MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

ACROSS CULTURES

Index Leadership Leadership theories and styles Leadership styles followed by Taj Hotels Comparison of leadership styles across different cultures Motivational theories Motivational theories adopted by Taj Hotels Comparison of Motivational technique across different culture Recommendation of leadership strategies for Taj Group of Hotels operating across different culture

LEADERSHIP Defined as a process of influencing and

motivating others.

The activity or ability of leading a group of people or an organization is called as Leadership.

For effective leaders two things are most important: Trust and Confidence

LEADERSHIP THEORIES AND STYLES

Various Leadership theories and styles which are being followed by leaders across different cultures. Some of these theories are –

Trait theory Behavioral theory Contingency theory Transformational theory Transactional theory

Leadership can also be categorized into various styles. The various types of leadership styles are:

•Autocratic leadership

•Bureaucratic Leadership

•Democratic or Participative Leadership

•Free-Rein or Laissez faire Leadership

LEADERSHIP STYLE FOLLOWED BY TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS Symbol of Indian hospitality. Started in December 1903 by J.R.D Tata. Best known for providing a world class

services to its customers as well as taking care of the heritage and tradition of India.

Taj group of Hotels followed Participative leadership style

COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ACROSS DIFFERENT CULTURES

Autocratic leadership is not highly appreciated in cultures, where close coordination with employees is required like in Asia.

Asian culture values strong interpersonal relationship between employees. At the same time, participative leaders also believe in sharing strong bonds with employees. Hence, participative leadership is more effective in Asian countries.

In cultures like Central American countries and in Panama, employees prefer to have a strong relationship with each other. The people of this culture highly emphasize on skills and expect for rewards for the quality of work.

In Japan, male employees are given more importance as compared to female employees. At the same time, in some cultures both male and female are treated equally. In Sweden, both males and females are given equal importance in the organization.

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

Motivation is necessary for employees as it inspire them to achieve personal as well as organizational goals.

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

McClelland’s acquired needs Theory

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES USED BY TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS

Many motivational theories are used by Taj group of Hotels. Some of them are discussed below:

Positive imagery.

Term- building activates.

Taj management training program.

COMPARISON OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ACROSS DIFFERENT CULTURES

The need for rewards and recognition highly motivates employees in western countries. Thus, the leaders and management in western countries can motivate their subordinates by offering them incentives and other rewards for high performance.

CONTINUED….

Employees in Asian countries are more inclined towards their social needs. It can be said that Asian employees can be motivated by providing them social needs. Asian employees look for strong interpersonal relations and recognition in the organization.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES FOR TAJ OPERATING ACROSS DIFFERENT CULTURE

Require greater cultural sensitivity.

Enhanced language skills.

Democratic leadership styles.

Understanding of local laws.

REFERENCES Northouse, P.G., 2009. Leadership-theory and practice. 5th ed.

SAGE. Jung, D.I. and Avolio, B.J., 1999. Effects of leadership style and

follower’s cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions. 42 (2). pp.208-218.

Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2009. Leadership:- theory, application and skill development. 4th ed. Cengage learning.

Taj Hotels. n.d. [Online]. Available at: <http://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/tourism-and-hospitality/2901-taj-hotels.html>. [Accessed on 17th August 2012].

Taj Group. [Online]. Available at: < http://www.tajhotels.com/About-Taj/Careers/Taj-Values.html>. [Accessed on 17th August 2012].

Motivation Theories. n.d. [Online]. Available at: <http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/a_motivation.htm>. [Accessed on 17th August 2012]. 

CONTINUED…. Geras, S.J. and Clark, C.M., n.d. Effective team leadership-a

competitive advantage. pp.1-16. Mills, D.Q., 2005. Leadership how to lead how to live.pp.10-23. Madu, B. C., n.d. Organization culture as driver of competitive

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n.d. [Online]. Available at: < http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/101635-Organisational-Culture-Interaction-of-Internal-External-Factors>. [Accessed on 28th July 2012].

DeVoe, S.E., 2004. Managers Theories of Subordinates: A Cross Cultural Examination of Manager Perception of Motivation, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 93, 47-61.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Francesco, A. M. and Gold, B. A., 2005. International Organizational Behaviour. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Deresky, H., 2003. International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. 3rd ed. London: Prentice Hall.

Johann, R., 2010. Cross Cultural Management. Germany: Grin Verlag.

Luger, E., 2009. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions. Germany: Grin Verlag.

Frabotta, D., 2001. Overcoming cultural and social challenges requires accepting different points of view. Hotel & Motel Management, 216(1), p.46.

Baum, T., Devine, F. and Hearns, N., 2007. The implications of contemporary cultural diversity for the hospitality curriculum. Education +Training, 49(5). pp.350-363.

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