wks pedgm up eb mryebn jkrbs ci woe`o tog
pcsts okm togb tc jg prctg`tgm knkebst rcttebn. Ptcrkng ci fkburg, kbm krtebn et eb
kbm cut, wgrg citgb prcjdgfkte`. ^ogb `krtebn tog ogktgm fkburg tc tog iegdm et
wks fgksurgm cut woe`o efpdegs tokt sfkdd fkburg ogkps wgrg pdk`gm kt rgnudkr
ebtgrvkds icr fkbukd sprgkmebn cvgr tog iegdm. ogsg sfkdd ogkps socudm bct jg
pdk`gm cb ebigstgm sced. og prcjdgfs weto mgsskfkburg `cudm jg kvcemgm jy togusg ci `rctkdkrek nrggb fkburg.
Ienurg ;.=. ]cjk``c jejet kk`agm jy dkbks. ]og jksg ci tog stgf oks jdk`agbgm kbm mregm. Ircf
Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
18/208
;9
;.:.0. @rcp prctg`tecb prcjdgfs
og tcjk``c gstktgs gxpdcetgm k rgsgkr`o stktecb `kddgm \rcgistktecb vccr
Ycrstgbdkbms`og ]kjka, Gxpgrefgbt Ptktecb icr \reb`epkdetegs cjk``c. og
k`kmgfe` stkii `cbsestgm ci k merg`tcr-sgdg`tecbest, kb knre`udturkd `ogfest, kbm
k pdkbt pktocdcnest. ogy okm k stkii ci scfg 09 pgrscbs (bgkrdy kdd dc`kds), k
Ienurg ;.7. ]og jdk`a stgf jksg ci kb cdm dkbks pdkbt. Ircf Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
19/208
;>
dkjcrktcry, k dejrkry, kbm tcjk``c sogms kt toger mespcskd. cjk``c prc`gssebn kbm
tcjk``c jrggmebn, eb`dumebn rgsestkb`g jrggmebn, wgrg pkrt ci tog stktecbs prcnrkf.
Kppkrgbtdy, tog gxpgrefgbt stktecb okm k``gss tc gxpgrefgbtkd pdcts kbm tc mktk
`cddg`tgm jy tog gstktgs. og stktecb pujdesogm rgpcrts eb k sgregs Fgmgmggdebngb
\rcgistktecb Ycrstgbdkbms`og ]kjka (@cffube`ktecbs Gxpgrefgbt Ptktecb\reb`epkdetegs cjk``c).
Ienurg ;.9. ]og mesaebn syfptcf cr `okfjgrgm fkrrcw eb tog stgf jksg
ci k tcjk``c pdkbt kssc`ektgm weto tog jdk`a sokba mesgksg. Bcrto @krcdebk
(WPK), ;0 Kunust ;5>5. Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
20/208
;?
Cbg ci tog rcp prctg`tecb prcjdgfs oubn okm tc kmmrgss wks dkbks, tog dc`kdwcrm icr jdk`a sokba. og ikerdy dkbks-rgsestkbt sgdg`tecb efcr-Ycrstgbdkbmgb
wks fgbtecbgm gxpde`etdy eb tog ;50? pkpgr tc jg pdkbtgm eb mkbngr spcts. FY-
rgsestkb`g wks kbctogr etgf eb tog jrggmebn prcnrkf. @ogfe`kd mesgksg cbtrcd wks
igksejdg eb tog bursgry jgms, weto cbdy eb`emgbtkd tcpe`kd trgktfgbt ci pdkbts eb togiegdm (p 0;). Jcrmgkux fexturg kbm krsgbe`s wgrg usgm, kbm sced mesebig`tecb wks
mcbg weto que`adefg. Ebsg`t `cbtrcd wks dkrngdy mcbg fkbukddy, s`occd aems jgebn
oergm tc pe`a `ktgrpeddkrs wogb bggmgm. @rcp prctg`tecb mgtkeds krg nevgb eb tgxt
jccas kbm kbbukd rgpcrts ci tog gxpgrefgbt stktecb.9
;.0. Pufktrk, Pudtkbktg Mgde
;.0.;. ]og setuktecb cb Pufktrk
Pufktrk es cbg ci tog dkrngr esdkbms ci prgsgbt Ebmcbgsek. K strebn ci cvgr 0. ]cjk``c pdkbt myebn mug tc jdk`a sokbamesgksg. Bcrto @krcdebk (WPK), ;0 Kunust ;5>5.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
21/208
;5
Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs cutsemg Hkvk wks scfgwokt ub`grtkeb. og Fusdef pcpudktecb
ci tog bcrtogrb tep ci tog esdkbm Pufktrk, kb krgk `kddgm Kthgo, `cbsemgrgm etsgdi
ebmgpgbmgbt. og ncvgrbfgbtkd ebtgrgst eb tog ctogr pkrts ci tog esdkbm wks
defetgm, kt jgst.>
og Pudtkbktg ci Mgde rgk`ogs jk`a tc ;90
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
22/208
:<
cr re`g tog icrgst wks rghuvgbktgm tc rgstcrg sced igrtedety. Kitgr ? tc ;< ygkrs kbctogr
`rcp ci tcjk``c `cudm jg nrcwb sc tokt, eb ik`t, cbdy ~;< % ci tog `cb`gssecb krgk
wks ubmgr tcjk``c.
og Mgde pdkbtgrs okm k type`kd ircbtegr fgbtkdety, dgkmebn kt tefgs tc k aebm
ci ^edm ^gst s`gbgs, weto dettdg rgnkrm tc tog dc`kd pcpudktecb kbm tog wcra icr`g.
K fkssevg dkjcur icr`g wks bggmgm tc mc kdd tog wcra ci `uttebn tog icrgst, dkyebn
cut tog iegdms, met`ogs, kbm rckms, `cbstru`tebn kbm fkebtkebebn tog juedmebns,
nrcwebn tog `rcp kbm pe`aebn tog dgkvgs, kbm prgpkrebn togf icr mgspkt`o tc togKfstgrmkf tcjk``c ku`tecb. og bufjgr ci wcragrs pgkagm kt kjcut ;
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
23/208
:;
ci tog `cbtrk`t-dkjcurgrs kbm Gurcpgkb gfpdcyggs ks E cjsgrvgm rgpgktgmdy murebn
fy ebvgstenktecb - kmmrgss togf rkrgdy ctogrwesg tokb weto k sbggr eb pccr Fkdky, ks`cbsemgrgm bg`gsskry icr tog prgsteng.;. Pcur`g8
Zcykd Dejrkry kt ]ogOknug.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
26/208
:=
Fgdc`k`tus, k ngbus gb`cubtgrgm cvgrsgks. Pocrtdy kitgr oes togses mgigbsg ogjckrmgm soep icr tog Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs.;Og wks stktecbgm kt tog Jctkbe`kd Nkrmgb
eb Juetgbzcrn, prgsgbt Jcncr, eb tog oedds kt scfg 9< af scuto ci Jktkvek, prgsgbt
Hkakrtk, weto ets jctkbe`kd kbm knre`udturkd rgsgkr`o gstkjdesofgbt.
Eb ;?50 tog merg`tcr ci tog Jctkbe`kd Nkrmgb, Mr. F. rguj, fkmg kb krrkbngfgbtweto tog Mgde tcjk``c pdkbtgrs eb woe`o togy wcudm pky icr k jctkbest, stktecbgm
kt Juetgbzcrn.:Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb nct tog hcj. Pgvgrkd tefgs og trkvgddgm jy soep
ircf Hkvk tc Mgde icr stumy kbm gxpgrefgbtktecb. Dejrkry `cbsudtktecb, dkjcrktcry
wcra, kbm scfg iegdm gxpgrefgbts wgrg pgricrfgm kt tog Jctkbe`kd Nkrmgb.
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb es k icrncttgb pdkbt pktocdcnest (@okptgr 9). Og wks kb
gx`gddgbt cjsgrvgr. Oes fcst crenebkd stumy wks cb tog jejet mesgksg ci tcjk``c,
`kusgm jy k iubnus-deag crnkbesf woe`o og kddgm \oytcpotocrk Be`ctekbkgbcv. spg`.
(p 99). Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb stumegm mesgksgs ci sgvgrkd ctogr `rcps kfcbn woe`o
sunkr kbg, pgppgr kbm re`g. Oes ebtgrgst eb ngbgrkd g`cdcny es socwb jy oes `cb`grb
kjcut tog giig`t ci mgicrgstktecb cb tog Mgde `defktg kbm jy oes ebtrcmu`tecb tck sgt ci knrc-fgtgcrcdcne`kd tkjdgs. Krcubm ;5, eb Jktkvek (Ien.
:.;).
:.;.:. ]og s`egb`g
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb okm bct jggb gmu`ktgm eb pdkbt pktocdcny1 og wks k sgdi-fkmg
poytcpktocdcnest. Oes gxpgrefgbts, scfgtefgs wetocut rgpde`ktecbs, wgrg dcne`kdkbm tc tog pcebt. K sokmg ci mcujt gxests ks tc tog emgbtety ci tog pktocngbs tgstgm
eb Juetgbzcrn. Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb oefsgdi wrctg kjcut strkebs tokt prcmu`gm
getogr cbemek cbdy cr cspcrgs cbdy, jgebn fcrpocdcne`kddy emgbte`kd kbm ebig`tebn
tcjk``c ks usukd (p 90). Pogw & Du`ks (;55;) `cffgbtgm8 jut og mgs`rejgm k
fexgm `udturg kbm ikedgm tc nevg k dkteb mgs`reptecb icr tog crnkbesf . 0og ierst pkrt
ci tokt `cffgbt fky jg trug, tog sg`cbm pkrt es `grtkebdy `crrg`t jut tog wcrm
ikedgm es k jet okrso.
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb abgw tog ;5to `gbtury `ustcf tc bkfg pktocngbs kitgr
toger ocst pdkbt. Og `cbsemgrgm et rktogr k tgfpcrkry mgve`g eb kbte`epktecb ci
k mgtkedgm stumy jy k iubnkd tkxcbcfest `cfjebebn fe`rcs`cpy weto ebig`tecbgxpgrefgbts cb kb krrky ci ocst pdkbt spg`egs (p 99). okt fky okvg jggb tog
rgkscb icr cfettebn k pktocngb mgs`reptecb eb Dkteb1 bcbg ci oes spcbscrs wcudm
jg ebtgrgstgm eb k Dkteb mgs`reptecb ci tog `kuskd crnkbesf.
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkbs gpemgfecdcne`kd `cffgbts krg `ksukd kbm s`kttgrgm. ^g
ierst dcca kt pkssevg mespgrskd. Mespgrskd ci fy`gdeuf irknfgbts jy fkb kbm oes
efpdgfgbts wks k`abcwdgmngm ks tog fkhcr wky ci messgfebktecb (ks cb p =0, 7=).
Oebts tc webm mespgrskd wgrg nevgb (p =0, p 7:) wetocut fkaebn `dgkr wokt wks
mespgrsgm, cbemek cr fy`gdekd irknfgbts, tog dkttgr pcssejdy pk`agm eb webm-jdcwb
wktgr mrcpdgts. Ppdkso mespgrskd oks bct jggb ebme`ktgm jut mespgrskd jy rubbebn
wktgr, prgsufkjdy ci fy`gdeuf irknfgbts, wks fgbtecbgm (p 7?). \kssevg mespgrskdci cspcrgs wks ebme`ktgm (p =5, 9=). K`tevg mespgrskd jy zcspcrgs wks fgbtecbgm
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
27/208
:7
(p 9=). Purvevkd ci tog pktocngb eb tog sced wks gvemgbt, jut ocw3 Ks cspcrgs,
ks fy`gdeuf survevebn cb pdkbt mgjres, cr ks `odkfymcspcrgs3 og dcbngvety ci
cspcrgs kbm toger survevkd iub`tecb wgrg ebme`ktgm. @odkfymcspcrgs wgrg bct
fgbtecbgm kbm togy krg bct gvemgbt eb ien. 0.:. Kppkrgbtdy vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb
mem bct abcw toger gxestgb`g. Bctg tokt gxpde`et gpemgfecdcne`kd toebaebn es k :;). Kt tog tefg, stkteste`s wgrg bcb-
gxestgbt. og kutocr fkmg k vgry `krgiud mgs`reptevg kbkdyses ci gk`o gxpgrefgbt,
sgpkrktebn g`cdcne`kd kbm `ogfe`kd giig`ts ierst, togb `cfjebebn tog twc. Iebkddy,
og dufpgm kdd gxpgrefgbts tcngtogr tc mgrevg k ngbgrkd `cb`dusecb. oes prc`gmurg
wks su``gssiuddy kppdegm tc tog rgsudts ci tog `ogfe`kd trgktfgbts jut dgss sc tc
tocsg ci tog g`cdcne`kd trgktfgbts.
Mesgksg kssgssfgbt wks fkmg pgr bursgry jgm, usebn torgg `dkssgs8 sgrecus,
spcrkme`, kbm kjsgbt. ogsg dkssgs wgrg bct mgs`rejgm eb mgtked sc tokt tog pgrscbkd
humnfgbt ci tog dc`kd cjsgrvgr fky okvg jggb k `cbicubmebn vkrekjdg. oes
ebmgiebetgbgss `dgkrdy mem bct pcsg sgrecus prcjdgfs ci ebtgrprgtktecb.og ngbgrkd cb`dusecb ci tog ogfe`kd trgktfgbts wks tokt k crrg`t kppde`ktecb
ci Jcrmgkux fexturg rktogr sktesik`tcredy cbtrcddgm tog mesgksg eb tog bursgry jgms.
oes es bc wcbmgr jg`kusg tog mesgksg es `kusgm jy k pgrcbcspcrk`gcus pktocngb.
og pcsetevg giig`t wks cbtebugm kitgr trkbspdkbtebn eb twc wkys, ierst jy kvcemebn
trkbsigr ci tog mesgksg ircf bursgry tc iegdm, kbm sg`cbm jy trkbspdkbtebn trgktgm
pdkbtdgts tokt wgrg eb jgttgr sokpg tokb tog ubtrgktgm cbgs. Iegdm gxpgrefgbts
trgktebn k trkbspdkbtgm `rcp okvg bct jggb `cbsemgrgm.7
K ngbgrkd `cb`dusecb kjcut tog g`cdcne`kd trgktfgbts `cudm bct jg mrkwb
jg`kusg ci tog ebtgrigrgb`g ci tog wgktogr tokt vkregm fu`o jgtwggb dc`ktecbs. \gr
gxpgrefgbt scfg vkdukjdg `cb`dusecbs `cudm jg mrkwb. og cvgrkdd efprgssecb estokt rgfcvkd ci tog sogdtgr cvgr tog bursgry jgm scfg mkys kitgr gfgrngb`g okm k
ikvcurkjdg giig`t cb tog mgvgdcpfgbt ci tog pdkbtdgts kbm rgmu`gm tog efpk`t ci
tog mesgksg, jut cbdy wogb tog wgktogr wks bct tcc wgt. ^eto irgqugbt kbm ogkvy
rkebikdd tog pgrfkbgbtdy sogdtgrgm bursgry jgms mem jgttgr tokb tocsg ircf woe`o
tog sogdtgr wks rgfcvgm, gvgb icr socrt pgrecms.
og crnkbesktecbkd giicrt tc ngt togsg gxpgrefgbts mcbg kbm mudy rgpcrtgm,
kdd weto gxk`tdy tog skfg mgsenb jut cb genot meiigrgbt gstktgs, weto meiigrgbt
pgrscbbgd, sced, kdtetumg kbm wgktogr, fust okvg jggb effgbsg. og gxpgrefgbt
`cfpresgm =
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
28/208
:9
ci tog tefg, tcjk``c nrcwgrs okm bc dk`a ci fcbgy kbm dkjcur1 togy fust okvg
jggb gkngr tc jg gbnkngm eb toes gxpgrefgbtktecb jg`kusg togy rgkddy igkrgm icr tog
`cbtebuety ci toger jusebgss mug tc kb eb`cfprgogbsejdg mesgksg. @urecusdy, vkb
Jrgmk mg Okkb mem bct fgbtecb tog ygkr, wgdd-abcwb tc tog ebsemgrs, eb woe`o tog
gxpgrefgbt wks mcbg8 ;?5=.Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb kdsc crnkbezgm kb gbquery kfcbn prk`te`ekbs. Icrty bebg
gstktg fkbkngrs rgspcbmgm. Pu`o kb gbquery, weto kbkdyses ci tog rgspcbsgs, es
kbctogr nrgkt giicrt. Ngbgrkddy, tog rgsudts knrggm weto tocsg ci tog gxpgrefgbts.
Pcfg gstktg fkbkngrs rgpcrtgm toger cwb gxpgrefgbts, ks g.n. kb gxpgrefgbt weto
icrty pdcts (p 5=). Kbctogr gstktg fkbkngr wrctg tokt ci oes genot tocuskbm bursgry
jgms cbdy icur cr ievg jg`kfg mesgksgm. Ogrg knkeb tog sezg ci tog cpgrktecbs es
efprgssevg.
og prgssurg cb vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb tc cjtkeb kbm `cffube`ktg rgsudts fkmg
etsgdi igdt. Og wrctg twc ebtgref rgpcrts, k \rgdefebkry rgpcrt cb tog jejet mesgksg
eb tog tcjk``c eb ;?50, kbm k Zgpcrt cb tog gxpgrefgbts tc `cbtrcd tog jejetmesgksg eb tog tcjk``c eb Hudy, ;?5=. Eb Fkr`o, ;?5=, og dg`turgm eb Mgde cb tog
rgsudts ci tog iegdm gxpgrefgbts.9og fcrg icrfkd pujde`ktecb ci ;?59 (@okptgr 0)
`cbtkebgm tog mrkwebns tokt wkrrkbt vkb Jrgmk mg Okkbs kutocrsoep ci tog
pktocngbs bkfg (Ien. 0.:), \oytcpotocrkBe`ctekbkg bcv. spg`. (p 99), icrnevebn tog
dk`a ci Dkteb mgs`reptecb.
:.;.0. ]og dkbnukng
og cjhg`tevgs ci tog ;?59 pkpgr dgkrdy wgrg twc-icdm. Ierst, et es k rgpcrt ebtgbmgm
tc `cbveb`g tcjk``c pdkbtgrs, trkmgrs kbm iebkb`egrs ci `okbnebn toger `rcppebnfgtocms kbm kppdyebn `ogfe`kd kbm g`cdcne`kd `cbtrcd ci k mesgksg oetogrtc pccrdy
ubmgrstccm. Pg`cbm, et es kb efpcrtkbt s`egbteie` rgpcrt, ks k`abcwdgmngm eb tog
ebtgrbktecbkd detgrkturg jy kttk`oebn tog kutocrs bkfg tc tog bkfg ci tog pktocngb.
og ierst cjhg`tevg okm ets giig`t cb tog dkbnukng usgm. Nrgkt ebtgrgsts wgrg kt
stkag. Wrngb`y pgrvkmgs tog rgpcrt, woe`o es sdcppy, dcbn-webmgm, kbm rgpgtetevg.
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb kmfettgm tokt og usgm pkrts ci gkrdegr rgpcrts (;?50, ;?5=)
prk`te`kddy wetocut `okbng(p 07). Og gbmgm fcst `okptgrs weto k rktogr `cb`esg
`cb`dusecb, fcst gxpde`et kbm gvgb etkde`esgm (p ??). Oes dkst `okptgr `cbtkebgm tog
iebkd `cb`dusecb, prebtgm eb etkde`s, su``eb`t kbm `cbveb`ebn (p 59).
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb wrctg kb gksy ncebn Mut`o, pdgkskbt tc rgkm jg`kusg etkpprck`ogm tog spcagb dkbnukng oes rgkmgrs fust okvg jggb usgm tc. og dkbnukng
`cbtkebs scfg type`kd twests mgrevgm ircf `cddcquekd Mut`o su`o ks tog ikr tcc
irgqugbt usg ci ebtgrhg`tecbs su`o ks g`otgr 6 ocwgvgr, jut kbm mus 6 tous,
ogb`g. Fkby ci togsg ebtgrhg`tecbs okvg jggb cfettgm eb trkbsdktebn wetocut okrf
tc tog dgnejedety ci tog tgxt. Pcfg wcrms wgrg usgm rktogr dccsgdy, ks g.n. eb bursgry
jgms wgrg mesgksgm, wogrg tcmky bursgry jgms krg bc devebn gbtetegs kbm `kbbct jg
mesgksgm, tocuno tog pdkbts cb tog jgms kb. Fcst pkrknrkpos krg quetg jregi, citgb
hust cbg sgbtgb`g dcbn, dgkmebn tc k aebm ci stk``ktc eb wretebn.
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkbs \o.M. togses kbm oes ctogr pkpgrs wgrg wrettgb eb k `resp
stydg, `cb`esg kbm prg`esg, eb `cbtrkst tc tog prgsgbt tgxt. Kppkrgbtdy oes `okbngci stydg wks ebtgbtecbkd. Fy efprgssecb es tokt tog fkbus`rept wks wrettgb eb
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
29/208
:>
okstg kbm prebtgm eb k ourry, wetocut tog sg`cbm dcca usukd weto s`egbteie` tgxts.og jregi mgdky jgtwggb gxpgrefgbtktecb (;?50, ;?5=) kbm `cfpdgtecb ci tog
fkbus`rept (Bcvgfjgr, ;?57) suppcrts toes vegw. og iebkd rgpcrt kppgkrgm eb
;?59. og efprgssevg rkpemety ci rgpcrtebn wedd okvg mcbg huste`g tc tog cjvecus
kbxegty ci tog pdkbtgrs kbm toger iebkb`egrs.
og kutocr prgigrrgm tc usg Mut`o wcrms ebstgkm ci `urrgbt s`egbteie`
tgrfebcdcny, wogrgvgr pcssejdg (kjdg :.;). Hust cbg gxkfpdg8 tog wcrm oypok wks
kvcemgm kbm ebstgkm tog tgrf fy`gdeuf torgkm (Mut`o8 fy`gdeuf mrkkm) wks usgm.
Eb toes wky, E suppcsg, tog kutocr wkbtgm tc gfpoksesg oes fgsskng tc k rgkmgrsoep
ebgxpgregb`gm eb s`egbteie` fkttgrs. Kt tog gbm ci sg`tecb :.= pktocngbgses es
gxpdkebgm tc tog crmebkry pdkbtgr eb k bgkrdy `oedmeso wky (p 77).
:.:. ]oubn ]hgbn Oekbn
:.:.;. ]og kutocr
oubn, k bktevg ci prgsgbt Ebmcbgsek, togb tog Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs, wks jcrb eb
;?5> kt Juetgbzcrn (prgsgbt Jcncr). Og wks tog ierst scb ci @oebgsg pkrgbts
wocsg kb`gstcrs okm, sgvgrkd ngbgrktecbs jgicrg, gfenrktgm ircf Pcuto @oebk tc
Hkvk. oger dkbnukng okm jg`cfg k dc`kd fexturg ci Fkdky kbm Pubmkbgsg.>oger
`oedmrgb wgrg tog ierst ngbgrktecb tc jg kmfettgm tc Mut`o s`occds. ggbkngrs citokt ngbgrktecb tregm tc dgkrb toger icrncttgb kb`gstrkd dkbnukng, ebspergm ks togy
wgrg jy tog rgvcdutecbkry fcmgrbezktecb ci @oebk ubmgr Pub Ukt Pgb. oubn
hgbn Oekbn tous jg`kfg k`qukebtgm weto twc dkbnukngs ubabcwb tc oes pkrgbts8
Mut`o ircf tog kng ci icur ygkrs kbm @oebgsg ircf oes oeno s`occd ygkrs cbwkrm.
okbas tc oes Mut`o oeno s`occd trkebebn eb Jktkvek og cudm eb ;5;9 gbtgr tog
@cddgng ci Knre`udturg, prgsgbtdy tog Knre`udturkd Wbevgrsety, kt ^kngbebngb, tog
Bgtogrdkbms, wogrg og cjtkebgm tog mgnrgg ci ebngbegur, gquevkdgbt tc tog prgsgbt
fkstgrs mgnrgg.?Fgkbwoedg og okm kdsc spgbt scfg twc ygkrs stumyebn @oebgsg
kbm poedcscpoy kt Dgemgb Wbevgrsety, tog Bgtogrdkbms, kbm kt Jgrdeb Wbevgrsety,
Mut`o Gbndeso s`egbte` tgrf
jdkkshg toebwkddgm vgssgd vgse`dg
`cbemebmrkngr `cbemek jgkrgr `cbemecpocrg
gespcrg gnn-spcrg cspcrg
aegfmrkkm ngrfebktecb torgkm ngrfebktecb oypok
s`ogemebnswkbm sgpkrktecb wkdd / sgptuf sgptuf
sdehfprcp fu`us pdun pkpeddk
tredokkr vejrktebn oker kngdduf
spgrfktczc spgrfktczcb zcspcrg
vgrs`oehbsgdgb pogbcfgbk syfptcfs
zwgrfspcrg swkrf-spcrg zcspcrg
]kjdg :.;. ]grfebcdcny ks usgm jy vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb, ;?59.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
30/208
:?
Ngrfkby. Icddcwebn vesets tc @oebk kbm Ebmcbgsek eb ;5:< kbm oes fkrrekng eb
;5:0 og rgturbgm tc ^kngbebngb tc spg`ekdezg eb poytcpktocdcny.
Oes \o.M. togses, gbtetdgm \oysecdcne`kd ebvgstenktecbs tc tog verus ci dgki `urd
mesgksg ci tog pctktc pdkbt, Pcdkbuf tujgrcsuf D., wks `cfpdgtgm eb ;5:? ubmgr
tog supgrvesecb ci tog togb ikfcus pdkbt vercdcnest Ogbmrea F. [ukbhgr.5
Kitgrk ygkr spgbt kt tog Ebstetut \kstgur eb \kres (Irkb`g) oubn rgturbgm, weto oes
ikfedy, tc Ebmcbgsek.
Ircf ;5:5 tc ;505 oubn wcragm kt tog Gxpgrefgbt Ptktecb icr \reb`epkdetegs
cjk``c kt Adktgb, cb Hkvk. Cbg ci tog mesgksgs stumegm wks dkbkscr jdk`a sokba.
Eb ;505 oubn wks kppcebtgm Ogkm ci tog Fy`cdcne`kd Pujmgpkrtfgbt ci tog
Ebstetutg icr \dkbt Mesgksgs kt Juetgbzcrn, wogrg og `cbtebugm tc wcra murebn
^crdm kr EE. ogrg, og wks kjdg tc ogdp fkby pgcpdg eb mestrgss murebn tog
Hkpkbgsg c``upktecb ci og Mut`o Gkst Ebmegs.
Ienurg :.:. \rcigsscr ]oubn ]hgbn Oekbn. Pcur`g8 \rcigsscr H. Ydka,
Mgpkrtfgbt ci Yercdcny, kngbebngb Wbevgrsety.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
31/208
:5
Kitgr tog wkr kbm jgicrg Mg`gfjgr ;5=5, wogb tog Zgpujde` ci Ebmcbgsek
wks ciie`ekddy rg`cnbezgm, oubn rgfkebgm k`tevg cb jgokdi ci tog Ebstetutg icr
\dkbt Mesgksgs, woe`o tog Mut`o dc`kddy stedd eb pcwgr pdkbbgm tc upnrkmg tc
ubevgrsety dgvgd. Og wks ksagm tc mgvgdcp k `urre`uduf eb poytcpktocdcny jut og
sccb jg`kfg kwkrg ci tog vkbety ci tog prchg`ts eb tokt pgrecm. Eb Pgptgfjgr ;5=5oubn dgit Ebmcbgsek icr tog Bgtogrdkbms, wogrg og jg`kfg ogkm ci tog vercdcny
mgpkrtfgbt kt tog Ebstetutg ci \oytcpktocdcne`kd Zgsgkr`o eb ^kngbebngb, kbm
pkrt-tefg prcigsscr ci vercdcny kt tog ^kngbebngb @cddgng ci Knre`udturg. Og kdsc
prgpkrgm oes jcca \reb`epdgs ci pdkbt vercdcny, tokt wks pujdesogm eb Mut`o,
;5=5.
oubn trkvgddgm wemgdy, e.k. tc tog WPK, WPPZ, Ebmek kbm Kire`k. Eb ;57> og
rgvesetgm Ebmcbgsek ks k nugst prcigsscr kt tog Knre`udturkd @cddgng ci Jcncr. Eb
;57? og rg`gevgm k stepgbm ircf tog Zc`agigddgr Icubmktecb tc veset tog WPK,
wogrg og pkrte`epktgm eb tog 7< s`egbteie` pkpgrs kbm rgpcrts, fcstdy eb Mut`o.
Eb oes eb fgfcrekfH.\.O. vkb mgr kbt wrctg kjcut tog pctktc verus cbigrgb`gs
oubn okm crnkbezgm.;
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
32/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
33/208
0;
og sgbsetevg, sgfe-qukbtetktevg jec-kssky ks rgiebgm jy oubn es k rgfkrakjdg
igkt. og skfpdebn giicrt es efprgssevg. Murebn k iudd ygkr sced tgfpgrkturgs wgrg
fgksurgm kt dgkst twe`g k fcbto, cb tgb meiigrgbt setgs, twc tefgs k mky. Jecksskys
wgrg mcbg gvgry fcbto murebn bgkrdy icur ygkrs kt bufgrcus setgs eb crmgr tc tgst
sceds kbm wktgrs, kdd eb tog skfg wky. Pu`o dcbn-tgrf giicrts wgrg kjsgbt, cr rkrg ktdgkst, eb tog Bgtogrdkbms.;5
og prefg gpemgfecdcne`kd fgret ci oubns ;50? pkpgr es ets cfprgogbsevgbgss
(`okrk`tgreste` :). Eb toes rgspg`t tog pkpgr es quetg fcmgrb, rgk`oebn ircf tog
tgst tujg tc tog gstktg kbm ets surrcubmebns. og surrcubmebns wgrg sggb jrckmdy,
eb`dumebn tog revgr weto ets summgb idccms kbm tog Hkvkbgsg veddkng, tous kpprck`oebn
dkbms`kpg gpemgfecdcny. oubn prcpcsgm vkrecus oynegbe` fgksurgs tc rgpdk`g
cr kt dgkst rgmu`g tog togb `urrgbt `ogfe`kd trgktfgbt tokt wks ubwegdmy kbm
gxpgbsevg (`okrk`tgreste` 0). Murebn tog Ebtgrjgdduf mesgksg rgsestkb`g jrggmebn
wks cbncebn, weto tog rgsudt tokt oubn `cudm rg`cffgbm tc pdkbt tog vkregty
efcr-Ycrstgbdkbmgb cb setgs kt resa ci dkbks. og rgsestkb`g ci toes vkregty tcdkbks wks nccm jut bct `cfpdgtg kbm ets prcmu`t qukdety, tocuno bct emgkd, wks
k``gptkjdg.
Ks tc tog bursgry jgms oubn icddcwgm Hgbsgb (;5:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
34/208
0:
:.:.0. ]og dkbnukng
oubns ;50? pkpgr wks wrettgb eb kb gdkjcrktg stydg, weto k scfgwokt scdgfb
tcu`o, tog `cdcbekd stydg ci wretebn dknnebn jgoebm tog togb fcmgrb stydg ci tog
fctogr `cubtry, tog Bgtogrdkbms. c tog `cbtgfpcrkry Gurcpgkb Mut`ofkb tog
`cdcbekd Mut`o okm kb cdm-iksoecbgm rebn. oubns wretebn stydg es dcbn-webmgm,
vgrjcsg, k jet stcmny, kbm tog dcne` ci tog sgbtgb`gs es bct kdwkys ks wg wkbt tc sgg
et tcmky.
Mut`o wks bct oubns fctogr tcbnug kbm toes fkags etsgdi igdt eb sujtdg wkys.
og dkbnukng ci tog pkpgr vkregs ircf stktgdy tc `cddcquekd. og sgbtgb`gs krg re`o
eb wcrms tokt cbg wcudm cfet tcmky ks jgebn supgridcus. og tgbsgs krg citgb
eb`cbsestgbt. Fkby sgbtgb`gs krg tcc dcbn weto rgpgkts su`o ks tokt tokt
woe`o krg kbm wgrg `cbsemgrgm pccr wretebn. og vgry irgqugbt usg ci tog krte`dg
tog, fkebtkebgm eb tog trkbsdktecb, es streaebn.:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
35/208
00
:.0. ]og trkbsdktecb
Ykb Jrgmk mg Okkb fkmg twc `cffcb grrcrs tokt krg fcrg cr dgss k``gptkjdg eb
`cbvgrsktecb jut socudm jg kvcemgm eb wrettgb dkbnukng, gvgb eb k `cddcquekd stydg.
og ierst es tog ubbg`gsskry `ccrmebktecb ci `dkusgs, citgb weto kb ebvgrsecb ci
tog crmgr ci sujhg`t kbm vgrj eb tog sg`cbm `dkusg. og sg`cbm `cffcb grrcr es k
ocpgdgss `cbiusecb ci tog tgbsgs, usukddy wetocut `cbsgqugb`g icr tog rgkmkjedety
kbm ubmgrstkbmebn ci tog tgxt. Fcst ci togsg grrcrs okvg bct jggb `crrg`tgm eb
trkbsdktecb eb crmgr tc fkebtkeb tog crenebkd idkvcur ci tog tgxt. Iebkddy, et wks
tocunot bg`gsskry eb trkbsdktebn tc `okbng scfgtefgs ircf tog trkbsetevg tc tog
ebtrkbsetevg usg ci k vgrj, kbm tc `okbng ircf tog pkssevg tc tog k`tevg icrf, cr
ve`g vgrsk. og rgsudt es k dkbnukng tokt kby mg`gbt s`egbteie` hcurbkd socudm rghg`t
effgmektgdy, jut rgfkebs ikerdy trug tc tog crenebkd Mut`o tgxt. Icr Ebmcbgsekb
tgrfebcdcny sgg Kbbgx 0.
rkbsdktebn oubn, ;50?, E tregm tc rgbmgr tog pg`udekr, kbtequktgm idkvcur
ci oes wretebn, weto ets `urecus kbm ubgxpg`tgm turbs ci porksg. E fkebtkebgm
tog pku`ety ci wcrms cb tog cbg okbm (ebig`tecb icr ebc`udktecb, ebig`tecb kbm
ebigstktecb), tog kjubmkb`g ci wcrms cb tog ctogr okbm (mgiebetg krte`dgs kbm
kmvgrjekd pkrte`dgs). E tregm tc kvcem ebtgrprgtktevg trkbsdktecb ks fu`o ks pcssejdg.
og meskmvkbtkng ci toes kpprck`o es k scfgwokt ubwegdmy rgkmebn. C``ksecbkddy,
k debnueste` `cffgbt es nevgb eb k bctg. Kdd etkde`skrg oubns.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
36/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
37/208
07
@okptgr 0
og jejet mesgksg eb tog Mgde tcjk``c
Hk`cj vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb
0. aedcfgtrgs ircf tog `ckst.
cjk``c ircf toes wocdg krgk ncgs ubmgr tog bkfg ci Mgde tcjk``c1 cbdy ei
cbg wkbts tc jg fcrg prg`esg cbg spgkas ci Dkbnakt-, Mgde-, Pgrmkbn- kbm `ckst-
tcjk``c, wogrg tog dkttgr efpdegs tog prcmu`g ircf \kmkbn, Jgmknge, Jktcg-Jkork
gt`.0
Ienurg 0.; (prgvecus pkng). ]etdg pkng ci tog ;?59 pkpgr jy H. vkb Jrgmk mg Okkb.Pcur`g8 Dejrkry ci Kfstgrmkf Wbevgrsety, Ppg`ekd @cddg`tecbs.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
38/208
09
og ngcnrkpoe`kd pcsetecb ci Mgde es `grtkebdy bct icrgenb tc tog supgrecrety
ci tog prcmu`t nrcwb ogrg kbm ci nrgkt ebidugb`g cb `defktg kbm rkebikdd. K
debagm-up strebn ci fcubtkebs rubs kdcbn kjcut tog dgbntowesg kxes ci tog esdkbm
Pufktrk, woe`o spdets ebtc twc jrkb`ogs kt tog ogenot ci Ksskokb, jy woe`o tog
Jkttka-pdktgku es gb`dcsgm, weto Dkag cjk setuktgm eb ets scutogrb pkrt. ^ogrgtoes fcubtkeb `okeb jcrmgrs Mgde kbm bgenojcurebn krgks eb tog P.^. et sggfs
tc jg fkebdy k vcd`kbe` icrfktecb ci rktogr rg`gbt mktg, woe`o icrfs tog wkdd
sgpkrktebn `ckstkd rgnecb kbm updkbm pdkbg. Fcst fcubtkeb pgkas krg vcd`kbcs
kdrgkmy gxteb`t, ogkvedy icrgstgm.
Pcfg krg cubtgm ubmgr tog vcd`kbcs stedd k`tevg, su`o ks g.n. tog Pejkehk`, scuto
ci Fgmkb, weto tog tcp rgk`oebn k ogenot ci :;>: fgtgrs kjcvg tog surrcubmebn
fcubtkebs. og ghg`tk kbm dkvk strgkfs, woe`o icr`gm toger wky torcuno ircf
togsg vcd`kbcs, icrfgm tog scutogrb sdcpg ci tog sc-`kddgm Jkttka pdktgku.
Kt tog bcrtogrb semg tog `ckstkd rgnecb ci Mgde wks icrfgm, k rgdktevgdy bkrrcw
strgt`o ci dkbm, woe`o `okbngs ebtc ubmudktebn tgrrkeb kt k socrt mestkb`g ircf tog`ckst kdrgkmy. Fgmkb es setuktgm kt ;= fgtrgs kjcvg sgk dgvgd1 kt k mestkb`g ci kjcut
0< af ircf tog `ckst tog `cubtry jg`cfgs rktogr oeddy, togb resgs rkpemdy, hcebebn
tog icct ci tog oenogr fcubtkebs.
Kt renot kbndg tc toes sgregs ci vcd`kbcs es k `okeb ci fcubtkebs, tokt eb tog wgst
sgpkrktgs Wppgr Dkbnakt ircf tog Nkhc krgk kbm rgk`ogs bgkrdy tc tog `ckst. Kdcbn
tog icct ci togsg fcubtkebs rub tog revgrs kfpcg kbm Jgsetkb, ci woe`o tog dkttgr
oks scfg ci ets scur`gs ogrg, wogrgks tog scur`g ci tog kfpcg es scunot eb tog stedd
ubabcwb pkrts ci tog Jkttka pdktgku.
og tcjk``c-nrcwebn Mgde tous es k rgdktevgdy bkrrcw `ckstkd zcbg, jcrmgrgm jy
tog sgk eb tog bcrto kbm ctogrwesg gb`dcsgm jy oeno fcubtkeb remngs. og iurtogrscuto cbg ncgs, tog wemgr tog `ckstkd zcbg jg`cfgs.
Pefudtkbgcus weto toes `okbng eb tog stktg ci tog dkbm cbg sggs k `okbng eb
`defktg kbm rkebikdd. Fcst irgqugbt krg tog rkebs eb tog sc-`kddgm ^kfpcg-`crbgr,
wogrg tog fcubtkeb rkbngs ci Kthgo kbm Jkttka fggt, tog fcrg tc tog scuto tog
dgss toes prg`epetktecb. ^ogrgks eb Mgde cbg okrmdy bcte`gs tog fcbsccbs, kbm tog
cbsocrg webm mrevgs tog `dcums icrto bgkrdy gvgry mky woe`o, `ccdgm knkebst tog
fcubtkebs, ikdd mcwb ks sfkdd rkeb socwgrs, tog giig`t ci tog fcbsccb es kdrgkmy
igdt fcrg `dgkrdy eb Ksskokb kbm iurtogr scuto.
okt tog dc`ktecb ci Mgde kdcbn tog Ptrket ci Fkdk``k kdsc wedd gxgrt kb efpcrtkbt
ebidugb`g cb tog rkebikdd kbm tog wgktogr bggms bc gxpdkbktecb. @grtkebdy et es bcttcc rkso tc kttrejutg pkrt ci tog ikvcurkjdg rgsudts ci tog tcjk``c udtevktecb eb Mgde
tc tog ikvcurkjdg `defktg.
Ogrg icddcw scfg mktk, mrkwb ircf rkeb cjsgrvktecbs kt Fgmkb cvgr twgbty
ygkrs, ircf woe`o kppgkrs tokt murebn tog pdkbtebn fcbtos Fkr`o, Kpred, Fky
kbm Hubg 7=0.; ff igdd eb == mkys, tokt es cb kvgrkng ;:.0 ff pgr rkeb mky, woedg
bgkrdy gvgry icurto mky jrcunot rkeb.
og kbbukd kfcubt wks, cb kvgrkng, :: ff eb ;9= rkeb mkys kbm ;0.; ff
pgr rkeb mky.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
39/208
0>
ous, k pgrsestgbt mrcunot, ks es gxpgregb`gm e.k. cb Hkvk murebn tog Gkst
Fcbsccb, es ogrg ks ubabcwb ks k rgkd ^gst Fcbsccb weto mcwbpcurs kbm
jkbmhers.
^eto scfg wcrms wg rgigrrgm kdrgkmy tc tog suppcsgm ngcdcne`kd creneb ci Mgde
kbm wg nkvg ks cur cpebecb tokt tog vcd`kbe` ghg`tk pdkygm kb efpcrtkbt rcdg. \krtci togsg vcd`kbe` prcmu`ts wks dktgr mgpcsetgm knkeb jy tog sgk eb kdduvekd streps1
tog dkrng fkss ocwgvgr icrfgm tog oedds kbm tog sdcpebn tgrrkeb kt tog icct ci tog
Jkttka-fcubtkebs. Bcw et sggfs tokt bct cbdy tog ghg`tk ci tog vkrecus vcd`kbcs
meiigrgm eb poyse`kd kbm `ogfe`kd `cfpcsetecb, jut tokt kdsc cbg vcd`kbc, g.n. tog
Pejkhk`, oks kt meiigrgbt tefgs torcwb up getogr ksogs cr rkpedde, cr dkvk strgkfs.=
Ogrg kbm togrg cbg iebms k `dgkr pe`turg ci toes nrkmukd `cfebn ebtc jgebn, wogrg
k prciedg oks jggb `ut torcuno tog oedds icr k rckm cr ctogrwesg.
Ks es ubmgrstkbmkjdg, tog wktgr strgkfebn mcwb ircf tog fcubtkebs `krregs
togsg prcmu`ts kbm gxpcsgs togf tc wgktogrebn kt meiigrgbt rktgs. K``crmebndy
cbg iebms, wogb dgkvebn tog `dky strep gxtgbmebn cvgr Mgde, bgkrdy pkrkddgd tc tog`ckstdebg, meiigrgbt sced typgs, `okbnebn ircf woetg sced tc mkra rgm-jrcwbs eb kdd
scrts ci sokmgs.
Jgdcw bgkrdy irgg ircf stcbgs, cbg iebms togsg eb eb`rgksebn kfcubt tcwkrms
tog fcubtkebs. og sdcpgs kt tog icct ci tog fcubtkebs krg strgwb weto dkrng
trk`oyte` jdc`as ci rc`a, woe`o rgbmgr tog sced ubsuetkjdg icr kdd `udtevktecb.7
Kt tog tefg wogb tog ierst gstktgs eb Mgde wgrg cpgbgm, bcw kjcut :7 ygkrs knc,
k verneb icrgst `cvgrgm tog wocdg `ckstkd krgk kbm tog fcubtkeb sdcpgs. Cbdy kdcbn
tog jkbas ci tog revgrs Fkdky kbm Jkttka pgcpdg okm icubm togfsgdvgs k oenogr
pdk`g ogrg kbm togrg tc gstkjdeso toger akfpcbns kbm tc nrcw tog bggmgm re`g gt`. cb
dkmkbns. og ierst gstktgs wgrg cpgbgm bgkr tc togsg sgttdgfgbts, wogrg, kdcbn togrevgrs, trkbspcrtktecb gb`cubtgrgm tog igwgst cjstk`dgs. og gbcrfcus gxpkbsecb,
woe`o tog tcjk``c `udturg tcca wetoeb socrt tefg, wks ci `cursg k``cfpkbegm jy
kb eb`rgksg Qeb tog bufjgrV ci tog gstktgs kbm bgw strgt`ogs ci dkbm wgrg rg`dkefgm
`cbtebucusdy. Eb prk`te`g et kppgkrgm tokt cbg `cudm bct `cfg jk`a tc tog skfg
peg`g ci dkbm murebn su``gssevg ygkrs kbm tous gvgry ygkr k bgw peg`g ci icrgst wks
rg`dkefgm. Pccb, tog jgst peg`gs ci dkbm wgrg c``upegm kbm pgcpdg wgrg icr`gm tc
dcca kt krgks wogrg tog mgsergm oufus dkygr wks toebbgr, cr wogrg fkrsogs okm tc
jg mrkebgm ierst, jgicrg cbg `cudm toeba ci nrcwebn tcjk``c su``gssiuddy. Eb tog
jgnebbebn pgcpdg wgrg ngbgrkddy ci tog cpebecb tokt tcjk``c `cudm jg nrcwb cbdy
cb tog idkt, wkrf `ckstkd strep, jut nrkmukddy togy wgrg icr`gm tc fcvg tc tog oeddykrgks, kbm bcw cbg iebms gstktgs bgkrdy up tc tog sdcpg ci tog Pejkyk`. Eb toes wky
pgcpdg tkda rgkmedy kjcut uppgr- kbm dcwgr-gstktgs, weto k meiigrgb`g eb kdtetumg ci
scfgtefgs cvgr 0
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
40/208
0?
ygkr fcrg icrgst nekbts wgrg igddgm tc fkag rccf icr tcjk``c pdkbts, woe`o eb turb
wgrg rgpdk`gm jy re`g kbm kdkbn-kdkbn.9^ogrg tog hubndg strgt`ogm cut eb icrfgr
tefgs, cbg bcw iebms vkst kdkbn-kdkbn iegdms kbm sc sggebn Mgde cbg es fcrg eb`debgm
tc dkfgbt tog `cubtry tokb tc prkesg et ngbgrcusdy.
ogsg kdkbn-kdkbn iegdms wgrg togb dgit kt rgst murebn scfg ? cr ;< ygkrs, e.g.togy wgrg jurbt cii fcstdy cb`g k ygkr, mug tc `krgdgssbgss. Jg`kusg ci toes, kdd
ycubn icrgst wks prgvgbtgm tc mgvgdcp kbm tog cpebecb wks tokt tog dcbn rgst kdcbg
kdrgkmy suiie`gm tc yegdm k nccm prcmu`t knkeb.
Eb rg`gbt ygkrs tog okjet tc dgkvg tog sced sefpdy tc etsgdi wks kjkbmcbgm. Dccsg,
pcrcus sced es fcst weddebn tc prcmu`g tcjk``c kbm tous et wks kttgfptgm tc tedd tog
okrm `rust, icrfgm ubmgr tog kdkbn-kdkbn, weto pdcunos kbm tc fkag et gvgb fcrg
prcmu`tevg jy fkburebn.
Kt pdk`gs, sgrecus kttgfpts wgrg fkmg tc `cvgr tog sced weto icrgst kitgr tog
tcjk``c okrvgst, tocuno bct verneb icrgst. ocuno toes rgicrgstktecb es jksgm dkrngdy
cb rumefgbtkry gxpgrefgbts, tog igksejedety wks kdrgkmy socwb, kbm ogrgweto Mgdees pcssejdg spkrgm tog torgktgbebn meskstgr ci `okbng eb rkebikdd kbm `defktg.>
og mgicrgstktecb ci toes pdkeb mem bct rgfkeb wetocut `cbsgqugb`g, gspg`ekddy
bct wogb pgcpdg cb tog uppgr gstktgs jgnkb tc `dgkr-igdd tog fcubtkeb sdcpgs, kbm
tc dgkvg togf ks kdkbn kdkbn iegdms. Ebstgkm ci tog sc mgserkjdg scit rkeb socwgrs
`kfg fcrg kbm fcrg `dcumjursts, weto fcrg mkfkng tokb jgbgiet.
Bcw, pgcpdg abcw, ocwgvgr, tog fgkbs tc stgf tog okrf jgicrg et kssufgs stedd
dkrngr prcpcrtecbs.
^eto k ierf okbm tog dkjcur ci rgicrgstktecb cb`g jgnub oks tc jg `cbtebugm,
ei Mgde es tc jg skvgm icr tog tcjk``c.
Cvgr bgkrdy tog wocdg `ckstkd krgk gstktgs wgrg cpgbgm cb tog fcst mevgrsg scedtypgs. Pcfg QkrgV setuktgm kt kb kdtetumg ci cvgr 0
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
41/208
05
tog iegdms, eb woe`o togb jgsemgs wktgr kdd tog mert ci tog met`ogs `cddg`tgm, kbm toes
ub`dgkb wktgr wks usgm tc wktgr tog bursgry jgms.
^eto tog wky ci dky-cut icddcwgm gkrdegr, cbg tous icubm jgms ci meiigrgbt kngs,
`dcsg tcngtogr, sgpkrktgm cbdy jy k bkrrcw pkto. Jgsemgs tog rccis cvgr tog jgms cbg
icubm usukddy kdsc sc-`kddgm semg-tebakps, ci ktkp cr dkdkbn, woe`o okm tc prgvgbttog sub ircf pgbgtrktebn kt tog semgs.5
og jgms wgrg usukddy ;? iggt dcbn kbm 0 iggt wemg, sc tokt tog `ccdeg `cudm
gksedy pe`a ebsg`ts kbm wcrfs Qrgk`oebnV ircf tog pkto cvgr tog wocdg jgm. Eb tog
fcrbebn kbm gvgbebn tog jgms wgrg kfpdy wktgrgm, wogrgjy usukddy vgry dettdg
kttgbtecb wks nevgb tc tog wktgr usgm jy tog `ccdeg. Cb uppgr gstktgs scfgwokt
dcbngr, cb dcwgr gstktgs scfgwokt socrtgr, wg `kb eb ngbgrkd rg`acb tokt tog jejet
es rgkmy icr trkbspdkbtebn kitgr wgdd cvgr icrty mkys. Murebn togsg icrty mkys tog
jgms rgquerg mkedy supgrvesecb tc sgkr`o icr wcrfs, tc rgfcvg mesgksgm pdkbtdgts
kbm tc toeb.
Eb `cbbg`tecb weto tog strevebn tc prgvgbt tog sub ircf errkmektebn tog jgms,tog cregbtktecb ci tog bursgry jgms es usukddy tkagb G.-^.
Eb crmgr tc mgtgrfebg kpprcxefktgdy tog renot kfcubt ci sggm bggmgm pgr jgm,
k igw gxpgrefgbtkd jgms wgrg scfgtefgs dkem cut, kbm tog fgksurg icr tog ctogr
jgms mgtgrfebgm k``crmebndy.
^ogb tog jejet pdkbtdgts krg cdm gbcuno tc jg trkbspdkbtgm tog sced es
wgttgm tocrcunody kbm tog pdkbtdgts krg `krgiuddy puddgm up. og ierst mkys kitgr
trkbspdkbtebn togy krg ygt sokmgm jy sfkdd jckrms cr ctogrwesg, cb`g togy okvg
tkagb tog ierst remnebn icddcws sccb kbm togy krg nevgb tog `cbtebugm `krg woe`o
tcjk``c nrcwebn iurtogr gbtkeds.
Kt tog tefg tokt tog ierst Gurcpgkbs sgttdgm ogrg, tcjk``c wks kdrgkmy nrcwb jytog Jkttka, icr toger cwb usg. cmky kdsc wg iebm togf nrcwebn tog skfg vkregty,
`okrk`tgrezgm jy tog pgtecdgs weto dettdg cr bc webns kbm tog sfccto stgf. og
Fkdky nrcw k tcjk``c typg woe`o es pe`agm nrggb, togb iebgdy `ut kbm mregm eb
tog sub. oes tcjk``c, woe`o kdrgkmy socws fcrg sefedkrety tc tog Mgde-tcjk``c,
oks ocwgvgr okbnebn dgkvgs woe`o krg strcbndy wrebadgm kbm bct sc idkt ci surik`g
ks tog rgkd Mgde-tcjk``c. Ogrg, ocwgvgr, tog pgtecdgs krg webngm ebmggm kbm eb
kmmetecb togsg webns `cbtebug kdcbn tog stgf.
og Mgde-tcjk``c ks et es nrcwb bcwkmkys icr tog Gurcpgkb fkragt mgs`gbms,
suppcsgmdy, ircf Hkvk-tcjk``c sggm tokt eb turb wcudm okvg jggb oyjremezgm weto
Fkbeddk-tcjk``c sggm.Eb jctkbe`kd sgbsg tog tcjk``c jgdcbns tc tog dkrng ikfedy ci Pcdkbk`gkg.
Icddcwebn tog sujmevesecb ci toes ikfedy jy . tog Mgde-tcjk``c jgdcbns
tc tog nrcup ci tog Be`ctekbebkg, ngbus Be`ctekbk.koes eb turb es sujmevemgm
ebtc kjcut =< spg`egs, woe`o tcngtogr krg pdk`gm eb torgg nrcups. Cbg ci togsg
nrcups icrfs Be`ctekbk kjk`uf Mcb1 tog Mgde-tcjk``c socudm togb jg cbg ci tog
fkby `udtevktgm icrfs ci Be`ctekbk kjk`uf D. kbm ogb`g jgdcbns tc tog nrcup
ci Yernebekb tcjk``c.
k Ycb ^gttstgeb kitgr Gbndgr u. \rkbtd, Bkt. \kbzgbikf. ]ged. EY, 0 Kjto.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
42/208
=<
Eb tog icrgncebn pkngs wg skw tous wogrg, ocw kbm woe`o tcjk``c es nrcwb eb
Mgde, kbm `cudm spg`eiy scfg rgkscbs woy hust Mgde es sc suetkjdg tc prcmu`g toes
`cvgrdgki-tcjk``c. Kitgr togsg fcrg ngbgrkd `cffgbts wg wedd c``upy cursgdvgs
weto tog fcrg spg`ekd mgs`reptecb ci tog mesgksg tokt c``urs eb tog bursgry jgms ci
tog tcjk``c.
0.:. C``urrgb`g kbm sprgkm ci tog jejet mesgksg
Cbdy wogb k mesgksg eb cbg cr tog ctogr `rcp oks kttkebgm su`o kb gxtgbt tokt
prk`te`ekbs jg`cfg kpprgogbsevg kjcut k nccm okrvgst, usukddy cbg sggs tokt tog
bg`gsskry kttgbtecb es nevgb tc su`o k pdknug. c toes `kusg et socudm `grtkebdy jg
kttrejutgm tokt, wogb gbqueregs krg fkmg kjcut tog ierst c``urrgb`g ci k mesgksg, tog
fcst mevgrsg mktk krg fgbtecbgm.
og skfg es trug icr tog jejet mesgksg, ogrg tcc et rg`gevgm bc kttgbtecb kt
ierst, wogb c``ksecbkddy k igw pdkbtdgts cb tog bursgry jgms megm, cr gvgb wogbscfgtefgs gbterg bursgry jgms ikedgm, ks et wks `kddgm gupogfeste`kddy. ^ogb tog
mkfkng eb`rgksgm `cbtebucusdy, pgcpdg wgrg nrkmukddy icr`gm tc tkag toes ikedurg
ebtc k``cubt, kbm tc pky kttgbtecb tc tog mesgksg syfptcfs. ous, tc fkby et wks
ks ei tog mesgksg eb ;??5 summgbdy okm fkmg ets gbtry. Ircf tog Fkdky QpgcpdgV,
woc nrgw tcjk``c icr k dcbngr tefg, cbg `cudm ocwgvgr dgkrb tokt kfcbn togf tog
jejet mesgksg, weto tog skfg syfptcfs ks tcmky, wks abcwb kdrgkmy kt kb gkrdegr
mktg.
Iurtogrfcrg, et wks ogkrm ircf scfg gstktgs tokt togy okm tc suiigr ci k skfg
pdknug kdrgkmy gkrdegr1 tog ygkrs ;?>?, ;??5 kbm ;?5:, rgnkrmgm jy scfg ks iktkd,
mrgw tog kttgbtecb mug tc tog fcrg gpemgfe` `okrk`tgr tokt tog mesgksg togbkssufgm. Eb ;?50 tog mesgksg stedd c``urrgm rktogr sgvgrgdy, eb ;?5= es wks rktogr
mry, tog mesgksg okm ocwgvgr kbytoebn jut meskppgkrgm, jut pgcpdg jgnkb tc kppdy
`cbtrcd fgksurgs, `cbtebugm eb ;?57, jy woe`o k pgrbe`ecus sprgkm ci tog jejet
mesgksg `cudm jg `cubtgrk`tgm. ^ogb pgcpdg jg`kfg ierst kttgbtevg tc tog jejet
mesgksg, et wks skem tokt cbdy Mgde wks kiig`tgm kbm Dkbnakt kbm Pgrmkbn rgfkebgm
irgg ircf tog pdknug. okt toes wcudm `cbtebug wks sccb socwb tc jg kb eddusecb.
Eb ;?50 sgvgrkd gstktgs eb Wppgr kbm Dcwgr Dkbnakt wgrg kdrgkmy kiig`tgm,
Pgrmkbn kbm tog `ckst wgrg togb skem tc jg irgg, jut eb ;?5= toes kdsc `kfg tc
kb gbm. Eb Dcwgr Dkbnakt cbg gstktg, dyebn rktogr escdktgm, sggfgm tc jg bcb-
sus`gptejdg, ubted bcw eb ;?57 summgbdy, k``crmebn tc tog fkbkngr, tog mesgksgkppgkrgm eb sgvgrkd sg`tecbs kbm tc k oeno mgnrgg.
ocuno et es citgb ci bct sc fu`o senbeie`kb`g, bcbgtogdgss tog wocdg ci Mgde
kbm Dkbnakt es ebig`tgm, e.g. tog ngrfs krg prgsgbt ks tog ubgxpg`tgm c``urrgb`g
ogrg kbm togrg ci mesgksgm jgms socws suiie`egbtdy.
Eb ;?50 tog cpebecb wks stedd su`o tokt tog mesgksg okm cbdy k febcr dc`kd
gxtgbt, sc tokt jejet wks pdkbtgm kt k rktogr dkrng s`kdg eb tog prcxefety ci tog gbm
stktecb ci tog Pgrmkbn debg ci tog Mgde rkedwkys, tc jg trkbspcrtgm dktgr tc Mgde icr
trkbspdkbtebn.;
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
43/208
=;
dkrng mefgbsecbs ks gdsgwogrg, tog ik`tcrs krg prgsgbt ebmggm tc dgt et nrcw ebtc k
`kdkfety togrg tcc.
Kt k tefg wogb Mgdes iuturg dccagm mkra kbm tog gbm ci tog tcjk``c `udturg
togrg wks kdrgkmy prgme`tgm jy scfg, pgcpdg kt tog `ckst wgrg ubkwkrg ci kby jejet
mesgksg kbm wketgm cbdy icr Mgdes rueb, rghce`gm tc rkesg tog ogkm kitgr kdd.oes ocpg sccb kppgkrgm tc jg vkeb jg`kusg tog jejet mesgksg fkmg ets gbtry kdsc
eb \kmkbn Jgdknge kbm mem bcteiy ocw fu`o tog icg socudm jg igkrgm dgst kmgquktg
fgksurgs rgstrkeb tog gved.
Ircf Ksskokb `kfg cbdy rufcurs tokt tog mesgksg wcudm jg togrg kdrgkmy, jut
bc `grtkebty togrgkjcut wks cjtkebgm. Ei wg sgt toes dkst krgk kpkrt, togb eb ik`t
bct k sebndg rgnecb ci tog tcjk``c-nrcwebn pkrt ci Pufktrks Gkst`ckst rgfkebs
ubebig`tgm kt toes fcfgbt (;?57).
Ks et sggfs iurtogrfcrg tokt tog ngrfs ci tog mesgksg krg kdrgkmy mespgrsgm eb
krgks wogrg tcjk``c wks bct ygt nrcwb, sc et kppgkrs tc mgpgbm cbdy cb sg`cbmkry
`cbmetecbs wogtogr tog mesgksg wedd sprgkm sc fu`o tokt tog jejet mesgksg jg`cfgsk pdknug. Pc fu`o sggfs ocwgvgr tc jg grtkeb tokt wogrgvgr tcjk``c es pdkbtgm eb
cur `cdcbegs cbg oks kdwkys tc tkag tog jejet mesgksg ebtc k``cubt, gvgb ei sog mcgs
bct kppgkr effgmektgdy eb su`o k stkra gxpkbsecb ks bcw eb Mgde.
^ogrg tcjk``c es nrcwb jy tog bktevgs icr tog dc`kd fkragt, et es eb tog bkturg
ci toebns meiie`udt tc cjtkeb suiie`egbt mktk kbm rgdekjdg ebicrfktecb kjcut tog
prgsgb`g ci cbg cr ctogr mesgksg kbm tog ikedurg ci k `rcp es usukddy kttrejutgm tc
`kusgs tokt surpkss poytcpktocdcne`kd `cb`gpts.
Cbdy togrg, wogrg Gurcpgkb gbgrny c``upegm etsgdi weto k `rcp, rgdekjdg
ebicrfktecb `kb scfgtefgs jg cjtkebgm. Jgsemgs cb Pufktrk cbg iebms tcjk``c
gstktgs eb Bcrto-Jcrbgc kbm cb Hkvk.;:K``crmebn tc stktgfgbt ci gyg wetbgssgs togskfg mesgksg ks eb Mgde c``urs cb Jcrbgc, weto wocddy emgbte`kd syfptcfs. ogy
wcudm okvg socwb up kdcbn tog Aebkjktkbnkb ks wgdd ks kdcbn tog Defjktcg, jut
ubted bcw cbdy spcrkme`.
Cb Hkvk tog mesgksg es jgttgr abcwb kbm ubmgr tog bkfg wgmkbnkb rktogr
igkrgm.;0Mug tc tog `urecus `rcppebn fgtocm kppdegm togrg tog mesgksg `cudm ubted
bcw bct kttkeb tog skfg gxpkbsecb ks eb Mgde. Pgdmcf cr bgvgr sc fkby bursgry
jgms okvg jggb dkem cut tcngtogr ks eb Mgde, wogrg tog pgcpdg krg nevgb k `grtkeb
kfcubt ci sggm ci woe`o togy fky nrcw jejet eb tog wky togy toeba iet. Ierst toes
es usukddy mcbg eb k rktogr prefetevg fkbbgr, woe`o ks wg wedd sgg dktgr, `kb okvg
kb ubikvcurkjdg giig`t cb tog sprgkm ci tog mesgksg, kbm sg`cbm, cbg bgvgr abcwsocw fkby jgms iked seb`g, ei cbg scwebn scfgtefgs ngts mesgksgm, k bgenojcur cr
iregbm wedd ogdp knkeb weto bgw sggm cr pdkbtdgts. ocuno ubted bcw bctoebn gdsg
es abcwb ci tog wgmkbnkb tokb tog mgs`reptecb kbm tog kssurkb`g ci tog Hkvk-
pdkbtgrs eb Mgde, tokt tog mesgksg socws tog skfg syfptcfs cb Hkvk, sc togrg gxests
bcbgtogdgss suiie`egbt prgsufptecb tc rgnkrm tog wgmkbnkb kbm tog jejet mesgksg
ks emgbte`kd.
E jgdegvg tc okvg cbg fcrg krnufgbt eb tog c``urrgb`g ci tog mesgksg kt
Juetgbzcrn, wogrg eb tog @udtuurtueb bursgry jgms okm jggb dkem cut kbm tog
mesgksg, wetocut ebig`tecb ircf Mgde, kppgkrgm wogrgks tog iurtogr stumy cb tog
setg socwgm tokt tog `kusg wks tog skfg.;=Cb Hkvk tcc tog jejet mesgksg es prgsgbt
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
44/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
45/208
=0
Eb tog iegdm et wks `dgkr tokt tog mesgksg kppgkrgm eb tog bursgry jgms cb cdm sced
ks wgdd ks cb sced wogrg tcjk``c bgvgr okm jggb nrcwb.
Et wks tocunot tokt kb escdktgm setuktecb ci tog bursgry jgms fenot jg kb
giig`tevg prg`kutecb kbm tous rgsgrvg jgms okm jggb dkem cut ogrg kbm togrg
eb escdktgm pdk`gs ci tog icrgst1 gvgb toes fgksurg wks bct kdwkys suiie`egbt tcprgvgbt ebig`tecb. Bgetogr tog sced typg, bcr kb escdktgm pcsetecb krg togrgicrg, eb
togfsgdvgs, suiie`egbt tc prgvgbt tog mesgksg1 bcr es tog kng ci tog jgms suetkjdg tc
stcp tog mgstru`tecbs jy tog jejet mesgksg.
^eto tog usukd fgtocm ci dky-cut gk`o `ccdeg fcstdy oks fkmg fudtepdg jgms,
`dcsg tc gk`o ctogr, kbm sgpkrktgm cbdy jy bkrrcw pktos. Ks bgw jgms krg rgnudkrdy
scwb gvgry > cr fcrg mkys, jgms ci meiigrgbt kngs krg `dcsg eb gk`o ctogrs prcxefety.
ocuno fcstdy cbg ci tog ycubngr jgms wks ierst kttk`agm, cbg oufem benot wks
scfgtefgs gbcuno tc `cfpdgtgdy mgstrcy su`o k `cfpdgx ci jgms ci meiigrgbt kngs.
og fcst ngbgrkd wky ci kppgkrkb`g es ebmggm, tokt scfg jgms, fcstdy tog ycubngr
cbgs, krg ierst ebig`tgm1 wogb tog sprgkm es bct stcppgm, tog fcst bgkrjy dyebn jgmskrg kttk`agm kbm sccb tog wocdg `cfpdgx es mesgksgm1 tog pktos jgtwggb tog jgms
kppkrgbtdy okvg bc giig`t. Eb fcst `ksgs tog ebig`tecb tkags pdk`g cvgr tog sced.
ocuno tog ierst ngrfs wgrg prcjkjdy trkbsigrrgm jy ker, icr tog iurtogr sprgkm toes
es bc dcbngr bg`gsskry.
Eb k sebndg `ksg tog gvemgb`g, tokt tog webm `cudm jdcw cvgr tog ngrfs, wks
`dgkr ircf tog ik`t tokt ierst scfg jgms, `dcsg tcngtogr, wgrg ebigstgm kbm dktgr
cb summgbdy scfg jgms s`kttgrgm ogrg kbm togrg. Ks tog dc`ktecb, wogrg tog jgms
okm jggb dkem cut, wks cpgb tc tog webm kt cbg semg cbdy, kbm dktgr tog mesgksgm
jgms wgrg kdd setuktgm eb cbg merg`tecb, wogrgks semgwkrm tog jgms wgrg ogkdtoy,
et wks cjvecus tokt tog webm okm pe`agm up kbm mespgrsgm tog ngrfs. Pu`o k wkyci mespgrskd `kb, ocwgvgr, jg cjsgrvgm cbdy rkrgdy, wogrg tog bkturkd stktg ci tog
dc`ktecb ci tog bursgry jgms ciigrs su`o k be`g cppcrtubety.
og fcst `cffcb fgtocm ci mespgrskd es meiigrgbt kbm tkags pdk`g jy merg`t
trkbsigr. Jy tog `ccdeg, cr ctogr pgrscbs, woc `kfg eb tcu`o weto mesgksgm pdkbts,
tog ngrfs krg trkbsigrrgm jy okbms cr `dctos tc bct ygt ebig`tgm pdk`gs. og skfg
`kb okppgb weto toger efpdgfgbts, thkbacds, wktgr `ksas, kbm sc cb.
Fcstdy cbg sggs tokt k jgm ngts mesgksgm ierst kt tog gmng1 togb, et es bgkrdy grtkeb
tokt tog ebig`tecb es jrcunot ircf gdsgwogrg. ^ogb sgvgrkd mesgksgm pdkbtdgts krg
s`kttgrgm, e.k. kt tog `gbtrg ci k jgm, et es prcjkjdg ebmggm tokt tog ebig`tecb wks
trkbsigrrgm kt dgkst bct jy tog merg`t ebidugb`g ci fkb.Cb`g tog mesgksg oks fkmg ets gbtry weto k `ccdeg, og usukddy trkbsigrs tog
ebig`tecb oefsgdi, wogb pe`aebn wcrfs kbm ebsg`ts, jy tcu`oebn bcw mesgksgm
kbm togb ogkdtoy pdkbtdgts, ei bct tog bg`gsskry prg`kutecbkry fgksurgs krg tkagb.
^g kdrgkmy pcebtgm cut tokt tog pktos jgtwggb tog jgms krg bct wemg gbcuno tc
prgvgbt sprgkmebn ci tog `kusg ci tog mesgksg cvgr tog sced1 citgb et es sggb toktrkmektebn ircf cbg jgm tog bgxt ngts mesgksgm, ierst kt tog bgkrgst gmng, kbm togb
nrkmukddy tog mesgksg sprgkms iurtogr kbm iurtogr ebsemg.
okt eb Mgde cbg ogkrs spgkaebn ci tog jejet mesgksg cbdy murebn k rgdktevgdy
socrt pgrecm ci tog ygkr es `cbbg`tgm weto tog fgtocm ci `udtevktecb seb`g tog
gstktgs fkag bursgry jgms murebn k igw fcbtos cbdy. Murebn tog dkrngst pkrt ci tog
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
46/208
==
ygkr togrg es bc jejet kbm ogb`g bc jejet mesgksg, jut eb ogr kppgkrkb`g tog mesgksg
es bct jcubm tc k `grtkeb sgkscb.
Pc et okppgbgm tokt jgms, dkem cut icr spg`ekd purpcsgs jgycbm tog bcrfkd
pdkbtebn tefg jg`kfg mesgksgm kdd tog skfg.
Gkrdy eb Fkr`o scwebn jgnebs. Ks dcbn ks tcjk``c es trkbspdkbtgm, bgw jgmskrg dkem cut gk`o tefg1 ebmggm cbg ogkrs bcw kbm togb fcrg kjcut tog mesgksg cb
togsg jgms tokb kt ctogr tefgs. Eb ;?50 e.k. kb kjbcrfkddy prcdcbngm mrcunot wks
prgvkdgbt eb scfg pkrts ci Mgde, k``crmebndy tog jejet mesgksg wks dgss sgvgrg kbm
gvgb prk`te`kddy meskppgkrgm ogrg kbm togrg. Ocwgvgr, ks sccb ks k rkeb socwgr igdd,
fgsskngs ci rgbgwgm kppgkrkb`g cr sprgkm ci tog pdknug krrevgm prcfptdy. Bct
sc fu`o tog kjscdutg kfcubt ci wktgr tokt `kfg mcwb ircf kjcvg okm kb giig`t
ogrg ks ebmggm tog oufemety ci tog ker. Pgvgrkd tefgs et wks cjsgrvgm tokt g.n. kitgr
k ogkvy rkeb socwgr cbdy dettdg mesgksg kppgkrgm, cr mem bct iurtogr sprgkm, wogb
k nccm subsoebg rkpemdy mregm tog sced. ^ogb tog say rgfkebgm `cvgrgm kbm tog
sced fcest, tog mesgksg pcppgm up knkeb gvgb kitgr k denot socwgr woe`o scfgtefgssocudm jg `cbsemgrgm ci bc efpcrtkb`g eb `cfpkrescb tc tog mcwbpcurs.
Gkrdegr kdrgkmy E gxpdkebgm tokt et oks tc jg ks`rejgm tc vkrecus `kusgs tokt eb
rg`gbt ygkrs fcrg es ogkrm kjcut tog jejet mesgksg tokb jgicrg, kdsc `okbngm rkeb
`cbmetecbs krg citgb fgbtecbgm ks k kusg. Bcw et sggfs ebmggm tokt tog rkebikdd eb
Mgde `okbngm. Pocrt ogkvy socwgrs kdtgrbktebn weto dgbntoy mrcunots rgpdk`gm tog
icrfgrdy fcrg rgnudkr `defktg kbm tog irgqugbtdy rg`urrebn fedm socwgrs.;>
@crrg`t mktk cb tog rgdktecb jgtwggb rkeb kbm jejet mesgksg krg, ocwgvgr,
meiie`udt tc cjtkeb kbm cbdy suppcsetecbs krg pgrfettgm ogrg, ks dcbn ks bc rgdekjdg
cjsgrvktecbs krg kvkedkjdg ogrg kjcut.
Ei cbg wkbts tc fkag `crrg`t rkeb cjsgrvktecbs eb rgdktecb tc toes pcebt, togysocudm jg fkmg cb tog sg`tecbs, eb tog femst ci tog pdkbtgm iegdms1 bct cb tog
ebstetutecb tokt scfgtefgs degs kt nrgkt mestkb`g.
g tous skw eb toes `okptgr tokt tog jejet mesgksg es bct cbdy icubm eb Mgde, jut
tokt kdsc gdsgwogrg, cb Hkvk kbm Jcrbgc, tog skfg pdknug c``urs.
Et wks mgfcbstrktgm eb mgtked tokt tog wocdg ci Mgde es ebig`tgm kbm QtoktV
sced typg bcr dc`ktecb icrf kb cjstk`dg tc ets kppgkrkb`g. Eb meiigrgbt ygkrs tog
sprgkm ci tog mesgksg wks bct kdwkys tog skfg, fkebdy wgktogr `cbmetecbs gxgrt
ebidugb`g ogrgupcb. og ebig`tecus `okrk`tgr ci tog mesgksg icddcws `dgkrdy ircf
tog kppgkrkb`g kbm sprgkm cvgr kdd Mgde1 stedd gksegr toes `cudm jg icddcwgm cb gk`o
gstktg sgpkrktgdy, kt k tefg wogb pgcpdg wgrg bct ygt sc fu`o kwkrg ci tog gved kstcmky kbm mem bct ygt spgbm sc fu`o giicrt tc `cbtrcd tog jejet mesgksg.
Bcw tokt eb rg`gbt ygkrs tog jejet mesgksg jg`kfg abcwb, tog cbtrcd cb rktecbkd
nrcubms wks kdsc tkagb up, weto tog `cbsgqugb`g tokt fkby ci tog setuktecbs
mgs`rejgm jgdcbn tc tog pkst kdrgkmy. Icr fkby gstktgs tog jejet mesgksg es bc dcbngr
k pdknug tokt torgktgbs tog okrvgst, tokbas tc kpprcprektg fgksurgs, jut cbdy k
mkbngr, tokt `kb jg `cbtrcddgm kbm rgstre`tgm wetoeb bkrrcw defets.;?
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
47/208
=7
0.0. Pyfptcfs kbm `okrk`tgreste`s ci tog jejet mesgksg
og bursgry jgms ci tog tcjk``c socw mevgrsg mesgksg syfptcfs1 tog jejet mesgksg
eb Mgde, ocwgvgr, es k spg`eie` mesgksg `okrk`tgresgm jy `grtkeb syfptcfs. ;5Peb`g
toes bkfg gbhcys su`o k skm rgputktecb kbm es eb ngbgrkd usg, wg okvg tocunot
et pgrfettgm tc usg toes bkfg, woe`o eb ik`t gxprgssgs k ngbgrkd `cb`gpt, icr tog
pkrte`udkr mesgksg ci woe`o tog mgs`reptecb icddcws ogrg.
Fu`o ci wokt kppgkrs eb tog icddcwebn pkngs oks jggb cffube`ktgm kdrgkmy eb
tog prgdefebkry rgpcrt eb bgkrdy tog skfg wcrmebn, tog pogbcfgbk k``cfpkbyebn
ets c``urrgb`g mem bct `okbng1 ogb`g wg fky dgt icddcw tog mgs`reptecb eb bgkrdy
tog skfg wcrms.k
og mesgksg es ierst sggb cb stedd ycubn pdkbtdgts, weto dgkidgts kt fcst : tc 0 `f
dcbn, jy tog merty nrgy-nrggb `cdcur woe`o tog dgki kssufgs. oes sorevgds up kbm
wogb tog mesgksg sprgkms ikst et sccb `okbngs ebtc k mkra-nrggb sdefy fkss `cvgrebn
tog surik`g ci tog bursgry jgm1 et dccas togb ks ei su`o k jgm oks jggb pcurgm cvgr
weto jcedebn wktgr, kbm quetg `okrk`tgreste`kddy `ocsgb es tog bkfg wgmkb icr toes
mesgksg cb Hkvk, woe`o ebme`ktgs tog skfg.:
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
48/208
=9
Pc, tog mgvgdcpfgbt ci tog dgki oks scfg rgdktecb weto tog fcmg ci kppgkrkb`g
ci tog idg`as. Et sggfs tokt tog vgry ycubngst dgki, weto ets wgga kbm scit tessug,
ciigrs k ikvcurkjdg nrcwto fgmeuf tc tog pkrksetg ci tog jejet mesgksg, sc tokt togrg
tog mesgksg rkrgdy rgstre`ts etsgdi tc cbg idg`a, jut sccb kttk`as tog wocdg dgki.
^eto cdmgr dgkvgs, okvebn fcrg rgsestkbt tessug, tog pkrksetg oks tc ienot knkebsttog rgsestkb`g ci tog dgki, tog fcrg sc wogb tog dgki es cdmgr kbm tog tessugs krg fcrg
sturmy. ^eto tog ycubngr dgkvgs wg sgg tog idg`as sprgkmebn ikstgst weto tog fcst
`cfpdgtg gxokustecb ci tog kiig`tgm pkrt ci tog dgki.
Eb tog jgnebbebn tog idg`as krg bct ygt sokrpdy mgiebgm, togy jg`cfg ierst vesejdg
ks k mkra-nrggb `cdcurgm `gbtrg weto fkrnebs vknugdy rubbebn cut. Dktgr tog ogkrt
ci tog idg`a mregs up kbm icrfs k dgkr trkbspkrgbt spct surrcubmgm jy k mkra-nrggb
jcrmgr woe`o sgpkrktgs tog idg`a ircf tog ogkdtoy pkrt ci tog dgki. Cb dkrngr dgkvgs
tog ierst kppgkrkb`g es tog skfg, togrg tcc tog `gbtrkd pkrt mregs up1 toes mcgs bct
jg`cfg sc trkbspkrgbt jut tkags k fcrg jrcwbeso tebt woe`o es kdtgrbktgdy denotgr
kbm mkragr jrcwb eb `cb`gbtre` `er`dgs.ogsg `er`dgs krg rgdktgm tc tog pgrecme`kd mgvgdcpfgbt1 et es ks ei tog pkrksetg
gk`o tefg tkags k rgst tc suffcb strgbnto kbm togb knkeb sprgkms gqukddy eb kdd
merg`tecbs, k pogbcfgbcb tokt c``urs citgb weto dgki idg`as.
Eb tog gbm tog `gbtrg mregs up `cfpdgtgdy, kdsc weto idg`as cb tog dkrngr dgkvgs,
kbm ierst jg`cfgs dgktogry kbm iebkddy ocrby kbm jrettdg.
Cb tog dkrng dgkvgs tog mestrejutecb ci tog idg`as es quetg errgnudkr1 scfgtefgs
togy crenebktg bgkr tog gmng, togb knkeb fcrg tcwkrm tog femmdg ci tog dgki jdkmg.
Eb toger gxpkbsecb togy krg stcppgm bgetogr jy sg`cbmkry bcr jy prefkry vgebs1
togsg krg sggb eb tog idg`a ks k mkra bgtwcra.
Peb`g tog idg`a gxpkbms rktogr rkpemdy, kbm tog ebig`tecb c``urs vgry gksedywogrg tog dgki tcu`ogs tog sced, cr es eb `cbtk`t weto ctogr ebig`tgm dgkvgs, cbg iebms
tog idg`as cb tog ycubngr dgki fcstdy kt tog gmng kbm fkebdy bgkr tog tcp, woe`o
spcbtkbgcusdy cr kt wktgrebn `kfg eb tcu`o weto tog sced.
oes c``urrgb`g ci tog idg`as kt tog gmng ci tog dgki dgkms, weto ycubn dgkvgs stedd
eb tog pgrecm ci vencrcus nrcwto, tc kb errgnudkr mgvgdcpfgbt, cbg okdi nrcwebn
strcbngr tokb tog ctogr wogrg tog idg`a dc`kddy efpgmgs tog mgvgdcpfgbt ci tog
dgki.
Pc cbg sggs fcstdy tokt tog ycubn dgkidgts kttk`agm jy tog jejet mesgksg okvg
ubgqukd dgki okdvgs kbm krg `urdgm kt tog tcp.
Pcfgtefgs toes es gvgb vesejdg wogb tog dgki es kdrgkmy ebig`tgm jut okrmdy socwset jy mes`cdcrktecb cr ctogrwesg.
Et es pcssejdg tc iebm idg`as cb tog pgtecdg wogb tog dgki jdkmg es ygt ubkiig`tgm.
og pgtecdg kssufgs k mkragr `cdcur kbm iebkddy tog vks`udkr strkbms krg sggb ks k
iebg jdk`a strepg eb tog mes`cdcurgm tessug.
^ogb tog stgf ci tog ycubn pdkbt es kttk`agm, wogrgks tog ctogr pkrts ci tog
pdkbtdgt krg stedd ogkdtoy, tog pkrt bgkr tc tog sced es usukddy mkra dgkm-`cdcurgm. og
gpemgrfes, woe`o kt ierst es scit, jg`cfgs sdefy kbm iebkddy mregs ebtc k okrm ndkssy
saeb.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
49/208
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
50/208
=?
ogrg es kbctogr wky tc ebig`t tog dkrng dgki. Ei togrg es jejet mesgksg scfgwogrg
eb tog bursgry jgms kbm eb tog fcrbebn tog ccdeg ncgs wcrf pe`aebn, og fky krry
tog ngrfs ci tog mesgksg weto oef cb `dctos kbm okbms. Bcw og ncgs tc dcca kitgr
tog dkrng tcjk``c kbm trkbsigrs tog ngrfs. Cbdy k igw pdkbts krg suiie`egbt tc sprgkm
tog mesgksg iurtogr gvgry mky1 tog ierst ebig`tgm pdkbts togrgupcb sgrvg ks k scur`gicr iurtogr ebig`tecb. oes wedd okppgb fkebdy weto kdrgkmy dkrng tcjk``c wogrg tog
dgkvgs kddcw jut dettdg spk`g jgtwggb tog pdkbt rcws. Eb tokt `ksg tog idg`as c``ur
bgkr tog teps ci tog dgkvgs cr kdsc cb tog fem vgeb fcrg tcwkrm tog femmdg ci tog
dgki. og rgkscb es tokt kt tog tefg wogb tog `ccdeg wkdas torcuno tog tcjk``c tog
dgkvgs krg kdrgkmy defpebn kt toger tep. ^eto tog c``urrgb`g ci tog mesgksg eb toes
icrf et `kb jg cjsgrvgm tokt tocsg dgkvgs gspg`ekddy, tokt `cfg ebtc `cbtk`t weto
tog pgrscb fcvebn jgtwggb tog pdkbts, ngt mesgksgm kbm idg`agm, tog oenogr dgkvgs
krg usukddy ogkdtoy.
Cb sgvgrkd gstktgs et wks sggb tokt tog ebig`tecb tcca pdk`g eb toes wky. Eb cbg
`ksg tog dkrng dgkvgs gxoejetgm idg`as eb k wocdg sg`tecb cb twc bcb-bgenojcurebn`ccdeg-iegdms. Eb tog skfg sg`tecb tog jejet mesgksg okm jggb rktogr sgvgrg, jut
wks `cbtrcddgm su``gssiuddy ks gvemgb`gm jy tog ogkdtoy kppgkrkb`g ci tog tcjk``c.
Wpcb ebquery et kppgkrgm tokt togsg twc `ccdegs, okvebn okm tog mesgksg kt k dcw
dgvgd, dktgr okm puddgm up tog pdkbtdgts jut wetocut rgpcrtebn toes, jg`kusg kdd
sggfgm tc gbm wgdd. Bcw togy stccm jgicrg toger mesgksgm dkrng pdkbts kbm okm tc
suiigr icr toger `krgdgssbgss.:=Eb toes wky ci c``urrgb`g tog rgkd `kusg es tog mesgksg
cb tog bursgry jgms, kbm tog skfg es trug icr kbctogr fcmg ci c``urrgb`g cb tog
dkrng pdkbts wogrg bct tog dgki jut tog stkda es kttk`agm. Ogrg knkeb, tog ebig`tecb es
trkbsigrrgm eb cbg wky cr kbctogr ircf tog jejet, cr weto tog jejet, cr tog pdkbtebn
wks mcbg cb ebig`tgm sced. Ks wg wedd sgg dktgr tog ngrfs ci tog mesgksg fky kt tefgsrgfkeb eb tog sced icr k dcbngr pgrecm, wogb mesgksgm jejet okm jggb cb tog spct
jgicrg.
^ogb tog `cbsgqugb`gs ci tog jejet mesgksg fkag togfsgdvgs igdt cb dkrng pdkbts,
tog mkfkng es tog nrgktgr tog fcrg tog pdkbts krg mgvgdcpgm1 citgb es jg`cfgs
efpcssejdg tc rgpdk`g tog mgkm pdkbts jy ieddebn up, kbm k dkrng pkrt ci tog gxpg`tgm
okrvgst ngts dcst.
^ogb tog fcrbebn mgw oks deitgm kbm cbg wkdas torcuno tog tcjk``c iegdms, tog
pdkbts kttk`agm ks fgkbt kjcvg `kt`o tog gyg jg`kusg tog dgkvgs krg defp, scfgtefgs
cbdy tog dcwgst, scfgtefgs kdd. K pg`udekrety ogrgweto es tokt cbdy tog dgkvgs cb cbg
semg ci tog pdkbt krg defpebn wogrgks tog ctogrs fkebtkeb toger bcrfkd pcsetecb.og defp dgkvgs krg prg`esgdy tocsg tokt wgrg kdrgkmy subdet wogb tog ctogrs
wgrg stedd eb tog sokmg. oes syfptcf ebme`ktgs tokt tog defpebn ci tog dgki es k
senb ci wktgr socrtkng woe`o tog tcjk``c pdkbt wedd socw kt tog dgkst mesturjkb`g
jg`kusg tog gvkpcrktebn krgk ci tog dgki es sc dkrng.
Fcstdy cbg iebms sgvgrkd tcjk``c pdkbts tcngtogr weto defpebn dgki, scfgtefgs
togsg krg defetgm gxk`tdy tc cbg cr igw iegdms. Eb fcst `ksgs ebquery socwgm tokt
ierst tog pdkbts okm jggb trkbspdkbtgm jy cbg kbm tog skfg `ccdeg kbm iurtogrfcrg
tokt tog pdkbtebn fktgrekd okm jggb tkagb getogr ircf bursgry jgms wogrg tog
mesgksg okm kdrgkmy kppgkrgm jgicrg cr ircf jgms eb tog effgmektg bgenojcuroccm
ci kttk`agm QcbgsV.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
51/208
=5
\uddebn up su`o k pdkbt tokt socws wktgr socrtkng, et streags cbg effgmektgdy
ocw pccrdy et es rcctgm eb tog sced1 dccaebn kt tog stkda et wedd jg icubm tokt ci tog
pkrt, `cvgrgm weto sced murebn remnebn, tog jkra es jdk`agbgm cvgr scfgtefgs k
`cbsemgrkjdg krgk kbm pusogm eb, ks et wgrg. ^ogb tog mesgksg oks prcnrgssgm ikr et
fky jg tokt tog jkra oks rcttgb kwky bgkrdy `cfpdgtgdy, togb tog rccts okvg kdscbgkrdy tctkddy mg`kygm, tog rcct jkra dgts cii gksedy kbm ogkdtoy, bcrfkd dktgrkd rccts
krg gx`gptecbkd.
Jgsemgs tog jejet mesgksg scfg ctogr pgsts c``ur cb tog dkrng tcjk``c pdkbts
woe`o fkbeigst togfsgdvgs jy syfptcfs ci wktgr mgie`et.
^etocut ygt tkaebn rg`cursg tc fe`rcs`cpe`kd gxkfebktecb et es prgtty `grtkeb
tokt, wogb tog stkda es jdk`a-`cdcurgm kt tog dcwgr gbm kbm tog fkrrcw oks mregm
up eb pdktgdgts, woe`o ebsemg tog stkda okvg tog kppgkrkb`g ci k ocbgy`cfj, tog
pdkbt megm ircf jejet mesgksg.
Eb k prg`gmebn `okptgr wg kdrgkmy fgbtecbgm tokt tog `cbmetecb ci tog sced okm
bc giig`t cb tog c``urrgb`g ci tog jejet mesgksg1 jut wg okvg tc kmm scfg rgstre`tecbeb ks ikr ks et jg`kfg gvemgbt tokt fcest pkrts ikvcur tog gxtgbsecb kbm sprgkm ci
tog mesgksg. ogrg tog pkrksetg mgvgdcps gksegr kbm et fky tous okppgb tokt cb
jcnny sced tog jejet mesgksg, ircf k sfkdd spct tokt wks ebig`tgm scfgocw, sprgkms
cvgr cr fkyjg kdsc torcuno tog sced. Eb toes `ksg tog `cbmetecb ci tog sced oks kb
giig`t ebmggm.
Iurtogrfcrg tog sced etsgdi `kb jg ebig`tgm. ^ogb g.n. tog mesgksg oks jggb
prgsgbt eb tog bursgry jgms ci k sg`tecb murebn k ygkr kbm tokt peg`g ci dkbm oks bct
jggb mesebig`tgm kmgquktgdy, tog ngrfs survevgm eb tog sced.
Gspg`ekddy eb tog pkst, wogb tog bursgry jgms ngbgrkddy wkrg dkem cut cb k
tgrrkeb tokt wks pdkbtgm weto tcjk``c eb tog skfg ygkr, toes okppgbgm sgvgrkd tefgs,kbm dktgr tog dkrng tcjk``c megm, gvgb wogb `krg wks tkagb tc usg jejet ks ogkdtoy
kbm vencrcus ks pcssejdg.
og ngrfs fky rgfkeb eb tog sced gvgb kitgr ygkrs wetocut dcsebn toger bcxecus
`kpk`ety wogb togy rgsufg mgvgdcpfgbt. Cb kb gstktg, wogrg tog jejet mesgksg okm
jggb rktogr sgvgrg eb k rgdktevgdy sfkdd krgk, tcjk``c wks pdkbtgm ierst, woe`o megm,
kbm dktgr eb tog skfg ygkr re`g. Icddcwebn tog re`g okrvgst k dkdkbn wedmgrbgss sccb
kppgkrgm woe`o wks dgit ubmesturjgm icr twc ygkrs, wetocut k senb tokt tog dkdkbn
fky okvg nrcwb dgss tokb gdsgwogrg cb tokt setg. ^ogb eb tog toerm ygkr tcjk``c
wks pdkbtgm cb tog skfg dkbm gvgrytoebn megm kbm tog pkrksetg ci tog jejet mesgksg
wks icubm eb tog mgkm pdkbts. Ctogr pdkbts eb tog skfg sg`tecb rgfkebgm ogkdtoy.^ogb tog ebig`tecb `cfgs eb toes wky ircf tog sced tog pdkbts meg eb tog skfg
wky ks mgs`rejgm kjcvg1 ierst wg sgg tog syfptcfs ci wktgr mgie`egb`y woedg eb tog
gbm tog fkrrcw mregs up eb pdktgdgts.
Iebkddy kbctogr wky socudm jg fgbtecbgm eb woe`o tog sced ngts scfgtefgs
ebig`tgm.
^ogb gkrtoebn up et es `ustcfkry ogrg kbm togrg tc tkag kwky tog ubmgrdgki
pdk`ebn et jgtwggb tog pdkbts, dktgr togsg dgkvgs wedd jg `cvgrgm weto sced. ^etocut
kmc et wedd jg `dgkr tokt tog sced jg`cfgs ebig`tgm wogb mesgksgm dgkvgs krg juregm
eb toes wky. og pkrksetg kttk`as tog stkda kt tog dcwgst pkrt, kbm pgbgtrktgs et tc mc
ets mgstru`tevg wcra.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
52/208
7<
Icr cfpdgtgbgss skag et jg fgbtecbgm tokt tog jejet mesgksg fky gbmkbngr gvgb
`ut tcjk``c. ^ogb pdkbts krg `ut kbm okrvgstgm woe`o kt toger dcwgst pkrt krg ygt
dettdg kttk`agm kbm sggfebndy ogkdtoy, kbm oubn eb tog mryebn sogms, tog stgf turbs
ebtgbsgdy jdk`a eb k ikr socrtgr tefg tokb usukd, ks okppgbs weto ogkdtoy pdkbts
cbdy wogb tog dgki es bgkrdy tctkddy mry. Ogrg, ocwgvgr, tog dgki es `cfpkrktevgdyikr tcc fcest, kbm skprcpoyte` crnkbesfs, woe`o sgttdg prgigrkjdy eb togsg mesgksgm
pdkbts, sprgkm rkpemdy kbm kttk`a tog dgki stkdas woe`o jg`cfg rcttgb. K mkbngr
fu`o tc jg igkrgm wogb igrfgbtebn seb`g kt jubmdebn et fky pkss ircf cbg dgki
stkda tc tog ctogr.
ogrgicrg et es kmveskjdg, wogb cbg iebms tc okvg su`o mesgksgm stkdas eb tog
mryebn sogm, tc pe`a tog dgkvgs sccb, wogb tog dgki stkda es stedd ogkdtoy, kbm tc mry
tog dgki sgpkrktgdy, tc aggp et dktgr kpkrt kt jubmdebn.
okt et es iurtogrfcrg kmveskjdg tc mgstrcy tog mesgksgm, jdk`a stkdas, prgigrkjdy
tc jurb togf, wedd jg cjvecus.
Puffkresebn wg skw ocw tog mesgksg c``urs cb bursgry jgms, ocw et sprgkmsdktgr kbm es trkbsigrrgm kbm kttk`as tog dkrng pdkbts merg`tdy cr ebmerg`tdy.
g ebvgstenktgm ubmgr wokt pogbcfgbk dkrngr kbm sfkddgr pdkbtdgts megm, wg
skw tokt tog mesgksg `kb kdsc c``ur cb bgkrdy kmudt dgki kbm togrg `kb jg`cfg
mkbngrcus. Kdsc wg gxpdkebgm ocw dkrng pdkbts meg1 wokt tog syfptcfs krg kbm
ocw tog ebig`tecb `kb jg trkbsigrrgm. Ocw mkbngrcus, fkebdy icr dkrngr pdkbts, k
sced ebig`tecb es (icr jejet dgss ks cbg sggs et gkrdegr kbm `kb k`querg ctogr pdkbtebn
fktgrekd) kbm Qocw etV `kb rgfkeb dktgbt icr ygkrs. Iebkddy wg mgs`rejgm ocw tog
jejet mesgksg fky fkag etsgdi igdt gvgb eb kdrgkmy `ut tcjk``c.
0.=. Fe`rcs`cpe` gxkfebktecb ci tog pdkbts kttk`agm jy jejetmesgksg
g kdrgkmy mgs`rejgm ocw cb tog stedd vgry ycubn pdkbtdgts tog ierst senbs ci tog
jejet mesgksg jg`cfg vesejdg jy tog nrgy-nrggb cdcur ci tog dgkidgts, woedg tog idg`as
krg togb bct ygt wgdd vesejdg.
Wpcb fe`rcs`cpe` kbkdyses ci su`o k dgkidgt k bgtwcra ci iubnkd torgkms es icubm
cb tog dgkis surik`g. @dgkr kbm weto strcbndy rgirk`tebn wkdd togsg torgkms nevg k
nrgy oug tc tog nrggb `cdcur ci tog dgki.
Ogrg kbm togrg cbg sggs k iubnkd torgkm pgbgtrktebn torcuno k stcfk, woe`o
togb iurtogr sprgkms torcuno tog ebtgr`gddudkr `kvetegs eb tog pkrgb`oyfk.Pccb, tog `odcrcpdksts dcsg toger `dgkr `cdcur kbm jg`cfg bgkrdy `cfpdgtgdy
mescrnkbezgm1 kitgr k igw mkys cbg iebms cb kbm eb su`o k dgkidgt k re`o vgngtktecb ci
skprcpoyte` crnkbesfs woe`o `cbtrejutg tc tog iurtogr mescrnkbezktecb ci tog dgki.
og iubnkd torgkms, kjcut 7 tc 9 toe`a, krg `okrk`tgrezgm jy toger gxtrgfgdy
toeb, `dgkr wkdd woe`o gb`dcsgs k nrkbudktgm `cbtgbt. og dkttgr `cbsests fkebdy ci
prctgebk`gcus jcmegs1 ced mrcpdgts krg prk`te`kddy kjsgbt. Ks toes nrkbudktgm fkttgr
oks tog prcpgrty tc rgtkeb strcbn mygs (e.k. kbedebg-jdug) et es gksy tc fkag tog
torgkms vesejdg jy `cdcurebn, kdsc ebsemg k tessug.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
53/208
7;
Jgsemgs jy toger toe`abgss kbm nrkbudktgm `cbtgbt togsg iubnkd torgkms krg
iurtogr `okrk`tgrezgm jy tog bgkrdy `cfpdgtg kjsgb`g ci sgptkg, sc tokt tog torgkm
es ube`gddudkr eb tog jctkbe`kd-tkxcbcfe` sgbsg. C``ksecbkddy, pkrt ci tog `cbtgbts
eb cbg torgkm krg cbtrk`tgm, mug tc scfg kusg, dgkvebn ks et wgrg k pkrtdy gfptegm
torgkm. okt pkrt togb es sgpkrktgm ircf tog rgst jy k iebg sgptuf. Ctogrwesg togiubnkd torgkm, wogb nrcwebn ubefpgmgm, es gdcbnktgm kbm cbdy spkrsgdy jrkb`ogm.
og mesgksg kppgkrs kbm es dgkrdy vesejdg fkebdy eb spcts wogrg ngrfdebns stkbm
`dcsg tcngtogr. Eb togsg spcts tog iubnkd torgkms `kb scfgtefgs jg sggb weto tog
bkagm gyg. Ks k iebg bgtwcra togy rgk`o ircf cbg pdkbtdgt tc tog ctogr kbm `rggp
cb cvgr tog sced.
^ogb tog mesgksg kppgkrgm rg`gbtdy cb k bursgry jgm scfgtefgs cbdy tog
fkrnebs ci tog dgkidgts krg kiig`tgm, tog rgfkebebn pkrt ci tog dgki, tog pgtecdg kbm
tog trubadgt mc bct ygt socw kby trk`g ci tog iubnus, kdsc ebtgrbkddy. Jut wogb su`o
k pdkbtdgt es `krgiuddy puddgm up ircf tog sced et streags tokt tog rcctdgt es jrcwb-
`cdcurgm kbm pccrdy mgvgdcpgm eb `cfpkrescb weto ogkdtoy ebmevemukds. og `kusgci toes `cudm bct jg emgbteiegm1 rgpgktgm fe`rcs`cpe` stumegs dgm tc bc rgsudt.
og stkng, murebn woe`o tog iubnkd torgkms stedd okvg su`o k sfkdd gxtgbt, es
usukddy rktogr jregi, tog pkrksetg pgbgtrktgs iurtogr kbm tog pdkbtdgt megs.
Et fky, ocwgvgr, okppgb tokt icr scfg rgkscb cr ctogr tog mesgksg `cfgs tc k
stkbmstedd kbm tokt, wogb tog `cbmetecbs `cbtebug tc jg ikvcurkjdg, tog rgfkebebn
dgkidgts krg bct okfpgrgm eb toger mgvgdcpfgbt. ^eto su`o k jejet cbdy tog dcwgst
dgkidgts, okbnebn defp, krg kttk`agm, tog pgtecdg etsgdi kppgkrebn ogkdtoy.
^ogb su`o k jejet oks kttkebgm tog sezg ci bcrfkd pdkbtebn fktgrekd kbm es
trkbspdkbtgm tog pdkbtdgt kb stedd krry tog ngrfs ci tog mesgksg wetoeb etsgdi. Dktgr,
togsg mgvgdcp fcrg, pgbgtrktg iurtogr, kbm iebkddy aedd tog dkrngr pdkbts kdrgkmytrkbspdkbtgm.
Ei tog wgktogr es bct tcc fcest dettdg fcrg tokb k toeb saeb rgfkebs ci k dgki
kttk`agm jy jejet mesgksg.
Ei togrg es suiie`egbt fcesturg tc kddcw rkpem nrcwto ci tog iubnkd torgkms, kbm
tog wgktogr kdsc ikvcurs tog k`tevety ci ctogr skprcpoyte` crnkbesfs, tog dgki fgdts
ks et wgrg ebtc k sdefy nrggb fkss.
K igw mkys dktgr cbdy rct-kssc`ektgm crnkbesfs krg icubm eb tokt nrggb fkss, tog
iubnus eb turb oks mg`kygm `cfpdgtgdy kbm meskppgkrgm.
Ks fgbtecbgm jgicrg et wks streaebn tokt eb ;?5: tog jejet mesgksg kppgkrgm eb
tog ycubngr jgms, eb tog wky ks hust mgs`rejgm, dgkvebn k sdefy nrggb fkss.og gx`gptecbkd kfcubt ci rkeb murebn tog pdkbtebn pgrecm ci tokt ygkr kbm tog
vgry oufem wgktogr `cudm pcssejdy gxpdkeb toes pogbcfgbcb.
Eb ;?5: tog rkebikdd wks eb Igjrukry :7? ff, Fkr`o ;:> ff kbm Kpred :??
ff, wogrgks tog prg`epetktecb icr togsg fcbtos `kd`udktgm cvgr twgbty ygkrs wks
cb kvgrkng eb Igjrukry 5< ff, Fkr`o 5< ff, kbm Kpred ;0= ff.
og nrgkt giig`t ci fcesturg cb tog rkpem sprgkm ci tog iubnus wks kdsc
mgfcbstrktgm gxpgrefgbtkddy jy pdk`ebn, cb k bursgry jgm wogrg tog mesgksg okm
kppgkrgm, k jgdd hkr cvgr pkrt ci tog mesgksgm pdkbtdgts, jy woe`o togsg pdkbtdgts wgrg
jrcunot eb k fcrg oufem ktfcspogrg tokb tog ctogrs. K socrt woedg dktgr cbdy k
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
54/208
7:
nrggb fkss wks dgit ubmgr tog jgdd hkr wogrgks tog ctogr pdkbtdgts wgrg mesgksgm
ebmggm, jut bct jy ikr `cfpdgtgdy mesebtgnrktgm.
og ogkrt ci tog bursgry pdkbtdgts scfgtefgs kb jg kttk`agm wogrgks tog ctogr
dgkvgs stedd dcca ogkdtoy. Cb tog ik`g ci et tog pdkbtdgt stedd dccas irgso jut upcb
`dcsgr gxkfebktecb cbg sggs tokt tog ycubngst dgkidgts, stedd oemebn eb tog jum,kdrgkmy socw trk`gs ci tog mesgksg. Ierst togy krg mkra-nrggb, sccb jdk`a-jrcwb
`cdcurgm, kbm togy okvg dcst toger sturmebgss. Wpcb fe`rcs`cpe` gxkfebktecb ci
su`o k dgkidgt cbg iebms tog skfg type`kd iubnkd torgkms ks mgs`rejgm jgicrg.
orcuno tog pgtecdgs tog iubnus sccb iebms ets wky tc ctogr crnkbs kbm socrtdy
aedds tog gbterg pdkbtdgt.
^eto cdmgr pdkbts toes fcmg ci kttk`a es quetg rkrg. oes icrf ci jejet mesgksg
es icubm fcst weto pdkbtdgts kjcut cbg mg`efgtrg oeno. Peb`g bgetogr tog trubadgt
bcr tog dcwgr dgkvgs socwgm kby senb ci mesgksg wogb tog ogkrt wks kttk`agm, wg
okvg ogrg cb`g fcrg k `ksg eb woe`o tog ngrfs ci tog mesgksg okm jggb trkbspcrtgm
torcuno tog ker eb cbg wky cr kbctogr kbm igdd mcwb eb tog ogkrt ci tog pdkbt.Eb k prgvecus `okptgr wg kdrgkmy mgs`rejgm ocw, cb kmudt dgkvgs tcc, tog jejet
mesgksg fky kppgkr ks idg`as tokt eb kppgkrkb`g krg `cfpdgtgdy sefedkr tc wokt wg
icubm cb ycubngr dgki. g ebme`ktgm kdrgkmy tokt bgetogr femrejs bcr semg bgrvgs
`cudm stcp tog gxpkbsecb ci tog idg`a.
Icr tog sprgkm torcuno tog vks`udkr strkbms tog pcssejedetegs krg igwgr tokb eb
tog dccsg pkrgb`oyfktcus icdekr tessug, jut et fky okppgb tokt tog iubnkd torgkms
pgbgtrktg ebtc tog iejrgs kbm vgssgds getogr torcuno merg`t pgricrktecb ci tog wkdds
cr torcuno bkturkd cpgbebns. Cb`g tog iubnus oks gbtgrgm tog dufgb et sprgkms
togrgeb weto gdcbnktgm, pccrdy jrkb`ogm torgkms.
Citgb wg cjsgrvgm, gxkfebebn k vks`udkr strkbm tokt rkb torcuno k idg`a, iubnkdtorgkms tokt okm icubm toger wky kdrgkmy kt k rktogr dkrng mestkb`g ircf tog idg`as
`cbtcurs.
Eb tog prg`gmebn `okptgr wg mgs`rejgm ocw tog `cbsgqugb`gs ci kb kttk`a ci
tog jejet `cudm fkag togfsgdvgs igdt eb bgkrdy kmudt pdkbts, ocw dk`a ci wktgr kbm
sujsgqugbt mgkto krg tog gxtgrbkd syfptcfs ci toes. og truba cdcurs jdk`a kt tog
dcwgr gbm kbm sccb rcts kwky. ^eto bgkrdy tog skfg syfptcfs tog pdkbts meg tokt
krg pdkbtgm eb ebig`tgm sced, ogrg tcc tog truba jdk`agbs kt tog dcwgr gbm kbm tog
pdkbt sccb socws kdd tog syfptcfs ci wktgr mgie`et.
Fe`rcs`cpe` gxkfebktecb socwgm tog skfg iubnus eb tog jdk`a spcts ci tog
mesgksgm trubas. ogsg torgkms krg icubm cvgr kb kdrgkmy rktogr dkrng gxtgbt ebtog stedd nrggb `cdcurgm jkra bgkr tc tog mesgksgm pkrt. @cfebn `dcsg jy wg iebm
tog iubnkd torgkms eb tog ebtgrecr ci tog `gdds, scfgtefgs strkenot k`rcss tog `gdd,
scfgtefgs sgvgrkd eb k jubmdg ieddebn tog `gdds dufgb. Eb tog wccm, wogrg tog
iejrgs rub `dcsgdy tcngtogr wetocut dgkvebn kby spk`g kbm toe`agbgm wkdds icrf kb
cjstk`dg tc tog iubnus, sog iebms ogr wky torcuno tog pets kbm pgbgtrktgs iurtogr
ebwkrm torcuno tog pkrgb`oyfktcus pkrts ci tog fgmuddkry rkys. Gspg`ekddy eb
k trkbsvgrsg sg`tecb torcuno k truba, eb tog kttk`agm pkrt, toes sprgkmebn ci tog
torgkms `kb jg icddcwgm `dgkrdy.
-
8/10/2019 9789088902833 - Zadoks 2014 - Black Shank of Tobacco in the Former Dutch East Indies - E-book
55/208
70
Eb tog `gdds ci tog fgmuddkry rky cbg `kb kdwkys iebm iubnkd torgkms1 gx`gpt icr
dcsebn toger `cbtgbt tog `gdds okrmdy `okbng, tog wkdds `cdcurebn jrcwb cbdy wogb
tog stgf es bgkrdy `cfpdgtgdy mgkm.
og ctogr wccm-gdgfgbts ci su`o kb kiig`tgm pkrt socw, ocwgvgr, tog cbsgt
ci mescrnkbezktecb jy toger jrcwb-`cdcurgm scfgtefgs rgsebcus `cbtgbt. ^ogbtog mescrnkbezktecb oks prcnrgssgm fu`o iurtogr dkrng bufjgrs ci jk`tgrekd
`cdcbegs `kb jg icubm eb tog nrgktgr vgssgds jut toes es tog c``urrgb`g ci sg`cbmkry,
skprcpoyte` crnkbesfs.
Eb tog `kfjekd pkrt ci tog truba tog iubnus iebms ets wky gksedy, kbm sccb
pgbgtrktgs ebtc tog peto wogrg tog pkrksetg sprgkms rkpemdy.
og ebtgr`gddudkr `kvetegs krg dkrng, tog jen pkrgb`oyfk `gdds ciigr iccm kbm
fcesturg kjubmkbtdy, sc tokt tog peto es kttk`agm ikrtogr tokb tog jdk`agbebn ci tog
stgf dgts us suppcsg.
og peto es icrfgm jy k rktogr dccsg tessug ci toeb-wkddgm `gdds woe`o krg sccb
mescrnkbezgm, tog `gdds dgt gk`o ctogr dccsg, `cddkpsg, kbm soreba ebtc ocrezcbtkddkygrs tokt nevg tog ebsemg ci tog se`a pdkbt tog kppgkrkb`g ci k ocbgy`cfj.
\cssejdy tog ebtgr`gddudkr sprgkm ci tog iubnus es rgdktgm tc toes pogbcfgbcb,
tokt tog `gdds dgt cii sc gksedy.
^ogrg tog dgkvgs krg efpdkbtgm cb tog truba tog `cogrgb`g ci tog wccmy
`ydebmgr es ebtgrruptgm, tog tessugs ci tog pgtecdg togrg hceb tocsg ci tog truba.
Eb k sefedkr wky tog peto es `cbbg`tgm weto tog pkrgb`oyfk eb tog pgtecdg wetoeb
tog `er`dg ci vks`udkr strkbms. Kdcbn toes wky tog iubnus iebms tog cppcrtubety tc
nrcw ebtc icdekr tessugs, ks okppgbs rktogr rkpemdy. Pccb tog dgki mrcps cii, jg`kusg
tog tessugs eb tog dgki kxeds mg`ky kbm sc k `cffube`ktecb weto tog ebtgrecr ci tog
pdkbt citgb `cfgs ebtc jgebn. ^eto gkrtoebn up gspg`ekddy toes cpgbebn es `cvgrgmweto sced kbm tous kb gksy kvgbug es `rgktgm icr tog pgbgtrktecb ci kdd scrts ci
skprcpoytgs.
Kitgr gkrtoebn up dktgrkd rccts citgb kppgkr woe`o krg kttk`agm tcc kbm meg ei
togy krg wetoeb tog `er`dg ci tog pkrksetgs sprgkm.
Jgicrg, wg ebme`ktgm kdrgkmy ocw k truba es peb`ogm eb, ks et wgrg, cb tog
pdk`g ci jdk`agbebn, ci woe`o tog gxpdkbktecb es tc jg icubm eb tog `cddkpsg ci tog
pkrgb`oyfktcus jkra gdgfgbts icddcwebn toger mescrnkbezktecb.
^ogb tog iubnus oks sprgkm nrkmukddy kbm iebkddy oks kttk`agm tog wocdg
`er`ufigrgb`g ci tog truba, tog pdkbt sccb megs kbm tog rcct systgf rkpemdy ncgs
rcttebn.og icrgncebn `dkreiegs wokt `kusgs kdd senbs ci wktgr mgie`et ci dkrng pdkbts
kttk`agm jy jejet mesgksg. Jet jy jet kdd pktos `cbmu`tebn wktgr tc tog dgki-jgkrebn
truba krg jdc`agm cr mescrnkbezgm, eb tog gbm tog wocdg rcct systgf rcts kwky.
^ogb tog mesgksg es eb tog ierst stkng suiie`egbt fcesturg `kb stedd jg suppdegm,
wogb trkbsperktecb es fcmgrktg, tc prcvemg k irgso