977 - Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-49823-4 — UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial ArbitrationIlias Bantekas , Pietro Ortolani , Shahla Ali , Manuel A. Gomez , Michael Polkinghorne IndexMore Information

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INDEX

AAA (American ArbitrationAssociation), 559, 594, 641,694, 767

absolute authority, 619abuses, 74, 76, 80, 84–85, 87, 91, 95, 296,

385, 386, 719, 722–723of process, 726–727

acceptance, statements of, 210, 215acquiescence, 46–47actions, scope of term, 144–145ad hoc arbitrations, 28–30, 104, 143,

151, 242, 545, 599, 752, 829ad hoc rules, 192, 601additional awards, 753, 809, 827, 832,

835, 837, 843, 845–850,853–855, 856, 896, 963

address, last-known, 67–68, 828, 949addressees, 50, 53, 60–61, 63, 65–66,

68–69, 390, 605, 828, 855addresses

effective, 64, 67mailing, 50, 53–54, 61–62, 65–66, 67,

605, 828, 949adequacy of damages, 503, 507adequate remedy, 506–507adequate security, 317, 413, 420adjournment, 535, 933, 975adjudication, private, 118, 138, 223,

227, 876adjudicators, 215–217, 673, 794adjudicatory powers, 127, 897administrative functions, 105administrative secretaries, 213–214admissibility, 79, 199, 308, 524, 531,

539–542, 544–546, 557,558–560, 561, 664, 723

of evidence, 530, 557, 560, 562of pre-contractual negotiations, 559

adverse inferences, 468, 696, 713

advisability, 188, 204–205agreed terms, awards on, 772, 776, 778,

780, 805, 822, 844, 908–909agreement(s)

absence of, 107, 665arbitral, 146, 151, 154–155, 176, 195,

198, 450, 475, 479, 609,634, 645

arbitration see arbitration,agreements.

binding, 117, 518, 572confidentiality, 560, 812express, 180, 612–613, 619–620,

622, 624implicit, 198, 888implied, 555–556in writing, 113, 129–131, 134, 139,

802, 971forms of, 131–134incorporation by conduct or

common usage, 132–134initial, 234, 615, 884invalidity, 479–480, 870–872mutual, 320, 639, 646oral, 48, 131–132, 139, 774, 923,

971party, 178, 182, 285, 385, 556, 588pre-dispute, 122, 574private, 828, 970settlement, 768, 773–776, 780–782,

784, 787, 790–791, 796,799–800, 803, 908

submission, 121, 124, 181–182,184–186, 526, 618, 621–623,626, 812, 816, 835, 881

to arbitrate, 34–35, 116, 121–122,124–125, 128–131, 341–342,572, 575–577, 866–868, 870,907–908, 921–923

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agreement(s) (cont.)valid, 33, 133–134, 866, 871, 880, 882,

906, 908, 923, 954written, 115, 129, 131–132, 135,

139–140, 555aids, 12, 40–41, 46, 84, 168,

175–176, 738of interpretation, 39–41, 46, 736

Alberta, 559–560, 725, 960allocation of costs, 783, 843alternative dispute resolution, 6,

120, 801ambiguity, 48, 118, 155, 214, 256,

307–308, 310, 354, 369, 491,495, 545

amendments, 12–13, 102–103, 173,406–407, 498–501, 515–517,549, 633–634, 651–654,685–686, 765, 923–924

amiable compositeur, 732, 750, 754, 756amiable composition, 754–755Analytical Commentary, 53, 163, 283,

575, 633, 653, 658, 683, 763annulment, 291, 310, 313, 578,

580–582, 861–862, 865, 867,871, 873, 894, 897–898

actions, 307, 570, 586, 589grounds for, 860, 861, 864–865, 879

anticipatory relief, 339–340appeal, 53–55, 79–80, 98, 101–102,

202–203, 252–255, 305–306,308–309, 311–312, 487,554–555, 952

appellate courts, 487, 662appellate review, 203, 306applicability, 23, 34, 469, 561, 570, 574,

580, 725, 730, 735, 795, 801applicable law, 32–33, 475, 479, 734,

737, 750, 789, 794, 867, 938,940–943, 966

applicable lex arbitri, 224, 912applicable lex fori, 325, 329, 338applicable substantive law, 32, 122, 287,

734–735, 754applicants, 355–358, 361–362, 378–380,

426–427, 432–433, 440–441,445–447, 502–509, 517–521,609–610, 798, 923–926

applicationscope of, 1–2, 4, 24, 29, 127, 139, 174,

326, 670, 765, 871, 899territorial, 11–12

applicationsenforcement, 626, 917, 922, 952ex parte, 376, 396, 730for interim measures, 173, 176, 353,

357, 372, 408, 500, 510–511,518–520, 609

for setting aside, 83, 305, 312, 465,702, 704–705, 708, 717,858–898

interim injunction, 356, 366applied uniformity, 43–45appointing parties, 216, 270appointment

direct, 201, 234functions, 109, 111, 278of arbitrators, 54, 56, 97, 99–100,

103–107, 110, 184–205,289, 649

considerations to be taken intoaccount, 203–204

decision of court/specifiedauthority not subject toappeal, 202–203

default procedure in multi-partyarbitrations, 201

procedures, 97, 105, 192–194specified authority to make,

200–201of substitute arbitrators, 291original, 274, 283, 289procedures, 97, 103–105, 187–189,

191–192, 194–197, 198–201,202–203

process, 103, 192, 197,201

appropriate delay, 652–653appropriate security, 315, 318, 412, 420,

435, 453, 460, 468–469, 472,483–484, 928, 976

appropriate stage, 535, 655, 657,662, 664

appropriateness, 3, 324, 326, 418, 510,512, 588–589, 662, 665, 898

criterion, 412, 589, 659

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hearings, 664test, 325, 417

arbitrability, 5, 22, 126, 157, 200,303–304, 305, 491, 603, 866,891–892, 966, 967

objective, 966scope, 892, 967subjective, 966

arbitral agreements, 146, 151, 154–155,176, 195, 198, 450, 475, 609,634, 645, 718

invalidity, 479–480arbitral awards, 106–107, 113–114,

772–774, 797–800, 801–805,810–813, 856–860, 862–865,903–905, 933–939, 958–961,963–965

definition, 903–911domestic, 863, 893enforcement, 100, 465, 487, 496, 581foreign, 6, 455, 495–496, 787,

939, 958form, 790–791interim, 492, 498

arbitral clauses, 113, 146, 149, 151,174

arbitral decisions, 302, 305, 308, 310,312–313, 462–464, 473, 904,905, 911, 916, 918

nature, 903–905arbitral disputes, 62, 197, 362, 367arbitral institutions, 77–78, 125, 128,

143, 150–151, 201–202, 213,215, 242, 260, 621–622, 890

permanent, 25, 30, 239, 593rules, 77–78, 260, 687

arbitral interim measures, 315, 317,319, 345, 355, 369,448–449, 483

arbitral interim relief, 320–322,324–325, 335

and EU law, 340–342end of prohibition, 320–322

arbitral jurisdiction, 75, 142–143,199–200, 293–294, 296–298,301–303, 304, 312, 321–322,324, 328, 333

arbitral practice, 400, 531, 574, 807

arbitral procedure, 76, 524, 537,547–552, 667, 668, 679, 884,885, 888, 889–890, 957–958

international, 90, 549, 592arbitral proceedings, 72–76, 141–143,

303–305, 516–519, 524–528,589–607, 613–616, 648–652,720–724, 831–835, 842–846,872–875

autonomy, 158–159commencement, 51–52, 69, 145, 516,

591–594, 596–599, 600–601,603, 606–607, 609–610,810, 812

expediency, 98, 102international, 617, 645, 740scope, 615–616subsequent, 145, 812support of, 165, 170, 443, 729

arbitral process, 83–87, 90–92,158–159, 168–169, 242–243,250–251, 259, 322–323,334–336, 718–719, 727,828–829

arbitral rules, 258, 386, 584, 594, 599,631, 647, 651, 654, 944

arbitral seats, 238, 576, 940, 946, 965arbitral statutes, 41, 45, 59, 183, 619,

737, 740, 818arbitral tribunal, foreign, 720,

728arbitral tribunals, 167–175, 292–303,

388–412, 417–436, 447–464,471–478, 480–487, 537–546,640–657, 666–702, 716–728,758–772

competence to rule on jurisdiction,292–313

definition and interpretation, 30discretion, 415–416liability, 451–452power, 301, 314, 348–349, 385, 399powers, 301, 314, 348–349, 385,

397–399, 436, 541, 557, 656arbitration, 10–18, 28–36, 115–121,

513–519, 545–552, 565–580,581–593, 599–605, 780–784,869–878, 885–889, 951–956

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arbitration (cont.)ad hoc, 28–30, 104, 143, 151, 242,

545, 599, 752, 829agreement to arbitrate, 34–35, 116,

121–122, 124–125, 128–131,341–342, 572, 575–577,866–868, 870, 907–908,921–923

agreements, 12–18, 19–21, 71–74,110–140, 144–152, 157–162,298–305, 781–782, 866–871,880–883, 938–949, 954–957

and interim measures by court,160–177

and substantive claims beforecourts, 141–159

definition and form, 112–140existence, 116–121inoperable and ineffective,

150–153international, 175, 374null and void, 148–149oral, 114, 132, 139–140,

924post-dispute, 116, 121,

122pre-dispute, 121–122range of disputes, 126–129types of instruments containing,

122–126validity, 113, 117

without provisions on arbitralprocedure, 551

clauses, 60, 112, 118, 121–130,135–139, 145–146, 151–152,300–302, 605, 609–612,618, 956

commencement of, 120, 517–518,597, 599, 604, 608–609, 773

commercial see commercialarbitration.

consensual nature, 285, 403costs, 336, 800, 844definition and interpretation, 28–30effectiveness, 160, 169, 336, 344, 453efficiency, 212, 324, 476,

718finality, 99, 101

foreign, 174–176, 512–516, 730ICC, 149, 183–184, 230, 259, 397,

409–410, 501, 572, 710, 767,789, 795–796

institutional, 149, 242, 559, 593,599, 829

interim measures in aid of, 12,384, 513

international see internationalarbitration.

laws, 11–12, 18, 23, 45, 102, 151, 171,207, 382, 394, 464–465, 647

multi-party, 201–202,248

parties to, 12, 55, 97, 139–142,144–145, 151, 154, 174, 300,348, 635–636, 642

place of, 1, 10–11, 174, 565–590,805–806, 824–826, 932–933,936–937, 953, 958, 963–964,974–976

procedure see arbitral procedure.proceedings, 11–13, 60, 79, 81, 294,

516–518, 521, 727, 772–773,780, 788–789, 947–948

process, 70, 85, 372, 492, 724requests for, 548–549, 594–596,

600–603, 604–606, 628,641, 796

rules, 18, 33–34, 191–193, 195–196,221–222, 324, 540, 547–550,593–595, 735–736, 767–768,886–887

seat of, 99, 278, 566, 570–580, 582,585–586, 863, 889, 897,903–904, 963–964, 965–966

statutes, 125, 224, 574, 580, 748,829

national, 223, 330, 547, 548, 580,675, 901

submission of disputes to, 80, 118,120–121, 129, 145–146, 150,157, 165, 599, 602, 607, 966

arbitration, clausesvalid, 80, 883, 907

arbitrationsdomestic, 5–6, 24, 450, 497, 514–515,

518, 521, 611, 645, 737

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arbitrators, 102–109, 178–197,201–250, 254–290, 319–331,519–521, 549–553, 556–564,661–667, 754–760, 763–771,812–817

appointment, 54, 56, 97, 99–100,103–107, 110, 184–205,289, 649

considerations to be taken intoaccount, 203–204

decision of court/specifiedauthority not subject toappeal, 202–203

procedures, 97, 105, 192–194specified authority to make,

200–201appojntment

default procedure in multi-partyarbitrations, 201

biased, 209, 216, 234choice, 184, 617consequences of failure to disclose,

232–233decisions, 264, 471, 562–563,

635, 663default number, 108, 193, 765discretion, 89, 401, 404, 559

in evidentiary matters, 556,558–560

in relation to arbitral procedure,549–550

in relation to oral hearings,665–666

dissenting, 817–818emergency, 177, 516, 887impartial, 188, 205, 644independence, 204, 215, 218, 223,

229, 235, 272jurisdiction, 155, 409, 561, 645, 783mechanisms for terminating

mandate, 268–271more than three, 183nationality, 204–205number, 178–186

in event of multiple parties,183–185

odd and even, 180–181panels, 25, 30, 122

party-appointed, 180–181, 183,215–216, 219, 232, 283, 285,291, 960

powers, 519, 559presiding, 191–194, 196, 203,

215–216, 232, 234, 578–579,629, 758, 760–765,769–771, 816

prospective, 207–209, 210–211,214–215, 229, 235

relationship with a party, 229–230relationship with counsel

expert or another arbitrator, 231relationship with the dispute, 230replacement, 111, 186, 273, 283,

289, 768role when mandatory rules conflict

with procedures chosen byparties, 553

sole/single, 30–31, 178–179, 182,191–193, 195, 198–199, 239,247–249, 267, 599, 662–663,763–767

substitute, 82, 185, 267, 270,274–275, 277, 283–291

termination of mandate byagreement of the parties, 271

termination of mandate by request tocourt or other authority, 271

third, 103, 105, 187–188, 197, 259,286, 291, 768, 771, 960

unwilling, 270, 283withdrawal, 247, 269–270

arbitrator’s duty of disclosure, 208–223assessment, 362–363, 378–380, 444,

448, 507, 508, 670, 680, 683,841, 865, 870–871

assets, 163–165, 172, 174, 334, 337–338,341, 344, 454–455, 512–513,515, 581, 920–921

preservation, 314, 337–338, 340,344, 355

assistance, 88, 94, 165, 172, 514, 521,712, 718–720, 722–723, 725,727, 731

court, 100, 108, 197, 200, 237, 369,502, 516, 718–720, 724, 728

evidential, 723, 726

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assistance (cont.)from non-State courts, 727–731judicial, 200–201, 721–722,

723–724, 727requests for, 88, 457, 720–722types, 727

assumptions, implicit, 379, 669,882, 890

at-trial evidence, 724–725, 726attachment, 338, 341, 458

pre-award, 162–163, 164–165Australia, 41, 101, 103, 154, 382, 448,

497–498, 505, 507, 509–511,555, 778–779

Austria, 14, 102, 243, 259–260, 296, 316,382, 388, 440, 520, 764, 970

courts, 102, 663, 817, 875authorities

appointing, 97, 104–105, 151, 192,193, 198, 200–201, 205, 215,219, 275, 278

competent, 100, 102, 198–200,269, 271

designated, 98, 101, 102, 109–110judicial, 161, 329, 409, 490, 496,

769national, 525, 576, 663, 667, 670, 874,

877–878, 888, 906, 910–911,922, 926

non-judicial, 99, 105, 107–109,110–111

public, 902, 926specified, 198, 200–201, 202–204

authority, 91–96, 98–99, 102–103,106–107, 110, 141–142,145–147, 187, 200–204,252–255, 271–272, 294–295

coercive, 84, 454authorisation, 761, 764–765, 770–771

express, 298, 750, 770special, 399, 676

automatic termination, 259, 395autonomy, 32, 159, 192, 194–195, 243,

289, 349–350, 592, 595, 645,653–654, 773

limits, 194–195of arbitral proceedings, 158–159party see party autonomy.

private, 32–33, 233, 288, 374, 566,873, 889

available evidence, 364, 536,617

award of damages, 343, 351, 356, 358,361, 379, 447, 796

award, irrespective of country in whichmade, 911–912

awardsadditional, 753, 809, 827, 832, 835,

837, 843, 845–850, 853–855,856, 896, 963

already recognised by anothercourt, 910

binding, 537, 676, 829, 962–963confirmed by judgment at seat,

909–910consent, 768, 773–803, 820, 822, 908date, 823–824definition, 807–810delivery of copies, 827–830domestic, 6, 863, 893, 900, 902–903,

916, 959domestic and foreign not

distinguished, 902enforceable, 528, 754, 797final, 267–268, 306–308, 310–311,

326–327, 339–340, 460–461,490, 833, 834, 835–836,839–841, 850–851, 853–854,907–908

finality, 807, 934foreign see foreign awards.form and contents, 805–830,

856–857in writing, 812interim, 308, 407, 463, 476, 492–493,

495, 497–498, 531, 809, 835,836–837

interpretation, 848, 849–851on agreed terms, 772, 776, 778, 780,

805, 822, 844, 908–909on jurisdiction, 155, 295, 311,

905–908partial, 781–782, 796, 810, 836,

838, 905place, 824–826reasoned, 820–822

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signing by arbitrator(s), 813–814truncated, 185, 816

bad faith, 75, 80, 151, 199, 234, 445, 451,661, 788

balance of convenience, 349, 353–354,355–361, 362, 447–448, 503,508–509

balance of inconvenience, 508–509, 510balancing tests, 266, 378bankruptcy, 261, 788beneficiaries, 124–126, 440, 450Bermuda, 101, 199–201, 728, 742bias, 209, 217, 230, 231, 246, 494, 529,

533, 671, 744, 966, 975pro-enforcement, 478, 973

biased arbitrators, 209, 216, 234bilateral treaties, 10, 567, 581, 901binding agreement, 117, 518, 572binding awards, 537, 676, 829, 962–963binding effects, 136, 252, 460–461, 961Brazil, 147, 302, 489–490bribery, 128–129, 788, 860, 932,

970British Columbia, 81, 101–102, 168,

562, 641, 645, 844, 945burden of proof, 49, 59, 70, 350, 354,

477–479, 531, 696, 712,865, 936

business, place of see place of business.

California, 163–164, 370, 547Canada, 165, 168, 259, 504–505, 512,

724–725, 762, 777–778, 960,963, 972, 974

Alberta, 559–560, 725, 960British Columbia, 81, 101–102, 168,

562, 641, 645, 844, 945courts, 309, 312, 503–504, 506, 510,

512, 640, 644–645, 963, 965,968, 974

Ontario, 9, 65, 79, 101, 956,971–972, 976

Quebec, 155, 205, 972capacity, 149, 371, 476, 645, 650, 737,

866–870, 938–940case-by-case basis, 81, 91, 110, 296, 380,

415, 935, 975

cause, sufficient, 440, 637–638,676–679, 684–689, 691,693–694, 842

causes of action, 808, 811, 823centralisation, 94, 99–100, 103certified copies, 827, 899, 924chairmen, 62, 181, 185, 685–686, 705,

707, 759, 762, 765, 769, 771,777–779

challenge, 74–75, 99, 102, 106, 223–235,239, 302, 304

applicable standard, 227–228broad understanding of

‘circumstances’, 226–227continuation of proceedings while

review pending, 253–254exhaustiveness of model law,

224–225good faith, 234–235grounds for, 189, 206–235no appeal, 252procedure, 236–254qualifications, 233–234recurring scenarios, 229–232rejection of list approach, 225–226to procedure, 106

change of circumstances, 49, 401,405–406, 431

Chartered Institute of Arbitrators,701, 716

Chile, 101–102, 382, 490, 517, 520China, 149, 151, 389, 465, 489, 494,

623, 803Chinese, 60, 151, 623choice, 32–33, 118–119, 183–185,

242–243, 547, 555, 571–572,587–589, 615–619, 666–667,732–734, 773

conscious, 226, 673, 854, 875express, 618, 742, 755freedom of, 86, 574legislative, 207, 283, 415, 912of arbitrators, 184, 617of institutional rules, 548–549,

824of law, 614, 733, 739–746, 748, 868,

891, 933, 946and terms of the contract, 755–756

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choice (cont.)of seat, 298, 572–573, 574, 576,

825–826policy, 208, 316, 320, 374, 765,

863, 892procedural, 547, 878–879, 888

chronological order, 35CIETAC (China International

Economic and TradeArbitration Commission),60, 788, 959–960

circulation, international, 114, 673, 856,889, 913

circumstanceschange of, 49, 401, 405–406, 431exceptional, 275, 303, 306, 311, 399,

401–402, 406, 495–496, 736,740, 825, 831

factual, 262, 265, 339, 380, 416,549, 564

particular, 156, 182, 799, 821relevant, 209, 214–215, 219, 222–223,

227–228, 232–233, 235, 380,433, 622

circumstantial evidence, 80, 131civil law, 76–77, 123, 536

jurisdictions, 124, 128, 148, 214, 671,811, 940

civil liability, 318, 786, 814civil litigation, 243, 510, 537, 640civil procedural law, 465, 556civil procedure, 43, 75–76, 192, 223,

263, 272, 304, 339, 369, 450,683, 687

claim, statements of, 36, 599, 601, 604,628–654, 679, 689–691, 842,923–924

claimants, 66–68, 75–76, 79–81,437–443, 445–448, 596–597,607–610, 634–642, 645–647,678–679, 688–693, 840–842

claimsconscious omission by tribunal, 854definition, 853jurisdictional, 71, 155, 809presented but omitted from original

award, 853substantive, 94, 141, 835

clarifications, 28–30, 32, 35, 114, 206,210, 319–320, 700, 703, 845,855, 861

closest connection, 17, 19–21closest relationship, 1, 19–21, 63co-arbitrators, 193–194, 196–198,

232coercive authority, 84, 454collegiality, 584, 588, 666, 669comity, 562commencement

of arbitral proceedings, 51–52, 69,145, 516, 591–610, 908

of arbitration, 120, 517–518,597–609, 773

time of, 591–592, 598–601, 887commercial arbitration, international,

2–4, 5–10, 28, 44–45, 90, 102,297–298, 344, 382–383, 490,718–720, 749

commercial contracts, 55, 118–119,300, 348, 526

commercial relationships, 1, 13,16–17, 174

common domicile, 5, 11common law, 124, 214, 356, 493–494,

560, 695, 811, 956jurisdictions, 181, 356, 362, 536, 550,

764, 940common usage, 132–133communications, 49–52, 53, 56–58,

130–131, 134, 391–392,613–614, 673–674, 679,689–690, 709, 875

electronic, 58, 69, 112, 130, 134, 813formal, 21, 827long distance, 134, 590oral, 381, 387, 391written, 50–52, 54, 56–61, 63, 66, 69,

70, 132, 598, 605, 828, 876compensation, 36, 49, 282, 358, 363,

442, 445–447competence, 26, 96, 99, 154, 168, 179,

239, 293, 299, 316, 480,649–650

competence-competence, 293,297–300, 770, 870

powers, 155, 298–299, 749

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competent authorities, 100, 102,198–200, 269, 271

competent courts, 101–102, 238–239,453–454, 463–464, 484,486–487, 511, 866, 894–895,897–899, 917, 937–938

complexity, 108, 119, 264, 266, 330, 477,553, 652, 668, 897

compliance, 166, 317, 486, 755, 931, 950composition, amiable, 754–755compromis, 130, 612, 615, 881compromise, 121, 237, 241, 381, 386,

388, 721, 849solutions, 3, 114, 318, 388, 657

computation, 404, 846, 848computational errors, 851, 963conceptualisation, 371, 493, 495concessions, 2, 744, 791concurrent laws, 743–744conditions

for granting interim measures,343–372

general, 130, 138, 320precedent, 148, 299, 375, 483

conduct, 75–78, 132–133, 191–193,264, 355–356, 539, 541–543,548–550, 552–554, 663–664,691–693, 704–705

improper, 443–444, 450procedural, 878, 886

conduct-based estoppel, 133, 135, 139conferences, pre-hearing, 536, 588confidential evidence, 560–561confidentiality, 244, 331, 531, 561, 597,

624, 706, 709, 775, 802, 818,922–923

agreements, 560, 812conflict of laws rules, 33, 732, 734–735,

738–740, 745–746, 747–750,868–870, 940, 943

operation in arbitral proceedings,747–750

ordinary operation, 746–747conflicts of interest, 211, 221, 230, 704connections, closest, 17, 19–21conscious choice, 226, 673, 854, 875consensus, 34, 495, 501, 502, 573, 584,

658, 669, 677, 775, 785, 793

international, 188, 803consent, 115, 117–118, 148–149,

526–527, 753, 771–773,796–797, 799, 870–871, 923,938, 953–955

awards, 768, 773–803, 820, 822, 908centrality, 323, 879party, 117, 328, 752, 955scope, 955–956

conservatory measures, 325, 334, 476consistency, 27, 169, 190, 200, 256,

402–403, 462, 478, 485, 860,879, 881

constitutional writs of protection, 94,252–254

constructioncontracts, 405, 702, 706disputes, 120, 153, 784

consultations, 565, 568, 588–589,704

consumers, 8–9, 22, 525content, proper, 52, 59–60contract law, 76, 123–124, 131, 281,

284, 815, 823domestic, 280–281, 284–285

contract, creature of, 236, 279contracting out

of Art 6, 110–111of Art 9, 176–177

contracting parties see parties.contracts, 15–17, 19–20, 63–64,

112–115, 117–126, 127–131,135–137, 279–281, 300–301,735–741, 745–748, 755–757

commercial, 55, 118–119, 300,348, 526

construction, 405, 702, 706main, 115, 301, 575, 619, 742–744,

867, 870, 931, 944, 946sales, 60, 606, 970, 971–973service, 279, 284

contractual obligations, 54, 127, 510,602, 969

contractual relationships, 91, 127,279–280, 285, 621, 772

control, 86, 88, 98, 525, 652, 669, 817,873, 883, 950

judicial, 85, 87–88, 188, 266, 295, 645

index 985


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convenience, 349, 353–354, 355–357,361–362, 447–448, 503,508–509, 512, 565, 567–569,581–585, 589

balance of, 349, 353–354, 355–361,362, 447–448, 503, 508–509

of the parties, 567, 583copies, 69, 136, 708–710, 805, 828–829,

923–925, 974certified, 827, 899,

924of awards, 827–830

correspondence, 528–529, 598, 612,620, 626, 709, 763, 806, 929

corruption, 301, 498, 788, 932, 968–970costs, 91–93, 296–297, 318, 336,

412–413, 417–418, 439–442,445–446, 447–449, 800,843–844, 854

allocation, 783, 843and damages, 417, 435, 438, 441, 443,

448, 452decisions on, 809, 837,

854legal, 336, 416, 440, 442,

800liability for, 441–443security for, 163, 336–337, 410,

418, 465translation, 615–617, 621

counsel, 62, 220–221, 226, 230,231–232, 536–537, 545, 581,615, 624, 688, 974

counterclaims, 25, 35–37, 159, 174, 534,537–538, 603, 629–631, 646,651, 841–842, 883

applicability to, 35–37country of enforcement, 528, 820court assistance, 100, 108, 197, 200, 237,

369, 502, 516, 718–720,724, 728

court orders, 143, 171, 269, 609, 653,678, 963

court proceedings, 50, 74, 83, 91,170–171, 174, 267, 582, 593,603, 605–606, 905–907

court review, 241, 244, 257, 299–300,307, 735, 748

court-ordered interimmeasures, 5, 100,160, 163, 170–173, 175–177,344–345, 354, 360, 408–409,443, 449, 500–521

courtsappellate, 487, 662competent, 101–102, 238–239,

453–454, 463–464, 484,486–487, 511, 866, 894–895,897–899, 917, 937–938

definition and interpretation, 25,31

discretion, 469–470, 723, 936,964

district, 99, 101, 185, 509, 730, 885domestic, 45, 115, 118, 147, 171, 173,

328, 367, 492, 502, 511, 516enforcing, 81, 457–460, 462,

467–472, 964English, 59, 147, 368, 563, 729, 970foreign, 147, 490, 501, 513, 571,

719–720, 728–730France, 75, 78, 83, 133, 136, 152, 183,

201, 223, 537, 743, 752Germany, 150, 153, 228–229, 233,

262–263, 266, 303, 305,309–311, 572, 797, 799

Hong Kong, 133, 174–175, 262, 308,493, 514, 521, 603, 605, 629,636, 649–650

ICC, 111, 198, 202, 773–774, 780, 789India, 11–12, 176, 515–517, 518, 521,

602, 605, 608, 610, 632, 634,636–640

intervention, 84–95, 100, 102, 108,195, 199–200, 237, 243, 251,307, 309–310

involvement, 109involvement in arbitral proceedings,

100–103involvement not mentioned under

Art 6, 109–110Kenya, 309, 487, 495–496, 639, 642,

644, 650local, 40, 45, 96, 171, 173, 176, 260,

309, 409, 572, 580, 583municipal, 319, 325, 329, 572, 864,

901, 904

986 index


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national, 88–95, 117–118, 222,225–226, 245–246, 300–302,585–586, 864–865, 868–870,933–935, 966–970, 975

New Zealand, 65, 168, 353, 361, 364,366, 370–371, 447, 512, 534

powers, 170, 172, 313, 371, 384, 471,500–501, 510, 513–515, 520,722, 728

regional, 101, 705, 791, 798–799, 960,962–963

Russia, 232, 291, 304, 548–549,556, 564

Singapore, 17, 20, 305, 308–309,311–312, 515, 531, 533,643–644, 707, 709, 967

Spain, 56, 203, 212, 222, 228, 233,669, 885

Supreme, 68–69, 78–79, 82–83,145–146, 151, 155–157, 267,298–299, 301–302, 496,798–799, 854

United States, 60, 69, 164, 299, 369,447, 489, 547, 623, 795–796,821, 845

creditors, 338, 342, 518, 753, 788, 911,917–921

cross-undertakings in damages,356, 445

custody, interim, 163–164customary international law, 45, 179,

297, 522, 806, 813, 825Cyprus, 101, 606–607, 668, 700

damages, 9, 316, 317–318, 354–358,366, 409–413, 417–418, 427,435–445, 447–452,506–507, 753

adequacy, 503, 507amount of, 447, 707, 753and costs, 417, 435, 438, 441, 443,

448, 452award of, 343, 351, 356, 358, 361, 379,

447, 796cross-undertakings in, 356, 445liquidated, 971–972recovery, 357, 441, 446–447

data messages, 112, 134

dateof award, 823–824of receipt, 53, 70

deadlines, 70, 82, 120, 148, 151,266–267, 623, 635, 855

extension, 855deadlock, 32, 192, 201, 237, 766,

770debtors, 341–342, 459,

920–921third-party, 338

decision-makingby panel of arbitrators, 758–771process, 291, 345, 460, 758–759, 766,

768, 885decisions

arbitrator’s, 264, 471, 562–563,635, 663

final, 35, 237–238, 240, 252, 260, 439,444–445, 550, 782

jurisdictional, 307–310, 313majority, 579, 958on costs, 809, 837, 854procedural, 27, 89, 297, 306, 385,

550–551, 578, 666, 759reasoned, 726, 794subject to no appeal, 252unanimous, 765, 767,

770declaratory statements, 775, 797default language, 60, 612–613, 618,

619–622, 624–625default number of arbitrators, 108,

193, 765default of party, 675–696default procedures, 192–193, 196, 198default rules, 178–180, 181–184, 196,

566, 575, 577, 604, 612, 619,807, 817, 822

defaulting parties, 677–678, 679, 683,688–689, 873

defects, 149–150, 185, 602, 783–784,816, 944

procedural, 862, 972defence, statements of, 303, 304, 618,

628–632, 634–636, 639,643–644, 647–648, 650–651,675, 678–683, 923–924

index 987


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defencesoral, 221–222, 226, 629, 667,

876–877, 882written or oral, 221–222, 226, 876

defendants, 53–54, 67–69, 79, 82,353–354, 356, 506–509, 512,603, 605, 623–624, 963

defences, 75, 304, 696, 944, 949–950incapacity, 938, 941–942

deference, 312–313, 492, 551, 562, 619,645, 770, 889, 893, 936

absolute, 180Delaware, 559, 561delay, 145, 266–267, 273, 276, 292–294,

303, 393–394, 475, 620–622,634–635, 646–647, 651–653

appropriate, 652–653tactics, 94, 154, 155, 158, 237, 814undue, 71, 81, 82, 201, 202–203, 245,

255, 258–259, 261, 263–268,272–273, 276, 282

unnecessary, 617, 688delegates, 2, 5, 85–86, 88, 236–240,

381–386, 387, 593, 631, 633,701, 705–706

delegations, 86–87, 238, 239–241, 252,257, 385–386, 460, 575, 676,684–685, 706–707, 714

deliberations, 237–238, 249, 252, 291,382, 423, 493–495, 499–500,672, 758–761, 763–764, 885

final, 345, 763–764internal, 360, 670Working Group, 84–85, 236, 239,

386, 389, 397, 425, 455,541, 684

delivery, 52, 54, 57, 60–62, 65, 67–68,70, 151, 697, 715, 805,827–829

method, 54, 57of copies of awards, 827–830personal, 61, 63proof of, 57, 66, 69successful, 68–69to addressee personally, 60–61

demurrage, 724, 726dépeçage, 743–744deposits, 91, 275, 336, 600, 903

designated authorities, 98, 101, 102,109–110

designated judicial organs, 99, 101, 105destruction of evidence, 384, 482details of dispute, 602determination, 25–26, 32, 363,

386–387, 471–474, 539–540,566–567, 574–575, 577–579,585–588, 809–810, 890

equitable, 754expert, 6, 152, 752final, 250, 329, 340judicial, 145, 252of rules of procedure, 539–564, 699third party, 31, 575

digital signatures, 130–131, 134, 814dilatory tactics, 195, 237, 241, 268,

296–297, 306, 362, 524, 652,721, 726

disagreement, 180, 184–185, 196, 256,259, 584, 592, 713, 716, 810,816, 819

disclosing parties, 428–430, 431–433disclosure, 46, 207, 209–211, 212, 214,

215, 222, 232, 424–426,428–433, 561, 706, 725

and interim measures, 422–434duration of duty, 218–222duty of

arbitrators, 208–223obligations, 222, 233, 424–426,

427, 466of material changes, 432–433prior, 373, 378statements, 211, 215, 219, 235what, 210–212when, 209–210who, 213–215

discovery, 163, 210, 355, 360, 559, 718,724–725, 727, 730

pre-hearing, 550, 559pre-trial, 725–726

discretionarbitral tribunals, 415–416arbitrators, 89, 401, 404courts, 469–470, 723, 936,

964judicial, 182, 518, 952

988 index


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of arbitratorsoral hearings, 665–666

discretionary powers, 295, 296, 419,425, 428, 459, 474, 546, 684,833–834

disputants, 32, 33, 279–281, 289, 380,575, 584–585, 657–658,660–661, 665–667, 873–878,884–886

dispute, absence of, 153–154disputing parties, 215, 217, 291, 584,

589, 837, 954disruptions, 209, 224, 228, 282–283,

307, 661dissenting arbitrators, 817–818dissenting opinions, 814, 817–819district courts, 99, 101, 185, 509,

730, 885documentary evidence, 144, 155, 611,

616, 625, 626, 669, 675,677–682, 683–689,693–694, 722

translation, 613, 626documents, 62, 135–136, 549–551,

625–628, 633, 646–648,655–657, 665–667, 670–673,712–714, 724–725, 945–946

delivery, 54, 61evidentiary, 530, 655, 671–672production, 713–715, 718relevant, 594, 671, 697, 714,

949submitted, 810, 838surprise, 671

documents-only arbitration, 656,666–667 see also writtenproceedings

domestic arbitral awards, 863, 893domestic arbitrations, 5–6, 24, 450, 497,

514–515, 518, 521, 611,645, 737

domestic awards, 6, 863, 893, 900,902–903, 916, 959

domestic contract law, 280–281,284–285

domestic courts, 45, 115, 118, 147, 171,173, 328, 367, 492, 502,511, 516

domestic laws/legislation, 40–43, 48,368–369, 440, 492–493, 511,592–594, 606–607, 737,742–744, 823, 869–870

domestic legal systems, 123, 127, 129,132, 134, 207, 211, 580, 585,586, 766, 770

domicile, 65–66, 469, 868, 930, 940common, 5, 11

double exequatur, 902, 925, 961doubts

justifiable, 195, 206, 208, 209–211,219, 224–225, 245–246,272, 705

reasonable, 221, 223, 226–227, 229,232–233, 235

drafters, 12–14, 279–280, 307–308, 315,317–318, 319, 328–329,405–406, 859–860, 861–862,900–902, 934

draftsfinal, 72, 172, 255, 374, 415, 720,

725, 834first, 2, 38, 71, 196, 277, 293, 656, 698,

777, 805draftsmen, 99, 654, 725due process, 533, 947

and notification, 54–56guarantees, 73, 527, 533, 613, 618,

622–625rights, 55, 527, 623, 626, 752violation, 625, 662–663, 670, 704,

877, 886, 893, 933, 947,950, 951

earliest practicable time, 381, 386,393–395

ECtHR (European Court of HumanRights), 55, 153, 522, 528,530–534

effective address, 64, 67effective receipt, 54, 57, 59, 61, 63effectiveness, arbitration, 160, 169, 336,

344, 453efficiency, arbitration, 212, 324,

476, 718Egypt, 101, 143, 191, 250, 498, 515, 516,

614, 647, 786, 833, 964

index 989


www.cambridge.org



electronic communications, 58, 69, 112,130, 134, 813

electronic forms, 69, 130, 813–814electronic notifications, proof of

delivery in, 68–69electronic signatures, 130–131, 134, 814element of surprise, 346, 383, 389,

396–397, 482, 535elements, agreement on, 646–648emails, 57, 131–132, 134, 590emergency arbitrators, 177, 516,

887empowerment, 173, 502, 519, 521enacting States, 27, 96–97, 101, 116,

720, 861, 863, 892–893, 901,915, 918, 924

enforceability, 330, 336, 345, 348,384–385, 455–457, 464, 847,908–909, 958, 963, 966

interim measures, 383, 400, 456,465–466

international, 113, 464judicial, 396, 461of interim measures, 383, 400, 456,

465–466, 904presumptive, 954

enforceable awards, 528, 754, 797enforcement, 453–455, 457–464,

466–470, 473–483, 484–499,899–905, 909–913, 916–930,931–943, 951–953, 959–962,964–969

applications, 626, 917, 922, 952intended country of, 528, 819interim measures, 448–450of awards, 100, 367, 465, 481, 487,

496, 581, 826, 965of foreign awards, 496, 616of interim awards, 495, 497of orders and directions of arbitral

tribunals, 171–173of provisional measures, 463–464partial, 957proceedings, 75, 304, 306, 480, 670,

838, 893, 906, 922, 950,975–976

refusal of, 118, 494–498, 738,952, 956

requests for, 459, 463, 476, 480,490, 923

stage, 73–74, 139, 214, 251, 304, 666,919, 921, 937–938, 945

upon application, 916–917enforcing courts, 81, 457–460, 462,

467–472, 964equal treatment, 81, 185, 389, 522–538,

542, 584, 589, 691–692equality, 184, 189, 289–290, 522, 526,

529–534, 538, 542, 544,546, 674

of arms, 289–290, 522, 530–534, 891party, 55, 291, 385, 524, 526–527, 828principle, 54, 291, 542–543, 567,

612, 667equitable determination, 754equitable principles, 740, 751–754equity, 46, 750–754, 839errors, 149, 316, 404, 532, 846–848, 851,

878, 919, 973amenable to corrections, 850computational, 851, 963typographical, 404, 846, 848, 856, 897

estoppel, 46, 49, 75–76, 78, 135, 156,181, 299, 808, 811, 945

conduct-based, 133, 135, 139procedural, 78

EU law, and arbitral interim relief,340–342

European Court of Human Rights seeECtHR.

European Union, 10, 341–342, 455evidence, 163–165, 530–531, 534–541,

557, 560–563, 582–583,625–629, 694–696, 712–718,723–725, 727–730, 949–951

admissibility, 530, 557–558, 560, 562at trial, 724–725, 726available, 364, 536, 617circumstantial, 80, 131confidential, 560–561destruction, 384, 482disregard and oversight as ground

for challenge to arbitrator’sdecision, 563–564

documentary see documentaryevidence.

990 index


www.cambridge.org



expert, 712, 716indisputable, 130, 259, 814materiality and weight, 539,

541–542, 546, 557–558,715, 723

materiality and weight of, 539,541–542, 546, 557, 715, 723

oral, 537, 715pieces of, 339, 377, 557–558,

563–564, 951presentation, 535, 655–657, 659,

665, 674preservation, 339, 355, 357, 365, 455,

721, 729–730prima facie, 197, 200privileged, 560–561provisions governing relevance

admissibilitymateriality and weight, 557–558

relevance, 557rules of, 531, 540–541, 546, 556–557,

559–560, 696, 811taking of see taking of evidence.witness, 568, 659, 667

evidentiary documents, 530, 655,671–672

evidentiary hearings, 582, 589evidentiary matters, 145, 561–563, 718,

723–724discretion in, 556, 558–560

evidentiary orders, 722, 725ex aequo et bono, 732, 740, 750,

751–754ex parte applications, 376, 396,

730ex parte measures, 346, 347, 348,

374–375, 382–383, 385–386,414, 437, 442, 448, 460, 480

requesting, 346–348ex parte orders, 374, 378, 394, 425,

445–446, 447ex parte proceedings, 362, 676ex parte relief, 419, 446exceptional circumstances, 275, 303,

306, 311, 399, 401–402, 406,495–496, 736, 740, 825, 831

exceptional court intervention, 92–95excess of mandate, 879–883

exchange of statements of claim anddefence, 112, 135, 882,923–924

exclusion, 32–33, 176, 221, 228, 324,327, 496–497, 504, 816, 820,855, 865

clauses, 55, 526exclusive jurisdiction, 250,

259–260, 409executive organs, 46, 198exequatur, 910, 921, 925

double, 902, 925, 961expectations, legitimate, 47, 403, 532expediency, 99, 101, 179, 244, 248, 266,

620, 761, 764of arbitral proceedings, 98, 102

expenses, 147, 441–442, 525, 589, 613,617, 653, 745, 775, 800, 816

experience, 132, 295, 407, 515, 693expert determination, 6, 152, 752expert evidence, 712, 716expert reports, 530, 557, 655, 671, 974expert witnesses see also experts, 655,

659, 697–699, 715–716expertise, 102, 109, 179, 269, 313, 711,

716, 745, 806experts, 214, 230, 231–232, 557, 565,

568, 697–704, 706, 708–709,711–716, 717, 973–974

appointed by tribunals, 697–717independent, 703, 973party-appointed, 214, 698, 704, 707,

712, 714–717technical, 697, 702, 705tribunal-appointed, 213–214, 671,

698–712, 713–717expiration, 267, 395–396, 434, 482, 609,

689, 849periods, 591–592

express agreement, 180, 612–613, 619,620, 622, 624

express authorisation, 298, 750, 770express choice, 618, 742, 755express language, 239, 253, 423, 759express provisions, 194, 239, 375,

385, 539express reference, 78, 318, 659extraterritorial scope, 729

index 991


www.cambridge.org



facts, relevant, 391, 702, 799,860

factual circumstances, 262, 265, 339,380, 416, 549, 564

failure (or impossibility) to act, 106,255–276, 281–282

evolving standard, 268standard, 261–268without undue delay, 263–268

failure to comply, 315–317, 630,645, 713

failure to disclose, arbitrators, 232–233failure to sign, 641, 814–817fair hearing, 55, 527, 553, 947fair trial, 48, 54–56, 149, 153, 522–529,

530, 532, 537, 623, 830exceptions, 55, 526

fairness, 223, 227, 445, 450, 494,524–526, 529–530, 546, 652,751–752, 873, 877

fundamental, 393, 668procedural, 89, 250, 347, 482,

523–524, 530, 532, 546, 558,562–563, 724

substantive, 492, 530, 947fault, 437, 679, 852fault-based liability, 443–445fees, 91, 267–268, 274–275, 279, 287,

442, 755, 814, 821, 827,829–830, 965

final awards, 267–268, 306–308,310–311, 326–327, 339–340,460–461, 490, 833, 834,835–836, 839–841, 850–851,853–854, 907–908

final decisions, 35, 237–238, 240, 252,260, 439, 444–445, 550, 782

final deliberations, 345, 763–764final determination, 250, 329, 340final disposition, 439, 809, 838final draft, 72, 172, 255, 374, 415, 720,

725, 834final settlement, 36, 764, 831, 841final text, 88, 98, 237, 240, 258, 260, 381,

388, 424, 427, 634, 640finality

arbitration, 99, 101awards, 807, 934

Finland, 237, 257, 440, 762, 765,778, 929

first draft, 2, 38, 71, 196, 277, 293, 656,698, 777, 805

first statements, 82, 141–142,156–157, 640

force, use of, 321foreign arbitral awards, 6, 455,

495–496, 787, 939, 958foreign arbitration, 174–176,

512–516, 730foreign awards, 73–74, 113, 494, 497,

862–863, 893, 899–902,904–905, 911–912, 916,921, 930

enforcement, 496, 616recognition and enforcement,

863–864, 900–901, 965foreign courts, 147, 490, 501, 513, 571,

719–720, 728–730foreign judgments, 45, 384, 719,

910, 921foreign jurisdiction, 19, 174,

262foreign parties, 15, 96foreign proceedings, 147, 730forgery, 301–302, 860, 945form

and contents of awards, 805–830,856–857

electronic, 69, 130, 813–814non-electronic, 70particular, 117, 130–131, 157, 603,

690, 814written, 39, 115–116, 129, 134,

138–140, 598, 604, 632formal communications, 21, 827formal requirements, 57, 117, 119–120,

272, 330, 636, 790, 899,904–905, 922, 925

formal validity, 129, 808formalism, 139, 924–925formalities, 252, 626, 805, 807, 817, 819,

822, 827forum, 74–76, 97, 101, 119, 154, 180,

182, 502, 512, 746, 748, 967court, 147, 168, 500State, 788, 969

992 index


www.cambridge.org



France, 183, 223, 238, 243, 257, 765,773, 778, 809–811, 837–838,963, 965

fraud, 148, 498, 779, 787–788, 799, 843,860, 932, 968–970

freedom, 32, 192, 241–242, 532–533,539–540, 542–543, 545–548,566, 598–599, 646–647,699–700, 733–734

freezing orders, 341, 489, 504fumus boni juris, 379functional uniformity, 43–44functions, 94–96, 99–100, 101–105,

107–108, 110–111, 115,198–199, 201, 255–256,260–263, 282–283, 376–377

adjudicative, 106, 278, 793adjudicatory, 706, 709, 714administrative, 105judicial, 98, 99–101, 105,

793of arbitration assistance, 96–98

functions of appointment challengeand replacement, 109, 111, 278

functus officio, 637, 638, 783–784, 832,836, 839–840, 842, 845, 850,853, 856, 897–898

fundamental principles, 40, 44, 74, 77,130, 131, 287, 304, 385, 389,436, 969

fundamental rights, 389, 667, 873–874

general obligations, 613, 659, 667, 896,899–900, 912

general principles, 38, 41, 45, 48–49, 75,141, 167, 171, 181, 322–324,744, 824–825

geographical location, 582, 587–588Germany, 101, 259–260, 445, 449, 516,

520, 575, 698, 702, 705,779, 791

good faith, 38–39, 46–49, 76–78, 80,120, 153, 234, 441, 450–451,669, 674, 756

liability for interim measuresrequested in, 450–451

observance, 46–47of challenging party, 234–235

goods, 2, 334, 339, 565–566, 568, 667,670, 714, 718, 742–743,746, 752

governments, 369, 384, 388, 424, 543,682, 761

groundsfor annulment, 860, 861,

864–865, 879for challenge, 189, 206–235for refusal, 458, 478, 479, 861, 864,

879, 902, 922, 928, 934–935of recognition and enforcement,

481, 497, 879, 965guidance, 127, 145, 162, 168–169, 173,

268–269, 274–275, 329, 332,578–579, 619–622, 652

habitual residence, 1, 21, 50, 51, 53–54,56, 61, 63, 64–65, 67–68,746–747, 828, 949

definition, 21Hague Conference, 32, 384, 721, 931harm, 323, 343, 351, 353–354, 355–356,

358–363, 365–366, 373,379–380, 440–441,444–445, 506

imminent, 344, 727irreparable, 347, 357–359, 379, 503,

506–508, 521, 532likely, 355, 448potential, 349, 355–359, 364–365,

395, 472substantial, 357–358

harmonisation, 43–44, 459, 474, 539,609, 746, 776, 934

harmony, 746, 930–932, 959hearings, 311–312, 535–536, 556–557,

587–589, 655–670, 677–682,687–689, 692–693, 697–701,707, 715–717, 953

and written proceedings, 655–674,699–700

appropriateness, 664evidentiary, 582, 589first, 135, 662oral, 83, 529, 535, 549–551, 655–664,

665–666, 770, 960, 973request by party to hold, 661–662

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hearings (cont.)tribunal failure to comply,

662–664requests to hold on substantive and

procedural ssues, 664scheduled, 79, 285, 669subsequent, 67, 348, 640

hierarchical relationships, 35, 329,755

Hong Kong, 6, 101–102, 107–108,171–172, 174–175, 466, 494,514, 516–517, 521, 952,970–971

courts, 133, 174–175, 262, 308, 493,514, 521, 603, 605, 629, 636,649–650

IBA (International Bar Association),77–78, 211–212, 229, 232,537, 545, 695–696, 704, 706,709, 715, 762

IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence inInternational Arbitration

Preamble, 77IBP (Integrated Bar of the

Philippines), 104ICC (International Chamber of

Commerce), 149, 183–184,230, 259, 397, 409–410, 501,572, 710, 767, 789, 795–796

ICC (International Chamber ofCommerce), Court, 111, 198,202, 773–774, 780, 789

ICDR (International Centre forDispute Resolution), 694, 767

ICJ (International Court of Justice), 46,77, 405, 411, 706, 752

ICSID (International Centre forSettlement of InvestmentDisputes), 10, 45, 221, 402,594, 641

identification, 151, 505, 576, 579,894, 918

illegality, 301, 496, 789, 971imminent harm, 344, 727immovable property, 582, 747impartial arbitrators, 81, 188, 205, 218,

228, 644

impartiality, 79, 204–211, 213–214,215–219, 221–229, 232–233,235, 245–246, 251, 527, 529,704–705

and independence, 204, 207, 209,211, 213–214, 215–217, 219,221, 223–225, 227, 229,232–233

impediments, legal, 256, 260, 465,537

implicit agreement, 198, 888implicit assumption, 379, 669, 882, 890implied agreement, 555–556improper conduct, 443–444, 450in personam jurisdiction, 368, 515inability to act, 104, 106, 258–259, 261,

265, 269, 273, 624, 626, 670,947, 950

inability to perform, 261–263inability to present case, 876–879,

949–953incapacity, 76, 261, 858, 866, 869, 927,

938–942, 943legal, 261, 939of party to agreement, 866–870,

939–943under some, 866, 930,

941inconvenience, 651

balance of, 508–509, 510practical, 574

incorporation, 33, 39–40, 41, 116–117,118–120, 125, 135–139, 352,371, 501, 547, 940

by reference, 33–34, 135–138,139, 886

independence, 206, 208, 210–211,213–215, 217–218, 224, 226,228, 245–246, 251, 704, 705

and impartiality, 204, 207, 209, 211,213–214, 215–217, 219, 221,223–225, 227, 229, 232–233

statements of, 213, 219, 222arbitrators, 204, 215, 218, 223, 229,

235, 272independence and impartiality

statements of, 213, 219, 222independent experts, 703, 973

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India, 9, 12, 101–102, 179, 266–267,494, 496, 515–517, 600,635–638, 698, 701–702

courts, 11–12, 176, 515–517, 518,521, 602, 605, 608, 610, 632,634, 636–640

indisputable evidence, 130, 259, 814inequality, 526, 529inferences, 218, 425, 468, 557–559, 684,

694, 710, 713adverse, 468, 696, 713explicit, 722

informality, 49, 131information, 215, 219, 222, 244–246,

428–430, 433, 439, 467, 671,714–715, 724, 873–875

additional, 401, 405proprietary, 164, 315relevant, 213, 423, 688, 697, 700,

713–714sufficient, 593, 596, 597, 640, 857

infra petita, 860, 879initial agreement, 234, 615, 884injunctions, 93, 144, 146–147, 165, 167,

253, 335, 368, 506–507,509–510, 515, 743

interim, 164, 356, 362, 366, 370, 441,463, 505, 520

interlocutory, 356–357, 362,508

Mareva, 165, 175, 504injunctive relief, 254, 507injustice, 182, 508–509, 510, 746, 777,

879, 950procedural, 86–88, 861

inoperable and ineffective arbitrationagreements, 150–153

inquiries, 65, 550, 603reasonable, 50, 52–53, 56–57, 65–67,

68, 828, 949insolvency, 144, 459, 537

proceedings, 459, 652inspection, 154, 165, 166, 565–566, 568,

582, 589, 655, 667, 670, 697,973–974

institutional arbitration, 149, 242, 559,593, 599, 829

institutional organs, 193

institutional rules, 70, 180–185, 193,242, 273–275, 547–548,593–594, 596–598, 621–622,768–769, 814–816, 827–830

choice, 548–549, 824language requirements, 621–622

institutions, 30–32, 34, 104–106, 194,198, 243, 244, 288, 575,592–594, 599–600, 884

arbitration, 29, 104, 150, 735, 930permanent arbitral, 25, 30, 239,

593instructions, 122, 432, 540–542, 714Integrated Bar of the Philippines

see IBP.intent, legislative, 3, 23, 514, 603–604intentions, 56, 58, 119–120, 129–132,

150–152, 157, 285, 294–295,601–602, 640–641,833–834, 851

clear, 119, 783mutual, 128, 645to refer dispute to arbitration,

602–604inter partes measures, 379, 437–438interests, legitimate, 36, 831, 839,

841–842interim awards, 308, 407, 463, 476,

492–493, 495, 497–498, 531,809, 835, 836–837

interim custody, 163–164interim injunctions, 164, 356, 362, 366,

370, 441, 463, 505, 520interim measures

and disclosure, 422–434applications for, 173, 176, 353, 357,

372, 408, 500, 510–511,518–520

before commencement ofarbitration, 609–610

arbitral, 315, 317, 319, 345, 355, 369,448–449, 483

availability, 44, 516by court and arbitration agreements,

160–177conditionality between security and

measure, 416conditions for granting, 343–372

index 995


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interim measures (cont.)court powers to grant before

commencementof arbitralproceedings, 516–519

court-ordered, 5, 100, 160, 163,170–173, 175–177, 344–345,354, 360, 408–409, 443, 449

enforceability, 383, 400, 456,465–466

enforcement, 318, 349, 457, 465–466,476–478, 481, 721, 730

exhaustiveness of list, 331–334extraterritoriality, 513–516for preservation of evidence,

364–365form, 329–331, 476grant by courts, 167–168grounds for refusing recognition or

enforcement, 473–499in aid of arbitration, 12, 384, 513interaction between power of court

and arbitrator, 519–521issuance/granting, 337, 343, 348, 351,

362, 369, 379, 404, 407, 504,509, 516–519

liability for interim measuresrequested in good faith,450–451

modificationsuspension and termination,

399–411of protection, 165–169, 174–175,

176, 343–345, 349–351,358–359, 399–401, 438,448–450, 456, 458–460,462–465

definition, 168–170out of jurisdiction, 173–175power of tribunal to order, 314–342protection of arbitral process,

335–337protection under, 163–167recognition and enforcement, 100,

330, 454, 460, 470, 479, 485relationship with subject matter of

dispute, 328–329requesting in courts, 367–372review of substance, 498–499

scope, 173, 349, 501status quo maintenance or

restoration, 334temporal scope, 331temporary nature, 326–327terminated or suspended, 484–487

interim payments, 339–340interim relief, 177, 315–316, 318, 320,

323, 369, 439–441, 445–446,502–503, 505–507, 514–515,520–521

arbitral, 320–322, 324–325, 335, 340interlocutory injunction, 356–357,

362, 508interlocutory relief, 362, 505, 507internal deliberations, 360, 670international arbitral proceedings, 617,

645, 740international arbitration, 6–7, 13–15,

89, 92–95, 210–211, 451–452,496–497, 500–502, 513–516,539–540, 695, 771–773

community, 183, 495rules, 18, 353, 730, 765–767

International Bar Association see IBA.International Centre for Settlement of

Investment Disputes seeICSID.

international circulation, 114, 673, 856,889, 913

international commercial arbitration,2–4, 5–10, 28, 44–45, 90, 102,297–298, 344, 382–383, 490,718–720, 749

international commercial transactions,115, 733, 869

international consensus, 188, 803international enforceability, 113, 464international organisations, 388, 423,

439, 457, 543, 682, 761, 764international origin, 38–49international public policy, 493, 495,

752, 778, 893, 933, 969internationalist approach, 40, 45internationality, 13–15, 17–18, 29interpretation, 2–3, 7–9, 26, 38–40, 305,

358–359, 743–744, 845–852,854–857, 956, 958–959, 968

996 index


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aids of, 39–41, 46, 736awards, 848, 849–851definitions and rules of, 25–37, 40narrow, 496, 968of this law, 39–41uniform, 43, 224–225, 382, 459, 474

interventioncourts, 84–95, 100, 102, 108, 195,

199–200, 237, 243, 251, 307,309–310

judicial, 84–92, 201, 237, 243,250–252, 645, 678, 936, 951

invalidity, 111, 148–149, 292, 301, 305,866, 870, 930, 938–939, 943

of agreement, 479–480, 870–872,943–946

Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 626, 706, 712Ireland, 136, 505, 507–508, 624irregularities, procedural, 80, 180, 345,

534, 663, 799–801, 878, 886,928, 951–952

irregularity, 40, 80, 181, 186, 529, 708,769, 800, 817, 947, 952

irreparable harm, 347, 357–359, 379,503, 506–508, 521, 532

isolation, 48, 226, 594Italy, 142, 147, 257, 264, 295, 388, 489,

543–544, 682, 735, 763

judgmentsfinal, 158, 338, 354, 405foreign, 45, 384, 719, 910, 921

judicial assistance, 200–201, 721–722,723–724, 727

judicial authorities, 161, 329, 409, 490,496, 769

judicial control, 85, 87–88, 188, 266,295, 645

judicial determination, 145, 252judicial discretion, 182, 518, 952judicial enforceability, 396, 461judicial functions, 98, 99–101, 105, 793judicial intervention, 84–92, 201, 237,

243, 250–252, 645, 678,936, 951

judicial non-interference, 89–90, 92judicial proceedings, 146, 158, 613judicial reasoning, 638, 895

judicial review, 89, 240–241, 245,250–251, 253, 296, 307, 309,311, 313, 859

scope, 266, 308standard, 311–313

judicial systems, 25, 27, 31, 97, 99, 102,107, 110, 176, 260, 511, 937

juridical persons, 28, 398jurisdiction

arbitral, 75, 142–143, 199–200,293–294, 296–298, 301–303,304, 312, 321–322, 324,328, 333

arbitrators, 155, 645, 783awards on, 155, 295, 311, 905–908competence to rule on, 292–313exclusive, 250, 259–260, 409in personam, 368, 515method of contesting, 310–311territorial, 99, 512–513to recognise and enforce, 917–922tribunals, 154, 303, 307, 310, 328,

782, 784–785, 905–906, 944jurisdictional claims, 71, 155, 809jurisdictional decisions, negative,

308–310, 313, 872jurisdictional issues, 145, 154, 158, 239,

299, 300, 312jurisdictional nexus, 918, 919–921jurisdictional objections, 298, 303,

306–307, 309, 960jurisdictional powers, 91, 649–650jurisdictions

foreign, 19, 174, 262Model Law, 221, 222–223, 283–284,

289, 291, 570–572, 728, 786,870, 877–878, 894, 896–898

non-Model Law, 177, 181, 192, 225,243, 299, 339, 352–353, 621,729, 822, 909

justice, 56, 153–154, 310–311, 490, 492,494–496, 508, 510, 538, 562,969, 971

justifiable doubts, 195, 206, 208,209–211, 219, 224–225,245–246, 272, 705

justification, 5, 91, 119, 134, 155, 346,597, 708, 739

index 997


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Kenya, 102, 154, 197, 352, 494–495,823, 970

courts, 309, 487, 495–496, 639, 642,644, 650

knowledge, 13, 21, 72, 76, 78–80, 102,136, 580, 624, 671, 703,712–713

special, 644, 704Korea, 17, 101, 572, 708, 763

labels, 35, 604, 808, 809, 837, 879,904, 907

lack of jurisdiction, 302, 305, 345, 454,648–649

effect of failure to raise plea as to,303–305

form and timing of plea as to,302–303

language, 59–60, 127–128, 162,387–389, 393–394, 611–627,690, 899, 929–931, 953,957, 959

choice of, 616, 617, 622failure to expressly designate,

618–621mandatory, 469, 748official, 613–614, 617, 625, 899, 925original, 252, 777, 930preferred, 615, 618, 621–622, 886requirements imposed under

institutional rules, 621–622last-known address, 67–68, 828, 949last-known place of business, 50, 53–54,

65–66, 67–68, 828, 949LCIA (London Court of International

Arbitration), 31, 111, 177,410, 560, 595, 648, 693,701, 768

legal aid, 525–526, 532legal costs, 336, 416, 440, 442, 800legal impediments, 256, 260, 465, 537legal incapacity, 261, 939legal obligations, 46, 77, 213, 467, 883legal persons, 61, 125, 868–870legal proceedings, 440, 525, 537, 603,

607, 729legal systems, 3, 28–30, 42–44, 48, 322,

440, 546–547, 732–733,

736–740, 750–751, 827–828,861–862

domestic/national, 123, 127, 129,132, 134, 207, 211, 580, 585,586, 766, 770

legislative choice, 207, 283, 415, 912legislative intent, 3, 23, 514, 603–604legislators, national, 190, 289, 419, 776legitimacy, 208, 213, 794legitimate expectations, 47, 403, 532legitimate interests, 36, 831, 839,

841letters, registered, 50, 53, 65–67,

828, 949lex arbitri, 54–55, 61, 182, 283–284,

555–556, 572–574, 580,748–751, 818–820, 828,889–892, 912

lex fori, applicable, 325, 329,338

lex mercatoria, 41, 47, 77, 733, 740–743,755–757

liability, 282, 287, 435, 437–439,442–445, 448–452, 602, 741,810, 815, 838, 839

arbitral tribunals, 451–452civil, 318, 786, 814fault-based, 443–445for costs, 441–443for interim measures requested in

good faith, 450–451imposition, 437–438strict, 436, 443, 445under previous State practice,

439–441Libya, 744, 810, 838likelihood of success, 362, 505–506likely harm, 355, 448limit to party autonomy, 289–290, 525,

785, 892limitation periods, 51, 592–593, 597,

601, 603, 606–609, 638, 642,772, 823, 832, 848

liquidated damages, 971–972list procedure, 234litigants, 184, 214, 215–217, 233, 527,

532, 661, 730reasonable, 533–535

998 index


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litigation, 37, 54–56, 118–120, 146, 150,152–153, 354–355, 469–470,560–562, 640, 644, 739

civil, 243, 510, 537, 640local courts, 40, 45, 96, 171, 173, 176,

260, 309, 409, 572, 580, 583location, 14, 19–21, 61, 110, 298, 573,

581–583, 585–588, 597, 670,911, 918

geographical, 582, 587–588physical, 582, 587–588

long-distance communications,134, 590

losing parties, 110, 241, 623, 624, 820,862, 870, 897

mailing address, 50, 53–54, 61–62,65–66, 67, 605, 828, 949

main contract, 115, 301, 575, 619,742–744, 867, 870, 931,944, 946

majority decisions, 579, 767–769, 958majority principle, 761, 764, 770Malaysia, 105–106, 515, 516mandate, 280–281, 284, 285–288, 637,

831, 836, 844, 845–848, 849,880, 883, 955–956

excess of, 879–883qualification of relationship between

arbitrator and parties asmandate, 279–281

mandatory language, 469, 748mandatory obligations, 423, 636,

650, 776mandatory requirements, 347, 527, 601,

617, 621, 631, 648mandatory rules, 224, 552–553, 620,

631, 686, 737, 758, 959manifest unfairness, 878Marchisio, G., 780, 797, 799Mareva injunctions, 165, 175, 504material changes, 404, 422, 424–426,

428–434disclosure, 432–433

materiality, 430–431, 524, 557, 558,563, 723

materiality and weight of evidence, 539,541–542, 546, 557, 715, 723

matters governed by this Law, 38, 84,87, 89–91, 486

mediation, 120, 148, 801–804, 909mediators, 107–108, 801–802meetings, 64, 85, 139, 304, 550, 565,

568–569, 587–589, 667, 670,682, 684

secret, 528–529Working Group, 10, 85, 501,

519merits, 144, 158–159, 165–167, 297,

305–307, 340–343, 361–364,438–439, 443–445, 503–509,648–650, 771–772

stage, 347, 351, 357, 444, 479, 649Mexico, 27, 154, 318, 452, 544, 698,

778minimalist approach, 640–641, 727minimum requirements, 120, 595, 641,

646, 856, 950, 958misconduct, 78, 451, 972Model Law, jurisdictions, 221, 222–223,

283–284, 289, 291, 570–572,728, 786, 870, 877–878, 894,896–898

money, 248, 296, 306, 338, 342, 446,613, 774, 833

morality, 492, 494–496, 788,969–971, 974

multilateral treaties, 42, 45, 48, 63, 719multi-party arbitration, 202, 248

default procedure for appointmentof arbitrators, 201

municipal courts, 319, 325, 329, 572,864, 901, 904

mutual agreement, 320, 639,646

mutual intention, 128, 645

narrow interpretation, 496, 968national authorities, 525, 576, 663, 667,

670, 874, 877–878, 888, 906,910–911, 922, 926

national courts, 88–95, 117–118, 222,225–226, 245–246, 300–302,585–586, 864–865, 868–870,933–935, 966–970, 975

national languages, 31, 614, 617

index 999


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national laws/legislation, 10–11, 14–15,239, 249–250, 270, 316–317,384–387, 388–390, 438,766–769, 790–791, 801–802

national legal systems, 123, 127, 129,132, 134, 207, 211, 580, 585,586, 766, 770

national legislators, 190, 289, 419, 776national procedural law, 457, 748, 909nationality, 108, 187–188, 189–191,

202, 204–205, 224, 570–571,577, 868, 912, 930, 940

arbitrators, 204–205issue, 202, 204

natural justice, 498, 533–534, 535, 553,852, 947, 973

regulatory force, 553rules, 494, 498, 533, 968

natural persons, 670, 747, 868–869,940–942

negative jurisdictional decisions/rulings, 308–310, 313, 872

reviewability, 308–310negotiations, 119–120, 150, 314, 566New Zealand, 65, 163, 370–371, 465,

504, 509, 511, 512–513, 520,672, 854

courts, 65, 168, 353, 361, 364, 366,370–371, 447, 512, 534

non-arbitrability, 23, 149, 497, 932, 955rules, 8, 932

non-arbitrable subject matter, 891–892non-compliance, 71–73, 272, 483–484,

637, 685security provisions, 483–484

non-exhaustive lists, 3, 7, 332, 391non-interference, judicial, 89–90, 92non-judicial authorities, 99, 105,

107–109, 110–111non-mandatory provisions, 73–74, 83,

273–274, 639, 647, 656,683, 848

non-mandatory rules, 72, 631non-Model Law jurisdictions, 177, 181,

192, 225, 243, 299, 339,352–353, 621, 729, 822, 909

non-participation, 692, 768non-payment, 275, 827, 829

non-signatories, 28, 493, 945Norway, 53, 296, 316, 512, 523, 544,

735, 762notice, 852

proper, 59, 69, 480–483, 873, 875,947–948

notification, 51–53, 56–58, 62, 65–68,69, 244, 265, 390, 392, 599,601, 827–828

of arbitral proceedings, 68, 948process, 56, 57proper, 56–59, 65, 481

notification as due process guarantee,54–56

notorious facts, 222–223not-yet-binding awards, effects,

961–964null and void arbitration agreements,

148–149

objections, 71–73, 78, 199–200,293–294, 297–298, 302–305,381, 394, 425, 567–568,666, 708

jurisdictional, 298, 303, 306–307,309, 960

objective arbitrability, 966obligations

contractual, 54, 127, 510, 602, 969general, 613, 659, 667, 896,

899–900, 912legal, 46, 77, 213, 467, 883mandatory, 423, 636, 650, 776

observers, 9, 29, 85–87, 208, 228,236–238, 381, 397, 701,764–765

official languages, 613–614, 617, 625,899, 925

Ontario, 9, 65, 79, 101, 956,971–972, 976

opportunityto be heard, 406, 426to present case, 534–538

opposition, 37, 119, 385, 410, 424, 475,592, 685, 779

opting out of Model Law, 554–556oral agreements, 48, 131–132, 139, 774,

923, 971

1000 index


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oral arbitration agreements, 114, 132,139–140, 924

oral communications, 381, 387, 391oral defences, 221–222, 226, 629, 667,

876–877, 882oral evidence, 537, 715oral hearings, 83, 529, 535–538,

549–551, 655–663, 664, 665,666, 770, 960, 973

appropriateness, 664arbitral discretion, 665–666choice between hearings and

documents-onlyarbitration, 666

parties’ agreement to exclude,660–661

request by party to hold, 661–662tribunal failure to comply,

662–664requests to hold on substantive and

procedural ssues, 664oral proceedings, 536, 549, 655oral reports, 697, 715order, definition, 840–841orders

court, 143, 171, 269, 609, 653,678, 963

evidentiary, 722, 725ex parte, 374, 378, 394, 425,

445–446, 447freezing, 341, 489, 504preliminary, 338, 373–380, 381, 382,

383, 386–399, 402–408, 414,419–428, 432–435, 448, 451,461, 498

referral, 147, 154termination, 638, 783, 793, 831–832,

834, 837–839, 840, 841,842–845

Oregon, 163–164, 370organs, 25, 27, 31, 110, 248, 251, 260,

461, 511, 937designated judicial, 99, 101, 105executive, 46, 198institutional, 193

origin, international, 38, 40–41, 45–46,48–49

owners, 124, 166, 205, 948

panels, 25, 30–31, 122, 181–183,191–192, 286, 578, 758,765–767, 816, 823

partial awards, 781–782, 796, 810, 836,838, 905

partial recognition and enforcement,953, 956–957

partiality, 338, 671, 673,704–705

parties, 226–248, 265–299, 386–417,518–595, 604–634, 651–682,683–706, 731–761, 763–791,822–860, 865–899, 936–964

agreement on elements, 646–648defaulting, 677–678, 679, 683,

688–689, 873disclosing, 428–430, 431–433disputing, 215, 217, 291, 584, 589,

837, 954foreign, 15, 96losing, 110, 241, 623, 624, 820, 862,

870, 897private, 30, 207, 322recalcitrant, 259, 268, 455requesting, 350, 375–376, 395,

413–417, 419, 424–426,433–438, 442–445, 448–453,468–470, 849, 854

responding, 386–387, 393, 426,445–446, 449, 482

to arbitration, 12, 55, 97, 139–142,144–145, 151, 154, 174, 300,348, 635–636, 642

unsuccessful, 580, 586, 862, 887,895–896, 964

party agreement, 178, 182, 285, 385,556, 588

party autonomy, 11–12, 48–49, 55,145–147, 157–158, 179–182,192, 242–243, 287–290,324–326, 524–525, 616–618,621–623, 785

and seat, 587–589as regards hearings and written

proceedings, 659–665definition and interpretation, 31–33limits to, 289–290, 525–529, 785, 892

party consent, 117, 328, 752, 955

index 1001


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party equality, 55, 291, 385, 524,526–527, 828

party impulse, 320, 322–324,865–866, 917

party non-signatories, third, 782party resisting recognition, 477,

911, 954party-appointed arbitrators, 180–181,

183, 219, 232, 283, 285,291, 960

and presiding arbitrators, 215–217party-appointed experts, 214, 698, 704,

707, 712, 714–717passengers, 2, 8–9payment, 49, 166, 287, 340, 416, 775,

777, 795–796, 830, 962,965, 972

paymentsinterim, 339–340settlement, 800

PCA (Permanent Court of Arbitration),109, 183, 193, 198, 238–239

periculum in mora, 379permanent arbitral institutions, 25,

29–30, 239, 593Permanent Court of Arbitration

see PCA.personal delivery, 61, 63petitioners, 450, 635, 722petitions, 145, 240, 252, 450, 648, 650,

795–796, 833Philippines, 102, 104–105,

511–512, 516Alternative Dispute Resolution

Act, 104phraseology, 295, 850physical location, 582, 587–588place of arbitration, 1, 10–11, 174,

565–590, 805–806, 824–826,932–933, 936–937, 953, 958,963–964, 974–976

place of award, 824–826place of business, 1, 4–5, 13–18, 19–20,

29, 50, 51–52, 62–64, 68, 93,570, 574

last-known, 50, 53–54, 65–66, 67–68,828, 949

principal, 20, 63, 577

plaintiffs, 82, 356, 366, 503–509, 510,513, 521, 533–535, 603, 605,608, 724–726

pleadings, 142, 531, 551, 622, 628, 640,642–644, 651, 800, 951

pleas, 78, 143, 292–295, 297, 303–304,306, 647, 649

Poland, 73, 296, 544, 658policies, 118, 119–121, 190, 306, 496,

559, 678, 762, 951policy choice, 208, 316, 320, 374, 765,

863, 892policy reasons, 724, 727, 743policy, public see public policy.posting of security, 445–448, 470, 484potential harm, 349, 355–359, 364–365,

395, 472powers

arbitral tribunals, 301, 314, 348–349,385, 397–399, 436, 541,557, 656

competence-competence, 155,298–299, 749

courts, 170, 172, 313, 371, 471, 487,500–501, 510, 513–515, 520,722, 728

discretional, 418, 657discretionary, 295, 296, 419, 425, 428,

459, 474, 546, 684, 833–834jurisdictional, 91, 649–650procedural, 161, 489, 550residual, 87, 585tribunals, 214, 293, 320, 333, 338,

339–340, 374, 404, 406, 546,650, 748

practical relevance, 26, 220, 235, 374,419, 874, 889–890

pre-award attachments, 162–163,164–165

precedence, 665, 966precedent, 128, 155, 229, 489, 532–533,

673, 780, 794, 812, 936preclusion limitations, 74, 304preclusive effects, 37, 305, 910, 921, 964preconditions, 797, 903predictability, 169, 230, 360, 497, 498,

509, 645, 734, 824, 860,930, 934

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pre-dispute agreements, 122, 574preferred language, 615, 618,

621–622, 886pre-hearing conferences, 536, 588pre-hearing discovery, 550, 559prejudgment, 230, 340, 363, 877prejudice, 55, 323, 335, 336, 360,

362–363, 526, 531, 533, 647,649, 651–652

procedural, 535, 633preliminary issues, 200, 624, 649, 745preliminary matters, 145, 296, 305–307,

308, 503preliminary orders, 338, 373–380, 381,

382, 383, 386–399, 402–408,414, 419–427, 428, 432–435,448, 451, 461, 498

modificationsuspension and termination,

399–411need for security, 419–420specific regime for, 381–398

preliminary questions, 106, 145,292–293, 295–297, 306,307–309, 650

preliminary rulings, 145, 307presentation of evidence, 535, 655–657,

659, 665, 674preservation

assets, 314, 337–338, 340, 344,355

evidence, 339, 355, 357, 365, 721,729–730

preservation of evidence, interimmeasures for, 364–365

presiding arbitrators, 191–194, 196,203, 216, 232, 234, 578–579,629, 758, 760–765,769–771, 816

and party-appointed arbitrators,215–217

and questions of procedure, 770–771presumptions, 128–129, 138, 156, 337,

550, 620, 806, 822, 825, 850pre-trial discovery, 725–726prima facie case, 364, 503–506, 509prima facie evidence, 197, 200principal place of business, 20, 63, 577

private adjudication, 118, 138, 223,227, 876

private agreement, 828, 970private autonomy, 32–33, 233, 288, 374,

566, 873, 889private international law, 32, 49, 155,

192, 384, 703, 721, 737,745, 747

private parties, 30, 207, 322privileged evidence, 560–561probative value, 530–531, 557procedural activities, 220, 279, 282,

573, 590procedural choices, 547, 878–879, 888procedural conduct, 878, 886procedural decisions, 27, 89, 297, 306,

385, 550–551, 578, 666, 759procedural defects, 862, 972procedural economy, 589, 711procedural estoppel, 78procedural fairness, 89, 250, 347, 482,

523–524, 530, 532, 546, 558,562–563, 724

test, 562–563procedural injustice, 86–88, 861procedural irregularities, 80, 180, 345,

534, 663, 799–801, 878, 886,928, 951–952

procedural law, 78, 99, 424, 489, 502,529, 556, 560, 577, 677,719, 736

civil, 465, 556domestic, 77, 487, 923national, 457, 748, 909

procedural powers, 161, 489, 550procedural prejudice, 535, 633procedural public policy, 705procedural requirements, 156, 272, 726procedural rights, 71–72, 203, 877–878procedural rules, 89, 97, 523–524, 544,

547, 549, 554–556, 682, 686,688, 690, 720–721

procedural standards, 502, 877, 934procedural unfairness, 91, 530, 723procedure

arbitral see arbitral procedure.civil, 43, 75–76, 192, 223, 263, 272,

304, 339, 369, 450, 683, 687

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procedure (cont.)rules of, 393, 411, 524, 531, 539,

542–544, 547, 562, 632procedures

appointment, 97, 103–105, 187–189,191–192, 194–197, 198–201,202–203

default, 192–193, 196, 198list, 234

proceedings, 36–37, 221–223, 306–311,615–625, 636–641, 675–677,680–685, 688–694, 825–827,831–835, 838–843, 872–879

arbitral, 72–76, 141–143, 303–305,516–519, 524–528, 589–607,613–617, 648–652, 720–724,831–835, 842–846, 872–875

default, 481, 636, 680ex parte, 362, 676foreign, 147, 730judicial, 146, 158, 613legal, 440, 525, 537, 603, 607,

729oral, 536, 549, 655termination, 637, 831–845truncated, 185, 816

production, of documents,713–715, 718

pro-enforcement bias, 478, 973proof, 49, 54, 59, 62, 131–133, 350–355,

477–479, 696, 864–866, 876,878, 936–937

burden of, 49, 59, 70, 350, 354,477–479, 531, 696, 712,865, 936

of delivery, 57, 66, 69in electronic notifications, 68–69

of receipt, 51, 57, 60, 68standard of, 350–355, 479, 696, 878

proper content, 52, 59–60proper notice, 59, 69, 480–483, 873,

875, 948content and criteria, 947–949

proper notification, 56–59, 65, 481property, 124, 163–165, 338, 458, 512,

565–566, 568, 589, 667, 670,713–714, 801

immovable, 582, 747

prospective arbitrators, 207–209,210–211, 214–215, 229, 235

protection, 165–169, 174–175, 176,343–345, 349–351, 355,356–359, 397–400, 448–449,458–460, 462–465, 472

constitutional writs of, 94, 252–254temporary, 376, 396, 423, 432, 434under interim measures, 163–167

protective measures, 169, 343, 346–347,367, 384, 422–423, 597, 610

protective relief, 440, 610provisional, 371, 481

provisional measures, 320–324,325–326, 332, 341, 374, 402,405–407, 409, 445, 476,809, 837

enforcement, 463–464provisional relief, 321–325, 346, 347,

364–365, 368, 371, 377, 433,437, 440, 444, 446–447

proximity, 19, 46, 582public authorities, 902, 926public interests, 22, 366–367, 447, 496,

510–511, 967public international law, 577, 738, 740,

744, 901public policy, 291, 490–496, 740–741,

779, 786–787, 799, 865–866,892–894, 932–933, 947,965–966, 968–975

and recognition and enforcement,967–970

and setting aside, 892–895international, 493, 495, 752, 778, 893,

933, 969notion, 496, 788, 861, 894procedural, 705rules, 44, 301, 972scope, 494, 967–968substantive, 895violation of, 149, 788, 936

qualification requirements, 233, 581qualifications, 62, 188–189, 203–206,

208, 223, 233–234, 272, 279,286, 433, 557, 581

challenge, 233–234

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quantification, 417, 753factors influencing, 417

Quebec, 155, 205, 972

reappraisal, 963reasonable doubts, 221, 223, 226–227,

229, 232–233, 235reasonable inquiries, 50, 52–53, 56–57,

65–67, 68, 828, 949reasonable litigants, 533–535reasonable possibility, 343, 351, 357,

361, 364, 379of success, 351, 353, 361–364

reasoned awards, 820–822reasoned decisions, 726, 794reasoning, 368, 415, 420, 533–535, 811,

812, 819–821, 872, 874–875,887, 889, 951

judicial, 638, 895recalcitrant parties, 259, 268, 455receipt, 52–53, 57, 61–62, 65–67, 68–69,

265, 269, 593–594, 599, 605,827, 849

date of, 53, 70effective, 54, 57, 59, 61, 63of requests, 604–606, 849of written communications,

50–70, 876proof of, 51, 57, 60, 68

recipients, 59, 69, 380, 602–603, 770,875–876

reciprocity, 44, 47, 720reservation, 581, 900, 911

recognition and enforcement, 92–94,113–115, 304–305, 453–455,494, 889, 899–926, 931–943,951–953

adjournment of decision, 975and public policy, 967–970arbitral procedure, 957–960chronological scope, 915–916composition of tribunal, 957–960effect of setting aside or suspension

of award, 964–966enforcement upon application,

916–917foreign awards, 863–864,

900–901, 965

grounds for refusal, 481, 497, 879,927–976

incapacity of party to agreement,939–942

interim measures, 100, 330, 454, 460,470, 479, 485

invalidity of agreement, 943–946irrespective of country in which

award made, 911–912jurisdiction, 917–922obligation, 912partial, 953, 956–957party resisting, 477, 911, 954procedural grounds for refusal,

972–975provisional relief, 482recognition as binding, 913refusal, 291, 481, 487, 493, 497, 499,

589, 879, 912requirements for, 922stage, 139, 214, 251, 666, 919, 938subjective scope, 914substantive grounds for refusal,

970–972recognition, resisting, 467, 862–863,

910, 920–922, 947, 966reference

express, 78, 318, 659incorporation by, 33, 135–139, 886

referral, 109, 144–146, 151, 153–154,155–159, 331

by request of a party, 145–147in respect of actions not seised by

forum court, 147orders, 147, 154requests, 144, 146, 157

refusal, 473–475, 478, 479–480,487–488, 490, 497–498, 503,506, 508, 864, 913, 965

grounds for, 458, 478, 479, 861, 864,879, 902, 922, 928, 934–935

of enforcement, 118, 494–498, 738,952, 956

of recognition and enforcement, 291,481, 487, 493, 497, 499, 589,879, 912

regional courts, 101, 705, 791, 798–799,960, 962–963

index 1005


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registered letter, 50, 53, 65–67, 828, 949relationship, closest, 1, 19–21, 63relationships

commercial, 1, 13, 16–17, 174contractual, 91, 127, 279–280, 285,

621, 772hierarchical, 35, 329, 755

relevance, 218, 222, 226, 539–542,544–546, 557, 558–561, 578,580, 723–724, 727, 886

practical, 26, 220, 235, 374, 419, 874,889–890

relevant documents, 594, 671, 697,714, 949

reliability, 210, 224, 558relief

anticipatory, 339–340ex parte, 419, 446injunctive, 254, 507interim, 177, 315–316, 318, 320, 323,

369, 439–441, 445–446,502–503, 505–508, 514–515,520–521

interlocutory, 362, 505, 507protective see protective relief.provisional, 321–325, 346, 347,

364–365, 368, 371, 377, 433,437, 440, 444, 446–447

requests for, 538temporary, 321, 327, 343, 375urgent, 177, 322, 324, 340

remission, 861, 897–898removal, 44, 223–226, 230, 233, 259,

273, 276, 286, 405, 582arbitrators, 232, 271

replacement of arbitrators, 111, 186,273, 283, 289, 768

reports, 86, 540, 683–685, 697, 702, 704,708, 715, 758, 761–763,967, 974

oral, 697, 715requesting parties, 350, 375–376, 395,

413–417, 419, 424–426,433–438, 442–445, 448–453,468–470, 849, 854

requestsas means of commencing arbitration,

601–602

for arbitration, 548–549, 594–596,600–603, 604–606, 628,641, 796

for assistance, 88, 457, 720for enforcement, 459, 463, 476, 480,

490, 923for interim measures, 109, 160–161,

320, 377–378, 428, 503moment of request, 855receipt, 604–606, 849referral, 144, 146, 157valid, 596, 603, 845

requests for arbitration, 548–549,594–596, 600–603, 604–606,628, 641, 796

requirementsmandatory, 347, 527, 601, 631, 648minimum, 595, 641, 646, 856,

950, 958procedural, 156, 272, 726qualification, 233, 581

res judicata, 402, 638, 755, 794, 797,806–808, 810–812, 835–836,839, 841, 914–915, 917

reservations, reciprocity, 581, 900, 911residence, 21, 51–53, 66, 868, 930,

940habitual see habitual residence.

residual powers, 87, 585resignations, 269–270, 283, 285, 652respondents, 68–70, 440–442, 480–482,

600–602, 639–640, 646–649,678–683, 691–695, 781–782,798–799, 948–951, 970–976

responding parties, 386–387, 393, 426,445–446, 449, 482

responsibility, 67–69, 106–107, 270,456, 937

review, 99–100, 106, 144, 154–155,240–241, 306, 308–313, 400,404–407, 409–410, 498,706–707

appellate, 203, 306court, 241, 244, 257, 299–300, 307,

735, 748judicial see judicial review.of jurisdiction, 106

reviewability, 308, 310

1006 index


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revision, 38–39, 41, 178–179, 318–319,326, 328, 407, 415–416, 418,422, 424, 760–761

revocation, 277, 287, 405, 414, 420,482, 737

by agreement of the parties, 285–287rights

due process, 55, 527, 623, 626, 752fundamental, 389, 667, 873–874procedural, 71–72, 203, 877–878third parties, 453, 471–472, 967to supplement, 653–654to translation, 612

rulesapplicable to substance of dispute,

732–757mandatory, 224, 552–553, 620, 631,

686, 737, 758, 959non-mandatory, 72, 631of evidence, 531, 540–541, 546,

556–557, 559–560, 696, 811of interpretation, 31, 34, 35, 40of law, 732–734, 737–742, 743, 745,

749, 751, 755–757of natural justice, 494, 498, 533, 968of procedure, 393, 411, 524, 531, 539,

542–544, 547, 562, 632procedural, 89, 97, 523–524, 544,

547, 549, 554–556, 682, 686,688, 690, 720–721

public policy, 44, 301, 972supplementary, 97, 189, 240, 541, 566

Russia, 18, 66, 81–82, 101–102, 232,291, 556, 703, 749, 885,962, 970

courts, 232, 291, 304, 548–549,556, 564

scheduled hearings, 79, 285, 669scope, 86, 90–92, 126–128, 172–174,

212–213, 292–293, 298–299,634–636, 643, 670–672,880–883, 953–957

extraterritorial, 729of arbitrability, 892, 967of arbitral proceedings, 615–616of arbitration clauses, 127–128of interim measures, 173, 349, 501

of public policy, 494, 967–968of security, 413, 417–418subjective, 28, 914–915

scrutiny, 154, 221, 250, 532, 578,786–787, 789, 881, 956

seatactivities which tribunal can carry

out outside seat, 589and convenience of parties, 583–585and party autonomy, 587–589choice, 298, 572–573, 574, 576,

825–826indirect, 574–576

definition, 569–571failure to determine, 585–587juridical, 588, 806, 825–826limitation of parties’ freedom,

576–577of arbitration, 99, 278, 566, 570–580,

582, 585–586, 863, 889, 897,903–904, 963–964, 965–966

practical considerations, 581–583selection by arbitral tribunal,

577–587selection by parties, 571–576

secret meetings, 528–529secretaries, administrative, 213–214security, 174, 176, 318, 336, 375,

412–418, 436, 440–441,445–446, 453, 468–472,483–484

adequate, 317, 413, 420appropriate, 315, 318, 412, 420, 435,

453, 460, 468–469, 472,483–484, 928, 976

bonds, 441, 446–447for costs, 163, 336–337, 410, 418, 465for costs and damages, 445–448non-compliance with provisions,

483–484posting, 445–448, 470, 484provision, 314–315, 318–319, 375,

412, 414–416, 418, 420–421,446, 483

scope, 413, 417–418seizure, 163, 165senders, 51, 54, 61, 62, 67–69, 70, 602,

828, 855

index 1007


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separability, 121, 123, 154, 158, 301,867, 870, 944

service contracts, 279, 284service providers, 284, 746services, 2, 51, 61, 62, 67–68, 70, 219,

504, 746, 795–796set-off, 49, 629, 651–652, 973setting aside, 106–107, 295–297,

304–305, 310–313, 486,580–582, 851–853, 858–870,873–874, 891, 894–896,897–898

absence of proper notice, 872–876and party impulse, 865–866applications for, 83, 305, 312, 465,

702, 704–705, 708, 717, 800,858–898

time limit, 895–897arbitral procedure not in accordance

with agreement of parties,885–888

arbitral procedure not in accordancewith Model Law, 890–891

composition of tribunal, 884–885,890–891

confllict between agreement ofparties and mandatoryprovisions of Model Law,888–890

excess of mandate, 879–883exclusive nature of recourse, 862inability to present case, 876–879incapacity of party to agreement,

866–870invalidity of agreement, 870–872obligations

discretion and powers of court,863–865

public policy, 892–895severability, 883subject matter of dispute, 891–892suspension of setting aside

proceedings, 897–898settlement, 143, 199, 231, 772–804, 891,

908–909, 928, 932agreements, 768, 773–776, 780–782,

784, 787, 790–791, 796,799–800, 803, 908

arbitration as means of inducing, 801final, 36, 764, 831, 841form of award, 790–791payments, 800status and effect of award, 792–801terms, 774, 779, 783

severability, 300–302, 782, 883signatures, 124, 130–131, 137, 149, 763,

804–805, 812–815, 816–818,823, 905, 925, 945

digital/electronic, 130–131, 134, 814Singapore, 20, 101–102, 164, 175–176,

268, 305, 312–313, 352, 372,515, 788, 967–969

courts, 17, 20, 305, 308–309,311–312, 515, 531, 533,643–644, 707, 709, 967

soft law instruments, 77, 352, 730, 794sole/single arbitrators, 30–31, 178–179,

182, 191–193, 195, 198–199,239, 247–249, 267, 599,662–663, 763–767

Soviet Union see also Russia, 237, 295,632, 673, 682, 685, 916

Spain, 54, 154, 367–368, 790courts, 56, 203, 212, 222, 228, 233,

669, 885special authorisation, 399, 676special knowledge, 644, 704specificity, 162, 232, 603–604, 673, 724,

727, 866, 911, 944specified authorities, 198, 200–201,

202–204standard of proof, 350–355, 479,

696, 878standard of review required of courts,

154–156standard terms, 136, 575, 755standards, 155, 207, 355, 360, 469, 494,

502, 505, 688, 931general, 211, 270, 877procedural, 502, 877, 934

State courts, competent, 129, 135, 324,331, 338, 454

statements, 2, 7, 219, 628–636, 639–641,646–648, 654–655, 671,673–676, 690–691, 789, 791

declaratory, 775, 797

1008 index


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disclosure, 211, 215, 219, 235elements, 639–646

party agreement on, 646–648first, 82, 141–142, 156–157, 640of acceptance, 210, 215of claim, 36, 599, 601, 604, 628–654,

679, 689–691, 842, 923–924of defence, 303, 304, 618, 628–654,

678–683, 923–924jurisdictional questions and filing,

648–650of independence and impartiality,

213, 219, 222of principle, 699, 701, 710witness, 551, 707, 724written, 236, 611, 625, 647–648,

663, 740status quo, 314, 327, 330, 334, 344, 361,

375, 503, 510strict liability, 436, 443, 445subject matter, 13, 16–18, 28–29, 36,

49–51, 147–149, 163–164,315–316, 328–329, 490–491,646–647, 905–907

main, 328, 907non-arbitrable, 891–892

subjective arbitrability, 966subjective scope, 28, 914–915submission

agreements, 121, 124, 181–182,184–186, 526, 618, 621–623,626, 812, 816, 835, 881

to arbitration, 640, 643, 858,881–882, 927, 953–955,956, 957

submissions, 80–83, 440, 533–534,626–633, 634–636, 639–640,643, 647–648, 799–800,881–882, 950–951, 953–956

written, 393, 407, 426, 549, 618, 660,663, 950

subordination of Art. 19 to mandatoryrules, 552

subpoenas, 165, 723, 725, 728substance of dispute, rules applicable

to, 732–757substantial harm, 357–358substantive claims, 94, 835

before courts, 141–159substantive fairness, 492, 530, 947substantive law, 33, 147, 279, 287, 544,

556, 732, 737, 740, 746,747–751, 791

applicable, 32, 122, 287, 734–735,754

substantive liability test, 443–445substantive public policy, 895substitute arbitrators, 82, 185, 267, 270,

274–275appointment, 277–291

success, 347, 351, 364, 509,600

chances of, 58, 66likelihood of, 362, 505–506reasonable possibility of, 351, 353,

361–364ultimate, 357, 505

successful delivery, 68–69sufficient cause, 440, 637–638, 669, 675,

676–681, 683, 684, 685, 686,687–689, 691, 693–694, 722,832, 842

sufficient information, 593, 596, 597,640, 857

supervision, 17, 89, 94–96, 678,719

supplement, right to, 653–654supplementary rules, 97, 189, 240,

541, 566supplements, right to supplement,

653–654Supreme Courts, 68–69, 78–79, 82–83,

145–146, 151, 155–157, 267,298–299, 301–302, 496,798–799, 854

surprise documents, 671surprise effect, 338, 341–342, 378,

379, 419surprise, element of, 346, 383, 389,

396–397, 482, 535suspension, 142, 399, 402–403, 406,

453, 467, 480, 486, 606, 624,650, 964

Sweden, 68, 73, 142, 543, 658, 762, 849Switzerland, 243, 321, 441, 450–451,

465, 494, 609, 795, 965

index 1009


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tacit waivers, 74, 78, 81tactics, dilatory, 195, 237, 241, 268,

296–297, 306, 362, 524, 652,721, 726

taking of evidence, 77, 695–696, 704,706, 709, 713, 715, 718,719–722, 724–725, 727,730–731

court assistance in, 100, 108, 718–731Tanzania, 293–295, 352, 701technical experts, 697, 702, 705telecommunication, 57, 114telegrams, 112, 113telex, 112, 134, 764temporary measures, 314, 320–321,

328, 344, 384, 402, 407temporary relief, 321, 327, 343, 375termination, 255–256, 258–261,

264–266, 268, 271–274,284–286, 399–404, 467,635–638, 831–834, 838–841,842–844

and continuation of proceedings,274–275

any other case, 287automatic, 259, 395by agreement of the parties, 271by request to court or other

authority, 271non-formal proceeding, 272non-mandaory character of Art.

14, 273of arbitral mandate, 279–287of proceedings, 637, 831–845orders, 638, 783, 793, 831–832, 834,

837–839, 840, 841, 843–845revocation by tribunal, 842

procedure, 272–274time limit, 272–273

terms of the contract, and choice of law,755–756

terms, standard, 136, 575, 755territorial application, 11–12territorial criterion, 11–12territorial jurisdiction, 99, 512–513territory, 174, 352, 454, 464, 468–469,

507, 565, 568–569, 590, 728,918, 920

tests, 355, 357–360, 362, 364–366, 371,379–380, 503–506, 508–509,511, 809, 811, 823–826

balancing, 266, 378objective, 810, 838timeliness, 72, 76

textual uniformity, 43–44that, 755third parties, 32–34, 124–125, 146, 160,

163, 170, 198–199, 338, 361,472, 574–575, 729–730

determination, 31, 575innocent, 361rights, 453, 471–472, 967trusted, 32

three-factored test, 561–562three-person tribunals, 196, 265,

884three-prong test, 509–511time

earliest practicable, 381, 386,393–395

of commencement, 591–592,598–601, 887

time limits, 71–72, 82–83, 104,197–198, 265–266, 267–268,272, 517–518, 828–829,845–848, 855, 919

agreed, 198, 265–266applications for setting aside,

895–897definite, 82, 518extension, 855strict, 155, 854

time frames, 83, 240, 244–245, 250, 394,429, 467, 599

timelines, 72, 157, 245, 629, 724,727, 849

before correctedinterpreted and additional

awards, 854timeliness, 72, 76, 157tort, 79, 127–129, 444, 512, 815,

824, 839trade usages, 735, 738, 753, 755,

756–757transactions, 2, 7–8, 29, 64, 128, 301,

642, 732, 736, 750, 940

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international commercial, 115,733, 869

translation, 611–613, 616, 620–621,625–626, 925–926

costs, 615–617, 621of documentary evidence, 613,

626right to, 612

translators, 623–624, 925travaux préparatoires

Art. 1, 2–5Art. 11, 188–189Art. 12, 206–208Art. 13, 236–241Art. 14, 255–260Art. 15, 277–279Art. 16, 293–297Art. 17, 314–319Art. 17A, 343–346Art. 17B, 373–375Art. 17C, 381–389Art. 17D, 399–402Art. 17E, 412–415Art. 17F, 422–428Art. 17G, 435–439Art. 17H, 453–461Art. 17I, 474–479Art. 17J, 500–502Art. 18, 522–524Art. 19, 539–546Art. 2, 25–28Art. 2A, 38–39Art. 20, 565–569Art. 21, 592–597Art. 22, 611–613Art. 23, 630–634Art. 24, 655–659Art. 25, 675–686Art. 26, 697–701Art. 27, 718–722Art. 28, 732–736Art. 29, 758–765Art. 30, 776–780Art. 31, 805–807Art. 32, 831–834Art. 33, 847–850Art. 34, 860–862Art. 35, 900–903

Art. 36, 928–933Art. 3, 50–54Art. 4, 71–73Art. 5, 84–88Art. 6, 96–100Art. 7, 113–116Art. 8, 141–143Art. 9, 160–163

treaties, 10, 40–42, 45, 47–48, 69, 77,382, 581, 756, 804

bilateral, 10, 567, 581, 901multilateral, 42, 45, 48, 63, 719

trial, 354, 357, 362, 505, 512, 623, 644,725, 799

tribunal-appointed experts, 213–214,671, 698–712, 713–717

tribunalsarbitral see arbitral tribunals.jurisdiction, 154, 303, 307, 310, 328,

782, 784–785, 905–906, 944powers, 214, 293, 320, 333, 338,

339–340, 374, 404, 406, 546,650, 748

three-person, 196, 265, 884truncated, 83, 185–186, 290–291,

768, 816truncated awards, 185, 816truncated proceedings, 185, 816truncated tribunals, 83, 185–186,

290–291, 768, 816trusts, 123, 124–125, 128–129, 131,

648–649, 871truth, 536–537, 561, 725Turkey, 64, 67, 101, 230, 243, 516–518typographical errors, 404, 846, 848,

856, 897

UK see United Kingdom.Ukraine, 18, 101–102, 887umpires, 759, 766, 769unanimity, 370, 767–768, 770, 944,

958unanimous decisions, 765, 767, 770unbiasedness, 204, 208–209, 213,

216–217, 223uncertainties, 3, 5, 357, 360, 480, 483,

489, 495, 502, 735, 739,744–745

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undue delay, 71, 81, 82, 201, 202–203,245, 255, 258–259, 261,263–268, 272–273, 276, 282

unenforceability, 290, 388–389, 398unfairness

manifest, 878procedural, 91, 530, 723

uniform interpretation, 43, 224–225,382, 459, 474

uniformity, 38–45, 48–49, 75, 143, 169,188, 304, 593, 596, 809,812, 815

applied, 43–45functional, 43–44promotion, 41–45textual, 43–44

unilaterality, prohibition in relation tochoosing/amending arbitralprocedure, 549

United Kingdom, 86–87, 342, 388, 507,643, 648–650, 724, 765

courts, 59, 147, 368, 563, 729, 970United States, 216, 223, 445, 446,

543–544, 730, 765, 849, 920,929, 957, 965

courts, 60, 69, 164, 299, 369, 447, 489,547, 623, 795–796, 821, 845

Oregon, 163–164, 370unjustified withdrawal, 282, 284unnecessary delay, 617, 688unsuccessful parties, 580, 586, 862, 887,

895–896, 964unwilling arbitrators, 270, 283urgency, 360, 364, 387, 393, 429, 451,

479, 597urgent relief, 177, 322, 324, 340usage, 132, 367, 738, 755–756

common, 132–133industry-wide, 756trade, 735, 738, 753, 755–757

use of force, 321

valid agreements, 33, 133–134, 866,871, 880, 882, 906, 908,923, 954

valid arbitration clauses, 80, 883,907

valid requests, 596, 603, 845

validation principle, 869, 940validity, 113–114, 128–130, 139–140,

150–151, 255–256, 290–292,293, 301–302, 480, 575, 870,943–945

formal, 129, 808of arbitration agreements, 113, 117

variants, 458–459, 474–475, 488,490–491, 502–503, 681, 735,745, 832, 834

videoconferencing, 590, 669–670voluntary withdrawal, 261, 275votes, 125, 248, 764, 769

casting, 759deciding, 181, 769decisive, 760, 763

waivers, 71–76, 78–82, 135, 148, 156,161, 246, 262, 299, 527,797, 821

nature, 76–81of right to object, 71–83scope, 73–76tacit, 74, 78, 81

way, 857weaker parties, 336, 525, 532, 566weight of evidence, 539, 541–542, 546,

557–558, 715, 723withdrawal, 36–37, 259, 276–277,

282–283, 285arbitrators, 247, 269–270capricious, 283claimants, 842–843unforeseeable, 282unjustified, 282, 284voluntary, 261, 275

witness evidence, 568, 659, 667witness statements, 551, 707, 724witnesses, 131, 139, 536–537, 582–583,

589, 655, 659, 718, 722–723,724, 726, 728–729

expert, 655, 659, 697–699, 715–716Working Group, 2–5, 252–260,

345–351, 383–388, 412–418,420–427, 474–480, 655–659,675–684, 698–701, 759–762,928–933

Working Group II, 307, 803, 832–833

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Working Group, meetings, 10, 85,501, 519

writing, 126, 129–135, 139, 245, 247,663, 802, 805, 807, 812, 917,923–924

agreements in, 113, 129–131, 134,139, 802, 971

writs, 93, 398,728

written agreements, 115, 129, 131–132,135, 139–140, 555

written communications, 50–52, 54,56–61, 63, 66, 69, 70, 132,598, 605, 828, 876

written form, 39, 115–116, 129, 134,138–140, 598, 604, 632

written or oral defences, 221–222,226, 876

written proceedings and hearings,655–674, 699–700

written statements, 236, 611, 625,647–648, 663, 740

written submissions, 393, 407, 426, 549,618, 660, 663, 950

Yugoslavia, 544, 735, 763

Zimbabwe, 163, 168, 975

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977 - Cambridge University Press

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