95 - ERIC - Education Resources Information Center Upphadaya now Permanent Secretary for Education...
75
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 408 711 EA 028 458 AUTHOR Tamang, H. D.; Dharam, K. C. TITLE Innovation in Primary School Construction: Community Participation in Seti Zone, Nepal. Educational Building Report 20. A Case Study. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Bangkok (Thailand). Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. PUB DATE 95 NOTE 147p.; Photographs may not reproduce clearly. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Building Design; Construction Costs; Construction Management; Construction Materials; Construction Needs; *Construction (Process); Construction Programs; Developing Nations; *Educational Facilities Design; *Educational Facilities Improvement; *Educational Facilities Planning; Efficiency; Elementary Education; Foreign Countries; School Buildings; *School Construction IDENTIFIERS *Nepal ABSTRACT Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. In 1981 the Education for Rural Development in Seti Zone Project--more commonly known as the "Seti Project"--was part of the Nepalese government's effort to develop a system of basic education in that far western region of Nepal. The early success of the project provided the impetus for the development of the Primary Education Project, which is supported by the Work Bank/International Development Association. This publication is part of the UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (PROAP) series on innovations in primary school construction. The series focuses on how to get the most value for money invested in educational buildings. The experience of Nepal and its project Education for Rural Development in the Seti zone is an example of how people can contribute to their own development. The project is based on the premise that such self-development is mainly fueled by knowledge. Mobilizing community interest, maintaining community confidence, and creating technically satisfactory buildings is a major challenge for all participatory development programs. The report gives a chronological review of the work and describes the project's origins, the context for the building design, the management approach, the school-construction program planning, program implementation, and program achievements. A total of 27 illustrations, 2 maps, 3 figures, and 4 tables are included. (LMI) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************
Transcript of 95 - ERIC - Education Resources Information Center Upphadaya now Permanent Secretary for Education...
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 408 711 EA 028 458
AUTHOR Tamang, H. D.; Dharam, K. C.TITLE Innovation in Primary School Construction: Community
Participation in Seti Zone, Nepal. Educational BuildingReport 20. A Case Study.
INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization, Bangkok (Thailand). Principal Regional Officefor Asia and the Pacific.
PUB DATE 95
NOTE 147p.; Photographs may not reproduce clearly.PUB TYPE Reports Research (143)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Building Design; Construction Costs; Construction
Management; Construction Materials; Construction Needs;*Construction (Process); Construction Programs; DevelopingNations; *Educational Facilities Design; *EducationalFacilities Improvement; *Educational Facilities Planning;Efficiency; Elementary Education; Foreign Countries; SchoolBuildings; *School Construction
IDENTIFIERS *Nepal
ABSTRACTNepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. In 1981
the Education for Rural Development in Seti Zone Project--more commonly knownas the "Seti Project"--was part of the Nepalese government's effort todevelop a system of basic education in that far western region of Nepal. Theearly success of the project provided the impetus for the development of thePrimary Education Project, which is supported by the Work Bank/InternationalDevelopment Association. This publication is part of the UNESCO PrincipalRegional Office for Asia and the Pacific (PROAP) series on innovations inprimary school construction. The series focuses on how to get the most valuefor money invested in educational buildings. The experience of Nepal and itsproject Education for Rural Development in the Seti zone is an example of howpeople can contribute to their own development. The project is based on thepremise that such self-development is mainly fueled by knowledge. Mobilizingcommunity interest, maintaining community confidence, and creatingtechnically satisfactory buildings is a major challenge for all participatorydevelopment programs. The report gives a chronological review of the work anddescribes the project's origins, the context for the building design, themanagement approach, the school-construction program planning, programimplementation, and program achievements. A total of 27 illustrations, 2maps, 3 figures, and 4 tables are included. (LMI)
********************************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
********************************************************************************
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Inno
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Com
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seri
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nova
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in p
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scho
ol c
onst
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ion
has
brou
ght t
o th
e at
tent
ion
of M
embe
r St
ates
a s
erie
s of
initi
ativ
es o
n ho
w to
get
the
mos
t val
ue f
or m
oney
inve
sted
in e
duca
tiona
l bui
ldin
gs. T
he in
tent
ion
of th
is s
erie
s is
that
it c
an m
ake
desi
gner
s an
d m
anag
ers
awar
e of
how
oth
ers
have
atta
cked
thei
r pr
oble
ms.
The
exp
erie
nce
of N
epal
in it
s pr
ojec
t Edu
catio
n fo
r R
ural
Dev
elop
men
t in
the
Seti
zone
is a
n ex
cept
iona
l exa
mpl
e of
how
peo
ple
can
cont
ribu
te to
thei
r ow
n de
velo
pmen
t. It
is b
ased
on
the
prem
ise
that
suc
h se
lf d
evel
opm
ent i
s m
ainl
y fu
eled
by
know
ledg
e. T
he s
choo
lco
nstr
uctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e w
ithin
the
proj
ect p
laye
d a
key
role
in r
ally
ing
com
mun
ity m
embe
rs to
mak
e a
dire
ct p
erso
nal c
omm
itmen
tth
roug
h co
ntri
butin
g th
eir
time
and
thei
r st
reng
th to
col
lect
ing
build
ing
mat
eria
ls a
nd c
arry
ing
out m
uch
of th
e le
ss s
kill
dem
andi
ngla
bour
.
Thi
s re
port
giv
es a
chr
onol
ogic
al r
evie
w o
f th
e w
ork
so th
at th
e re
ader
can
"liv
e th
roug
h" a
ll th
e le
arni
ng e
xper
ienc
es o
f th
e pr
ojec
tm
anag
ers.
Mob
ilizi
ng c
omm
unity
inte
rest
, mai
ntai
ning
com
mun
ity c
onfi
denc
e an
d ac
hiev
ing
tech
nica
lly s
atis
fact
ory
build
ings
is a
maj
or c
halle
nge
for
all p
artic
ipat
ory
deve
lopm
ent p
rogr
amm
es.
Tw
o ch
ampi
on g
roup
s em
erge
d fr
om th
is e
xper
ienc
e; th
e vi
llage
rs a
nd th
e yo
ung
tech
nici
ans
who
trai
ned
the
villa
gers
and
ove
rsaw
the
build
ings
as
they
wer
e re
aliz
ed. T
hey
coul
d no
t hav
e ar
rive
d at
thes
e ac
com
plis
hmen
ts, h
owev
er, w
ithou
t the
gui
danc
e an
d su
ppor
t of
thei
r fe
llow
fie
ld w
orke
rs w
ho f
ollo
wed
the
proj
ect's
lite
racy
and
oth
er e
duca
tiona
l pro
gram
mes
.
Fina
lly, f
rom
the
capi
tal K
athm
andu
the
proj
ect a
lso
rece
ived
sig
nifi
cant
sup
port
. Dr.
Ish
war
Upp
hada
ya n
ow P
erm
anen
t Sec
reta
ry f
orE
duca
tion
was
one
of
the
proj
ect d
esig
ners
whe
n he
was
join
t sec
reta
ry f
or p
lann
ing.
His
per
sona
l ste
ady
supp
ort t
hrou
ghou
t the
life
of th
e pr
ojec
t has
ens
ured
the
gove
rnm
ent's
res
ourc
es f
or th
is p
ione
erin
g w
ork.
UN
ICE
F ra
ised
fun
ds f
or v
ario
us p
roje
ct c
ompo
nent
sin
clud
ing
the
subs
idie
s pr
ovid
ed to
the
com
mun
ities
for
sch
ool c
onst
ruct
ion.
The
pro
ject
itse
lf w
as f
unde
d by
UN
DP
and
exec
uted
by
UN
ESC
O.
11
CO
NT
EN
TS
Cha
pter
One
:T
he O
rigi
ns o
f th
e Pr
ojec
t1
Cha
pter
Tw
o :
Con
text
for
Bui
ldin
g D
esig
n5
Cha
pter
Thr
ee :
App
roac
h to
Man
agem
ent
9
Cha
pter
Fou
r :
Scho
ol C
onst
ruct
ion
Prog
ram
me
Plan
ning
.13
Cha
pter
Fiv
e :
Prog
ram
me
Impl
emen
tatio
n29
Cha
pter
Six
:A
chie
vem
ents
64
12
Illus
trat
ions
Mar
k I
4 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:el
evat
ions
4 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:gr
ound
flo
or p
lan
5 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:gr
ound
flo
or p
lan
5 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:el
evat
ions
cros
s se
ctio
n of
sin
gle
stor
ey b
uild
ing
4 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
:fi
rst a
nd g
roun
d fl
oor
plan
s5
bay
doub
le s
tore
y bu
ildin
g :
firs
t and
gro
und
floo
r pl
ans
4 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
:el
evat
ions
cros
s se
ctio
n of
dou
ble
stor
ey b
uild
ing
.
Mar
k II
5 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:gr
ound
flo
or p
lan
4 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:gr
ound
flo
or p
lan
4 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:el
evat
ions
5 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:el
evat
ions
cros
s se
ctio
n of
sin
gle
stor
ey b
uild
ing
4 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
..5
bay
doub
le s
tore
y bu
ildin
g4
bay
doub
le s
tore
y bu
ildin
g5
bay
doub
le s
tore
y bu
ildin
gcr
oss
sect
ion
of d
oubl
e st
orey
bui
ldin
g.
.
illus
trat
ion
to v
illag
ers
rega
rdin
g m
easu
rem
ent
illus
trat
ion
to v
illag
ers
encl
osed
with
dra
win
gill
ustr
atio
n on
doo
r, w
indo
w a
nd a
lmir
a.
illus
trat
ion
on h
ow to
con
stru
ct p
it la
trin
e
Mar
k ///
5 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
:gr
ound
flo
or p
lan
4 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
4 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
and
3 ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
build
ing
5 ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
:fi
rst a
nd g
roun
d fl
oor
plan
s
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 54 55 56 57
Map
s
Map
1M
ap 2
:
Fig
ures
Figu
re 1
:Fi
gure
2 :
Figu
re 3
:
Tab
les
Tab
le 1
:T
able
2 :
Tab
le 3
:T
able
4 :
Nep
al P
lann
ing
Reg
ions
Nep
al P
hysi
ogra
phic
Reg
ions
Man
agem
ent P
roce
ss a
nd R
espo
nsib
ilitie
sD
evel
opm
ent o
f Sc
hool
Con
stru
ctio
n Pr
ogra
mm
eFo
ur S
tage
s of
Pay
men
t
Cal
cula
tion
of C
onst
ruct
ion
Subs
idie
s 19
91-1
992
Impr
oved
Pay
men
t Sys
tem
Det
aile
d A
rea
Ana
lysi
s of
Mar
k II
I D
esig
nsE
ffic
ienc
y of
Dif
fere
nt T
ypes
of
Bui
ldin
gs
3 4 10 14 48 12 32 53 65
Bac
kgro
und.
The
Kin
gdom
of
Nep
al h
as b
een
unde
rgoi
ng im
port
ant s
ocia
l and
econ
omic
cha
nges
for
the
past
fou
r de
cade
s. I
t was
onl
y in
the
1950
s th
at th
e ca
pita
l of
Kat
hman
du c
ould
fir
st b
e re
ache
d by
roa
d; m
any
area
s of
the
coun
try
are
still
inac
cess
ible
to m
otor
ized
veh
ides
.T
his
long
isol
atio
n ha
s co
ntri
bute
d to
the
mai
nten
ance
of
a ri
ch a
nd u
niqu
e cu
lture
, dom
inat
ed b
y tr
aditi
onal
rel
igio
us b
elie
fs.
Eac
h vi
llage
has
its
tem
ple
and
man
y m
ore
sacr
ed p
lace
s ar
e fo
und
on h
illto
ps, a
tsp
ring
s, a
nd a
long
the
trai
ls w
hich
trav
erse
the
entir
e co
untr
y.T
he r
ichn
ess
of th
ecu
lture
and
infl
uenc
e of
rel
igio
us b
elie
fs a
re c
onst
antly
see
n in
dai
ly li
fe:
in th
e ex
otic
scul
ptur
es a
nd w
ood
carv
ings
of
the
tem
ples
and
the
soph
istic
ated
yet
sim
ple
eleg
ance
of
villa
ge a
rchi
tect
ure.
Nep
al's
eco
nom
y is
bas
ed u
pon
syst
ems
of tr
aditi
onal
agr
icul
ture
whi
ch in
volv
e m
en,
wom
en a
nd c
hild
ren
alik
e in
the
daily
str
uggl
e to
wri
ng s
urvi
val f
rom
the
fore
sts,
the
high
past
ures
, and
the
narr
ow te
rrac
es c
arve
d ou
t of
prec
ipito
us h
illsi
des.
The
gro
wth
of
the
popu
latio
n in
the
hills
took
pla
ce o
ver
seve
ral c
entu
ries
and
has
res
ulte
d in
the
clea
ring
of v
alua
ble
fore
sts,
and
incr
easi
ng e
rosi
on o
f pr
ecio
us to
psoi
l. So
me
two-
thir
ds o
f th
eco
unty
's 1
9.1
mill
ion
peop
le li
ve in
thes
e hi
lly a
nd m
ount
aino
us r
egio
ns, o
ften
inis
olat
ed c
omm
uniti
es, d
ays'
and
eve
n w
eeks
' wal
k fr
om th
e ne
ares
t roa
d. T
he r
emai
ning
one-
thir
d liv
e on
the
plai
ns o
f th
e te
rai,
whe
re m
igra
nts
from
the
hills
are
rap
idly
conv
ertin
g th
e tr
opic
al f
ores
ts in
to f
ield
s.
The
imm
ense
end
uran
ce o
f th
e pe
ople
has
yet
to b
e re
war
ded
with
pro
sper
ity o
r an
eas
ylif
e.D
urin
g th
e la
st th
ree
deca
des
the
gove
rnm
ent h
as in
itiat
ed s
tron
g m
easu
res
toen
cour
age
deve
lopm
ents
that
wou
ld r
aise
livi
ng s
tand
ards
, but
the
annu
al G
NP
per
capi
ta in
com
e is
stil
l no
mor
e th
an U
S$17
0.00
.
Bas
ic h
uman
nee
ds h
ave
still
not
bee
n m
et. L
ess
than
20
per
cent
of
the
popu
latio
n ha
sac
cess
to a
per
man
ent s
uppl
y of
cle
an w
ater
; bas
ic s
anita
tion
is a
lmos
t tot
ally
lack
ing.
Wat
er-r
elat
ed d
isea
ses
acco
unt f
or a
ppro
xim
atel
y 32
per
cen
t of
the
deat
hs a
nd 4
0 pe
rce
nt o
f al
l ser
ious
illn
ess
suff
ered
by
child
ren
unde
r fo
ur y
ears
of
age.
In th
e hi
lly a
ndm
ount
aino
us r
egio
ns, t
he m
orta
lity
rate
for
thos
e un
der
five
yea
rs o
f ag
e is
165
per
1,00
0; li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y fo
r th
e co
untr
y as
a w
hole
is 5
0 ye
ars.
u
Cha
pter
One
TH
E O
RIG
INS
OF
TH
E P
RO
JEC
T
The
edu
catio
n sy
stem
.Pr
ior
to th
e 19
50s,
onl
y a
tiny
min
ority
of
Nep
al's
popu
latio
n ha
d ac
cess
to a
ny f
orm
of
educ
atio
n.In
the
past
35
year
s, a
nd p
artic
ular
lysi
nce
the
earl
y 19
70s,
gre
at p
rogr
ess
has
been
mad
e, a
nd a
net
wor
k of
sch
ools
now
exis
ts w
ithin
rea
ch o
f vi
rtua
lly e
very
vill
age
in th
e K
ingd
om. B
y 19
88, n
earl
y 19
,000
scho
ols
had
been
est
ablis
hed,
incl
udin
g ov
er 1
3,00
0 pr
imar
y sc
hool
s.U
nfor
tuna
tely
,im
prov
emen
ts in
the
qual
ity a
nd r
elev
ance
of
educ
atio
n ha
ve f
aile
d to
kee
p pa
ce w
ith th
equ
antit
ativ
e ex
pans
ion
of th
e sy
stem
.A
lthou
gh th
ere
are
near
ly 6
0,00
0 te
ache
rscu
rren
tly e
mpl
oyed
at t
he p
rim
ary
leve
l, on
ly 3
5 pe
r ce
nt a
re tr
aine
d an
d on
ly 1
0 pe
rce
nt o
f th
ese
are
wom
en.
The
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
n re
port
s th
at 8
6 pe
r ce
nt o
f th
e co
untr
y's
child
ren
aged
six
tote
n ye
ars
are
enro
lled
in p
rim
ary
scho
ol, h
owev
er, t
his
figu
re is
gre
atly
infl
ated
by
the
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
und
erag
e an
d ov
erag
e ch
ildre
n. A
rec
ent d
emog
raph
ic s
urve
y su
gges
tsth
at th
e ac
tual
enr
olm
ent f
igur
es f
or b
oys
and
girl
s in
the
prim
ary
age-
grou
p ar
e no
mor
eth
an 5
0 pe
r ce
nt a
nd 3
0 pe
r ce
nt r
espe
ctiv
ely.
In s
ome
of th
e m
ore
rem
ote
dist
rict
s of
the
coun
try'
s m
id-
and
far-
wes
tern
reg
ions
, the
fig
ures
for
gir
ls' e
nrol
men
t are
pro
babl
yno
hig
her
then
fiv
e to
ten
per
cent
.E
ven
at th
e na
tiona
l lev
el, o
ffic
ial f
igur
es f
oren
rolm
ent o
f gi
rls
in th
e ag
e gr
oups
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
the
low
er a
nd s
econ
dary
gra
des
are
only
ten
and
seve
n pe
r ce
nt r
espe
ctiv
ely.
In
mos
t rem
ote
of a
reas
, no
mor
e th
an 5
0pe
r ce
nt o
f th
e ch
ildre
n en
rolle
d in
pri
mar
y gr
ades
atte
nd s
choo
l reg
ular
ly. O
ver
45 p
erce
nt o
f th
e ch
ildre
n w
ho d
o en
ter
prim
ary
educ
atio
n dr
op o
ut a
fter
gra
de 1
the
rete
ntio
n ra
te b
etw
een
grad
es 1
and
5 is
a m
ere
31 p
er c
ent.
The
nat
iona
l lite
racy
rat
eis
onl
y 35
per
cen
t and
, am
ong
wom
en, i
t is
no h
ighe
r th
an 1
8 pe
r ce
nt.
Prof
essi
onal
sta
ndar
ds a
nd p
erso
nal m
oral
e ar
e lo
w a
mon
g te
ache
rs, w
ho a
re s
orel
yill
-equ
ippe
d to
per
form
the
key
role
req
uire
d of
them
in th
e na
tion'
s de
velo
pmen
t. T
heir
regu
lari
ty a
nd p
oor
qual
ity o
f in
stru
ctio
n, to
geth
er w
ith th
e pe
rcei
ved
irre
leva
nce
ofm
uch
of w
hat i
s ta
ught
in th
e pr
imar
y cl
assr
oom
, con
stitu
te im
port
ant u
nder
lyin
g ca
uses
for
poor
atte
ndan
ce a
nd h
igh
drop
-out
rat
es. T
he p
rim
ary
scho
ol s
truc
ture
s th
emse
lves
,er
ecte
d by
the
com
mun
ities
, oft
en la
ck e
ven
the
bare
st o
f ba
sic
acco
mm
odat
ions
: ada
mp
eart
hen
floo
r an
d w
indo
ws
too
smal
l to
prov
ide
adeq
uate
illu
min
atio
n fo
r ea
se o
fre
adin
g an
d w
ritin
g.
17
Soci
al-c
ultu
ral t
radi
tions
and
tabo
os p
ose
real
pro
blem
s fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
educ
atio
n sy
stem
, par
ticul
arly
for
the
educ
atio
n of
gir
ls.
The
inst
itutio
ns c
harg
ed w
ithth
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
of th
e sy
stem
are
poo
rly
fund
ed a
nd in
adeq
uate
lyst
affe
d.T
he g
over
nmen
t, in
con
fron
ting
thes
e pr
oble
ms,
is h
ampe
red
by f
orm
idab
lefu
ndin
g co
nstr
aint
s in
wha
t is
one
of th
e po
ores
t cou
ntri
es in
the
wor
ld.
The
Set
i Pro
ject
.T
he la
unch
ing
in 1
981
of th
e E
duca
tion
for
Rur
al D
evel
opm
ent
in S
eti Z
one
Proj
ect
mor
e co
mm
only
kno
wn
as 't
he S
eti P
roje
ct'
was
par
t of
the
gove
rnm
ent's
eff
ort t
o co
mba
t the
se p
robl
ems
and
deve
lop
a sy
stem
of
basi
c ed
ucat
ion
appr
opri
ate
to th
e ne
eds
and
reso
urce
s of
the
coun
try.
The
ear
ly s
ucce
ss o
f th
e pr
ojec
tpr
ovid
ed th
e im
petu
s fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
Prim
ary
Edu
catio
n Pr
ojec
t, w
hich
issu
ppor
ted
by th
e W
orld
Ban
k/In
tem
atio
nal D
evel
opm
ent A
ssoc
iatio
n (I
DA
) an
d cu
rren
tlyop
erat
es in
six
of
the
coun
try'
s di
stri
cts
and
is li
kely
to b
e ex
pand
ed to
incl
ude
20 m
ore.
Exp
erie
nce
deri
ved
from
bot
h pr
ojec
ts h
as s
tron
gly
infl
uenc
ed th
e de
sign
of
the
gove
rnm
ent's
Bas
ic N
eeds
Pro
gram
me
for
Edu
catio
na
maj
or n
atio
nwid
e in
itiat
ive
laun
ched
in 1
986
as p
art o
f a
muc
h w
ider
nat
iona
l cam
paig
n to
mee
t the
min
imum
basi
c ne
eds
of th
e N
epal
ese
peop
le b
y th
e ye
ar 2
000
whi
ch f
ocus
es a
ttent
ion
on: t
hepr
omot
ion
of g
irls
' edu
catio
n; im
prov
emen
ts in
the
qual
ity o
f su
perv
isio
n, te
achi
ng a
ndth
e cu
rric
ulum
;im
prov
emen
ts in
the
phys
ical
fac
ilitie
s of
sch
ools
; inc
reas
es in
the
num
ber
of s
choo
ls a
cros
s th
e co
untr
y; a
nd in
crea
ses
in th
e le
vel o
f ad
ult l
itera
cy.
Seti
Zon
e, lo
cate
d in
the
far-
wes
tern
dev
elop
men
t reg
ion
of N
epal
, com
pris
es f
ive
dist
rict
s.D
oti,
Baj
hang
, Baj
ura
and
Ach
ham
are
in th
e hi
lls, w
hile
Kai
lali
is lo
cate
d on
the
plai
ns b
orde
ring
Ind
ia. O
f th
e 75
dis
tric
ts in
Nep
al, t
he f
our
hill
dist
rict
s of
Set
i Zon
era
nk in
the
botto
m 1
5 pe
r ce
nt in
term
s of
leve
l of
deve
lopm
ent.
The
gov
ernm
ent h
asde
term
ined
that
the
qual
ity o
f lif
e in
suc
h ar
eas
as th
ose
in S
eti Z
one
can
only
be
impr
oved
if th
e pe
ople
them
selv
es b
ecom
e th
e pr
ime
mov
ing
forc
e in
thei
r ow
nde
velo
pmen
t. D
iffe
rent
for
ms
of e
duca
tion
are
requ
ired
to im
part
new
ski
lls a
nd d
evel
opa
new
con
scio
usne
ss o
f th
e ro
le th
at th
e pe
ople
mus
t pla
y. W
ith th
is o
bjec
tive
in m
ind,
the
gove
rnm
ent r
eque
sted
ass
ista
nce
from
UN
DP,
UN
ICE
F an
d U
NE
SCO
in c
arry
ing
out a
pilo
t 'ed
ucat
ion
for
rura
l dev
elop
men
t' pr
ogra
mm
e.
The
fir
st p
hase
of
the
proj
ect b
egan
in 1
981
and
prod
uced
a s
erie
s of
inno
vativ
eap
proa
ches
whi
ch w
ere
test
ed o
n a
limite
d sc
ale.
Dur
ing
the
seco
nd p
hase
, whi
chst
arte
d in
mid
-198
7, th
e pr
ojec
t exp
ande
d th
e sc
ale
of it
s op
erat
ion
and
assi
sted
the
gove
rnm
ent i
n in
corp
orat
ing
the
mos
t suc
cess
ful o
f th
ese
new
app
roac
hes
into
ana
tiona
l pro
gram
me.
I
2
18
The
uni
quen
ess
of th
e Se
ti pr
ojec
t is
its c
ompr
ehen
sive
app
roac
h to
war
ds m
eetin
g th
ene
eds
of th
e co
mm
uniti
es s
erve
d an
d im
prov
ing
the
qual
ity a
nd r
elev
ance
of
educ
atio
n to
a po
int w
here
eve
n fi
ve y
ears
of
scho
olin
g ca
n m
ake
a m
ost s
igni
fica
nt c
ontr
ibut
ion
toan
impr
oved
life
. Thi
s is
don
e by
atta
ckin
g th
e pr
oble
m o
n al
l fro
nts:
teac
hers
, par
ents
,te
achi
ng-l
earn
ing
mat
eria
ls a
nd le
arni
ng e
nvir
onm
ents
.Sp
ecia
lly, t
he p
roje
ct a
ttem
pts
to:
.tr
ain
a ne
w ty
pe o
f te
ache
r, s
kille
d no
t onl
y in
teac
hing
but
als
o in
pri
mar
y he
alth
car
ean
d ag
ricu
lture
, who
can
use
thes
e sk
ills
in th
e se
rvic
e of
the
peop
le;
.ex
ploi
t the
pot
entia
l of
the
prim
ary
scho
ol c
urri
culu
m a
s a
forc
e fo
rru
ral
deve
lopm
ent;
.de
velo
p an
d co
nduc
t fun
ctio
nal l
itera
cy p
rogr
amm
es f
or a
dults
and
out
-of-
scho
ol g
irls
whi
ch a
ddre
ss in
a v
ery
prac
tical
way
som
e of
the
maj
or p
robl
ems
of r
ural
life
;
.pr
omot
elit
erac
yan
dco
mm
unity
-bas
edde
velo
pmen
tin
itiat
ives
thro
ugh
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a ne
twor
k of
vill
age
read
ing
cent
res;
.es
tabl
ish
a ne
twor
k of
res
ourc
e ce
ntre
s w
hich
pro
vide
s tr
aini
ng f
acili
ties,
sup
ervi
sion
and
a ch
anne
l for
sup
plyi
ng m
ater
ials
to f
unct
iona
l lite
racy
pro
gram
mes
and
'sat
ellit
esc
hool
s';
.es
tabl
ish
mec
hani
sms
whi
ch e
nabl
e ap
prop
riat
e pu
blic
inst
itutio
nsto
ass
ume
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r th
e ro
utin
e im
plem
enta
tion
of in
nova
tive
activ
ities
dev
elop
ed u
nder
the
proj
ect;
and
.as
sist
loca
l com
mun
ities
in c
onst
ruct
ing
a ne
w ty
pe o
f sc
hool
fac
ility
, one
whi
chin
corp
orat
es b
asic
san
itatio
n an
d he
alth
car
e ne
eds
(lat
rine
s, a
dea
n w
ater
sup
ply)
and
agri
cultu
ral i
nter
ests
(fr
uit a
nd o
ther
tree
pla
ntat
ions
, veg
etab
le g
arde
ns).
Com
mun
ity P
artic
ipat
ion
Prin
cipl
e.T
he c
orne
rsto
ne o
f th
e Se
ti pr
ojec
t lie
s in
deve
lopi
ng a
new
bas
ic e
duca
tion
syst
em b
y bu
ildin
g on
the
stre
ngth
s of
vill
age
soci
ety
itsel
f. T
he p
roje
ct, t
here
fore
, aim
s to
mob
ilize
max
imum
par
ticip
atio
n fr
om th
e pe
ople
.
Com
mun
ities
as
poor
as
thos
e in
Set
i Zon
e co
uld
not b
e ex
pect
ed to
pro
vide
sig
nifi
cant
fina
ncia
l con
trib
utio
ns, b
ut w
hat t
hey
can
offe
r is
thei
r tim
e, th
eir
labo
ur, a
nd th
eir
pers
onal
com
mitm
ent t
o th
e ac
tiviti
es o
f th
e pr
ojec
t.In
the
atte
mpt
to m
obili
ze th
eco
mm
uniti
es o
f Se
ti Z
one,
one
act
ivity
the
cons
truc
tion
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gsha
s be
enes
peci
ally
suc
cess
ful.
19
Map
I:
NE
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NIN
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EG
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AW
AN
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finA
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AC
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Inte
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al B
ound
ary
Dev
elop
men
t Reg
iona
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ndar
yD
istr
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ound
ary
The
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ject
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20
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IA
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2 :
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666.
A00
.m
oo".
9 3
Sch
ool B
uild
ing
and
Phy
sica
l Im
prov
emen
t Pro
gram
me.
Man
y of
the
prim
ary
scho
ols
in r
ural
are
as o
f N
epal
are
bot
h ph
ysic
ally
and
edu
catio
nally
of
poor
stan
dard
.Ph
ysic
ally
, the
y ar
e po
or b
ecau
se o
f th
e la
ck o
f a
stru
ctur
ally
sou
nd s
choo
lbu
ildin
g fo
r te
achi
ng p
urpo
ses.
Scho
ol s
ites
may
als
o be
uns
uita
bly
loca
ted
and
lack
suff
icie
nt s
pace
for
ext
racu
rric
ular
act
iviti
es.
Lea
rnin
g co
nditi
ons
are
poor
for
sev
eral
reas
ons:
trad
ition
al te
achi
ng m
etho
ds a
re e
mpl
oyed
; the
re is
dif
ficu
lty f
indi
ng q
ualif
ied
teac
hers
; and
teac
hing
-lea
rnin
g m
ater
ials
are
nei
ther
rea
dily
ava
ilabl
e no
r ef
fect
ivel
yus
ed. T
he a
ctiv
ities
of
the
Seti
proj
ect w
ere
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d as
a s
peci
fic
resp
onse
to th
ese
cond
ition
s, w
hich
are
esp
ecia
lly p
reva
lent
in th
e re
mot
e fa
r-w
este
rnde
velo
pmen
t reg
ion.
The
Sch
ool B
uild
ing
and
Phys
ical
Im
prov
emen
t Pro
gram
me
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ost
succ
essf
ul o
f th
e pr
ojec
t's p
rogr
amm
es.
In c
ontin
uous
ope
ratio
n fr
om 1
982
to 1
992,
this
pro
gram
me
cove
red
all f
ive
of th
e ru
ral d
istr
icts
.T
he s
even
act
iviti
es p
rom
oted
unde
r th
is p
rogr
amm
e in
clud
e:ne
w s
choo
lbu
ildin
gco
nstr
uctio
n;pl
aygr
ound
cons
truc
tion;
a c
ompo
und
wal
l for
eac
h sc
hool
; a d
rink
ing
wat
er s
uppl
y to
eac
h sc
hool
;su
ppor
t for
mai
nten
ance
of
reso
urce
cen
tres
; lat
rine
con
stru
ctio
n; a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
ofvi
llage
rea
ding
cen
tres
.
Eve
n co
nstr
uctio
n of
res
iden
tial h
omes
with
in th
e vi
llage
s is
ext
rem
ely
poor
:w
alls
are
crac
ked,
roo
fs le
ak, c
eilin
gs a
re lo
w, a
nd d
oors
and
win
dow
s in
mos
t of
the
build
ings
are
very
sm
all.
Vill
ager
s la
ck a
dequ
ate
build
ing
skill
s, a
nd th
is la
ck o
f kn
owle
dge
resu
lts in
poor
con
stru
ctio
n:co
nseq
uent
ly, s
choo
ls a
re s
eldo
m in
any
bet
ter
cond
ition
and
, as
publ
ic b
uild
ings
, are
oft
en in
eve
n w
orse
con
ditio
n th
an o
ther
str
uctu
res.
Lik
e te
mpl
es,
scho
ol b
uild
ings
hav
e tr
aditi
onal
ly b
een
erec
ted
on h
illto
ps, w
hich
res
ults
in r
oofs
bei
ngbl
own
away
by
the
stro
ng w
inds
; and
dri
nkin
g w
ater
, whi
ch m
ust b
e pi
ped
to th
e sc
hool
,is
alm
ost n
ever
ava
ilabl
e.T
o re
solv
e th
ese
and
othe
r pr
oble
ms,
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f th
epr
ogra
mm
e ar
e to
:
r;4
Cha
pter
Tw
o
CO
NT
EX
T F
OR
BU
ILD
ING
DE
SIG
N
.en
cour
age
rura
l com
mun
ities
to e
xper
ienc
e an
d, h
ence
, und
erst
and
thei
r ow
npo
tent
ial t
o br
ing
abou
t sub
stan
tial p
rogr
ess
and
chan
ge in
thei
r liv
es th
roug
h th
eir
own
effo
rts;
.de
velo
p th
e sc
hool
fac
ility
, with
its
vege
tabl
e ga
rden
s, tr
ees,
latr
ines
, nea
t com
poun
d,de
an d
rink
ing
wat
er, a
nd w
ell-
tend
ed b
uild
ings
, as
a so
urce
of
com
mun
ity p
ride
;
.im
prov
e th
e sc
hool
's le
arni
ng e
nvir
onm
ent;
and
.im
prov
e co
nstr
uctio
n st
anda
rds
for
both
com
mun
al a
nd p
riva
te b
uild
ings
.
Prio
r to
dev
elop
ing
this
pro
gram
me,
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
rev
iew
of
loca
lly a
vaila
ble
mat
eria
ls a
nd s
kills
was
con
duct
ed. T
he p
ossi
bilit
y of
pro
vidi
ng m
aint
enan
ce a
ssis
tanc
efo
r ex
istin
g st
ruct
ures
was
rej
ecte
d be
caus
e so
man
y of
the
faci
litie
s ar
e in
suc
h po
orco
nditi
on th
at th
e be
st s
olut
ion
is to
dis
man
tle th
em a
nd r
ecyc
le u
sabl
e m
ater
ials
in th
eco
nstr
uctio
n of
impr
oved
fac
ilitie
s.A
lso,
bec
ause
poo
r m
aint
enan
ce h
as s
ubst
antia
llyco
ntri
bute
d to
the
dere
lict s
tate
of
man
y of
the
build
ings
, it w
as f
elt t
hat t
o re
pair
exi
stin
gst
ruct
ures
mig
ht r
esul
t in
a m
ista
ken
impr
essi
on th
at a
ssis
tanc
e is
ava
ilabl
e fo
r re
pair
sw
hich
in tu
rn m
ight
be
mis
cons
true
d as
sup
port
for
non
-per
form
ance
. The
con
stru
ctio
nof
new
bui
ldin
gs a
ccor
ding
to a
lim
ited
num
ber
of s
tand
ard
desi
gns
is a
lso
an a
ttrac
tive
solu
tion
adm
inis
trat
ivel
y, a
sit
is c
ompa
rativ
ely
sim
ple
to im
plem
ent a
nd m
inim
ize
poss
ibili
ties
of m
isus
e.
Tra
ditio
nal B
uild
ings
.A
dis
tinct
var
iatio
n in
bui
ldin
g st
yles
exi
sts
from
nor
th to
sout
h an
d ea
st to
wes
t with
in th
e co
untr
y. T
his
can
be a
ttrib
uted
to th
e ex
trem
e ra
nge
of g
eogr
aphi
cal c
ondi
tions
, as
wel
l as
to v
aryi
ng le
vels
of
econ
omic
and
soc
ial
deve
lopm
ent.
Thr
ee g
eogr
aphi
cal b
ands
may
be
iden
tifie
d:th
e co
ld h
igh
mou
ntai
ns to
the
nort
h, th
e ve
ry h
ot te
rai p
lain
s to
the
sout
h an
d th
e te
mpe
rate
foo
thill
s in
bet
wee
n(s
ee M
ap 2
).Fr
om e
ast t
o w
est,
not o
nly
is th
ere
a cl
imat
ic d
iffe
renc
e, w
ith th
e ea
stre
ceiv
ing
heav
ier
mon
soon
rai
ns f
rom
Jun
e to
Oct
ober
, but
ther
e is
als
o a
dist
inct
diff
eren
ce in
the
leve
l of
econ
omic
and
soc
ial d
evel
opm
ent.
Eas
t and
cen
tral
Nep
alen
joy
a hi
gher
sta
ndar
d of
edu
catio
n, c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d tr
ansp
orta
tion.
Con
sequ
ently
,bu
ildin
gs in
the
east
and
cen
tral
par
ts o
f th
e co
untr
y ar
e ch
arac
teri
zed
by h
ighe
r qu
ality
0 4,5I
wor
kman
ship
and
the
use
of f
acto
ry-m
ade
mat
eria
ls, s
uch
as c
emen
t and
cor
ruga
ted
galv
aniz
ed s
teel
(C
GI)
she
ets.
A g
ener
al v
iew
of
the
build
ing
type
s in
eac
h ar
ea is
nece
ssar
y to
a b
asic
und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e co
nstr
aint
s w
hich
aff
ect t
he d
esig
n of
new
build
ings
.
Mou
ntai
ns
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
ns:
The
bui
ldin
gs in
the
mou
ntai
ns h
ave
to w
ithst
and
anex
trem
ely
hars
h di
mat
eve
ry c
old,
dry
and
win
dy.
Flat
mud
roo
fs a
re s
uppo
rted
by
woo
den
beam
s, c
reat
ing
spac
es w
ith v
ery
low
cei
lings
. Thi
ck w
alls
and
onl
y a
few
, sm
all
open
ings
are
typi
cal b
uild
ing
feat
ures
of
the
area
. In
man
y ca
ses,
rea
r w
alls
for
m p
art o
fth
e na
tura
l gro
und
slop
e w
ith n
o ex
cava
tion
.or
leve
ling
of th
e la
nd. R
oom
s, e
spec
ially
thos
e on
the
grou
nd f
loor
, are
dar
k an
d da
mp.
In h
ouse
, dam
pnes
s no
t be
such
ase
riou
s fa
ctor
, bec
ause
the
grou
nd f
loor
is u
sual
ly u
sed
as a
n an
imal
she
lter,
but
insc
hool
s, it
is a
mor
e se
riou
s pr
oble
m, o
ne r
esol
ved
by u
sing
sto
ne o
r m
ud b
ench
es(i
nter
nal p
eti)
or
woo
den
plan
ks. I
n ho
uses
, a s
mal
l out
let f
or s
mok
e pr
ovid
es li
ght a
t the
cent
re o
f th
e ro
om, b
ut th
is s
ort o
f pr
ovis
ion
is n
ot f
ound
in s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs.
Mat
eria
ls:
The
thre
e m
ain
mat
eria
ls a
re s
tone
, .m
ud a
nd ti
mbe
r. T
he ti
mbe
r av
aila
ble
is p
ine,
whi
ch is
oft
en u
sed
crud
ely
and
exce
ssiv
ely.
In s
ome
area
s, f
lat-
ston
e ro
ofin
g is
avai
labl
e, a
lthou
gh th
is is
not
as
popu
lar
in th
e m
ount
ains
as
it is
in th
e hi
lls b
ecau
sequ
arry
ing
and
porf
age
cost
s m
ake
it a
muc
h m
ore
.exp
ensi
ve s
olut
ion
than
mud
roo
fs.
Sinc
e ra
infa
ll is
ver
y lo
w in
mou
ntai
nous
reg
ions
, she
ddin
g ra
in is
not
as
impo
rtan
t aco
nsid
erat
ion
as a
llow
ing
sunl
ight
to e
nter
a r
oom
. For
this
pur
pose
, the
trad
ition
al f
lat
mud
roo
f is
per
fect
ly a
ppro
pria
te. T
he m
ount
ain
regi
on a
lso
cove
rs th
e ar
ea a
bove
the
snow
line
(11
,500
fee
t), w
here
sto
ne a
nd ti
mbe
r ar
e no
t rea
dily
ava
ilabl
e; h
ere,
hou
ses
are
built
with
mud
and
the
use
of ti
mbe
r is
min
imiz
ed.
Hill
s
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
ns:
The
'hill
zon
e' w
ith it
s hi
gh r
idge
s an
d de
ep r
iver
val
leys
has
am
ore
vari
able
clim
ate,
res
ultin
g in
a v
arie
ty o
f de
sign
sol
utio
ns.
Bui
ldin
gs m
ust b
ede
sign
ed to
res
ist h
eat,
rain
, win
d an
d sn
ow. T
he b
uild
ings
whi
ch a
re c
onst
ruct
ed a
reso
lidly
bui
lt, w
ith w
alls
of
ston
e at
leas
t 18
inch
es th
ick
and
ofte
n w
ith s
late
roo
fs.
Tha
tch
and
CG
I sh
eets
are
use
d if
slat
e is
not
ava
ilabl
e.B
ecau
se o
f th
e lim
ited
avai
labi
lity
of la
nd a
nd th
e vi
llage
rs' d
omes
tic n
eeds
, the
ir h
ouse
s ar
e tw
o-st
orey
;ho
wev
er, s
choo
ls a
re g
ener
ally
or'C
' sha
ped
sing
le-s
tore
yst
ruct
ures
,w
ithgo
vern
men
t-su
pplie
d C
GI
shee
ts f
or r
oofi
ng.
Cei
ling
heig
ht is
low
, as
is th
e he
ight
of
door
s an
d w
indo
ws.
Sm
all b
alco
nies
in f
ront
of
uppe
r fl
oor
win
dow
s ar
e of
ten
exte
nded
to p
rovi
de a
pla
ce to
sit
in th
e w
inte
r su
n, a
sw
ell a
s a
shad
ed, c
ool p
lace
in s
umm
er. R
oofs
are
alw
ays
pitc
hed
and
a sm
all o
verh
ang
is e
xten
ded
acro
ss th
e ga
ble
wal
l to
prot
ect t
he m
ud m
orta
r fr
om b
eing
was
hed
away
.
Mat
eria
ls:
Ston
e is
the
pred
omin
ant m
ater
ial u
sed
in th
e hi
lls. T
he q
ualit
y de
term
ines
the
styl
e of
wal
l con
stru
ctio
n; r
ando
m r
ubbl
e in
mud
mor
tar
is v
ery
com
mon
. The
roo
fco
veri
ng m
ay b
e th
atch
or
CG
I sh
eets
, but
mos
t oft
en r
oofs
are
a c
ompo
site
of
ston
esl
abs
set i
n m
ud s
uppo
rted
by
a la
yer
of r
ough
tim
ber.
Tim
ber,
ano
ther
maj
or s
truc
tura
l mat
eria
l, is
use
d fo
r al
l upp
er f
loor
and
roo
f su
ppor
ts,
door
s an
d w
indo
ws.
But
, bec
ause
tim
ber
in th
e hi
ll re
gion
s is
not
as
read
ily a
vaila
ble
asit
is in
the
tera
i, ha
rd w
ood
is m
ore
diff
icul
t to
obta
in.
Ter
ai
Des
ign
Con
side
ratio
ns:
The
hot
tera
i pla
in is
mos
tly p
opul
ated
by
rece
nt im
mig
rant
s.M
ost o
f th
e ru
ral h
ouse
s ha
ve a
wat
tle a
nd d
aub
stru
ctur
e an
d a
pitc
hed
that
ch o
r cl
ayth
e ro
of. C
are
is ta
ken
to p
rote
ct th
e bu
ildin
g fr
om th
e su
n's
inte
nse
heat
by
prov
idin
gan
ove
rhan
g or
ver
anda
h an
d m
akin
g th
e ce
iling
hig
h. O
ften
the
uppe
r po
rtio
n of
the
wal
l is
left
ope
n or
rep
lace
d by
a b
ambo
o m
esh
perm
ittin
g ad
equa
te n
atur
al li
ght a
ndve
ntila
tion;
som
etim
es a
bam
boo
mes
h is
inst
alle
d to
pro
vide
som
e se
curi
ty.
Mos
t of
the
urba
n st
ruct
ures
incl
udin
g al
l off
ice
and
man
y sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs a
nd h
ouse
sbe
long
ing
to s
ome
of th
e m
ore
wea
lthy
indi
vidu
als
are
of a
hig
her
stan
dard
. The
sebu
ildin
gs h
ave
bric
k w
alls
or
colu
mns
and
a f
lat r
einf
orce
d br
ick
conc
rete
(R
BC
) or
rein
forc
ed c
emen
t con
cret
e (R
CC
) sl
ab r
oof
allo
win
g fo
r th
e ev
entu
al a
dditi
on o
f an
othe
rst
orey
.
Bec
ause
of
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns, c
eilin
gs a
re h
igh,
and
ver
anda
hs a
nd o
verh
angs
abo
veth
e w
indo
ws
are
larg
e an
d of
ten
unsh
utte
red.
(T
his
is e
spec
ially
true
of
scho
ol b
uild
ings
.)T
o ov
erco
me
wat
er lo
ggin
g an
d da
mpn
ess
in th
e w
alls
, the
plin
th le
vel i
s of
ten
rais
edw
ith b
rick
sol
ing,
and
a c
emen
t fin
ish
is g
iven
to f
loor
s. A
dam
p pr
oof
cour
se (
DPC
) in
the
form
of
a co
ncre
te b
and
is p
rovi
ded
at th
e pl
inth
leve
l.
Mat
eria
ls:
Cla
y br
icks
and
tile
s ar
e lo
cally
man
ufac
ture
d in
alm
ost a
ll pa
rts
of th
e te
rai
and
are
com
mon
ly u
sed
thro
ugho
ut th
e ar
ea.
But
, bec
ause
of
the
high
cos
t of
thes
em
ater
ials
, man
y pe
ople
hav
e to
dep
end
on w
ood,
bam
boo
and
that
ch.
(Thi
s m
ay s
oon
chan
ge, a
s w
ood
is n
ow a
lso
expe
nsiv
e an
d di
ffic
ult t
o ob
tain
.) B
ecau
se th
ere
is g
ood
tran
spor
tatio
n th
roug
h th
e te
rai,
the
use
of s
uch
man
ufac
ture
d m
ater
ials
as
cem
ent a
ndst
eel
is a
lso
feas
ible
.T
hese
mat
eria
ls h
ave
been
use
d by
the
wea
lthy
and
for
gove
rnm
ent-
supp
orte
d co
nstr
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es. C
GI
shee
tsal
thou
gh n
ot a
goo
d ch
oice
for
clim
atic
rea
sons
are
visi
ble
on m
any
build
ings
, esp
ecia
lly s
choo
ls, w
hich
rec
eive
them
fre
e of
cha
rge
from
the
gove
rnm
ent.
1627
Pro
blem
s w
ith E
xist
ing
Sch
ool B
uild
ings
.U
ntil
rece
ntly
, the
re w
ere
few
prim
ary
scho
ols
in th
e co
untr
y. W
hen
His
Maj
esty
's G
over
nmen
t (H
MG
) im
plem
ente
dth
e N
atio
nal E
duca
tion
Syst
em in
the
earl
y 19
70s,
pri
mar
y sc
hool
s sp
read
to e
very
villa
ge o
f th
e co
untr
y.T
he s
tipul
atio
n w
as m
ade
that
ther
e m
ust b
e a
build
ing
cons
truc
ted
by th
e pe
ople
to a
ccom
mod
ate
the
scho
ol b
efor
e fo
rmal
rec
ogni
tion
wou
ldbe
giv
en b
y th
e G
over
nmen
t and
this
put
pre
ssur
e on
peo
ple
to b
egin
con
stru
ctin
gbu
ildin
gs o
n th
eir
own,
with
out a
ny k
now
ledg
e of
des
ign
and
with
out p
rope
r pl
anni
ng o
rte
chni
cal s
uppo
rt f
rom
the
gove
rnm
ent.
In th
is w
ay, t
hous
ands
of
scho
ols
wer
eco
nstr
ucte
d du
ring
the
past
15
to 2
0 ye
ars
resu
lting
, qui
te n
atur
ally
, in
man
y of
the
prob
lem
s ex
peri
ence
d to
day.
Pla
nnin
g an
d de
sign
:Se
ti Z
one
lies
with
in N
epal
's e
arth
quak
e de
stru
ctio
n ar
ea. T
enye
ars
ago
a se
vere
ear
thqu
ake
kille
d hu
ndre
ds o
f pe
ople
and
cau
sed
exte
nsiv
e pr
oper
tyda
mag
e in
the
area
.L
ight
trem
ors
are
com
mon
and
occ
ur s
ever
al ti
mes
eac
h ye
ar.
Bec
ause
peo
ple
are
awar
e of
this
dan
ger,
som
e pr
ecau
tions
hav
e be
en ta
ken.
To
min
imiz
e th
e da
mag
e fr
om e
arth
quak
es, m
any
scho
ols
are
sing
le-s
tore
y st
ruct
ures
.H
owev
er, m
any
of th
ese
are
'L' o
r 'C
' sha
ped
and
are
ther
efor
e m
ore
likel
y to
incu
rda
mag
e fr
om e
arth
quak
es th
an a
re li
near
bui
ldin
gs.
Als
o, th
ese
two
desi
gns
lead
topr
oble
ms
in c
orne
r ro
oms
whi
ch c
an o
nly
be e
nter
ed th
roug
h an
othe
r ro
om: l
ight
ing
isin
adeq
uate
and
ven
tilat
ion
is p
oor.
The
roo
ms
them
selv
es a
re o
ften
sm
all a
nd s
o,co
nseq
uent
ly, a
re d
oors
.
The
se f
acto
rs, t
oget
her
with
a d
ark
inte
rior
sur
face
of
brow
n m
ud f
inis
h, r
esul
t in
very
poor
ligh
t dis
trib
utio
n, w
hich
is f
urth
er h
inde
red
by th
e im
prop
er o
rien
tatio
n of
the
build
ing,
whi
ch is
oft
en d
icta
ted
by g
roun
d co
ntou
rs.
A lo
t of
scho
ols
are
cons
truc
ted
on h
illsi
des
whe
re th
e ea
rth
has
been
cut
to le
vel t
hegr
ound
.T
he r
esul
ting
emba
nkm
ent b
ehin
d th
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
g us
ually
col
laps
es a
ndea
rth
build
s up
alo
ng th
e ne
ar w
all.
Thi
s, to
geth
er w
ith th
e la
ck o
f a
dam
p pr
oof
cour
sein
the
cons
truc
tion,
cau
ses
dam
p fl
oors
and
wal
ls a
nd c
reat
es a
n un
heal
thy
envi
ronm
ent
for
stud
ents
.
Sta
ndar
ds o
f Con
stru
ctio
n:T
he s
tand
ard
of m
ason
ry a
nd c
arpe
ntry
wor
k is
ver
ypo
or.
Wal
ls a
re n
ot v
ertic
al.
Smal
l sto
nes
are
used
with
a lo
t of
mud
and
few
cros
sbon
ding
sto
nes.
The
se p
ract
ices
res
ult i
n an
uns
tabl
e st
ruct
ure.
Joi
nts
in th
e tim
ber
fram
e, a
lthou
gh g
ener
ally
ade
quat
e, a
re p
oorl
y m
ade,
and
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f tim
ber
isw
aste
d.R
oof
timbe
rs a
re r
arel
y jo
inte
d an
d m
embe
rs r
est o
n to
p of
eac
h ot
her,
prov
idin
g no
rea
l sta
bilit
y.
The
qua
lity
of w
ood
used
var
ies.
Salw
ood,
a b
ette
r qu
ality
loca
l har
dwoo
d, is
use
d at
low
er a
ltitu
des
whe
re it
can
be
easi
ly o
btai
ned
from
for
ests
.A
t hig
her
altit
udes
,pi
new
ood
tree
s ar
e av
aila
ble
and
som
etim
es o
ther
var
ietie
s of
loca
l tim
ber.
All
of th
ese
timbe
rs a
re u
nsea
sone
d an
d th
eref
ore,
exc
ept f
or th
e be
tter
salw
ood
vari
ety,
are
part
icul
arly
sus
cept
ible
to in
sect
and
fun
gal a
ttack
.
The
roo
f is
ano
ther
are
a in
whi
ch p
oor
cons
truc
tion
has
caus
ed p
robl
ems.
Thi
s is
part
ially
due
to th
e lo
cal a
rchi
tect
ure
whi
ch d
icta
tes
shal
low
pitc
h ro
ofs
that
are
vuln
erab
le to
win
d an
d ra
in. O
ther
pro
blem
s co
me
from
mat
eria
ls a
nd w
orkm
ansh
ip.
Man
y ro
ofs
use
flat
sto
nes
from
one
-hal
f in
ch to
two
and
one-
half
inch
es th
ick,
oft
enin
corr
ectly
ref
erre
d to
as
slat
es.
The
se a
re q
uarr
ied
loca
lly a
nd d
ress
ed in
to r
ectil
inea
rsh
apes
, the
n fi
xed
in p
lace
by
trad
ition
al m
etho
ds. A
fter
the
roof
tim
bers
are
put
into
plac
e, b
atte
ns o
f w
ood
(spl
it so
as
to h
ave
a cr
oss
sect
ion
of o
ne to
two
inch
es th
ick)
are
plac
ed s
ide
by s
ide
betw
een
the
timbe
rs. T
hese
are
cov
ered
with
a la
yer
of m
ud in
tow
hich
the
flat
sto
nes
are
unif
orm
ly p
lace
d si
de b
y si
de in
ove
rlap
ping
str
aigh
t row
s.E
ach
join
bet
wee
n ad
jace
nt s
tone
s is
then
cov
ered
with
a s
mal
ler
flat
sto
ne.
Thi
s is
a c
ritic
al p
oint
in th
e ro
of c
onst
ruct
ion,
as
it is
ther
e th
at w
ater
leak
age
mos
tof
ten
occu
rs, s
oaki
ng th
e m
ud la
yer
whi
ch in
turn
cau
ses
the
woo
d ba
ttens
to r
ot.
Som
e ro
ofs
are
mad
e w
ith g
alva
nize
d st
eel s
heet
s. A
s th
e te
chno
logy
for
inst
allin
g th
ese
mat
eria
ls is
not
wel
l und
erst
ood,
they
are
oft
en in
stal
led
with
inad
equa
te la
ps a
ndin
suff
icie
nt f
ixin
gs.
The
se e
rror
s re
sult
in w
ater
leak
age
and
win
d da
mag
e. O
ther
dis
adva
ntag
es o
f tin
roo
fsar
e th
e no
ise
crea
ted
duri
ng h
eavy
rai
ns, t
he h
eat i
n th
e su
mm
er, a
nd th
e co
ld d
urin
g th
ew
inde
r.
Mai
nten
ance
:R
efix
ing
door
s an
d w
indo
w s
hutte
rs, r
epla
cing
bro
ken
slat
es o
r fl
oor
jois
ts, l
evel
ling.
the
floo
r, e
tc. a
re th
e m
ajor
rou
tine
mai
nten
ance
wor
ks n
eces
sary
insc
hool
bui
ldin
gs in
Set
i Zon
e, b
ut m
aint
enan
ce is
alm
ost n
on-e
xist
ent,
exce
pt f
oroc
casi
onal
rem
uddi
ng o
f w
alls
and
flo
ors.
Gen
eral
ly, s
choo
ls a
re c
onst
ruct
ed th
roug
h pe
ople
's p
artic
ipat
ion,
oft
en w
ith s
ome
fina
ncia
l hel
p fr
om th
e di
stri
ct d
evel
opm
ent c
omm
ittee
(pr
evio
usly
kno
wn
as P
anch
ayat
)an
d ot
her
agen
cies
. Onc
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs h
ave
been
bui
lt, p
eopl
e in
the
com
mun
ities
rega
rd th
em a
s go
vern
men
t pro
pert
y an
d fe
el th
at th
e go
vern
men
t sho
uld
mai
ntai
n th
est
ruct
ures
.M
ost c
omm
uniti
es a
re n
ot p
repa
red
to d
o an
y w
ork,
unl
ess
mon
ey is
avai
labl
e.
Bec
ause
one
sch
ool s
erve
s tw
o or
thre
e vi
llage
s, e
very
one
rega
rds
the
scho
ol a
s a
publ
icbu
ildin
g; y
et n
o on
e fe
els
resp
onsi
ble
for
mai
nten
ance
wor
k.In
som
e ca
ses,
fun
ds a
repr
ovid
ed f
or s
uch
mai
nten
ance
, but
thes
e ar
e of
ten
mis
man
aged
:fu
nds
may
be
entr
uste
d to
a p
erso
n w
ho th
en p
ersu
ades
the
peop
le to
wor
k vo
lunt
arily
or
for
low
wag
es; w
hen
the
peop
le r
ealiz
e th
at m
oney
has
bee
n im
prop
erly
util
ized
, the
y lo
se f
aith
in th
e le
ader
s an
d re
fuse
to c
ome
back
to w
ork
whe
n th
e ne
xt a
ppea
l is
mad
e.
2971
Min
or m
aint
enan
ce w
ork
and
dean
ing
of r
oom
s co
uld
be p
erfo
rmed
reg
ular
ly b
ut,
beca
use
of la
ck o
f in
itiat
ive
by s
choo
l man
agem
ent c
omm
ittee
s an
d st
affs
, man
y sc
hool
sin
Set
i Zon
e ha
ve b
een
allo
wed
to d
eter
iora
te to
suc
h a
cond
ition
that
som
e ro
oms
are
now
unu
sabl
e an
d da
sses
are
set
up
in o
ther
roo
ms
or o
utsi
de o
n th
e gr
ound
.
The
pro
ject
has
a s
mal
l mai
nten
ance
pro
gram
me,
but
onl
y fo
r th
e re
sour
ce c
entr
esc
hool
s, w
hich
are
gen
eral
ly w
ell e
stab
lishe
d w
ith a
goo
d si
te p
lan,
and
whe
re o
ther
build
ing
elem
ents
, as
wel
l as
the
size
of
room
s, a
re a
lso
acce
ptab
le.
I8
s.
31
Pho
togr
aph
1.
An
exis
ting
L-sh
aped
sch
ool
build
ing
with
the
leak
ing
roof
and
prob
lem
of a
cces
s to
the
corn
erro
om. I
t has
dam
p flo
ors
and
cold
room
s be
caus
e of
the
smal
lw
indo
ws.
The
Pro
ject
"A
ctor
s".
Man
agem
ent o
f 'a
ided
sel
f-he
lp' s
chem
es s
uch
as th
ison
e re
quir
e an
unu
sual
ly d
ear
defi
nitio
n of
res
pons
ibili
ties,
bec
ause
no
one
pers
on o
rof
fice
is f
ully
in c
harg
e an
d be
caus
e m
uch
of th
e in
put i
s vo
lunt
ary
and,
con
sequ
ently
,no
t sub
ject
to th
e us
ual o
blig
atio
ns a
nd p
enal
ties
asso
ciat
ed w
ith r
egul
ar c
ontr
actin
g.
In th
is p
roje
ct, a
num
ber
of 'a
ctor
s' in
the
proc
ess
wer
e id
entif
ied:
.th
e re
gion
al e
duca
tion
dire
ctor
ate
(RE
D)',
whi
ch m
onito
rs a
nd c
o-or
dina
tes
activ
ities
in th
e di
stri
ct;
.th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
com
mitt
ee (
DE
C),
a b
ody
whi
ch h
as a
n ov
ervi
ew o
f ed
ucat
ion
deve
lopm
ent t
hrou
ghou
t the
dis
tric
t;
.th
e D
istr
ict A
utho
rity
is th
e pr
inci
pal p
eopl
e's
repr
esen
tativ
e bo
dy a
t dis
tric
t lev
el a
ndis
bot
h a
polit
ical
for
um a
nd th
e m
ain
body
res
pons
ible
for
the
co-o
rdin
atio
n of
deve
lopm
ent a
ctiv
ities
and
inpu
t;
.th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
offi
ce (
DE
O)2
, an
adm
inis
trat
ive
body
res
pons
ible
for
the
chan
nelli
ng o
f go
vern
men
t sup
port
and
for
ens
urin
g th
e pr
oper
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
educ
atio
n co
de;
.th
e sc
hool
man
agem
ent c
omm
ittee
(SM
C),
a lo
cal b
ody
crea
ted
to m
anag
e th
e af
fair
sof
eac
h sc
hool
;
.th
e Se
ti pr
ojec
t sta
ff, a
gro
up o
f sp
ecia
lists
and
fie
ld w
orke
rs w
ho a
dvis
e an
d su
ppor
tD
EO
s, v
illag
ers
and
teac
hers
in a
ll as
pect
s of
pro
ject
impl
emen
tatio
n;
.th
e en
gine
erin
g un
it, a
tech
nica
l gro
up w
ithin
the
Seti
proj
ect s
taff
, whi
ch s
uper
vise
sco
nstr
uctio
n; a
nd
.w
orke
rssk
illed
wor
kers
hir
ed to
wor
k on
the
scho
ol b
uild
ing
and/
or n
on-s
kille
dw
orke
rs f
rom
the
villa
ger
who
vol
unte
er th
eir
time
and
labo
ur.
1no
w c
alle
d R
egio
nal E
duca
tion
Insp
ecto
r's (
RE
I's)
Off
ice.
2no
w c
alle
d th
e D
istr
ict E
duca
tion
Insp
ecto
r's O
ffic
e (D
EI0
).
qj2
Cha
pter
Thr
ee
AP
PR
OA
CH
TO
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
The
iden
tific
atio
n of
fun
ctio
ns a
nd th
e se
quen
ce in
whi
ch th
ey a
re to
be
carr
ied
out c
anbe
stu
died
in th
e Fi
gure
1 o
n M
anag
emen
t Pro
cess
and
Res
pons
ibili
ties.
The
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
of th
e pr
ojec
t's th
ree
prin
cipa
l par
ticip
ants
are
det
aile
d in
the
follo
win
gpa
ges
of th
is C
hapt
er.
Rol
e of
Eng
inee
ring
Uni
t.T
he s
ucce
ss o
f an
y ai
ded
self
-hel
p pr
ogra
mm
ede
pend
s on
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
tech
nica
l sup
port
uni
t. A
s th
e re
spon
sibl
e el
emen
tfo
r th
e D
EO
pro
ject
off
ice
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d fo
llow
-up
of th
e pr
ogra
mm
e, th
e Se
tiZ
one
proj
ect e
ngin
eeri
ng u
nit h
as b
een
dire
ctly
invo
lved
in e
very
sta
ge o
f th
eco
nstr
uctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e pr
oces
s.Si
nce
all o
f th
e pr
ogra
mm
es a
re c
omm
unity
bas
edan
d sc
hool
s ar
e co
mm
unity
bui
ldin
gs, t
he r
ole
play
ed b
y th
e te
chni
cal s
taff
is m
uch
mor
eth
an a
sim
ple
tech
nica
l fun
ctio
n.T
echn
icia
ns a
re e
xpec
ted
to b
e hi
ghly
dis
cipl
ined
,ho
nest
and
ded
icat
ed.
Furt
herm
ore,
they
mus
t wor
k no
t onl
y as
tech
nici
ans
but a
lso
as e
duca
tors
and
mot
ivat
ors.
The
y sp
end
abou
t thr
ee w
eeks
a m
onth
in th
e co
mm
uniti
es s
uper
visi
ng th
eva
riou
s sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
es.
Dut
ies
of th
e en
gine
erin
g un
it in
clud
e pr
ogra
mm
e pl
anni
ng, d
esig
n, e
stim
atio
n, s
urve
y,su
perv
isio
n, r
epor
ting,
and
rec
ords
mai
nten
ance
. How
ever
, mos
t of
thei
r w
ork
is in
the
fiel
d.
The
wor
k co
nduc
ted
by th
e Se
ti pr
ojec
t sta
ff, p
artic
ular
ly th
e en
gine
erin
g un
it an
d th
efi
eld
co-o
rdin
ator
s, d
urin
g th
eir
fiel
d vi
sits
is d
iffi
cult
and
ofte
n da
nger
ous.
The
y m
ust b
epr
epar
ed to
trek
bet
wee
n te
n an
d th
irty
mile
s a
day
shou
lder
ing
a ru
cksa
ck w
eigh
ing
ten
to f
ifte
en k
ilogr
amm
esto
vis
it on
e to
fou
r sc
hool
s al
ong
the
way
. Whe
n in
the
fiel
dth
ey o
ften
beg
in th
e da
y's
jour
ney
at 6
a.m
. and
con
tinue
unt
il da
rk, w
orki
ng s
even
day
sa
wee
k (s
ee P
hoto
grap
h 2,
3)
9
1-
I
is
Phot
ogra
ph 2
. (to
p). T
he p
roje
ct te
chni
cian
is g
oing
to v
isit
scho
ols
in B
urga
l are
a in
Baj
hang
wal
king
thro
ugh
a va
st la
ndsl
ide.
It i
s 2-
3 da
ys w
alk
from
the
dist
rict
hea
dqua
rter
s to
Bur
gal.
Phot
ogra
ph 3
.(b
otto
m).
All
in a
day
s w
ork
for
the
site
ove
rsee
rs. A
sm
all b
ranc
h of
Set
i riv
er o
n th
e w
ayto
Dhu
li-K
anda
sch
ools
, Baj
hang
dis
tric
t sud
denl
y fl
oode
d an
d bl
ocke
d th
e tr
ail a
t 5.3
0 p.
m. T
he o
vers
eer
who
had
two
mor
e ho
urs'
wal
k to
rea
ch h
is n
ext s
choo
l site
, for
tuna
tely
fou
nd a
fal
len
tree
to s
erve
as
a
110
34
The
who
le p
roje
ct a
rea
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ost r
emot
e an
d di
sadv
anta
ged
part
s of
the
Kin
gdom
, and
eve
n a
nom
inal
am
ount
of
food
and
she
lter
is o
ften
har
d to
fin
d. T
hepa
th is
oft
en v
ery
narr
ow a
nd s
teep
; som
etim
es it
pas
ses
thro
ugh
a he
avy
jung
le a
ndso
met
imes
thro
ugh
land
slid
e ar
eas.
Fro
m J
une
to S
epte
mbe
r th
e tr
ek is
esp
ecia
lly r
isky
.
Whe
n in
the
offi
ce f
or s
hort
per
iods
, the
tech
nici
ans
com
plet
e of
fice
wor
k, k
eep
reco
rds
and
prep
are
budg
ets;
wor
king
aft
er a
nd b
efor
e of
fice
hou
rs is
nor
mal
for
man
y st
aff
onth
is p
roje
ct. T
he e
ntir
e w
orki
ng s
yste
m d
iffe
rs g
reat
ly f
rom
that
in c
onst
ruct
ion
offi
ces
ofot
her
proj
ects
whe
re th
e pa
ce o
f w
ork
is g
entle
r.T
echn
icia
ns h
ave
no p
robl
emob
tain
ing
less
dem
andi
ng jo
bs in
oth
er o
ffic
es, a
nd th
is is
the
mai
n re
ason
for
the
high
turn
over
am
ong
the
proj
ect s
taff
Figu
re 1
:M
anag
emen
t Pro
cess
and
Res
pons
ibili
ties
Pro
act
IEng
inee
ring
Uni
t
Dis
tric
t Edu
catio
n O
ffic
e
D.E
.C.
eyI
Prel
imin
ary
Surv
ey
Fixi
ng o
f A
nnua
l Tar
get
I
Det
aile
d T
echn
ical
Sur
vey
Prim
ary
Sele
ctio
n an
dR
ecom
men
datio
nA
nal S
elec
tion
and
App
rova
l
Scho
ol M
anag
emen
tco
mm
ittee
Con
trac
t
Site
Sel
ectio
n an
dL
ay O
utB
egin
ning
ofC
onst
ruct
ion
Tec
hnic
al S
uper
visi
onan
d A
ssis
tanc
e
Peop
le P
artic
ipat
ion
and
Man
agem
ent
or C
onst
ruct
ion
Subs
idy
Wor
k C
ompl
ete
Paym
ent R
ecom
men
ded
HM
oney
Rel
ease
Scho
ol
Wor
ker
Rol
e of
Dis
tric
t Edu
catio
n O
ffice
(D
EO
).T
he r
elat
ions
hip
with
the
DE
O,
whi
ch s
uper
vise
s an
d co
ntro
lsal
led
ucat
ion
activ
ities
in a
dis
tric
t,ha
s in
crea
sed
cons
ider
ably
sin
ce th
e be
ginn
ing
of th
e pr
ojec
t.T
he in
volv
emen
t of
the
DE
Os
has
deve
lope
d fr
om a
con
sulta
tive
to a
n ex
ecut
ive
role
and,
thro
ugh
a pr
oces
s of
'inst
itutio
naliz
atio
n' in
its
seco
nd p
hase
, the
pro
ject
has
ste
adily
incr
ease
d th
eir
auth
ority
and
resp
onsi
bilit
y.
In 1
988/
89, t
he p
roje
ct's
sep
arat
e di
stri
ct o
ffic
es w
ere
abol
ishe
d an
d th
e te
chni
cian
s, a
sw
ell t
he s
enio
r fi
eld
co-o
rdin
ator
s, a
re n
ow d
irec
tly a
ttach
ed to
the
DE
Os
and
wor
kun
der
the
dire
ct c
ontr
ol o
f th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
offi
cer.
As
a re
sult,
the
role
of
the
DE
Os
in th
e ov
eral
l pla
nnin
g an
d im
plem
enta
tion
has
been
fur
ther
em
phas
ized
.N
onet
hele
ss, t
he r
ole
of th
e te
chni
cian
s ha
s no
t dim
inis
hed;
and
the
DE
Os
will
not
be
ina
posi
tion
to ta
ke f
ull r
espo
nsib
ility
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thes
e pr
ogra
mm
es u
ntil
prov
isio
n of
the
nece
ssar
y te
chni
cal p
ower
and
fin
anci
al r
esou
rces
can
be
rout
inel
y m
ade
avai
labl
e by
the
gove
rnm
ent.
Rol
eof
Sch
ool M
anag
emen
t Com
mitt
ee.
Bec
ause
this
isa
com
mun
ity-b
ased
pro
gram
me,
the
com
mun
ity it
self
pla
ys th
e ce
ntra
l rol
e.A
s th
e'c
onst
ruct
ion
man
ager
', th
e co
mm
unity
pro
vide
s m
ater
ials
and
rec
ruits
labo
urer
s to
car
ryou
t the
con
stru
ctio
n ta
sks.
Gen
eral
ly, c
ontr
acto
rs a
re n
ot u
sed
for
cons
truc
tion
purp
oses
. Ins
tead
, the
cha
irm
an o
f th
e sc
hool
man
agem
ent c
omm
ittee
agr
ees
in w
ritin
gw
ith th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
offi
cer
that
the
SMC
will
be
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
cons
truc
tion
prog
ram
me.
A s
epar
ate
'con
stru
ctio
n co
mm
ittee
' is
then
org
aniz
ed.
Thi
s is
a s
peci
al c
omm
ittee
cons
istin
g of
hon
est,
ener
getic
and
ded
icat
ed v
illag
e or
gro
up r
epre
sent
ativ
es w
ho h
ave
as th
eir
sole
obj
ectiv
e th
e tim
ely
cons
truc
tion
of a
wel
l-bu
ilt f
acili
ty.
Thi
s co
mm
ittee
form
ulat
es th
e ov
eral
l con
stru
ctio
n pl
an.
Typ
ical
ly, t
he m
ain
prob
lem
s fa
ced
by th
eco
mm
ittee
invo
lve
secu
ring
tim
ber,
roo
fing
sla
tes,
and
ski
lled
carp
ente
rs a
nd m
ason
s to
carr
y ou
t the
con
stru
ctio
n.
The
task
of
obta
inin
g m
ater
ials
is g
ener
ally
sha
red
by m
any
com
mun
ity m
embe
rs, w
hoph
ysic
ally
tran
spor
t the
mat
eria
ls f
rom
a f
ores
t or
quar
ry to
the
scho
ol s
ite; h
owev
er,
find
ing
skill
ed w
orke
rs r
emai
ns a
pro
blem
. Man
agem
ent c
omm
ittee
s do
mak
e us
e of
the
one
or tw
o cr
afts
men
who
may
be
avai
labl
e in
a c
omm
unity
, but
ski
lled
wor
kers
hav
e to
be p
aid
and
are
expe
nsiv
e. T
o he
lp r
educ
e co
sts,
the
SMC
typi
cally
use
s se
mi-
skill
edw
orke
rs f
rom
the
loca
l com
mun
ity; p
roje
ct-s
uppl
ied
tool
s an
d su
perv
isio
n ar
e th
eref
ore
of c
onsi
dera
ble
impo
rtan
ce to
the
com
mun
ity in
the
cons
truc
tion
of th
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
g.
The
pro
ject
adv
ises
that
, in
its w
ork
plan
, the
com
mitt
ee s
houl
d sp
ecif
y a
plan
for
the
prov
isio
n of
vol
unta
ry w
ork
unde
r w
hich
eac
h fa
mily
sho
uld
cont
ribu
te a
spe
cifi
ednu
mbe
r of
wor
king
day
s. T
he n
umbe
r of
day
s de
pend
s on
the
amou
nt o
f w
ork
requ
ired
36
to c
ompl
ete
the
build
ing
and
the
size
or
popu
latio
n of
the
com
mun
ity. T
he c
omm
ittee
shou
ld p
repa
re a
pla
nned
bud
get t
o en
sure
the
prop
er u
tiliz
atio
n of
the
proj
ect s
ubsi
dy.
The
com
mitt
ee's
pla
n sh
ould
div
ide
cont
ribu
tions
to b
uild
ing
cons
truc
tion
into
two
grou
ps. T
heS
hram
adan
(vol
unta
ry)
grou
p sh
ould
be
resp
onsi
ble
for
dem
olis
hing
the
exis
ting
stru
ctur
e, le
velli
ng a
nd c
lear
ing
the
site
, fel
ling
tree
s, o
btai
ning
qua
rry
ston
e,ca
rryi
ng m
ater
ials
, and
sec
urin
g la
bour
in s
uppo
rt o
f sk
illed
wor
kers
.T
he A
nud
an(s
ubsi
dy)
grou
p sh
ould
car
ry o
ut m
ason
ry, c
arpe
ntry
and
roo
fing
wor
k an
d bu
y ro
ofin
gsl
ates
.
Follo
w-u
p an
d da
y-to
-day
sup
ervi
sion
of
all t
ypes
of
wor
k is
gen
eral
ly th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
ofth
e ch
airm
an o
r se
cret
ary
of th
e co
mm
ittee
.Fr
eque
nt o
n-si
tevi
sits
by
proj
ect
tech
nici
ans
ensu
re th
at a
sat
isfa
ctor
y co
nstr
uctio
n sp
eed
is m
aint
aine
d an
d th
at m
ajor
erro
rs a
re c
orre
cted
bef
ore
cons
truc
tion
is to
o fa
r ad
vanc
ed.
Fin
anci
al a
nd C
ost C
onsi
dera
tions
.T
he g
over
nmen
t is
the
mai
n so
urce
of
fund
ing
for
prim
ary
educ
atio
n in
Nep
al, a
lthou
gh th
ere
are
othe
r so
urce
s w
hich
dir
ectly
and
indi
rect
ly s
uppo
rt th
e sc
hool
.L
ocal
com
mun
ities
are
pri
mar
ily r
espo
nsib
le f
orco
nstr
uctio
n of
a s
choo
l. A
s a
rule
, a 'g
ood'
bui
ldin
g m
ust b
e in
pla
ce p
rior
to f
orm
algo
vern
men
t rec
ogni
tion
of a
sch
ool.
Initi
ally
, no
fund
s ar
e av
aila
ble
for
cons
truc
tion
and
all e
xpen
ditu
res
are
met
by
the
com
mun
ity. I
n th
e se
cond
sta
ge, h
owev
er, o
nce
a sc
hool
has
been
off
icia
lly r
ecog
nize
d, f
unds
can
be
obta
ined
fro
m d
iffe
rent
sou
rces
for
a v
arie
tyof
pur
pose
s, a
lthou
gh th
e di
stri
ct P
anch
ayat
usu
ally
pro
vide
s fu
nds
for
cons
truc
tion.
Fund
ing
can
be o
btai
ned
from
the
follo
win
g so
urce
s.
His
Maj
esty
's G
over
nmen
t (H
MG
): T
he g
over
nmen
t pro
vide
s 10
0 pe
r ce
nt f
inan
cial
supp
ort t
o th
e pr
imar
y le
vel o
f ed
ucat
ion,
cov
erin
g th
e sa
lari
es o
f te
ache
rs, t
hepr
ovis
ion
of te
xtbo
oks
and
a lim
ited
num
ber
of te
achi
ng-l
earn
ing
mat
eria
ls, a
nd a
cont
ribu
tion
tow
ards
mis
cella
neou
s ex
pens
es (
i.e. s
tatio
nery
, pos
tage
, etc
.)
Dis
tric
t Pan
chay
at:
Dis
tric
t Pan
chay
ats
have
thei
r ow
n bu
dget
s an
d so
urce
s of
inco
me.
The
y al
so r
ecei
ve g
rant
s fr
om th
e ce
ntra
l gov
ernm
ent w
hich
may
be
used
for
diff
eren
t dev
elop
men
tal a
nd e
duca
tiona
l act
iviti
es.
Mon
ies
expe
nded
for
edu
catio
nal
purp
oses
usu
ally
invo
lved
new
fur
nitu
re, r
epai
r w
ork,
or
new
con
stru
ctio
n.
Vill
age
Panc
haya
t:A
noth
er s
ourc
e of
fun
ding
to th
e pr
imar
y sc
hool
is th
e vi
llage
Panc
haya
t, w
hich
als
o ha
s its
ow
n bu
dget
. Vill
age
Panc
haya
ts c
olle
ct m
oney
thro
ugh
loca
l tax
atio
n, d
onat
ions
, etc
.So
me
of th
e m
onie
s ar
e pr
ovid
ed to
sch
ools
for
furn
iture
, rep
air
wor
k, te
xtbo
oks,
etc
. The
am
ount
allo
tted
depe
nds
on th
e fi
nanc
ial
stat
us o
f th
e Pa
ncha
yat.
Mos
t of
the
Panc
haya
ts in
the
rem
ote
dist
rict
s ar
e po
or a
ndar
e, th
eref
ore,
in n
o po
sitio
n to
pro
vide
fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt to
thei
r ow
n sc
hool
.
Loca
l Com
mun
ity:
In m
any
plac
es in
Nep
al, s
tude
nts
and
teac
hers
org
aniz
e cu
ltura
lsh
ows,
gam
es a
nd o
ther
act
iviti
es to
col
lect
mon
ey w
hich
can
be
adde
d to
the
scho
olbu
dget
and
spe
nt a
s ne
eded
. Oth
er p
eopl
e pr
ovid
e ca
sh d
onat
ions
to th
e sc
hool
s or
dona
te la
nd fo
r pl
aygr
ound
use
or
as s
choo
l bui
ldin
g si
tes.
Stil
l oth
ers
prov
ide
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls (
timbe
r, s
late
s, e
tc.)
.In
this
way
, loc
al c
omm
uniti
es a
re a
mai
nso
urce
of f
undi
ng fo
r th
e pr
imar
y sc
hool
.
The
Set
i pro
ject
has
impl
emen
ted
its s
choo
l bui
ldin
g co
nstr
uctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e by
prov
idin
g te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt a
nd fi
nanc
ial s
ubsi
dies
to th
e co
mm
unity
.
To
prev
ent t
he in
appr
opria
te u
tiliz
atio
n of
fund
s, th
e pr
ojec
t has
dev
elop
ed a
nd te
sted
asy
stem
of '
Pay
men
t by
Res
ult',
whi
ch is
com
mon
to a
ll of
the
activ
ities
it s
uppo
rts.
In
the
case
of t
he s
choo
l con
stru
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e, m
oney
is r
elea
sed
in s
tage
s, a
nd o
nly
afte
r a
spec
ified
am
ount
of w
ork
has
been
com
plet
ed, i
nspe
cted
on-
site
, and
cer
tifie
d by
proj
ect t
echn
icia
ns.
Initi
ally
, the
se s
tage
pay
men
ts w
ere
phas
ed a
s fo
llow
s:
1.st
one
mas
onry
up
to p
linth
leve
l (in
clud
ing
the
foun
datio
n);
2. d
oor
and
win
dow
fram
es fi
xed,
and
sup
erst
ruct
ure
wal
l up
to li
ntel
leve
l;
3.fix
ing
of fl
oor
jois
t and
firs
t-flo
or c
onst
ruct
ion
com
plet
e;
4. s
uper
stru
ctur
e w
alls
com
plet
e, a
nd r
oof t
imbe
rs fi
xed;
5.sl
atin
g on
roo
f com
plet
e an
d co
mm
ence
men
t of d
oor
and
win
dow
shu
tters
; and
6.fix
ing
of d
oor
and
win
dow
shu
tters
and
fina
l fin
ishi
ng c
ompl
ete,
and
latr
ine
and
com
poun
d w
all c
onst
ruct
ed.
Whe
n w
ork
on a
giv
en s
tage
is c
ompl
ete,
the
com
mun
ity r
eque
sts
a pr
ojec
t tec
hnic
ian
tovi
sit t
he s
ite to
insp
ect w
ork
prog
ress
and
ver
ify th
at th
e w
ork
has
been
com
plet
ed a
ssp
ecifi
ed.
If a
stag
e of
wor
k ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
as
spec
ified
and
if a
sta
ge o
f wor
k ha
sbe
en c
ompl
eted
sat
isfa
ctor
ily, a
rec
omm
enda
tion
for
paym
ent w
ill b
e m
ade.
Nei
ther
rec
omm
enda
tion
nor
paym
ent i
s m
ade
if th
e w
ork
has
not p
rogr
esse
d as
spec
ified
.
One
of t
he m
ain
goal
s of
the
Set
i pro
ject
sch
ool b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
is to
ach
ieve
low
cost
. The
des
ign
is b
ased
ent
irely
on
the
use
of lo
cally
ava
ilabl
e m
ater
ials
(st
one,
woo
d,sl
ate)
and
loca
l arc
hite
ctur
al tr
aditi
ons.
The
com
mun
ity is
exp
ecte
d to
pro
vide
vol
unta
ry la
bour
and
mat
eria
ls e
quiv
alen
t to
59pe
r ce
nt o
f the
tota
l bui
ldin
g co
st, w
ith th
e ba
lanc
e of
41
per
cent
bei
ng m
et b
y th
e
38
proj
ect b
y m
eans
of a
cas
h su
bsid
y.B
ecau
se n
o fa
ctor
y-m
ade
mat
eria
ls (
cem
ent,
stee
l,et
c.)
are
used
in c
onst
ruct
ion,
a c
onsi
dera
ble
sum
norm
ally
exp
ende
d fo
r th
e pu
rcha
sean
d tr
ansp
orta
tion
of m
ater
ials
is s
aved
.
Mos
t pro
ject
-sup
port
ed c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
take
pla
ce in
prim
ary
scho
ols
in r
ural
are
asw
here
bot
h co
nstr
uctio
n m
ater
ials
and
labo
ur a
re c
heap
er th
an in
the
head
quar
ter's
and
urba
n ar
eas.
In v
iew
of t
his,
pro
ject
cos
tings
incl
ude
a st
anda
rd d
educ
tion
of 2
5 pe
r ce
nt fr
om th
eof
ficia
l gov
ernm
ent r
ate.
Mos
t of t
he s
choo
ls r
euse
cer
tain
qua
ntiti
es o
f sto
ne, w
ood
and
slat
e ob
tain
ed fr
om th
e de
mol
ition
of e
xist
ing
build
ings
. To
allo
w fo
r th
is, t
he p
roje
ctha
s de
duct
ed a
n ad
ditio
nal 1
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f the
tota
l cos
t.
A s
umm
ary
of th
e ca
lcul
atio
n of
the
actu
al c
ost a
nd p
roje
ct s
ubsi
dy o
f a fo
ur-b
aydo
uble
-sto
rey
build
ing,
with
a 1
44-p
upil
capa
city
, for
the
1990
-199
1 co
nstr
uctio
n ye
aris
sho
wn
in th
e T
able
1.
The
cos
t est
imat
e is
bas
ed o
n cu
rren
t gov
ernm
ent r
ates
for
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls a
ndla
bour
in th
e di
stric
ts. E
ach
June
, the
end
of t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
year
, the
re is
a p
rovi
sion
to r
evie
w th
e co
st (
as w
ell a
s de
sign
and
oth
er p
roce
dure
s). B
etw
een
1982
-198
3 an
d19
90-1
991
six
revi
sion
s w
ere
mad
e to
the
tota
l cos
t est
imat
e an
d su
bsid
y.
Tab
le 1
. Cal
cula
tion
of C
onst
ruct
ion
Sub
sidi
es 1
991-
1992
Tot
al e
stim
ated
build
ing
cost
Net
est
imat
ed c
ost
(afte
r 35
% d
educ
tions
for
rem
ote
area
s an
dav
aila
ble
mat
eria
ls)
Gro
ss s
ubsi
dy a
mou
nt(4
1% o
f net
est
imat
edco
st o
f bui
ldin
g pl
usla
trin
e)
App
rove
d S
ubsi
dy'
(1U
S$
43 n
Rs.
)
Dot
i
1,13
4,46
6.27
73,7
53.0
8
30,5
88.7
6
30,5
00.0
0
($70
9)
Baj
hang
102,
249.
15
66,4
61.9
5
27,9
43.4
0
28,0
00.0
0
($65
1)
Baj
ura
100,
076.
97
65,0
50.0
3
27,3
70.5
1
28,0
00.0
0
($65
1)
Ach
han
.112
,825
.55
(nR
s)
Kril
ali
113,
466.
27
73,3
36.6
2
30,7
68.0
4
30,5
00.0
0
($70
9)
09
Cha
pter
Fou
r
SC
HO
OL
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N P
RO
GR
AM
ME
PLA
NN
ING
Firs
t Des
ign.
Bec
ause
of i
ts e
xper
imen
tal n
atur
e, th
e S
eti p
roje
ct h
as m
aint
aine
d a
cycl
e of
nee
d as
sess
men
t, in
nova
tion;
eva
luat
ion,
rev
isio
n an
d re
new
ed in
nova
tion.
Fur
ther
mor
e, th
e pr
ojec
t was
des
igne
d to
beg
in in
a s
ingl
e di
stric
t on
a tr
ial b
asis
, bef
ore
expa
nsio
n to
oth
er d
istr
icts
. Thi
s fe
atur
e of
the
proj
ect a
pplie
s to
all
its c
ompo
nent
s, n
oton
ly b
uild
ing.
Fig
ure
2 on
the
follo
win
g pa
ge s
how
s th
e se
quen
ce in
whi
ch th
e pr
ogra
mm
e de
velo
ped
betw
een
1981
and
199
1. T
hese
sta
ges
are
disc
usse
d in
det
ail i
n th
is C
hapt
er. T
hech
art a
lso
help
s to
illu
stra
te th
e co
mpl
exity
of i
mpl
emen
ting
such
a p
rogr
amm
e, a
ndsh
ows
how
feed
back
from
eva
luat
ion
can
be u
sed
to im
prov
e pr
ojec
t per
form
ance
.
The
sch
ool b
uild
ing
com
pone
nt o
f the
pro
ject
was
dev
elop
ed a
s a
resp
onse
to a
long
hist
ory
of fa
ilure
s an
d st
ill-b
orn
idea
s. W
hen
com
mun
ities
con
stru
cted
sch
ool b
uild
ings
inde
pend
ently
, ver
y po
or r
esul
ts w
ere
achi
eved
reg
ardi
ng li
ght,
clas
sroo
m s
ize
and
stru
ctur
al in
tegr
ity.
Ext
erna
l ass
ista
nce
had
been
giv
en; U
NIC
EF
pro
vide
d sh
eet m
etal
roo
fs th
roug
h th
eM
inis
try
of P
anch
ayat
and
Loc
al D
evel
opm
ent,
but t
he U
NE
SC
O-p
rovi
ded
desi
gns
wer
eno
t fol
low
ed a
nd it
was
qui
ckly
foun
d th
at s
teel
trus
ses
(fab
ricat
ed in
Eur
ope
and
deliv
ered
to th
e sc
hool
site
by
plan
e) a
nd c
orru
gate
d st
eel r
oof s
heet
s w
ere
expe
nsiv
ean
d ill
-ada
pted
to N
epal
's c
ondi
tions
.
To
brea
k th
is c
ycle
of f
ailu
res,
UN
ES
CO
and
UN
ICE
F in
vite
d fiv
e N
epal
ese
offic
ials
to a
wor
ksho
p in
Ban
gkok
in 1
981.
In o
ne w
eek,
thes
e sp
ecia
lists
had
pro
duce
d a
repo
rtw
hich
pro
vide
d th
e fir
st s
et o
f gen
eral
idea
s as
to h
ow th
e bu
ildin
g de
sign
pro
blem
mig
htbe
con
fron
ted.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n w
as th
en u
sed
in a
fiel
d w
orks
hop
stag
ed in
Mar
ch 1
982
in F
ulot
e, a
Set
i Zon
e vi
llage
that
is a
full
day'
s w
alk
from
the
near
est a
irpor
t and
, at t
he ti
me,
afo
ur-d
ay w
alk
from
the
near
est r
oad.
Thi
s se
cond
wor
ksho
p co
mpr
ised
14
part
icip
ants
from
UN
ES
CO
(B
angk
ok),
the
Nor
way
/HM
G/U
NE
SC
O p
roje
ct fo
r co
nstr
uctin
g ho
stel
s fo
r gi
rls, t
he M
inis
try
ofE
duca
tion
and
Cul
ture
, and
the
Set
i pro
ject
.B
ecau
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
cla
sses
and
the
40
num
ber
of s
tude
nts
varie
d fr
om s
choo
l to
scho
ol, s
tude
nt e
nrol
men
t, at
tend
ance
and
-dro
pout
pat
tern
s w
ere
care
fully
ana
lyze
d an
d si
x de
sign
s w
ere
deve
lope
d to
sui
t eac
hdi
ffere
nt s
et o
f req
uire
men
ts, w
ith b
igge
r cl
assr
oom
s fo
r th
e lo
wer
gra
des
and
varia
tions
in b
uild
ing
leng
ths
and
num
ber
of fl
oors
.
Loca
l arc
hite
ctur
e, b
uild
ing
met
hods
and
ava
ilabl
e m
ater
ials
wer
e st
udie
d an
d ad
opte
dw
ithin
the
desi
gns.
As
a re
sult,
the
over
all d
esig
n de
velo
ped
by th
e w
orks
hop
incl
uded
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es.
The
six
des
igns
dev
elop
ed (
type
s A
thro
ugh
F)
wer
e in
tend
ed to
cat
er to
enr
olm
ents
of
40 to
216
pup
ils; t
he m
aint
enan
ce o
f fle
xibi
lity
was
con
side
red
an im
port
ant
prin
cipl
e, a
nd th
is w
as to
be
achi
eved
thro
ugh
rem
ovab
le in
tern
al ti
mbe
r pa
rtiti
ons.
The
con
cept
of t
wo-
stor
ey b
uild
ings
was
intr
oduc
ed to
red
uce
land
nee
ds, a
void
prob
lem
atic
'L' a
nd 'C
' sha
ped
desi
gns,
and
con
form
to lo
cal a
rchi
tect
ure.
To
cont
rol d
ampn
ess
in fl
oor
and
wal
ls, a
plin
th h
eigh
t was
fixe
d at
a o
ne-f
oot
min
imum
from
gro
und
leve
l in
hilly
are
as, w
ith a
pla
stic
dam
p-pr
oof m
embr
ane
to b
eus
ed u
nder
the
grou
nd fl
oor.
An
eart
hqua
ke li
ntel
of w
ood
was
use
d in
bot
h gr
ound
and
firs
t flo
ors
to im
prov
est
abili
ty.
Acc
ess
from
the
outs
ide
to th
e fir
st fl
oor
was
pro
vide
d by
mea
ns o
f a v
eran
dah.
The
onl
y m
ater
ials
to b
e us
ed in
con
stru
ctio
n w
as s
tone
, tim
ber,
sla
te a
nd m
ud.
To
impr
ove
light
in th
e cl
assr
oom
, spl
ayed
sec
tions
wer
e pr
opos
ed fo
r do
ors
and
win
dow
s, a
nd in
terio
r w
hite
was
h w
as s
peci
fied.
In m
any
scho
ols,
win
ter
clas
ses
are
held
out
side
on
the
open
gro
und
in th
e w
arm
sun
.It
was
felt
nece
ssar
y th
at a
cer
tain
are
a be
des
igna
ted
and
deve
lope
d fo
r th
is p
urpo
se.
Thu
s, th
e de
sign
incl
udes
an
outd
oor
teac
hing
are
a w
ith s
pace
for
sitti
ng a
nd a
pla
cefo
r ha
ngin
g bl
ackb
oard
s.
13 I
114
42
Figu
re 2
:D
evel
opm
ent o
f Sc
hool
Con
stru
ctio
n Pr
ogra
mm
e
Initi
al s
urve
y of
exi
stin
g sc
hool
s
4
Wor
ksho
p in
Ful
ote
to e
stab
lish
scho
ol d
esig
n
4
Des
ign
of S
choo
ls, D
raw
ings
and
Sta
ge P
aym
ents
Dev
elop
ed1
120
scho
ols
star
ted
in D
oti 1
982/
83
Initi
al p
robl
ems
with
wor
kman
ship
and
slo
w p
rogr
amm
es
4
1st r
evis
ion
to d
esig
n, d
raw
ings
and
sta
ge p
aym
ents
Ban
gkok
Wor
ksho
p (1
981)
Out
line
prop
osal
I24
scho
ols
star
ted
in D
oti 1
983/
841
Impr
ovem
ent i
n w
orkm
ansh
ip a
nd s
peed
of
prog
ress
IEva
luat
ion
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
mm
e U
nder
take
n en
d of
198
4 co
nstr
uctio
n se
ason
I
2nd
revi
sion
to s
choo
l des
ign,
dra
win
gs a
nd s
tage
pay
men
ts r
evis
edI
124
scho
ols
star
ted
in B
ajha
ng 1
984/
85I
18 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Dot
i 198
4/85
IPro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip o
nly
slig
htly
impr
oved
1 Eva
luat
ion
of s
choo
ls b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me
end
of 1
985
cons
truc
tion
seas
on
Prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
goo
d
3rd
revi
sion
to s
choo
l bui
ldin
g de
sign
28 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Baj
hang
198
5/86
IPro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip c
ontin
ued
to b
e go
od
IBon
us s
yste
m c
hang
ed in
to p
rize
sys
tem
4 sc
hool
s st
arte
d in
Dot
i 198
5/86
4
IPro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip R
emai
ned
sam
e
11
IR
evis
ions
to s
tage
pay
men
ts o
nly,
des
ign
unal
tere
dI
i
Too
l kits
intr
oduc
ed
Bon
us s
yste
m f
or g
ood
wor
kman
ship
intr
oduc
ed
43
19 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Baj
hang
86/
87
Nor
mal
pro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip
*
3 sc
hool
s st
arte
d in
Dot
i 198
6/87
Slo
w p
rogr
ess
10 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Baj
ura
1986
/87
1
Goo
d pr
ogre
ss, r
athe
r po
or w
orkm
ansh
ip
Sub
sidy
incr
ease
d by
10%
and
sta
ge p
aym
ents
rev
ised
14 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Baj
hang
198
7/88
Bet
ter
prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
19 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Dot
i 198
7/88
Pro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip im
prov
ed
28 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Baj
ura
1987
/88
1
Pro
gres
s re
duce
d, w
orkm
ansh
ip n
ot im
prov
ed
5 sc
hool
s st
arte
d in
Baj
hang
1988
/89
Ver
y go
od p
rogr
ess
and
wor
kman
ship
Rev
ised
bui
ldin
g co
st a
nd s
ubsi
dy, t
ool k
its p
rovi
ded
to B
ajur
a an
d A
chha
m
30 s
choo
ls s
tart
edin
Ach
ham
1988
/89
Enc
oura
ging
pro
gres
sw
ith p
oor
wor
kman
ship
Impr
oved
bui
ldin
g de
sign
s, s
ubsi
dy in
crea
sed,
tool
kits
pro
vide
d to
eac
h sc
hool
15 s
choo
ls s
tart
ed in
Dot
i10
sch
ools
sta
rted
in B
ajha
ng11
sch
ools
sta
rted
in B
ajur
a21
sch
ools
sta
rted
in A
chha
m1
scho
ol s
tart
ed in
Kai
lali
1989
/90
1989
/90
1989
/90
1989
/90
1989
/90
*1
Nor
mal
pro
gres
sN
orm
al p
rogr
ess
Nor
mal
pro
gres
sN
orm
al p
rogr
ess
Ver
y go
od p
rogr
ess
and
wor
kman
ship
and
wor
kman
ship
and
wor
kman
ship
and
wor
kman
ship
and
wor
kman
ship
Pro
duce
d ne
w s
choo
l bui
ldin
g de
sign
for
tera
i, no
cha
nge
for
hills
2 sc
hool
s st
arte
d in
Dot
iN
o bu
ildin
g pr
ogra
mm
eN
o bu
ildin
g pr
ogra
mm
e10
sch
ools
sta
rted
in A
chha
m31
sch
ool s
tart
ed in
Kai
lali
1990
/91
for
Baj
hang
199
0/91
for
Baj
ura
1990
/91
1990
/91
1990
/91
Goo
d pr
ogre
ssw
ith n
orm
al w
orkm
ansh
ipN
orm
al p
rogr
ess
and
wor
kman
ship
Ver
y go
od p
rogr
ess
and
wor
kman
ship
in h
ills
less
pro
gres
s w
ith n
orm
alw
orkm
ansh
ip in
tera
i
4445
15
I
To
prov
ide
a hy
gien
ic e
nvir
onm
ent i
n th
e sc
hool
, a la
trin
e w
as d
esig
ned
and
arra
ngem
ents
for
pro
vidi
ng s
afe,
dri
nkab
le w
ater
wer
e pl
anne
d.
In th
e si
te p
lan,
land
are
a w
as s
et a
side
for
sch
ool g
arde
ns, f
ruit
tree
s an
d a
play
grou
nd.
A c
ompo
und
wal
l was
pro
pose
d, f
irst
to d
esig
nate
dea
rly
whi
ch la
nd b
elon
ged
to th
esc
hool
and
, sec
ond,
to p
reve
nt a
nim
als
from
ent
erin
g th
e sc
hool
s gr
ound
s an
d gr
azin
gin
the
scho
ol g
arde
n.
Of
the
six
desi
gns,
the
one
desi
gnat
ed a
s T
ype
A w
as a
fou
r-ba
y, s
ingl
e-st
orey
str
uctu
re,
capa
ble
of a
ccom
mod
atin
g fo
rty
stud
ents
; Typ
e B
was
a f
our-
bay,
dou
ble-
stor
eyst
ruct
ure,
cap
able
of
acco
mm
odat
ing
88 s
tude
nts.
Of
the
six
room
s in
the
four
-bay
,tw
o-st
orey
bui
ldin
g, tw
o la
rge
ones
wer
e de
sign
ated
for
gra
des
.1 a
nd 2
in r
ecog
nitio
n of
high
er e
nrol
men
t in
thes
e le
vels
. The
rem
aini
ng s
mal
ler
clas
sroo
ms
mea
sure
d ei
ght f
eet
by f
ifte
en f
eet a
nd c
ould
acc
omm
odat
e fi
ftee
n st
uden
ts a
t a r
ate
of s
ix s
quar
e fe
et p
erst
uden
t, w
hich
was
suf
fici
ent f
or th
e ob
serv
ed e
nrol
men
t and
atte
ndan
ce r
ates
at t
hat
time.
Oth
er d
esig
ns w
ere
for
five
-bay
sin
gle-
and
dou
ble-
stor
ey s
truc
ture
s, a
nd s
even
-bay
sing
le-
and
doub
le-s
tore
y st
ruct
ures
, abl
e to
acc
omm
odat
e 64
, 136
, 112
and
216
stud
ents
res
pect
ivel
y. T
he c
ost o
f th
ese
build
ings
, bas
ed o
n th
e go
vern
men
t rat
es f
orD
oti D
istr
ict,
aver
aged
Rs.
55
per
squa
re f
oot.
An
info
rmat
ion
pack
age
cons
istin
g of
thre
e bo
okle
ts w
as p
repa
red.
Thi
s se
t inc
lude
d:
.an
illu
stra
ted
book
let f
or th
e vi
llage
rs w
ritte
n in
ele
men
tary
Nep
ali l
angu
age
and
depi
ctin
g th
e pr
oble
ms
of e
xist
ing
scho
ol f
acili
ties
and
the
bene
fits
to b
e de
rive
dth
roug
h pr
ojec
t ass
ista
nce;
.a
set o
f co
nstr
uctio
n dr
awin
gs; a
nd
.an
adm
inis
trat
ive
man
ual d
escr
ibin
g pa
ymen
t met
hods
and
indu
ding
the
cont
ract
tobe
sig
ned
by th
e co
mm
unity
.
The
ove
rall
proj
ect s
ubsi
dy w
as f
ixed
at 4
1 pe
r ce
nt o
f th
e to
tal c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
, to
bepa
id in
inst
alm
ents
; the
rem
aini
ng 5
9 pe
r ce
nt w
as to
be
cont
ribu
ted
by th
e vi
llage
rs, i
nth
e w
ay o
f fr
ee la
bour
and
mat
eria
ls.
The
con
stru
ctio
n se
ason
in N
epal
take
s pl
ace
outs
ide
of th
e m
onso
on, f
rom
Nov
embe
r to
May
; it w
as in
itial
ly d
ecid
ed th
at th
ree
tofo
ur m
onth
s w
ould
be
adeq
uate
to c
onst
ruct
a b
uild
ing.
In e
ach
part
icip
atin
g vi
llage
, a m
eetin
g of
the
chai
rman
of
the
scho
ol m
anag
emen
tco
mm
ittee
, the
vill
age
Panc
haya
tpr
adha
nan
d th
e w
ard
chai
rman
was
hel
d be
fore
the
proj
ect's
pro
gram
mes
wer
e im
plem
ente
d. A
t tha
t tim
e, th
e co
ncep
t of
the
proj
ect,
itspr
ogra
mm
es, t
he c
omm
unity
's r
ole
in d
evel
opm
ent,
and
the
bene
fits
to b
e de
rive
d by
the
com
mun
ity w
ere
high
light
ed b
y a
proj
ect r
epre
sent
ativ
e. D
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
gth
e pr
oces
s of
con
stru
ctio
n, p
roje
ct s
uppo
rt, t
he s
yste
m o
f pa
ymen
t, an
d th
e ty
pe o
fvo
lunt
ary
serv
ices
exp
ecte
d al
so w
as p
rovi
ded.
I 16
4
In a
dditi
on to
the
41-p
er-c
ent f
inan
cial
sup
port
, tec
hnic
al h
elp
to th
e co
mm
unity
was
prov
ided
by
the
proj
ect.
Proj
ect t
echn
icia
ns v
isite
d th
e sc
hool
, pro
vide
d ad
vice
to th
epe
ople
, and
hel
ped
them
to d
evel
op a
pro
per
wor
k pl
an, e
spec
ially
as
rega
rds
the
follo
win
g st
ages
of
wor
k, f
or w
hich
vis
its w
ere
mos
t nec
essa
ry:
.se
lect
ion
of s
ite a
nd b
uild
ing
layo
ut;
.fo
unda
tion
wor
k an
d de
term
inat
ion
of p
linth
and
sill
leve
ls;
.fi
rst-
floo
r tim
ber
arra
ngem
ent a
nd s
econ
d-fl
oor
door
and
win
dow
fix
ing;
.fi
roo
fing
tim
bers
; and
.ro
ofin
g an
d fi
nal f
inis
hing
.
Giv
en th
e la
ck o
f sk
illed
man
pow
er, t
he q
ualit
y of
wor
k at
the
villa
ge le
vel w
astr
aditi
onal
ly v
ery
poor
.In
som
e ca
ses,
cra
ftsm
en h
ad b
een
brou
ght i
n fr
om n
earb
ydi
stri
cts
to d
o th
e co
nstr
uctio
n w
ork.
To
avoi
d th
is ty
pe o
f si
tuat
ion,
a s
et o
f ca
rpen
try
tool
s w
as g
iven
to th
e sc
hool
and
intr
oduc
tory
trai
ning
was
pro
vide
d to
sem
i-sk
illed
carp
ente
rs a
nd m
ason
s fr
om p
artic
ipat
ing
com
mun
ities
.
For
cons
truc
ting
the
com
poun
d w
all,
the
proj
ect i
nsis
ted
that
loca
lly a
vaila
ble
mat
eria
lsbe
use
d. A
s a
resu
lt, th
e st
anda
rd c
ompo
und
wal
l was
dry
ran
dom
rub
ble
a th
ree-
foot
min
imum
hei
ght a
nd tw
o-fo
ot m
inim
um w
idth
. For
the
firs
t yea
r, th
e pr
ojec
t gav
e a
flat
subs
idy
for
a m
axim
um o
f 70
0 sq
uare
fee
t onl
y
Mos
t exi
stin
g sc
hool
s la
cked
a le
vel p
layg
roun
d. A
pro
ject
tech
nici
an w
ould
vis
it th
esc
hool
to p
repa
re th
e co
st e
stim
ate
for
eart
h m
ovin
g. T
he u
sual
ly 4
1-pe
r-ce
nt s
ubsi
dyw
ould
be
give
n by
the
proj
ect a
nd a
pplie
d to
war
ds th
e to
tal e
stim
ated
cos
t.In
itial
ly, a
max
imum
sub
sidy
of
Rs.
6,0
00 w
as f
ixed
.
Alm
ost n
one
of th
e ex
istin
g sc
hool
s ha
d dr
inki
ng w
ater
and
, typ
ical
ly, t
he n
eare
stav
aila
ble
wat
er s
ourc
e w
as th
irty
min
utes
' to
an h
our's
wal
k di
stan
t.T
he p
roje
ctbu
dget
ed to
pro
vide
up
to o
ne k
ilom
etre
of
poly
then
e pi
pe a
nd tw
o ba
gs o
f ce
men
t to
each
sch
ool s
o th
at w
ater
wou
ld b
e pe
rman
ently
ava
ilabl
e w
ithin
the
scho
ol c
ompo
und.
Bef
ore
issu
ing
thes
e m
ater
ials
, pro
ject
tech
nici
ans
wou
ld v
isit
the
scho
ol to
det
erm
ine
the
loca
tion
of p
erm
anen
t, pu
re w
ater
sou
rces
, the
fea
sibi
lity
of th
e pl
anne
d al
ignm
ents
and
the
leng
th o
f pi
pe r
equi
red.
Aft
er th
e fi
eld
visi
t, an
d at
sch
ools
whe
re a
wat
er s
uppl
y w
as f
easi
ble,
the
proj
ect w
ould
agre
e to
pro
vide
nec
essa
ry m
ater
ials
, sub
ject
to th
e fo
llow
ing
cond
ition
s. 4 7
Mat
eria
ls w
ere
to b
e co
llect
ed b
y th
e sc
hool
itse
lf f
rom
the
near
est r
oad
head
, and
no
subs
idy
for
port
age
char
ges
wou
ld b
e pr
ovid
ed.
Sand
, sto
ne a
nd o
ther
mat
eria
ls w
ould
be
colle
cted
by
the
scho
ol th
roug
h co
mm
unity
part
icip
atio
n.
Tre
nch
digg
ing
and
pipe
layi
ng a
lso
wou
ld b
e do
ne b
y th
e co
mm
unity
with
out b
enef
itof
sub
sidy
.
Tec
hnic
al a
dvic
e pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e pr
ojec
t wou
ld b
e fo
llow
ed.
To
ensu
re th
at e
ffec
tive
heal
th a
nd s
anita
tion
mea
sure
s w
ould
be
inst
itute
d in
the
scho
ols,
latr
ine
cons
truc
tion
was
mad
e an
inte
gral
par
t of
each
new
sch
ool b
uild
ing
prog
ram
me.
Unt
il la
trin
es h
ad b
een
com
plet
ed, b
uild
ing
cons
truc
tion
wor
k w
ould
be
cons
ider
ed in
com
plet
e an
d th
e la
st in
stal
men
t with
held
. Eve
n sc
hool
s no
t sla
ted
for
new
build
ing
cons
truc
tion
wer
e gi
ven
a su
bsid
y to
con
stru
ct a
latr
ine.
Impl
emen
tatio
n P
roce
ss.
A te
n st
ep p
roce
dure
was
ado
pted
by
the
proj
ect.
1.P
relim
inar
y su
rvey
.Pr
ior
to im
plem
entin
g th
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e, a
prel
imin
ary
surv
ey w
as c
arri
ed o
ut to
col
lect
gen
eral
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
dis
tric
t.T
he s
urve
y te
am c
onsi
sted
of
a fi
eld
co-o
rdin
ator
and
a c
onst
ruct
ion
tech
nici
an(o
vers
eer)
- th
e fo
rmer
col
lect
ed in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
nal a
spec
ts, w
hile
the
latte
rco
llect
ed in
form
atio
n on
suc
h co
nstr
uctio
n as
pect
s as
geo
grap
hica
l fea
ture
s, d
esig
nco
nsid
erat
ions
, gen
eral
con
ditio
n of
exi
stin
g sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs, l
abou
r ra
tes
and
avai
labi
lity
ofla
bour
,lo
cal
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls,
and
scop
efo
rpe
ople
'spa
rtic
ipat
ion.
2.A
rea
sele
ctio
n an
d co
llect
ion
of a
pplic
atio
ns.
On
the
basi
s of
pre
limin
ary
surv
eyda
ta a
nd b
udge
t allo
catio
ns, a
n ap
plic
atio
n fo
rm d
evel
oped
by
the
proj
ect w
ould
be
dist
ribu
ted
to s
peci
fic
scho
ols.
The
se a
pplic
atio
ns w
ould
be
retu
rned
with
the
join
tsi
gnat
ure
of th
e sc
hool
hea
dmas
ter
and
chai
rman
of
the
scho
ol m
anag
emen
tco
mm
ittee
eith
er th
roug
h th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
com
mitt
ee o
r di
rect
ly to
the
proj
ect.
3.D
etai
led
surv
ey.
Eac
h sc
hool
sub
mitt
ing
an a
pplic
atio
n w
ould
be
surv
eyed
in d
etai
l.Fo
r th
is s
urve
y, a
n ex
peri
ence
d bu
ildin
g te
chni
cian
wou
ld v
isit
the
scho
ol a
ndco
mm
unity
to c
olle
ct in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing:
.th
e su
itabi
lity
of th
e si
te (
i.e. d
ista
nce
betw
een
exis
ting
scho
ol lo
catio
n an
d th
esc
hool
com
mun
ity; s
uita
bilit
y as
reg
ards
are
a, s
teep
ness
of
slop
e, s
ecur
ity, e
tc.)
and
avai
labi
lity
of a
n al
tern
ativ
e si
te, i
f re
quir
ed;
.th
e ph
ysic
al c
ondi
tion
of th
eex
istin
g sc
hool
bui
ldin
g(i
.e.
stru
ctur
al a
ndar
chite
ctur
al a
spec
ts;
4, 8
.th
e ph
ysic
al c
ondi
tion
of e
xist
ing
asso
ciat
ed f
acili
ties
(i.e
. com
poun
d w
all,
play
grou
nd, w
ater
sup
ply,
gar
den
and
tree
pla
ntat
ion)
;
.ed
ucat
ion
data
(i.e
. num
ber
of te
ache
rs a
nd d
asse
s, s
tude
nt e
nrol
men
t and
atte
ndan
ce, s
choo
l-ag
e po
pula
tion
in th
e co
mm
unity
, and
num
ber
of f
amili
es a
ndvi
llage
s in
the
scho
ol c
atch
men
t are
a);
.co
nstr
uctio
n m
ater
ials
and
labo
urer
s (i
.e. a
vaila
bilit
y of
sto
ne, w
ood
and
slat
e;av
aila
bilit
y of
ski
lled
and
unsk
illed
wor
kers
); a
nd
.co
mm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n (i
.e. h
ow th
e ex
istin
g sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs w
ere
cons
truc
ted,
pled
ged
and
supp
ort b
y di
stri
ctPa
ncha
yats
and
com
mun
ities
, com
mun
itypa
rtic
ipat
ion
in o
ther
dev
elop
men
t act
iviti
esin
the
villa
ges,
and
car
e an
dm
aint
enan
ce o
f th
e ex
istin
g bu
ildin
g).
Dur
ing
this
sur
vey,
com
mun
ity le
ader
s an
d ot
her
conc
erne
d in
divi
dual
s w
ould
be
clos
ely
cons
ulte
d, a
nd th
e. s
ite w
ould
be
prop
erly
insp
ecte
d an
d m
easu
red.
All
deta
ils, i
nclu
ding
a si
te p
lan
of th
e sc
hool
, wou
ld b
e re
cord
ed o
n a
stan
dard
for
m. T
he te
chni
cian
wou
ldpr
epar
e a
deta
iled
repo
rt f
or e
ach
scho
ol, w
hich
wou
ld th
en b
e di
scus
sed
at a
mee
ting
atte
nded
by
the
dist
rict
edu
catio
n of
fice
r, th
e en
gine
erin
g un
it st
aff
and
proj
ect
man
agem
ent r
epre
sent
ativ
es.
4.S
elec
tion
reco
mm
enda
tion
to D
EO
.T
here
is a
dis
tric
t lev
el e
duca
tion
com
mitt
eein
eac
h di
stri
ct o
f N
epal
; the
dis
tric
t dev
elop
men
t com
mitt
ee c
hair
man
ser
ves
asco
mm
ittee
cha
irm
an a
nd th
e di
stri
ct e
duca
tion
offi
cer
serv
es a
s se
cret
ary.
On
the
basi
s of
sur
vey
find
ings
, the
pro
ject
wou
ld r
ecom
men
d na
mes
of
scho
ols
to b
eco
nstr
ucte
d an
d a
form
al p
ropo
sal w
ould
be
mad
e by
the
DE
O to
the
DE
C f
orap
prov
al.
In th
is w
ay, c
o-or
dina
tion
betw
een
the
dist
rict
dev
elop
men
t com
mitt
ee,
the
dist
rict
edu
catio
n of
fice
and
the
proj
ect w
as e
nsur
ed.
5.In
form
atio
n to
sch
ools
.Fo
rmal
lette
rs w
ould
be
disp
atch
ed to
app
ropr
iate
sch
ools
afte
r co
nfir
mat
ion
of D
EC
app
rova
l.T
he le
tter
wou
ld in
clud
e in
stru
ctio
ns f
orco
llect
ing
build
ing
mat
eria
ls, o
btai
ning
a s
uita
ble
site
for
con
stru
ctio
n, le
velli
ng th
esi
te, e
tc.
Proj
ect t
echn
icia
ns w
ould
vis
it th
e se
lect
ed lo
catio
ns f
ifte
en to
twen
ty d
ays
afte
r th
e di
spat
ch o
f le
tters
to d
eter
min
e w
heth
er m
ater
ials
wer
e be
ing
colle
cted
and
the
desi
gnat
ed s
ite w
as a
vaila
ble.
6. C
ontr
act.
Con
trac
t for
ms
deve
lope
d by
the
proj
ect s
peci
fied
str
ict c
ondi
tions
to b
ead
here
d to
by
the
SMC
. The
se c
ontr
acts
wer
e m
utua
lly a
gree
d to
by
the
SMC
and
the
DE
O. A
Set
i pro
ject
rep
rese
ntat
ive
witn
esse
d co
ntra
ctua
l agr
eem
ents
.N
oco
ntra
ct w
ould
be
mad
e if
a s
choo
l site
sui
tabl
e fo
r co
nstr
uctio
n co
uld
not b
e fo
und,
or if
mat
eria
ls s
peci
fied
in th
e in
stru
ctio
n le
tter
coul
d no
t be
colle
cted
.N
o w
ork
coul
d co
mm
ence
unt
il th
e fo
rmal
con
trac
t was
sig
ned.
The
am
ount
of
subs
idy
for
each
sta
ge o
f pa
ymen
t wou
ld b
e cl
earl
y re
cord
ed in
the
cont
ract
, as
wou
ld te
rms
and
cond
ition
s fo
r al
l ins
talm
ents
.
f9
17
I
7. F
inal
site
sel
ectio
n an
d la
yout
.A
fter
the
sign
ing
of th
e co
ntra
ct, t
he p
roje
ctte
chni
cian
wou
ld v
isit
the
scho
ol a
nd a
dvis
e on
sel
ectio
n of
the
cons
truc
tion
site
acco
rdin
g to
cer
tain
cri
teri
ace
ntra
lly lo
cate
d to
all
of th
e vi
llage
s to
be
serv
ed: n
ear
at le
ast o
ne v
illag
e; g
ood
land
, so
as to
avo
id f
lood
ing,
land
slid
es a
nd f
utur
e er
osio
n;su
nny
plac
e fo
r w
inte
r se
ason
, but
not
on
a hi
lltop
or
othe
r w
indy
pla
ce; a
ndav
aila
bilit
y of
nea
rby
drin
king
wat
er.
Onc
e th
e si
te w
as s
elec
ted,
a la
yout
of
the
build
ing
wou
ld b
e pr
epar
ed, a
ccor
ding
to s
tand
ard
desi
gn.
8. S
uper
visi
onof
wor
k.H
igh
prio
rity
was
giv
en to
reg
ular
sup
ervi
sion
to im
prov
equ
ality
and
ens
ure
that
wor
k w
as c
arri
ed o
ut a
ccor
ding
to s
peci
fica
tions
.Pr
ojec
tte
chni
cian
s w
ould
vis
it th
e sc
hool
s up
on c
omm
ence
men
t of
the
cons
truc
tion
wor
k.B
ecau
se th
e fo
unda
tion
is v
ital t
o pr
oper
bui
ldin
g co
nstr
uctio
n, te
chni
cian
s de
vote
dpa
rtic
ular
. atte
ntio
n to
this
wor
k (t
hree
to f
ive
days
, or
mor
e)..
At t
he s
ame
time,
villa
gers
wou
ld r
ecei
ve e
xpla
natio
ns a
bout
the
draw
ings
, the
am
ount
of
cons
truc
tion
wor
k to
be
com
plet
ed b
efor
e re
ceip
t of
each
sta
ge p
aym
ents
, etc
.T
here
afte
r, th
ete
chni
cian
s w
ould
vis
it ea
ch s
ite r
egul
arly
(tw
ice
a m
onth
, if
poss
ible
and
app
ropr
iate
)to
giv
e te
chni
cal a
dvic
e an
d co
nduc
t mea
sure
men
ts o
f th
e w
ork
for
reco
mm
enda
tion
of p
aym
ent.
If a
ny v
aria
tion
from
the
draw
ing
was
fou
nd, t
hey
wou
ld a
dvis
e th
e lo
cal
peop
le o
n w
ays
to c
orre
ct th
e w
ork.
9.P
aym
ent r
ecom
men
datio
ns.
The
pro
ject
tech
nici
an w
ould
take
mea
sure
men
tsw
hen
visi
ting
the
scho
ol. T
he te
chni
cian
als
o w
ould
rev
iew
the
qual
ity a
ndpr
ogre
ssof
wor
k an
d, if
sat
isfi
ed, w
ould
rec
omm
end
paym
ent.
No
paym
ent w
ould
be
mad
epr
ior
to c
ompl
etio
n of
eac
h st
age,
or
whe
re th
e qu
ality
of
wor
k w
as u
nsat
isfa
ctor
y.
10.
Rel
ease
of m
oney
.H
avin
g re
ceiv
ed th
e re
com
men
datio
n fo
r a
stag
e pa
ymen
t, th
edi
stri
ct e
duca
tion
offi
ce w
ould
dep
osit
the
mon
ey to
the
bank
acc
ount
of
the
indi
vidu
al s
choo
l to
whi
ch it
was
to b
e pa
id.
0
I18
Pho
togr
aph
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ark
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esig
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ilt in
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.37
TH
ICK
h_,
m',,
Os
III.
giF
LAG
ST
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E L
1 N
IN
it a
375
PA
VIN
G01
111.
1650
2100
472
535
0
6530
3 S
TO
NE
SO
LIN
G
CO
MP
AC
TE
D E
AR
TH
8 cs,
I26
67
PH
OT
O G
ALL
ER
Y I
Photograph 5.
Asm
all e
xist
ing
scho
ol b
uild
ing
with
very
sm
all w
indo
w, d
amp
floor
and
leak
ing
roof
.Photograph 6.
Ate
mpo
rary
shad
ebu
iltby
the
com
mun
ity fo
r th
e pr
imar
y cl
asse
s.
Photograph 8.
This
is th
e pr
ojec
t sup
port
ed b
uild
ing
built
at B
agth
ata
scho
ol lo
cate
d be
low
Silg
ashi
baz
ar in
1983
in D
oti d
istr
ict.
Photograph 9.
4-ba
y do
uble
sto
rey
build
ing
with
woo
den
vera
ndah
bui
lt in
198
3 at
Ban
dung
risai
n sc
hool
in D
oti d
istr
ict.
Photograph 7.
build
ing
whe
reav
aila
ble.
The
pro
ject
bui
lt a
4-ba
y si
ngle
sto
rey
two
clas
sroo
ms
and
a st
aff r
oom
is
'
Photograph 10.
Rea
r vi
ew o
f the
bui
ldin
g w
ith it
sco
mpo
und
and
Set
i Riv
er b
ehin
d it.
The
sch
ool c
onst
ruct
ion
com
pone
nt o
f the
pro
ject
is a
n in
nova
tive
prog
ram
me;
ther
efor
e, a
t the
end
of e
ach
cons
truc
tion
seas
on, t
he r
esul
ts a
re r
evie
wed
and
rev
ised
actio
ns a
re d
ecid
ed fo
r th
e ne
xt y
ear.
Alth
ough
a s
urve
y of
the
who
le p
roje
ct a
rea
was
mad
e be
fore
pre
parin
g th
e de
sign
and
a w
orks
hop
of c
once
rned
peo
ple
was
hel
d to
mak
e th
e de
sign
rel
evan
t to
the
area
ser
ved,
man
y th
ings
wer
e ba
sed
on a
ssum
ptio
nsth
at n
eede
d to
be
test
ed in
pra
ctic
e. In
fact
, sub
stan
tial i
mpr
ovem
ents
hav
e be
en m
ade
in th
e pr
ogra
mm
e du
ring
the
last
few
yea
rs, w
ith a
con
side
rabl
e in
crea
se in
sca
le a
ndar
ea c
over
ed.
An
annu
al c
onst
ruct
ion
targ
et is
fixe
d ev
ery
year
and
, yea
r by
yea
r, th
e pr
ogra
mm
e ha
sin
crea
sed
in s
cale
as
it ha
s ex
pand
ed to
new
are
as o
r di
stric
ts. T
he te
chni
cal s
taffs
are
arra
nged
acc
ordi
ng to
the
annu
al w
ork
load
. In
1982
-198
3, o
nly
20 n
ew b
uild
ings
wer
ebe
gun,
with
four
ove
rsee
rs lo
okin
g af
ter
five
site
s ea
ch.
By
1989
-199
0, th
e fo
llow
ing
is th
e w
ork
load
und
erta
ken
Con
stru
ctio
nA
ctiv
ities
Car
ry o
ver
from
Pre
viou
s Y
ear
New
Und
erta
king
1. S
choo
l bui
ldin
g10
660
2. C
ompo
und
wal
l25
553.
Pla
ygro
und
1625
4. W
ater
sup
ply
1125
5. L
atrin
e18
406.
V.R
.C. B
uild
ing
3340
7. R
epai
r (R
C s
uppo
rt)
512
Tot
al21
425
7
70
Cha
pter
Fiv
e
PR
OG
RA
MM
E IM
PLE
ME
NT
AT
ION
Thi
s is
han
dled
by
a st
aff o
f 22
tech
nica
l per
sonn
el, i
nclu
ding
:
Sen
ior
over
seer
(un
it he
ad)
1
Ove
rsee
r5
Sub
-ove
rsee
r12
Wat
er te
chni
cian
2B
uild
ing
supe
rvis
or2
Tot
al22
It is
ver
y di
fficu
lt to
find
goo
d ov
erse
ers
and
keep
them
in th
e pr
ojec
t for
a lo
ng p
erio
d.T
his
resu
lts in
a s
hort
age
of o
vers
eer
pers
onne
l and
mea
ns th
at s
omet
imes
a s
ingl
ete
chni
cian
has
to c
ondu
ct fo
llow
-up
activ
ities
for
mor
e th
an 5
0 si
tes.
The
ann
ual p
rogr
amm
es, t
heir
resu
lts a
nd r
evis
ions
, are
brie
fly d
escr
ibed
in th
is C
hapt
er.
1982
-198
3
Prog
ram
me
On
the
basi
s of
the
first
des
ign
and
estim
ate,
twen
ty d
oubl
e-st
orey
sch
ool b
uild
ings
wer
e be
gun
in D
oti.
A s
et o
f tec
hnic
al d
raw
ings
, not
ed in
the
Eng
lish
lang
uage
, was
pro
duce
d; th
is w
asis
sued
to b
oth
over
seer
s an
d co
mm
uniti
es.
An
illus
trat
ed b
ookl
et in
Nep
ali,
whi
ch p
oint
ed o
ut th
e pr
oble
ms
with
exi
stin
g sc
hool
build
ings
and
dep
icte
d w
ays
in w
hich
new
faci
litie
s co
uld
be p
rovi
ded
to e
nhan
ce th
esc
hool
env
ironm
ent w
as p
rodu
ced
and
dist
ribut
ed to
bot
h co
mm
uniti
es a
nd o
vers
eers
.
A s
mal
l Eng
lish-
lang
uage
boo
klet
exp
lain
ing
adm
inis
trat
ive
proc
edur
es a
nd th
eco
ntra
ct w
ith th
e co
mm
unity
was
issu
ed to
dis
tric
t edu
catio
n of
fices
.
P.V
.C. s
heet
s w
ere
prov
ided
for
the
dam
p-pr
oof c
ours
e.
7129
I
Res
ult
Man
y co
mm
uniti
es c
ould
not
agr
ee o
n a
scho
ol s
ite; c
onse
quen
tly, m
any
build
ings
wer
e no
t lai
d ou
t unt
il la
te in
the
cons
truc
tion
cale
ndar
.
Edu
catio
n in
the
proj
ect a
rea
was
ver
y po
or; c
onse
quen
tly, t
he p
eopl
e di
d no
tre
cogn
ize
the
bene
fits
to b
e de
rive
d fr
om th
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n an
d, th
eref
ore,
wer
eno
t int
eres
ted
in p
artic
ipat
ing
in th
e pr
ogra
mm
e.
Com
mun
ities
tend
ed to
igno
re a
ny d
esig
n th
at w
as d
iffe
rent
fro
m lo
cal s
tyle
(e.
g.sp
layi
ng o
f do
or a
nd w
indo
w, p
ositi
on o
f ce
ntre
pos
t at t
he c
entr
e lin
e of
the
build
ing,
intr
oduc
tion
of a
ver
anda
h an
d ea
rthq
uake
lint
el).
Tec
hnic
al d
raw
ings
in th
e E
nglis
h la
ngua
ge w
ere
not u
nder
stoo
d, e
ven
by th
ete
ache
rs.
Bec
ause
non
e of
the
scho
ols
was
roo
fed
befo
re th
e m
onso
on b
egan
in 1
983,
man
yco
llaps
ed d
ue to
hea
vy r
ains
on
unpr
otec
ted
wal
ls o
f m
ud m
orta
r.
Lev
els
of w
orkm
ansh
ip w
ere
poor
.
Rev
isio
n
The
bea
m r
unni
ng d
own
the
cent
re o
f th
e bu
ildin
g to
sup
port
the
firs
t flo
or a
tm
id-s
pan
was
cha
nged
to th
ree
sepa
rate
one
s ru
nnin
g ac
ross
the
build
ing
wid
th. T
his
gave
mor
e st
abili
ty to
fro
nt a
nd r
ear
wal
ls a
nd p
lace
d th
e m
ain
bear
ing
mem
bers
at a
loca
tion
abov
e w
hich
fut
ure
clas
sroo
m d
ivid
ing
part
ition
s w
ould
be
built
.
Impr
oved
pla
n, e
leva
tion,
sec
tions
and
det
ails
wer
e pr
epar
ed f
or th
e fo
ur-b
ay,
doub
le-s
tore
y (s
ix r
oom
s) v
aria
nt, w
hich
was
the
mos
t com
mon
ly u
sed,
and
all
draw
ings
wer
e no
ted
in N
epal
i scr
ipt a
nd n
umer
als.
A s
tand
ard
set o
f ca
rpen
try
tool
s, in
clud
ing
a si
x-fo
ot s
aw, w
as in
trod
uced
.
The
sub
sidy
was
incr
ease
d in
line
with
infl
atio
n an
d th
e nu
mbe
r of
pay
men
t sta
ges
was
red
uced
fro
m s
ix to
fiv
e. T
he s
ubsi
dy f
or th
e co
mpo
und
wal
l (10
0 fe
et b
y 2
feet
by 3
fee
t) w
as in
clud
ed in
the
paym
ent f
or th
e fi
nal s
tage
.
72
I 30
1983
-198
4
Pro
gram
me
Tw
enty
-fou
r sc
hool
s w
ere
star
ted
in D
oti.
Rev
ised
dra
win
gs n
oted
in N
epal
i wer
e gi
ven
to th
e vi
llage
rs a
nd o
vers
eers
.
A f
ive-
bay,
sin
gle-
stor
ey d
esig
n w
as in
trod
uced
.
Con
stru
ctio
n of
com
poun
d w
alls
, pla
ygro
und
faci
litie
s, a
nd r
epai
r w
ork
on r
esou
rce
cent
res
also
wer
e be
gun.
Res
ult
Prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
impr
oved
slig
htly
.
A f
ew s
choo
ls w
ere
roof
ed b
efor
e th
e 19
84 m
onso
on.
Poor
str
uctu
ral t
imbe
r w
ork
was
not
edtim
bers
tend
ed to
be
thin
ner
than
spe
cifi
ed.
Poor
car
pent
ry w
ork
was
obs
erve
d in
doo
r an
d w
indo
w f
ram
es, a
nd p
artic
ular
ly in
the
vera
ndah
, whi
ch h
ad a
neg
ativ
e af
fect
on
the
safe
ty a
nd a
ppea
ranc
e of
the
build
ing.
Bec
ause
of
a la
ck o
f sk
ill a
nd k
now
ledg
e, n
ew p
roje
ct to
ols
wer
e no
t muc
h us
ed a
ndth
e vi
llage
rs c
ontin
ued
to d
epen
d on
thei
r tr
aditi
onal
tool
s.
Rev
isio
n
By
the
end
of th
e 19
84 c
onst
ruct
ion
seas
on in
Jun
e, th
e ac
hiev
emen
ts w
ere
eval
uate
d.T
he m
ost s
erio
us p
robl
ems
high
light
ed b
y th
is e
valu
atio
n in
clud
ed th
e fo
llow
ing.
The
rem
ovab
le w
oode
n pa
rtiti
on w
as n
ot p
rope
rly
built
and
cau
sed
seri
ous
acou
stic
prob
lem
s.
The
fir
st f
loor
and
the
roof
str
uctu
re w
ere
muc
h to
o co
mpl
icat
ed, w
ith la
rge
woo
den
sect
ions
and
too
man
y jo
ints
.
The
teac
hers
fou
nd th
e sm
all o
ne-b
ay c
lass
room
s an
d od
d sh
ape
and
had
diff
icul
tyar
rang
ing
stud
ents
in f
ront
of
the
blac
kboa
rds.
Alth
ough
muc
h be
tter
than
exi
stin
g bu
ildin
gs, t
he n
ew s
choo
ls w
ere
still
dar
k in
side
,be
caus
e of
a c
omm
on f
ailu
re to
cut
aw
ay e
noug
h gr
ound
at t
he r
ear
to a
llow
ligh
t to
pene
trat
e in
to g
roun
d-fl
oor
room
s an
d th
e sh
adow
ing
effe
ct o
f th
e ve
rand
ah a
t the
fron
t.
The
des
ign
requ
ired
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f tim
ber.
It a
lso
requ
ired
larg
e se
ctio
ns, l
ong
leng
ths
and
good
qua
lity
for
cros
sbea
ms,
pos
ts a
nd p
urlin
s.
73
No
rem
otel
y se
rvic
eabl
e ea
rthq
uake
lint
el h
ad b
een
built
.In
fac
t, on
ly lo
ngitu
dina
lex
teri
or m
embe
rs w
ere
plac
ed, w
hich
wou
ld d
o no
thin
g to
incr
ease
res
ista
nce
toea
rthq
uake
s.
The
bui
ldin
g di
d no
t see
m v
ery
stab
le a
s its
str
engt
h w
as la
rgel
y de
pend
ant
on th
ew
ood
wor
k, w
hich
was
oft
en v
ery
poor
.
It w
as d
ecid
ed th
at th
ese
prob
lem
s ju
stif
ied
an e
xten
sive
ret
hink
ing
of th
e ba
sic
desi
gn.
Dur
ing
the
1984
mon
soon
per
iod,
a r
evis
ed d
esig
n (c
alle
d M
ark
II)
was
pro
duce
d to
be
used
in th
e 19
84-1
985
build
ing
prog
ram
me.
The
mai
n fe
atur
es o
f th
e ne
w d
esig
nin
clud
ed th
e fo
llow
ing
item
s (s
ee d
raw
ings
on
page
374
1).
Tw
o cl
assr
oom
s, o
ne b
ig a
nd o
ne s
mal
l, w
ere
put o
n th
e fi
rst f
loor
, rea
ched
by
anin
tern
al s
tair
case
bet
wee
n th
em.
Thi
s m
eant
that
the
balc
ony/
vera
ndah
cou
ld b
eel
imin
ated
, and
that
the
stai
rcas
e w
ould
be
safe
r, a
s a
balu
stra
de, s
how
n in
the
orig
inal
des
ign
but r
arel
y bu
ilt, w
ould
not
be
requ
ired
.
All
sepa
ratin
g w
alls
bet
wee
n cl
assr
oom
s w
ere
spec
ifie
d as
sto
new
ork
to s
olve
the
soun
d tr
ansm
issi
on p
robl
em. T
his
also
hel
ped
to b
race
the
fron
t and
rea
r w
alls
of
the
build
ing,
and
fir
st-f
loor
join
ts w
ould
bea
r di
rect
ly o
n th
em, r
educ
ing
the
com
plex
ityan
d am
ount
of
timbe
r re
quir
ed f
or th
e fi
rst-
floo
r st
ruct
ure.
As
ther
e w
ere
now
cro
ss w
alls
on
each
sid
e of
the
stai
rcas
e, b
uilt
up to
roo
f le
vel,
ther
e w
ould
be
shor
ter
unbr
aced
leng
ths
of f
ront
and
rea
r w
alks
.Fu
rthe
rmor
e, th
eth
ree
roof
pur
lins
coul
d be
inst
alle
d in
the
shor
ter
sect
ions
. The
num
ber
of c
entr
epo
st/c
ross
beam
/pur
lin p
rop
conf
igur
atio
ns w
ould
be
redu
ced
from
thre
e to
two.
The
bui
ldin
g he
ight
was
dec
reas
ed to
red
uce
the
dang
er o
f in
stab
ility
cau
sed
byno
n-ve
rtic
al w
alls
, as
wel
l as
redu
ce th
e am
ount
of
wor
k/m
ater
ials
req
uire
d, w
hile
stil
lpr
oduc
ing
teac
hing
spa
ces
of a
dequ
ate
heig
ht.
One
-bay
cla
ssro
oms
wer
e m
ade
slig
htly
wid
er a
nd s
hort
er.
A s
impl
er f
orm
of
mai
n ro
of s
truc
ture
was
sug
gest
ed w
ith s
hort
cro
ssbe
ams
supp
ortin
g th
e tw
o m
id-s
pan
purl
ins
and
a ta
ller
cent
re p
ost.
A s
tore
room
was
add
ed.
The
impr
oved
bui
ldin
g ha
d a
slig
htly
incr
ease
d fl
oor
area
, com
pare
d to
the
firs
t des
ign,
requ
irin
g 20
per
cen
t les
s tim
ber
but 3
0 pe
r ce
nt g
reat
er v
olum
e of
sto
ne. A
cos
tex
erci
se u
sing
gov
ernm
ent b
uild
ing
rate
s in
dica
ted
that
the
notio
nal c
osts
of
old
and
new
desi
gns
wer
e al
mos
t ide
ntic
al.
How
ever
, whi
le o
btai
ning
sto
ne in
wes
t Nep
al is
eas
y,ob
tain
ing
timbe
r is
dif
ficu
lt.
Aft
er U
NE
SCO
is a
ppro
val o
f th
e pr
elim
inar
y de
sign
s, a
com
preh
ensi
ve s
et o
f w
orki
ngdr
awin
gs w
as p
rodu
ced
whi
ch c
ould
be
boun
d in
to a
sm
all b
ookl
et p
artic
ular
to e
ach
ofth
e fo
ur s
ize
vari
ants
now
use
d in
the
prog
ram
me.
Fre
ehan
d dr
awin
gs w
ere
mad
e as
sim
ple
and
easy
to r
ead
as p
ossi
ble,
with
not
es a
nd d
imen
sion
s en
tirel
y in
Nep
ali.
The
amou
nt o
f in
form
atio
n w
as in
crea
sed
to in
dude
the
follo
win
g:(s
ee d
raw
ings
on
page
42-4
5)
.di
men
sion
ed f
ound
atio
n, g
roun
d fl
oor
and
firs
t flo
or p
lans
;
.de
taile
d, d
imen
sion
ed c
ross
-sec
tion
with
ext
ensi
ve n
ote;
.w
indo
w/d
oor
fram
es a
nd s
helf
alc
ove
deta
ils;
.la
trin
e an
d w
ater
tap
stan
d co
nstr
uctio
n de
tails
;
.th
ree-
dim
ensi
onal
dra
win
gs s
how
ing
the
amou
nt o
f w
ork
to b
e do
ne f
or e
ach
stag
e;
.a
shee
t exp
lain
ing
feet
and
inch
mea
sure
men
t and
how
they
rel
ate
to lo
cal w
ays
ofm
easu
ring
; and
.a
cove
r pa
ge s
how
ing
the
com
plet
ed b
uild
ing.
The
pay
men
t sys
tem
was
aga
in r
evis
ed in
an
effo
rt to
ens
ure
that
the
mon
ey b
ecam
epa
yabl
e w
hen
it w
as m
ost n
eede
d.T
he f
irst
sta
ge s
um w
as in
crea
sed
grea
tly to
enco
urag
e co
mm
ence
men
t of
cons
truc
tion
and
prov
ide
fund
s fo
r im
med
iate
con
tinua
tion
(see
Tab
le 2
).
The
sla
ting
of th
e ro
of w
as m
ade
a se
para
te s
tage
of
a si
zeab
le a
mou
nt to
hel
p th
eco
mm
uniti
es p
ay f
or th
is n
orm
ally
ver
y ex
pens
ive
wor
k.
The
leng
th o
f co
mpo
und
wal
l inc
lude
d in
the
last
sta
ge o
f w
ork
was
incr
ease
d to
150
feet
with
pro
visi
on f
or a
n ad
ditio
nal 5
50 f
eet (
max
imum
) le
ngth
to b
e su
bsid
ized
und
er a
sepa
rate
com
poun
d w
all p
rogr
amm
e. T
he n
umbe
r of
pay
men
t sta
ges
retu
rned
to s
ix a
sfo
llow
s:
31I
Stag
eN
o.
Tab
le. 2
Im
prov
ed P
aym
ent S
yste
m
Wor
k to
be
com
plet
ed
(Am
ount
Rs.
)
4-ba
y5-
bay
4-ba
y5-
bay
2-st
orey
2-st
orey
1-st
orey
1-st
orey
1G
roun
d fl
oor
door
/win
dow
fra
mes
6,00
07,
400
4,50
06,
000
fixe
d an
d w
alls
to m
id-d
oor
heig
ht.
Woo
d fo
r fi
rst-
floo
r do
or, w
indo
wfr
ames
col
lect
ed.
2Fi
rst-
floo
r do
or/w
indo
w f
ram
es f
ixed
4,50
05,
400
n/a
n/a
and
wal
ls to
mid
-hei
ght
3W
alls
fin
ishe
d an
d ro
of ti
mbe
rs f
ixed
3,50
04,
400
3,00
03,
600
4R
oof
slat
ed3,
500
4,40
03,
000
3,80
0
5Sh
utte
rs f
ixed
and
mud
pla
ster
ing
done
1,50
01,
800
600
800
6L
atri
ne a
nd 1
50-f
oot
2,00
02,
200
1,50
01,
800
com
poun
d w
all b
uilt
Tot
al21
,000
25,6
001,
200
16,0
00
Sub
sidy
The
re h
ad b
een
anot
her
incr
ease
in g
over
nmen
t con
stru
ctio
n ra
tes,
so
the
tota
l sub
sidi
esw
ere
incr
ease
d. A
s th
i one
-sto
rey
build
ing
was
fou
nd to
hav
e be
en o
vers
ubsi
dize
d in
prev
ious
pro
gram
mes
, its
sub
sidy
incr
ease
d le
ss th
an th
e tw
o-st
orey
one
s. N
o m
ore
tool
kits
wer
e to
be
prov
ided
.
I 32
Bon
us S
yste
m
Tw
o bo
nus
paym
ents
als
o w
ere
intr
oduc
ed a
s a
rew
ard
for
a go
od s
tand
ard
of w
ork
bein
g ac
hiev
ed.
Bon
us 1
:Pa
yabl
e af
ter
the
thir
d st
age
paym
ent
for
good
sto
ne w
ork
with
larg
e/th
roug
hst
ones
, a m
inim
um o
f m
ud m
orta
r an
dst
raig
ht v
ertic
al w
alls
Bon
us 2
:Pa
yabl
e af
ter
fift
h st
age
paym
ent f
orgo
od ti
mbe
r w
ork,
with
cor
rect
ly s
ized
,go
od q
ualit
y tim
bers
and
ski
lled
wor
kman
ship
.
(Am
ount
Rs.
)
4-ba
y2-
stor
ey5-
bay
2-st
orey
4-ba
y1-
stor
ey5-
bay
1- s
tore
y
500
600
250
300
500
600
250
300
77
450
975
900
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/I/1
10/1
AO
! -:
I.' -
1410
414,
1146
......
.14t
oiN
IRio
n%
littu
rfge
,01.
,-.
,..-
i.-
-.4.
1Nkg
%ot
u ill
114,
''''' P
ros7
' --
..
'.
%
.-!*
ikte
.gllu
tik'''1
1 1
is.
:'
102
CO
MP
LET
ED
LAT
RIN
E
MA
RK
II
ILLU
ST
RA
TIO
N O
N
HO
W T
O C
ON
ST
RU
CT
PIT
LA
TR
INE
PLA
N A
T F
LOO
R L
EV
EL
CO
VE
R T
O K
EE
P
103
45 I
1984
-198
5
Pro
gram
me
Eig
htee
n sc
hool
s st
arte
d in
Dot
i and
24
scho
ols
star
ted
in B
ajha
ng.
Rev
ised
dra
win
gs d
istr
ibut
ed.
Pro
gram
me
star
ted
soon
afte
r th
e m
onso
on.
A c
ardb
oard
mod
el o
f the
rev
ised
four
-bay
, tw
o st
orey
bui
ldin
g m
ade
and
show
n to
the
villa
gers
.
Bon
uses
for
high
sta
ndar
ds o
f woo
dwor
k an
d st
onew
ork
intr
oduc
ed.
Sch
ool w
ater
sup
ply
and
villa
ge r
eadi
ng c
entr
e bu
ildin
gs a
lso
star
ted
in D
oti.
Res
ult
Abo
ut h
alf o
f the
tota
l sch
ools
beg
un in
Baj
hang
wer
e ro
ofed
bef
ore
the
1985
mon
soon
; a fe
w to
ok o
nly
thre
e to
four
mon
ths
to b
uild
.
In D
oti,
prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
was
slig
htly
impr
oved
.
The
car
dboa
rd m
odel
pro
ved
to b
e ve
ry u
sefu
l and
hel
ped
the
villa
gers
to u
nder
stan
dth
e de
sign
and
con
stru
ctio
n.
The
app
eara
nce
of th
e ne
w d
esig
n w
as h
appi
ly a
ccep
ted
and
appr
ecia
ted
by m
any.
The
PV
C d
amp
proo
fing
was
exp
ensi
ve, d
iffic
ult t
o de
liver
and
not
alw
ays
corr
ectly
used
.
Rev
isio
n
The
sta
ircas
e w
as m
oved
tow
ards
the
cent
re o
f the
bui
ldin
g, m
akin
g tw
o ha
lls in
the
uppe
r flo
or a
nd fu
rthe
r in
crea
sing
the
stru
ctur
al r
igid
ity w
hile
sim
plify
ing
cons
truc
tion.
She
lves
wer
e pl
aced
in e
ach
room
.
The
bon
us s
yste
m w
as c
hang
ed to
a p
rize
syst
em.
It w
as d
ecid
ed to
sto
p gi
ving
PV
C s
heet
for
the
dam
p-pr
oof c
ours
e.
104
I46
1985
-198
6
Pro
gram
me
Fou
r sc
hool
s in
Dot
i and
28
scho
ols
in B
ajha
ng w
ere
star
ted.
A w
ater
sup
ply
prog
ram
me
was
sta
rted
in B
ajha
ng.
Dur
ing
the
peak
con
stru
ctio
n se
ason
, the
sta
ffing
situ
atio
n be
cam
e cr
itica
l, as
all
ofth
e ov
erse
ers
who
had
wor
ked
for
the
first
few
yea
rs h
ad le
ft th
e pr
ojec
t and
the
Brit
ish
arch
itect
rec
ruite
d th
roug
h V
olun
tary
Ser
vice
Ove
rsea
s (V
SO
), w
ho m
ade
asi
gnifi
cant
con
trib
utio
n to
the
prog
ram
me
durin
g hi
s tw
o-ye
ar s
tay
in th
e pr
ojec
t, al
soco
mpl
eted
his
ser
vice
.U
ntil
Apr
il 19
86, t
here
wer
e on
ly tw
o ne
w s
ub-o
vers
eers
and
a co
nstr
uctio
n su
perv
isor
wor
king
in th
e pr
ogra
mm
e; in
Apr
il, a
new
VS
O e
ngin
eer
and
two
mor
e ov
erse
ers
join
ed th
e pr
ojec
t.
Res
ult
Pro
gres
s an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip in
Baj
hang
con
tinue
d to
be
good
, but
in D
oti i
t con
tinue
dto
giv
e ca
use
for
conc
ern.
Onl
y th
ree
of th
e 28
sch
ools
sta
rted
in B
ajha
ng w
ere
com
plet
ed a
t the
end
of 1
985.
In m
any
scho
ols
star
ted
in p
revi
ous
year
s in
Dot
i and
Baj
hang
, the
last
two
stag
esre
mai
ned
inco
mpl
ete,
alth
ough
the
build
ings
wer
e al
read
y in
use
. The
rea
sons
for
the
inco
mpl
etio
n w
ere
that
som
e of
the
wor
k in
clud
ed in
the
final
sta
ges
(shu
tterin
g, m
udpl
aste
ring,
a la
trin
e an
d pa
rt o
f the
com
poun
d w
all)
wer
e no
t im
port
ant f
or th
efu
nctio
ning
of t
he b
uild
ings
, and
the
paym
ents
for
the
stag
es w
ere
not b
ig e
noug
h to
prov
ide
an in
cent
ive
for
com
plet
ion.
Rev
isio
n
Stag
e pa
ymen
ts w
ere
redu
ced
from
six
to f
our,
mak
ing
the
firs
t and
last
sta
ges
mor
eat
trac
tive;
latr
ine
cons
truc
tion
was
mov
ed f
rom
the
last
sta
ge to
the
firs
t sta
ge; t
he15
0-fo
ot c
ompo
und
wal
l was
rem
oved
fro
m th
e la
st b
uild
ing
paym
ent s
tage
, ass
umin
gth
at th
e w
hole
com
poun
d w
all w
ould
be
built
und
er a
sep
arat
e co
ntra
ct a
nd R
s. 1
300
was
ded
ucte
d fr
om th
e su
bsid
y fo
r ea
ch ty
pe o
f bu
ildin
g ac
cord
ingl
y. T
he r
evis
edst
age
paym
ent a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
Sta
ges
ofpa
ymen
tW
ork
to b
e co
mpl
eted
1W
ails
up
to m
id-h
eigh
t of
grou
nd-f
loor
door
and
a la
trin
e bu
ilt
2W
alls
con
stru
cted
up
to m
id-d
oor
heig
ht o
n 1s
t flo
or
3R
oof
timbe
rs e
rect
ed
4R
oof
slat
ed, s
hutte
ring
, mud
pla
ster
ing
done
and
site
cle
aned
(Am
ount
Rs.
)
4-ba
y5-
bay
4-ba
y5-
bay
2-st
orey
2-st
orey
1-st
orey
1-st
orey
6,70
08,
300
4,70
06,
500
4,50
05,
400
n/a
3,80
04,
700
3,30
0
4,70
05,
900
3,30
0
n/a
3,90
0
4,30
0
Tot
al19
,700
24,3
0011
,300
14,7
00
1986
-198
7
Pro
gram
me
Thr
ee s
choo
ls in
Dot
i, 19
in B
ajha
ng, a
nd te
n in
Baj
ura
wer
e st
arte
d.
Com
poun
d w
alls
, pla
ygro
unds
in B
ajur
a an
d vi
llage
rea
ding
cen
tre
build
ings
wer
est
arte
d in
Baj
hang
.
Res
ult
Prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
con
tinue
d to
be
satis
fact
ory
in B
ajha
ng, b
ut p
rogr
ess
inD
oti w
as s
low
.In
Baj
ura,
pro
gres
s w
as g
ood
but w
orkm
ansh
ip s
how
ed r
oom
for
impr
ovem
ent.
Rev
isio
n
Subs
idy
incr
ease
d by
ten
per
cent
and
sta
ge p
aym
ents
rev
ised
, mak
ing
the
firs
t and
last
sta
ges
even
mor
e at
trac
tive.
The
rev
ised
pay
men
ts w
ere:
lOG
Sta
ges
ofpa
ymen
tW
ork
to b
e co
mpl
eted
1W
alls
up
to m
id-h
eigh
t of
grou
nd-f
loor
door
and
a la
trin
e bu
ilt
4-ba
y2-
stor
ey
7,50
0
2W
alls
con
stru
cted
up
to m
id-d
oor
5,00
0he
ight
on
1st f
loor
3R
oof
timbe
rs e
rect
ed3,
700
4R
oof
slat
ed, s
hutte
ring
, mud
pla
ster
ing
5,50
0do
ne a
nd s
ite c
lean
ed
(Am
ount
Rs.
)
5-ba
y4-
bay
5-ba
y
2-st
orey
1-st
orey
1-st
orey
9,00
05,
000
7,00
0
6,00
0n/
a
4,70
03,
400
7,00
04,
000
n/a
4,20
0
5,00
0
Tot
al21
,000
26,7
0012
,400
16,2
00
1987
-198
8
Pro
gram
me
Nin
etee
n sc
hool
s in
Dot
i, 14
in B
ajha
ng a
nd 2
8 in
Baj
ura
wer
e st
arte
d.
A w
ater
sup
ply
was
sta
rted
in B
ajur
a.
Tur
nove
r of
the
staf
f co
ntin
ued,
cre
atin
g su
perv
isio
n pr
oble
ms
in B
ajha
ng a
nd B
ajur
aw
here
the
prog
ram
mes
wer
e la
rger
.
Dur
ing
the
cons
truc
tion
seas
on, t
wen
ty s
ets
of c
arpe
ntry
tool
s w
ere
prov
ided
tosc
hool
s in
Baj
ura.
Res
ult
Bet
ter
prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
in D
oti a
nd B
ajha
ng, d
ue in
par
t to
the
activ
ein
volv
emen
t of
the
DE
Os,
but
in B
ajur
a th
e si
tuat
ion
rem
aine
d la
rgel
y un
chan
ged.
Man
y sc
hool
s w
ere
com
plet
ed w
ithin
the
one
cons
truc
tion
sPas
on.
As
dist
ribu
tion
was
late
and
trai
ning
not
giv
en, t
he to
ols
prov
ided
to B
ajur
a sc
hool
sw
ere
inad
equa
tely
use
d.
In p
ract
ice,
it w
as f
ound
that
the
latr
ine
was
usu
ally
not
com
plet
ed u
ntil
afte
r th
esc
hool
bui
ldin
g w
as f
inis
hed,
bec
ause
the
villa
gers
con
cent
rate
d on
the
scho
olco
nstr
uctio
n an
d an
y re
mai
ning
mat
eria
ls w
ere
used
to b
uild
the
latr
ine.
107
47I
Figu
re 3
. Fou
r St
ages
of
Paym
ent
Firs
t Ins
tallm
ent
.la
ying
foun
datio
n.
colle
ctio
n of
woo
d fo
r w
indo
wan
d do
or fr
ames
.
.w
alls
con
stru
ctio
n pl
usin
stal
latio
n of
doo
r an
d w
indo
wfr
ames
.
1C8
Sec
ond
Inst
allm
ent
.in
stal
latio
n of
fitte
d cu
pboa
rds
and
com
plet
ion
of w
all
cons
truc
tion
for
the
first
floo
r.
.la
ying
jois
ts.
cons
truc
tion
of s
econ
d flo
orw
all t
o ha
lf he
ight
and
inst
alla
tion
of d
oor
and
win
dow
fram
es.
.m
akin
g of
sta
irs.
.in
stal
latio
n of
rin
g be
am.
Thi
rd In
stal
lmen
t
.in
stal
latio
n of
fitte
d cu
pboa
rds,
and
win
dow
in g
able
wal
l.
erec
ting
wal
l to
full
heig
ht.
.in
stal
latio
n of
roo
f tim
bers
.
Fou
rth
Inst
allm
ent
com
plet
ion
of r
oofin
g an
dla
ying
of s
late
s.
com
plet
ion
of d
oors
and
win
dow
shu
tters
.
.cl
eani
ng in
side
, out
side
and
arou
nd th
e bu
ildin
g.
.la
trin
e co
nstr
uctio
n.
.co
nstr
uctio
n of
"pe
tti".
109
I48
PH
OT
O G
ALL
ER
Y II
*A-
Phot
ogra
ph 1
1. W
oode
n tie
bea
m u
sed
for
eart
hqua
kere
sist
ance
at l
inte
l lev
el.
Phot
ogra
ph 1
3. A
sm
all p
ortio
n of
roo
f is
stil
l to
besl
ated
and
the
build
ing
is s
till u
nder
con
stru
ctio
n bu
tsi
nce
they
do
not h
ave
anot
her
build
ing
the
teac
hers
and
stud
ents
hav
e st
arte
d to
use
the
room
(se
e Ph
oto
16-1
7).
0
Phot
ogra
ph 1
2. R
oof
timbe
rs h
ave
been
fixe
dan
dth
epe
ople
are
supp
lyin
g ro
ofin
g m
ater
ials
Bhi
tto(m
ud &
chi
rpea
roug
h pi
eces
of
woo
d) a
nd s
late
toth
e w
orke
rs o
n ro
of.
Phot
ogra
ph 1
6.T
each
ers
are
now
inth
e st
aff
room
; tha
nks
toa
shel
fbu
iltin
the
wal
lth
eyha
vear
rang
ed f
ew f
urni
ture
for
thei
r us
e.
Phot
ogra
ph 1
4-15
. The
com
mun
ity w
orke
rs a
re w
orki
ng o
n ro
ofin
g.
Phot
ogra
ph 1
7.Fl
oori
ng,
plas
teri
ng,
shut
teri
ngin
door
, win
dow
s ar
e m
issi
ng b
ut th
e st
uden
ts s
tart
ed to
stud
y in
the
room
.
PH
OT
O G
ALL
ER
Y II
2
Phot
ogra
ph18
.A
4-b
ay d
oubl
e st
orey
bui
ldin
g (M
ark
II)bu
ilt a
t Ont
ungr
a sc
hool
in D
oti.
Phot
ogra
ph 1
9.T
his
scho
ol in
Baj
hang
dis
tric
t whi
ch in
itial
ly h
ad n
o bu
ildin
gsno
w h
as a
4 b
ay tw
o st
orey
bui
ldin
g (M
ark
II), w
ith a
bou
ndar
y w
all
and
play
spa
ce fo
r th
e ch
ildre
n in
side
the
wal
l.
Phot
ogra
ph20
.A
4-b
ay s
ingl
e st
orey
bui
ldin
g bu
ilt a
t Gai
ra lo
wer
sec
onda
ry s
choo
l(D
oti)
for
its a
dditi
onal
prim
ary
clas
ses.
The
exi
stin
g bu
ildin
g is
in fr
ont.
Phot
ogra
ph 2
1.A
Mar
k II
scho
ol b
uild
ing
with
a n
ice
com
poun
d w
all
built
at S
irkha
lisai
nc s
choo
l in
Dot
i.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
3
Rev
isio
n
Bui
ldin
g co
sts
and
subs
idie
s w
ere
revi
sed
dist
rict
by
dist
rict
usi
ng g
over
nmen
t nor
ms;
and,
for
the
firs
t tim
e, d
iffe
rent
iate
d su
bsid
y ra
tes
for
the
sam
e bu
ildin
g w
ork
wer
ead
opte
d as
fol
low
s:(A
mou
nt R
s.)
4-ba
yL
ocat
ion
2-st
orey
5-ba
y2-
stor
ey4-
bay
1-st
orey
5-ba
y1-
stor
ey
Dot
i27
,500
33,0
0018
,500
22,5
00
Baj
hang
25,5
0030
,000
16,5
0020
,000
Baj
ura
26,0
0031
,000
17,5
0021
,000
The
targ
et f
or c
ompl
etio
n of
sch
ool b
uild
ings
was
cha
nged
fro
m o
ne y
ear
to tw
oye
ars,
with
60
per
cent
com
plet
ion
antic
ipat
ed in
the
firs
t yea
r an
d 40
per
cen
t in
the
seco
nd.
The
des
ign
of th
e la
trin
e w
as r
evis
ed, a
nd it
s co
nstr
uctio
n m
oved
fro
m th
e fi
rst s
tage
of b
uild
ing
wor
k to
the
last
.T
he r
evis
ed d
esig
n in
dude
d:th
e us
e of
a v
ertic
al p
itin
stea
d of
a s
lopi
ng s
tone
chu
te; a
cur
tain
of
plas
tic, c
loth
or
jute
sac
king
inst
ead
of a
woo
den
door
and
an
exte
nded
sur
roun
ding
wal
l in
fron
t of
the
latr
ine;
and
pro
visi
onof
a m
ore
com
plet
e an
d be
tter
illus
trat
ed la
trin
e co
nstr
uctio
n ha
ndbo
ok.
The
han
dboo
k of
sch
ool b
uild
ing
draw
ings
was
exp
ande
d to
incl
ude
the
revi
sed
latr
ine
draw
ings
; det
aile
d gu
idel
ines
wer
e al
so in
dude
d ex
plai
ning
the
cons
truc
tion
proc
edur
est
ep b
y st
ep, a
nd s
ugge
stin
g be
tter
cons
truc
tion
man
agem
ent
and
com
mun
itypa
rtic
ipat
ion.
A 1
4-in
ch th
ick
laye
r of
ear
th f
illin
g, s
tone
sol
ing
with
mud
fin
ishi
ng w
as s
peci
fied
and
show
n in
the
draw
ings
for
the
grou
nd f
loor
.
A s
epar
ate
intr
oduc
tory
boo
klet
to th
e pr
ogra
mm
e w
as p
rodu
ced
and
circ
ulat
ed to
each
sch
ool,
as w
ell a
s to
con
cern
ed o
ffic
es in
the
proj
ect a
rea.
11.4
1988
-198
9
Pro
gram
me
Five
sch
ool b
uild
ings
in D
oti,
five
in B
ajha
ng, 2
5 in
Baj
ura
and
30 in
Ach
ham
sta
rted
.
In B
ajur
a an
d A
chha
m, 2
0 co
mpo
und
wal
ls, 1
4 pl
aygr
ound
s, 2
1 w
ater
sup
plie
s an
d25
latr
ines
wer
e st
arte
d.
Ano
ther
larg
e tu
rnov
er o
f th
e te
chni
cal s
taff
occ
urre
d w
hen
the
maj
ority
had
to b
ere
plac
ed. S
ever
al n
ew s
ub-o
vers
eers
and
two
new
ove
rsee
rs jo
ined
the
proj
ect i
nla
te
1988
, all
of w
hom
wer
e po
sted
in th
e fo
ur d
istr
icts
to u
nder
take
the
prog
ram
me.
Thi
rty
sets
of
carp
entr
y to
ols
wer
e pr
ovid
ed to
Ach
ham
sch
ools
, and
one
day
of
trai
ning
for
loca
l car
pent
ers
was
als
o or
gani
zed.
Und
er th
e pr
oces
s of
inst
itutio
naliz
atio
n, th
e st
aff
of th
e E
ngin
eeri
ng U
nit w
asat
tach
ed to
the
dist
rict
edu
catio
n of
fice
s w
hich
wer
e di
rect
ly r
espo
nsib
le f
or th
epr
ogra
mm
e.
Prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
was
nor
mal
in D
oti,
very
goo
d in
Baj
hang
, im
prov
ed in
Baj
ura,
and
an
enco
urag
ing
begi
nnin
g w
as m
ade
in A
chha
m.
Bec
ause
of
the
sudd
en, u
nexp
ecte
d cr
isis
of
timbe
r no
t bei
ng f
reel
y av
aila
ble
thro
ugh
gove
rnm
ent s
ourc
es, m
any
scho
ols
coul
d no
t be
roof
ed in
tim
e an
d, in
the
1989
mon
soon
, a f
ew o
f th
em s
uffe
red
dam
age.
(T
he g
over
nmen
tla
ter
deci
ded
to p
rovi
de10
0 cu
bic
feet
max
imum
for
eac
h sc
hool
, exe
mpt
ing
50 p
er c
ent o
f th
e to
tal c
ost
from
roy
alty
for
198
9-19
90. T
he s
taff
ing
of th
e E
ngin
eeri
ng U
nit s
tabi
lized
, with
onl
yth
ree
out o
f se
vent
een
staf
f le
avin
g.
The
peo
ple
wer
e en
thus
iast
ic to
use
the
mod
em to
ols
but,
as th
e le
vel o
f sk
ill o
f th
elo
cal c
arpe
nter
s w
as v
ery
low
, the
one
-day
trai
ning
was
not
suf
fici
ent.
Aft
er r
evie
win
g st
uden
t-te
ache
r ra
tios,
gov
ernm
ent e
stab
lishe
d a
new
pol
icy
that
scho
ol b
uild
ings
sho
uld
be a
dapt
ed f
or m
ultig
rade
teac
hing
.
For
thos
e fe
w p
rim
ary
scho
ols
with
larg
e en
rolm
ents
and
for
pri
mar
y se
ctio
ns in
hig
hsc
hool
s w
hich
hav
e re
sour
ce c
entr
es, c
lass
room
s w
ere
foun
d to
be
too
smal
l.
The
nee
d w
as id
entif
ied
for
impr
ovem
ents
in b
lack
boar
d an
d se
atin
g ar
rang
emen
ts.
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AI
F.B
LE
115
51'
Rev
isio
n
At t
he e
nd o
f th
e co
nstr
uctio
n se
ason
in J
uly
1989
, a s
taff
wor
ksho
p w
as h
eld
in th
epr
ojec
t's h
ead
offi
ce d
urin
g w
hich
the
exis
ting
desi
gn w
as r
evie
wed
and
the
follo
win
gre
visi
ons
reco
mm
ende
d. (
Mar
k m
Des
ign,
see
pag
e 52
-54)
Tw
o ro
oms
are
to b
e in
terc
onne
cted
by
an e
xtra
doo
r be
twee
n th
e ro
oms,
and
exis
ting
door
s m
oved
to th
e co
rner
to im
prov
e th
e se
atin
g ar
rang
emen
t ins
ide
the
room
.
Rea
lizin
g th
e di
ffic
ulty
of
cons
truc
ting
one-
foot
thic
k ra
ndom
rub
ble
ston
e w
alls
with
mud
mor
tar
and
the
risk
of
failu
re in
cas
e of
poo
r w
orkm
ansh
ip, t
he th
ickn
ess
of th
ein
term
edia
te w
all i
s to
be
incr
ease
d to
18
inch
es a
nd th
e sh
elve
s fo
r bo
th r
oom
sin
tegr
ated
into
the
wal
l.
Prov
isio
ns a
re to
be
mad
e fo
r lo
catin
g a
cem
ent b
lack
boar
d; f
urni
ture
layo
ut in
eac
hcl
assr
oom
is to
be
mar
ked
clea
rly
in th
e dr
awin
g.
Prov
isio
ns a
re to
be
mad
e fo
r ou
tdoo
r te
achi
ng, f
or w
hich
pur
pose
it w
as a
gree
d to
leav
e a
cert
ain
spac
e on
bot
h ga
ble
ends
of
the
build
ing
at th
e tim
e of
site
layo
ut a
ndha
ve a
bla
ckbo
ard
fixe
d on
bot
h.
A n
ew c
ombi
natio
n of
bui
ldin
gs, o
ne tw
o-st
orey
with
fou
r cl
assr
oom
s an
d on
esi
ngle
-sto
rey
with
one
cla
ssro
om a
nd a
n ad
min
istr
atio
n ro
om, w
as d
esig
ned
to m
eet
the
dem
and
for
havi
ng f
our
larg
er s
ize
room
s ea
ch w
ith a
cap
acity
of
24 s
tude
nts,
suita
ble
for
grad
e te
achi
ng. T
he b
uild
ings
are
pla
nned
to m
eet t
he n
eeds
of
a la
rge
five
-tea
cher
pri
mar
y sc
hool
; the
y m
ay a
lso
be u
sed
for
reso
urce
cen
tre
scho
ols.
The
exi
stin
g fi
ve-b
ay d
oubl
e-st
orey
bui
ldin
gs is
to b
e am
ende
d on
the
sam
e ba
sis.
To
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f co
nstr
uctio
n, th
e fo
llow
ing
prog
ram
me
was
agr
eed
upon
:
.tr
ain
loca
l, "m
istr
ies"
(ca
rpen
ter/
mas
on)
mor
e in
tens
ivel
y an
d ef
fect
ivel
y in
the
use
of c
arpe
ntry
tool
s;
.bu
ildin
g su
perv
isor
s to
reg
ular
ly v
isit
trai
nees
at t
he s
choo
ls w
here
they
are
wor
king
;
.fo
r th
ese
spec
ial d
utie
s, e
mpl
oy a
num
ber
of b
uild
ing
supe
rvis
ors
with
car
pent
rysk
ills;
and
.in
crea
se th
e bu
ildin
g su
bsid
y in
the
line
with
infl
atio
n.
.L
ater
the
proj
ect d
ecid
ed to
incr
ease
the
subs
idy
of th
e bu
ildin
gs f
or 1
989/
90sc
hool
s an
d to
add
a s
mal
l am
ount
to 1
988/
89 s
choo
ls to
rec
over
the
incr
ease
dco
st o
f tim
ber.
116
152
Rev
ised
sub
sidy
rat
es (
nRs.
) fo
r 4
bay
doub
le s
tore
y:D
oti
30,5
00B
ajha
ng28
,000
Baj
ura
28,0
00A
chha
m30
,500
Kai
lali
30,5
00
The
pro
ject
sen
t out
sev
eral
cir
cula
rs to
adv
ise
on th
e ro
le o
f th
e co
mm
uniti
es in
car
ryin
gou
t the
pro
ject
. Tw
o ci
rcul
ars
extr
acte
d fr
om th
e co
nstr
uctio
n m
anua
l are
rep
rodu
ced
on p
ages
56
to 5
7. T
hese
are
inte
nded
as
advi
ce to
the
com
mun
ity a
nd w
arn
them
agai
nst u
sing
loca
l con
trac
tors
.
1989
-90
Pro
gram
me
15 s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs in
Dot
i, 10
in B
ajha
ng, 1
1 in
Baj
ura,
21
in A
chha
m a
nd 1
inK
aila
li st
arte
d.
A la
rge
num
ber
of o
ther
ass
ocia
ted
faci
litie
s w
ere
allo
cate
d in
Ach
ham
and
an
expe
rim
ent o
f "L
ek B
lok"
ado
pted
fro
m th
e A
IT w
as s
tart
ed in
Ter
ai r
egio
n of
Kai
lali
dist
rict
.
A b
lock
-mak
ing
mac
hine
was
pur
chas
ed f
rom
the
AIT
and
a s
hort
trai
ning
to th
epr
ojec
t tec
hnic
ians
and
the
com
mun
ity w
orke
rs o
n op
erat
ion
and
prod
uctio
n w
asco
nduc
ted
at L
ohag
adh
Vill
age
in K
aila
li
A d
esig
n w
orks
hop
was
hel
d in
Kat
hman
du in
Nov
embe
r 19
89 to
fin
aliz
e th
e T
erai
desi
gn f
or K
ai la
li.
One
set
of
the
carp
entr
y to
ols
was
dis
trib
uted
for
eac
h ne
w s
choo
l bui
ldin
gpr
ogra
mm
e in
all
five
dis
tric
ts.
3 ne
w b
uild
ing
supe
rvis
ors,
all
expe
rt in
woo
dwor
k, jo
ined
the
proj
ect t
o tr
ain
the
loca
l car
pent
ers
(mis
bi)
and
supe
rvis
e th
e bu
ildin
gs e
spec
ially
woo
dwor
k.
117
Tab
le 3
.D
etai
led
Are
a A
naly
sis
of M
ark
lIl D
esig
ns
Gra
de 1
Gra
de 2
Gra
de 3
Gra
de 4
Gra
de 5
Gra
de 6
-7O
ffice
Sto
reT
otal
2 T
each
er (
59'
bay
/ 1
stor
ey )
floor
are
aca
paci
ty
219
40
150
24
150
24
- -
- --
119
-63
8
88
Eel
J,.
Ile_
L-.
i.I.
Ect
ruk_
r_j
3 T
each
er (
59'
/ 1
)flo
or a
rea
capa
city
219
40
150
24
150
24-
- -
- -
119
-63
8
88
Firs
t flo
or
Gro
und
floor
3 T
each
er (
50'
/ 2
)
floor
are
a
capa
city
250
48
119 16
119
16
119
16
119
16-
250 -
13.5 -
989.
5
112
J.
1
Firs
t flo
or
Gro
und
floor
4 T
each
er (
50'
/ 2
)
floor
are
a
capa
city
250
48
250
48
119
16
119
16
119
16
- -
119 -
13.5 -
989.
5
144
3 =
C
1_,.L
IALi
drie
j.1
..j,
5 T
each
er (
39'
/ 2
+ 3
3' /
1)
Son
gle
stor
ey
floor
are
a
capa
city
Dou
ble
stor
ey
floor
are
a
capa
city
219
40
150
24
157.
5
24
150
24
157.
5
24
- -
157.
5
24
- -
157.
5
24
- -
-
119 - - -
13.5
- 13.5
1012
.5
144 -
3 =
i
Firs
t flo
or
Liti
Gro
und
floor
Ear
Firs
t flo
or
Gro
und
floor
5 T
each
er (
61'
/ 2
)
floor
are
a
capa
city
250
48
250
48
119
16
119
16
119 16
119 16
119
13.5
1227
.5
176
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118
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ILD
ING
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120
r?.
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0 W
IDE
AP
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Ifiti="-ft
II
Res
ult
Prog
ress
and
wor
kman
ship
was
nor
mal
in D
oti,
Baj
hang
and
Baj
ura
whi
le in
hill
are
aof
Kai
lali,
pro
gres
s of
wor
kman
ship
of
the
build
ing
and
the
com
poun
d w
orks
was
ver
yen
cour
agin
g.
Tw
o ou
t of
thre
e bu
ildin
g su
perv
isor
s le
ft th
e pr
ojec
t dur
ing
the
cons
truc
tion
seas
onw
hich
mad
e th
e pr
ojec
t una
ble
to tr
ain
the
loca
l `m
isbi
s' a
s w
as e
xpec
ted.
The
new
5 te
ache
r sc
hool
bui
ldin
g de
sign
was
use
d in
few
sch
ools
in B
ajur
a.
As
the
Gov
ernm
ent a
llow
ed o
nly
50 p
er c
ent e
xem
ptio
n in
tim
ber
roya
lty to
the
scho
ol (
sinc
e 19
88/8
9 F.
Y.)
and
man
y sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs h
ad r
emai
ned
unde
rco
nstr
uctio
n at
the
end
of 1
988/
89 F
.Y. t
he p
roje
ct a
dded
sm
all a
mou
nt to
198
8/89
- sc
hool
s in
ord
er to
rec
over
the
rem
aini
ng c
ost o
f th
e tim
ber.
In T
erai
par
t of
Kai
lali
appr
ox. 2
000
stab
ilize
d so
il bl
ocks
wer
e pr
oduc
ed a
nd a
3ro
om s
ingl
e st
orey
bui
ldin
g w
as s
et o
ut.
Rev
isio
n
The
pre
limin
ary
Ter
ai d
esig
n w
as r
evis
ed a
nd r
evis
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of th
e fi
ndin
gs in
deta
iled
surv
ey o
f th
e sc
hool
s.
The
pro
ject
's c
o-or
dina
tion
com
mitt
ee d
ecid
ed to
exp
erim
ent t
he c
ompl
ete
`Lok
Bild
Syst
em' i
n 5
scho
ols
and
trad
ition
al b
rick
bui
ldin
gs in
oth
er 5
sch
ools
in K
aila
li (T
erai
).
Bui
ldin
g w
ith la
rger
roo
ms
(flo
or a
rea)
als
o de
sign
ed f
or r
esou
rce
cent
res.
L1 28
I58
1990
-199
1
Pro
gram
me
2 sc
hool
bui
ldin
gs in
Dot
i, 10
in A
chha
m a
nd 3
1 in
Kai
lali
star
ted
but n
o bu
ildin
gpr
ogra
mm
e al
loca
ted
in B
ajha
ng a
nd B
ajur
a.
Out
of
31 b
uild
ings
in K
aila
li 2
bloc
k bu
ildin
gs, 6
bri
ck b
uild
ings
and
2 r
esou
rce
cent
re(R
C)
build
ings
sta
rted
in T
erai
as
an e
xper
imen
ted
prog
ram
me.
Car
pent
ry to
ols
agai
n di
stri
bute
d to
Ach
ham
and
Kai
lali
- hi
ll sc
hool
s.
Mou
lds
to m
anuf
actu
re R
.C.C
. doo
r-w
indo
w f
ram
es a
nd jo
ists
pur
chas
ed f
rom
AIT
atr
aini
ng s
imila
r fo
r th
e bl
ock
prod
uctio
n co
nduc
ted
for
the
proj
ect t
echn
icia
ns.
Res
ult:
Ver
y go
od p
rogr
ess
and
wor
kman
ship
ach
ieve
d in
hill
s of
Kai
lali
whi
le it
was
less
inT
erai
, nor
mal
in A
chha
m a
nd g
ood
in D
oti.
Out
of
8 br
ick
build
ings
sta
rted
in T
erai
onl
y 2
com
plet
ed a
nd o
ut o
f 2
bloc
k bu
ildin
gsst
arte
d on
e ro
ofed
with
cem
ent t
iles
and
2600
blo
cks
prod
uced
for
ano
ther
bui
ldin
g.
The
pro
ject
sub
sidy
was
exa
min
ed to
o lo
w a
nd in
suff
icie
nt e
spec
ially
for
Ter
ai s
choo
lbu
ildin
g pr
ogra
mm
e w
here
the
maj
ority
of
the
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls h
ave
to b
epu
rcha
sed.
Qua
lity
of th
e ce
men
t tile
s w
as n
ot g
ood
due
to th
e po
or m
anag
emen
t.
The
exp
erie
nce
show
ed th
at th
eex
perim
enta
tion
and
the
inst
itutio
naliz
atio
n ca
nno
t go
toge
ther
suc
cess
fully
.Q
ualit
y of
sup
ervi
sion
and
the
man
agem
ent o
f th
eco
nstr
uctio
n w
as p
oor.
129
PH
OT
O G
ALL
ER
Y II
I
Pho
togr
aph
22.
A 4
-bay
2 s
tore
y bu
ildin
g (M
ark
III)
built
at K
arab
an s
choo
l in
Dot
i with
pla
ygro
und
and
spac
es f
or f
ruit
tree
s pl
anta
tion
in f
ront
of
the
build
ing.
Pho
togr
aph
23.
Rea
r vi
ew o
f th
e sc
hool
bui
ldin
g w
ithits
bou
ndar
y w
all a
nd la
trin
e.
Pho
togr
aph
25-2
6.T
he v
illag
ew
omen
,ev
enin
Dip
ayal
(for
Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Hea
dqua
rter
s),
have
to c
arry
wat
er f
rom
Set
iri
ver;
they
nee
d to
car
ry it
to
mak
em
udm
orta
rfo
rth
ebu
ildin
g m
ason
ry w
hich
is b
eing
erec
ted
as a
sep
arat
e pr
imar
yse
ctio
n of
Dip
ayal
Hig
h Sc
hool
.
130
--95
.-"I
naiii
issi
i
:`:ti
lialk
i.,..
'-i
'74
Ir.
.;:.
.,'
....
,.,
<.:
.mar
ser.
,,.,
.
Pho
togr
aph
27.
The
situ
atio
n in
the
Ter
ai is
muc
h di
ffic
ult f
rom
the
hill;
the
villa
ger
in T
erai
can
use
thei
rbu
llock
cart
sfr
oca
rryi
ng th
e m
ater
ials
.
Pho
togr
aph
24.
At T
alka
t low
er s
econ
dary
sch
ool a
new
5 b
ay d
oubl
e st
orey
bui
ldin
g ha
s be
enbu
ilt
1
Pho
togr
aph
28.
Ter
ai (
Kai
lati)
has
ple
nty
of w
ood
whi
ch th
e sc
hool
can
get
eas
ily a
nd in
man
y ca
ses
with
out
cost
. Man
y sc
hool
s ar
e ab
le to
pay
the
carp
ente
rs.
Thi
s is
why
fur
nitu
re c
an b
e se
en in
alm
ost e
very
scho
ol in
the
Ter
ai b
ut n
ot in
pri
mar
y sc
hool
s in
the
hills
.
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Circ
ular
1
Req
uest
to C
omm
uniti
es fo
r P
eopl
e's
Par
ticip
atio
nin
Sch
ool C
onst
ruct
ion
and
Util
izat
ion
of th
e P
roje
ct S
ubsi
dy
The
exp
erie
nce
of th
e S
eti P
roje
ct h
as c
lear
ly s
how
n th
at o
nly
activ
e an
d en
thus
iast
icsc
hool
s ca
n m
obili
ze c
omm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n.T
his
is tr
ue o
f all
Set
i Pro
ject
activ
ities
, not
onl
y sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n.
To
com
plet
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
esin
a ti
mel
y m
anne
r, im
prov
e th
esc
hool
-com
mun
ityre
latio
nshi
pan
dm
ake
the
com
mun
ityre
spon
sibl
efo
rm
aint
enan
ce o
f the
faci
lity,
itis
ver
y im
port
ant t
o ob
tain
max
imum
com
mun
itysu
ppor
t and
util
izat
ion
of lo
cal m
ater
ials
, lab
our
and
skill
.
To
avoi
d po
ssib
le d
elay
s in
wor
k pr
ogre
ss a
nd m
aint
ain
qual
ity, p
rope
r pl
anni
ng a
ndut
iliza
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t sub
sidy
is n
eces
sary
. Bec
ause
the
proj
ect i
s pa
rtic
ular
ly s
tric
tas
reg
ards
the
follo
win
g tw
o po
ints
, spe
cial
car
e ne
eds
to b
e ta
ken.
Pay
men
t is
NO
T m
ade
until
the
spec
ified
wor
k is
sat
isfa
ctor
ily c
ompl
eted
.
The
re is
NO
ext
ra m
oney
or
incr
ease
in th
e or
igin
al s
ubsi
dy u
nder
any
circ
umst
ance
, inc
ludi
ng c
ases
of u
nava
ilabi
lity
or e
xpen
sive
mat
eria
ls/la
bour
ers,
dam
age
of th
e bu
ildin
g du
ring
cons
truc
tion,
etc
.T
his
is m
entio
ned
in th
eag
reem
ent f
orm
whi
ch is
mad
e be
twee
n th
e ch
airm
an o
f the
sch
ool m
anag
emen
tco
mm
ittee
(S
MC
) an
d th
e D
istr
ict E
duca
tion
Offi
cer.
In p
ract
ice,
con
stru
ctio
n is
gen
eral
ly c
arrie
d ou
t in
one
of th
ree
way
s:
.to
tal w
ork
by a
loca
l pet
ty c
ontr
acto
r;
.sk
illed
wor
k, s
uch
as c
arpe
ntry
, mas
onry
and
roo
fing,
by
petty
con
trac
tors
, and
the
rest
by
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion;
and
.to
tal w
ork
by c
omm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n.
Diff
icul
ties
stem
min
g fr
om u
sing
con
trac
tors
.A
num
ber
ofpr
oble
ms
mig
ht a
rise
if al
l of t
he w
ork
is g
iven
to a
con
trac
tor.
The
follo
win
gex
ampl
es h
ave
occu
rred
in th
e pr
ojec
t-su
ppor
ted
scho
ols.
The
re w
ill b
e m
uch
less
con
trol
by
the
SM
C o
ver
the
cons
truc
tion
wor
k. T
heco
ntra
ctor
is d
isco
urag
ed b
y th
e pr
ojec
t's p
rinci
ple
of p
aym
ent b
y re
sults
: the
cont
ract
or s
tart
s to
see
k w
ork
else
whe
re a
nd th
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n is
del
ayed
.In
man
y ca
ses,
it h
as b
een
show
n th
at th
e S
MC
eve
ntua
lly h
as to
giv
e ex
tra
mon
ey to
the
cont
ract
or to
com
plet
e th
e w
ork.
Whe
n th
e bu
ildin
g is
not
acc
ordi
ng to
dra
win
gs a
nd s
peci
ficat
ion,
the
proj
ect s
tops
paym
ent,
but t
he c
ontr
acto
r w
ill s
till b
e as
king
for
the
mon
ey a
s pr
omis
ed b
y th
eS
MC
. In
such
cas
es, t
here
may
be
no o
ther
sol
utio
n th
an to
pay
the
cont
ract
orfr
om th
e S
MC
's o
wn
reso
urce
s.
The
con
trac
tor
may
go
away
taki
ng th
e co
mm
unity
's m
oney
but
leav
ing
the
wor
kin
com
plet
e.
A c
ontr
acto
r al
way
s w
orks
for
his
prof
it, b
ut th
e pr
ojec
t's s
ubsi
dy d
oes
not a
llow
for
any
indi
vidu
al b
enef
it or
pro
fit.
The
onl
y w
ay fo
r th
e co
ntra
ctor
to m
ake
apr
ofit
is to
use
che
aper
, inf
erio
r m
ater
ials
and
red
uce
the
qual
ity.
The
mai
nten
ance
nee
ded
afte
r co
mpl
etio
n of
the
build
ing
has
been
a b
ig p
robl
emin
alm
ost a
ll sc
hool
s. In
fact
, it i
s co
mpl
etel
y th
e lo
cal c
omm
unity
's r
espo
nsib
ility
to m
aint
ain
the
build
ing
and
it w
ould
be
easi
er to
obt
ain
part
icip
atio
n fo
rm
aint
enan
ce in
suc
h sc
hool
s w
here
the
orig
inal
con
stru
ctio
n w
as c
arrie
d ou
tth
roug
h co
mm
unity
invo
lvem
ent/s
uppo
rt.
A c
ontr
acto
r do
es n
ot d
o an
ym
aint
enan
ce u
nles
s he
aga
in g
ets
extr
a m
oney
, but
a c
omm
unity
whi
ch h
aspr
ovid
ed a
ll th
e re
sour
ces
and
dona
ted
the
labo
ur w
ill n
ot li
ke to
see
a la
ck o
fm
aint
enan
ce c
ause
was
tage
of t
heir
labo
ur a
nd r
esou
rces
, and
wou
ld b
e m
ore
likel
y to
car
ry o
ut r
egul
ar m
aint
enan
ce, a
s th
ey d
o fo
r th
eir
own
hous
es.
61 1
Thu
s, u
sing
a c
ontr
acto
r w
ithou
t com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
does
not
see
m a
ppro
pria
teor
ben
efic
ial t
o th
e lo
cal c
omm
unity
, as
in th
is w
ay th
e pr
ojec
t's li
mite
d su
bsid
y go
esto
an
indi
vidu
al's
poc
ket
the
indi
vidu
al is
oft
en f
rom
out
side
the
scho
ol a
rea
and
the
loca
l com
mun
ity m
ay b
e di
sapp
oint
ed w
ith th
e re
sult
and
this
may
cau
se d
ivis
ion
with
in th
e co
mm
unity
.
The
exp
erie
nce
of th
e Se
ti Pr
ojec
t sho
ws
that
the
use
of c
ontr
acto
rs in
sch
ool
cons
truc
tion
caus
es a
lot o
f pr
oble
ms
and
the
resu
lt is
oft
en q
uite
uns
atis
fact
ory;
henc
e, th
is p
roje
ct s
tron
gly
reco
mm
ends
and
req
uest
s th
at n
o sc
hool
app
ly th
ism
etho
d to
thei
r co
nstr
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es u
nder
any
cir
cum
stan
ce.
Mix
ed c
omm
unity
and
hire
d sk
illed
wor
kers
.If
no
one
in th
eco
mm
unity
has
the
nece
ssar
y sp
ecia
lized
ski
lls, t
hen
skill
ed c
arpe
nter
/mas
ons
may
be e
mpl
oyed
fro
m n
eigh
bour
ing
com
mun
ities
and
all
othe
r w
ork
carr
ied
out b
y th
elo
cal c
omm
unity
.
Tot
al w
ork
by c
omm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n.R
egar
ding
the
long
-ter
mva
lue
of th
e pr
ogra
mm
e, th
e be
st r
esul
t can
be
achi
eved
onl
y by
this
met
hod,
and
this
is w
hy th
e pr
ojec
t str
esse
s an
d re
com
men
ds it
s ad
optio
n.If
ther
e ar
e a
few
pers
ons
with
the
nece
ssar
y sk
ills,
ther
e is
no
reas
on to
use
con
trac
tors
. All
wor
k ca
nbe
com
plet
ed b
y co
mm
unity
eff
orts
.T
he s
kille
d w
orke
rs m
ay b
e pa
id, b
ut th
eysh
ould
acc
ept a
low
er s
ubsi
dy r
ate
beca
use,
as
mem
bers
of
the
com
mun
ity, t
hey
too
shou
ld s
hare
the
volu
ntar
y co
ntri
butio
n re
quir
ed f
or th
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n.
162
Muc
h of
the
build
ing
cons
truc
tion
wor
k ca
n be
com
plet
ed b
y vo
lunt
ary
labo
urer
s,w
hile
the
cash
sub
sidy
is u
sed
for
only
ver
y sp
ecif
ic p
urpo
ses.
How
ever
, the
situ
atio
nm
ay v
ary
from
pla
ce to
pla
ce.
The
fol
low
ing
mod
el s
houl
d be
con
side
red
as a
gene
ral g
uide
line.
The
Shr
amad
an (
volu
ntar
y) g
roup
is r
espo
nsib
le f
or th
e de
mol
ition
of
the
exis
ting
stru
ctur
e, le
velli
ng a
nd c
lear
ing
the
site
, fel
ling
tree
s an
d cu
tting
the
tree
s in
to p
iece
s,ob
tain
ing
and
brea
king
qua
rry
ston
e, c
arry
ing
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls, p
rim
ary
(ord
inar
y) d
ress
ing
of s
tone
, pre
pari
ng th
e m
orta
r an
d su
pply
ing
it to
the
mas
on, a
ndas
sist
ing
the
carp
ente
rs a
nd m
ason
s. th
e A
nuda
n (s
ubsi
dy)
grou
p do
es th
e m
ason
ry,
carp
entr
y an
d ro
ofin
g w
ork
and
the
quar
ryin
g of
sla
te.
Vol
unta
ry (
Sram
adan
)Su
bsid
y (A
nuda
n)
1.D
emol
ition
of
the
exis
ting
stru
ctur
es.
1.M
ason
ry2.
Lev
ellin
g an
d cl
eari
ng th
e si
te.
2.C
arpe
ntry
3.Fe
lling
tree
s an
d cu
tting
the
tree
s in
pie
ces.
3.R
oofi
ng w
ork
4.O
btai
ning
and
bea
ning
qua
rry
ston
e.4.
Qua
rryi
ng o
f sl
ate
5.C
arry
ing
cons
truc
tion
mat
eria
ls.
6.Pr
imar
y (o
rdin
ary)
dre
ssin
g of
sto
ne.
7.Pr
epar
ing
the
mor
tar
and
supp
lyin
g it
to th
e m
ason
.8.
Ass
istin
g th
e ca
rpen
ters
and
mas
ons.
135
Cir
cula
r 2
Con
stru
ctio
n P
roce
dure
1.D
ig a
fou
ndat
ion
2'6"
wid
e an
d 2'
6" d
eep.
2.U
sing
larg
e, f
lat s
tone
s, c
ompl
ete
the
foun
datio
n m
ason
ry u
p to
gro
und
leve
l.
3.L
eave
6"
on e
ither
sid
e an
d st
art t
o er
ect a
1'6
" w
ide
ston
e w
all a
t the
cen
tre
ofth
e fo
unda
tion.
4.W
hen
the
fron
t wal
l is
1' h
igh,
fix
the
door
fra
mes
. The
fra
mes
sho
uld
NO
T b
efi
xed
at g
roun
d le
vel.
5.W
hen
the
rear
wal
l is
2'6
high
, fix
win
dow
fra
mes
.
6.W
hen
the
side
wal
ls a
nd s
tair
wal
ls a
re 3
'6"
high
, fix
the
fram
es f
or th
e sh
elve
s.
7.T
he to
p fr
ames
of
all t
he d
oors
, win
dow
s an
d sh
elve
s sh
ould
be
at th
e sa
me
leve
l.
8.A
ll ex
tern
al w
alls
, int
erm
edia
te w
alls
and
the
stai
rcas
e sh
ould
be
erec
ted
sim
ulta
neou
sly.
The
sta
irca
se a
nd th
e in
term
edia
te w
alls
sho
uld
not b
e le
ft to
be
erec
ted
late
r.
9.W
hen
all w
alls
, and
the
stai
rcas
e ar
e at
the
top
leve
l of
the
fram
es (
6'6"
fro
mgr
ound
leve
l), p
lace
the
linte
ls f
or d
oors
, win
dow
s an
d sh
elve
s. D
o N
OT
pla
cefl
oor
jois
ts a
t thi
s le
vel.
10. W
hen
the
wal
ls a
re 1
' hig
h fr
om th
e to
p of
the
grou
nd-f
loor
fra
mes
, fix
the
eart
hqua
ke li
ntel
.Si
ze o
f th
e m
ain
woo
den
mem
bers
mus
t be
3" x
4"
and
they
MU
ST b
e in
terc
onne
cted
and
tied
to e
ach
othe
r (a
s ill
ustr
ated
in th
e ha
ndbo
ok).
11. O
n to
p of
the
eart
hqua
ke li
ntel
, pla
ce te
n jo
ists
(3"
x 4
") a
t 1'3
" c/
c.
12. F
ix th
e up
per-
floo
r do
ors
at th
e fl
oor
leve
l, w
indo
ws
at 1
'6"
high
and
she
lves
at
2'6"
hig
h.
13. W
hen
the
wal
ls a
re a
t the
leve
l of
the
top
fram
es, p
lace
the
linte
ls f
or a
ll do
ors,
win
dow
s an
d sh
elve
s, a
nd p
lace
3' l
ong
eave
s br
acke
ts (
2" x
3")
at 1
'6"
c/c.
136
14. P
ositi
on a
cen
tre
post
and
a c
ross
beam
in h
alls
size
of
both
MU
ST b
e 6"
x 6
".If
sm
alle
r si
ze is
use
d, th
en th
e ro
of s
ags,
leak
s an
d ev
entu
ally
col
laps
es.
15. E
rect
all
wal
ls u
p to
roo
f le
vel.
Gab
le w
alls
mus
t be
4' h
ighe
r th
an lo
ngitu
dina
lw
alls
.
16. E
rect
roo
f tim
bers
.A
ll pu
rlin
s sh
ould
hav
e 6"
dep
th, a
nd th
e si
ze o
f ki
ng p
ost
and
stru
ts a
lso
shou
ld b
e 6"
x 6
"; s
ize
of a
ll ra
fter
s m
ust b
e 3"
x 4
" an
d th
eir
spac
ing
shou
ld n
ot b
e m
ore
than
1'6
" c/
c.It
is q
uite
impo
rtan
t to
cons
ider
the
abov
e si
ze a
nd s
paci
ng o
f th
e ro
of ti
mbe
rs.
If it
is ig
nore
d, th
e ro
of w
ill n
ot b
edu
rabl
e; it
will
leak
soo
n an
d co
llaps
e.
17. P
lace
the
piec
es o
f ad
zed
roug
h tim
ber
(lik
e fi
rew
ood)
on
the
raft
ers
and
mud
over
the
laye
r of
woo
den
piec
es a
nd th
en e
mbe
d th
e sl
ates
on
the
laye
rof
mud
.T
he w
oode
n pi
eces
sho
uld
be th
ick
enou
gh a
nd c
ompa
cted
and
the
mud
sho
uld
be w
ell p
repa
red.
It s
houl
d be
ens
ured
that
the
slat
es a
re p
rope
rly
embe
dded
on
mud
with
the
suff
icie
nt 'o
verl
ap'.
18. T
he u
pper
flo
orin
g sh
ould
be
done
pro
perl
y so
that
the
mud
will
not
fal
l dow
nan
d th
e fl
oor
is d
urab
le. F
or th
is, p
lace
a th
ick
laye
r of
woo
den
piec
es o
n jo
ists
,th
en a
laye
r of
fer
n, le
aves
, etc
., an
d th
en th
ick
laye
r of
wel
l-pr
epar
ed m
ud w
ithpr
oper
leve
lling
and
a g
ood
fini
sh o
n to
p. O
vera
ll th
ickn
ess
of th
e fl
oor
shou
ld
be 6
" to
9".
19. D
o a
9" th
ick
ston
e so
ling
with
mud
fin
ishi
ng o
n th
e gr
ound
flo
or.
20. E
xten
d 1'
6" w
ide
apro
n ro
und
the
build
ing
and
erec
t it 6
" fr
om g
roun
d le
vel;
ifth
ere
is a
mou
nted
ear
th o
r ro
ck b
ehin
d th
e bu
ildin
g, c
ut th
at a
t lea
st 5
' fro
mth
e bu
ildin
g.
21. F
ix s
hutte
rs in
all
door
s an
d w
indo
ws;
fit
door
lock
ing
iron
cha
in a
nd w
oode
nlo
ckin
g sy
stem
(fr
om in
side
) fo
r th
e w
indo
ws;
arr
ange
pad
-loc
ks f
or e
ach
door
.
22. D
o m
ud p
last
erin
g in
side
and
out
side
of
the
build
ing
and
appl
y ca
mer
o (a
loca
lm
ater
ial f
or w
hite
was
h) f
inis
h; c
lear
/cle
an th
e si
te.
137
63 I
Cha
pter
Six
AC
HIE
VE
ME
NT
S
Kee
ping
fina
ncia
l sup
port
to a
bar
e m
inim
um, u
tiliz
ing
loca
l res
ourc
es a
nd m
obili
zing
the
peop
le to
cre
ate
the
'lear
ning
env
ironm
ent'
in th
e sc
hool
s ar
e th
e m
ajor
ach
ieve
men
ts o
fth
e pr
ogra
mm
e.F
urth
erm
ore,
by
1991
, abo
ut 1
00 p
er c
ent o
f the
req
uest
s fo
r ne
wa
250
scho
ol b
uild
ings
from
Dot
i, B
ajha
ng a
nd B
ajur
a an
d 90
per
cen
t fro
m A
chha
m b
een
satis
fact
orily
fulfi
lled.
200
The
wor
k ac
hiev
ed in
Dot
i Baj
hang
and
Baj
ura
has
dram
atic
ally
impr
oved
the
cond
ition
150
of th
e sc
hool
s. A
dec
ade
ago,
the
poor
est b
uild
ings
in th
e co
mm
unity
was
the
scho
ol.
Tod
ay, i
t is
the
nice
st b
uild
ing,
sur
roun
ded
by a
n or
gani
zed
com
poun
d.io
o
A la
rge
part
of t
he n
eeds
of t
he v
ario
us d
istr
icts
for
new
sch
ool b
uild
ings
has
bee
n m
et.
The
pro
gres
s of
diff
eren
t con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es m
ade
betw
een
the
Pro
ject
's b
egin
ning
and
mid
-Jul
y 19
91 a
re s
how
n be
low
.
Pro
gram
mes
of P
hysi
cal I
mpr
ovem
ent i
n S
eti Z
one
Com
puni
id W
ell (
346)
Pla
y G
roun
d (1
29)
Wat
er S
uppl
y (1
66)
la k
l lita
kliti
g (3
77)
VR
C (
94)
Latr
ine
(206
)
50
Ach
ieve
men
ts b
y D
istr
ict 1
982-
1991
1982/83
1984/85
1986/87
1988/89
1983/84
1985/86
1987/88
1989/90
Mid Don
1112
1 R
ay Ir
a
F.
MN
R11
1111
19
A.
hhm
n
Kai
lali
Phy
sica
l Pro
gres
s by
Sub
-com
pone
nt a
s of
Jul
y 19
91
Sch
ool B
uild
ing
Com
poun
d W
all
Pla
y G
roun
d
Wat
er S
uppl
y
Latr
ine
VR
C
ria11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1IM
EE
INN
IMIN
1111
1111
1111
M11
1211
111=
11.
1111
1111
=12
11=
1111
1111
1211
1111
2510
,
93.1.
'''' 10a4
,
1001
'.,
994. 1t
i
020
MST
CO
PY A
VN
LA
DL
E
1
40
60
80
Per
cent
age
of P
hysi
cal P
logr
ess
39
The
bui
ldin
g co
sts
have
bee
n ca
lcul
ated
on
the
basi
s of
loca
lly a
vaila
ble
mat
eria
ls a
ndla
bour
ers
only
. As
ther
e ar
e no
allo
wan
ces
for
any
prof
it or
taxe
one
wer
e to
app
ly th
ego
vern
men
t's d
esig
n no
mis
and
the
stan
dard
rat
es.
How
ever
, it c
omes
41
per
cent
acco
rdin
g to
the
proj
ect's
ow
n an
alys
is, w
hich
ref
lect
s th
e sp
ecifi
c de
sign
s us
ed in
the
proj
ect a
nd r
ates
bas
ed o
n ac
tual
cos
ts in
curr
ed b
y co
mm
uniti
es in
bui
ldin
g ac
cord
ing
toth
ese
desi
gns.
The
tabl
e (s
ee p
age
12)
and
grap
hs s
how
the
evol
utio
n of
cos
t and
the
subs
idie
s fo
r 4-
bay
2-st
orey
of d
esig
n as
an
exam
ple.
The
incr
ease
in c
ost s
ince
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
proj
ect r
efle
cts
infla
tiona
ry tr
ends
ove
r th
at p
erio
d (s
ee p
age
66, 6
7).
The
des
igns
that
hav
e ev
olve
d ar
e hi
ghly
eco
nom
ical
in th
e us
e of
spa
ce, y
et th
ey a
rem
ajor
impr
ovem
ents
ove
r th
e sm
all a
nd d
ark
room
s ty
pica
l of t
he v
illag
es s
choo
lsco
nstr
ucte
d be
fore
the
proj
ect b
egan
.Im
prov
emen
ts h
ave
also
bee
n ac
hiev
ed in
the
cour
se o
f the
pro
ject
.F
or e
xam
ple,
a 4
-hay
, dou
ble-
stor
ey s
choo
l of M
AR
K 1
Des
ign
had
a to
tal b
uilt-
up a
rea
of 1
8.00
squ
are
feet
per
pla
ce, o
f whi
ch 6
1.2
per
cent
was
usea
ble
floor
are
a (c
lass
room
and
offi
ce).
An
equi
vale
nt M
ark
III d
esig
n bu
ildin
g ha
s on
ly10
.56
squa
re fe
et p
er p
lace
, the
are
a fo
r ci
rcul
atio
n (v
eran
dah
and
stai
rs)
has
been
redu
ced
from
260
squ
are
feet
to 2
8 sq
uare
feet
.
Tab
le 4
sho
ws
the
rele
vant
effi
cien
cy o
f the
thre
e m
ain
desi
gns
used
in th
e pr
ojec
t.
Sub
sidi
es' f
or 4
-bay
2-s
tore
y
1982
/83
1500
019
86/8
719
700
1983
/84
1700
019
87/8
821
700
1984
/85
1970
019
88/8
926
000
1989
/90
3050
019
90/9
130
500
cost
s no
t adj
uste
d fo
r in
flatio
n
Tab
le 4
.E
ffici
ency
of D
iffer
ent T
ypes
of B
uild
ings
Typ
eof
Bui
ldin
gS
ize
of B
uild
ing
1
BU
ilt-u
p T
otal
Are
a (s
q.
2U
seab
leA
rea
3S
tude
ntC
apac
ity
4S
ubsi
dy (
nRs.
)19
83/8
4
5B
uilt-
upA
rm/p
lace
(sq
.ft)
6U
seab
le F
loor
plac
e (s
q.ft)
7S
ubsi
dy p
lace
(nR
s.)
8S
ubsi
dy(s
q.ft)
nR
s.)
4/1
37'0
' X 1
8'0'
777
480
4011
000
19.4
312
.00
275
14.1
6
5/1
45'6
' X 1
8'0'
956
589
6414
000
14.9
49.
2021
914
.64
4/2
37'0
' X 1
8'0'
1592
975
8817
000
18.0
911
.08
193
10.6
8
5/2
44'9
' X 1
8'0"
1916
1177
136
2000
014
.09
8.65
147
10.4
4
Mar
k II
Des
ign
1988
/89
4/1
44'0
' X 1
5'6'
682
488
6417
500
10.6
57.
6827
325
.66
5/1
54'6
' X 1
5'6'
845
.60
680
2100
010
.56
7.58
263
24.8
5
4/2
49'0
" X
15'
6'14
9098
914
426
000
10.3
56.
8618
117
.45
5/2
59'6
' X 1
5'6'
1816
1226
176
3100
010
.32
6.96
176
17.0
4
Mar
kin
Des
ign
1969
490
60.5
/1 (
5/1)
58'0
' X 1
5'6'
938
681
8825
000
10.6
57.
7428
426
.65
50/2
(4/
2)50
'0' X
15'
6'15
2110
0114
430
500
10.5
66.
3521
220
.05
61/2
(5/
2)61
'0' X
15'
6'18
6212
3817
636
000
10.5
87.
0320
513
.33
34/1
39/2
34'0
' X 1
5'6'
39'0
' X 1
3'6'
527
1031
369
643
144
1340
020
000
10.8
27.
0323
221
.44
140
r7
\
rP
14i
65I
BU
ILD
ING
SU
BS
IDIE
S :
4 ba
y 2
stor
ey
2000
1500
1000
500
Tot
al a
rea
in s
ft
4/1
5/1
4/2
5/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
Stu
dent
Cap
acity
200
2000
1500
1000 500
Usa
ble
area
in s
ft
34/1
39/2
4/1
5/1
4/2
5/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
I66
4/1
5/1
4/2
5/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
I42
34/1
39/2
Tho
usan
ds in
NR
S (
unad
just
ed)
39/2
82/8
383
/84
84/8
585
/86
86/8
787
/88
88/8
989
/90
90/9
1
Key
:
Key
:
143
Mar
k I
Des
ign
Mar
k 11
Des
ign
Mar
k 11
1 D
esig
n
Sub
sidi
es
25 20 15 10 5 0
Usa
ble
Are
a pe
r pl
ace
in s
ft
4/1
5/1
4/2
5/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
Are
a pe
r pl
ace
in s
ft
34/1
39/2
4/1
5/1
4/2
5/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
39/2
300
250
200
150
Subs
idy
per
plac
e in
NR
S (u
nadj
uste
d)
4/1
5/1
4/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
Subs
idy
per
sft i
n N
RS
(una
djus
ted)
4/1
5/1
4/2
Typ
e of
bui
ldin
g
5/2
Mar
k I
Des
ign
Mar
k II
Des
ign
Mar
k H
I D
esig
n
145
671
The
sch
ool d
esig
ns s
et o
ut to
use
the
loca
l tra
ditio
nal a
rchi
tect
ure
on w
hich
the
com
mun
ities
are
obl
iged
to d
epen
d, b
ut a
t the
sam
e tim
e im
prov
e th
is a
rchi
tect
ure
and
mak
e it
suit
the
spec
ial r
equi
rem
ents
of
scho
ol b
uild
ings
. Thr
ough
a p
roce
ss o
f an
nual
anal
ysis
and
rev
isio
n, a
set
of
stan
dard
des
igns
has
evo
lved
. The
se d
esig
ns h
ave
been
expe
rim
enta
lly p
rove
d an
d co
nseq
uent
ly a
re a
ppre
ciat
ed a
nd h
appi
ly a
ccep
ted
by th
esc
hool
s. T
he la
st s
et o
f de
sign
s, r
efle
cts
the
new
gov
ernm
ent p
olic
y of
pro
vidi
ng o
nete
ache
r fo
r ea
ch 2
0-30
enc
oura
ging
mul
tigra
de te
achi
ng in
sm
all s
choo
ls. T
he f
lexi
bilit
yof
the
set o
f st
anda
rd d
esig
ns c
an b
e se
en in
Tab
le 3
(se
e pa
ge 5
3).
The
pro
ject
has
eff
ectiv
ely
used
the
prin
cipl
e of
Pay
men
t by
Res
ult.
Thr
ough
this
appr
oach
it h
as c
ontr
olle
d qu
ality
and
pre
vent
ed a
ny k
now
n m
isus
e or
cor
rupt
ion
of th
epr
ojec
t sub
sidy
. Con
side
ring
that
a to
tal o
f 31
1 sc
hool
s ha
ve b
een
cons
truc
ted,
this
is a
sign
ific
ant m
easu
re in
ove
rall
succ
ess
of th
e pr
ogra
mm
e.
Com
mun
ity a
war
enes
s.T
he p
roje
ct th
roug
h its
var
ious
sch
ool c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
has
dev
elop
ed a
new
con
cept
for
the
'sch
ool e
nvir
onm
ent'.
The
peo
ple
now
unde
rsta
nd th
e im
port
ance
of
the
phys
ical
fac
ilitie
s an
d ap
prec
iate
thei
r ow
n ab
ilitie
s to
real
ize
them
. By
usin
g on
ly lo
cal r
esou
rces
, an
ideo
logy
of
self
-dep
ende
nce
has
been
crea
ted
amon
g th
e co
mm
unity
. Sin
ce d
etai
led
and
spec
ific
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble
asre
gard
s w
ork
to b
e do
ne, a
nd th
e pa
ymen
t cri
teri
a is
cle
ar to
eve
ryon
e, c
omm
uniti
es c
anea
sily
iden
tify
if a
nyon
e is
che
atin
g or
sla
ckin
g of
f an
d in
itiat
e co
rrec
tive
actio
n. T
heco
mm
unity
mem
bers
rep
ort t
hat t
hey
have
lear
ned
good
less
ons
from
the
proj
ect s
taff
and
have
bee
n hi
ghly
impr
esse
d by
the
proc
edur
es u
sed.
The
sch
ool-
com
mun
ity r
elat
ions
hip
has
been
muc
h en
hanc
ed b
y th
e pr
ojec
t. In
ord
er to
cove
r th
eir
59 p
er c
ent s
hare
of
the
tota
l cos
t, th
e sc
hool
con
stru
ctio
n co
mm
ittee
s ha
veto
per
suad
e th
e co
mm
unity
to m
ake
volu
ntar
y co
ntri
butio
ns. T
he c
omm
unity
is th
ereb
ym
obili
zed
and
inve
sts
its f
unds
and
ene
rgy
into
sch
ool c
onst
ruct
ion.
Thu
s a
mut
ual
rela
tions
hip
has
been
est
ablis
hed
betw
een
com
mun
ity le
ader
s an
d co
mm
unity
mem
bers
.
Lea
rnin
g by
doi
ng h
as in
dire
ctly
trai
ned
loca
l peo
ple.
Bei
ng in
volv
ed in
the
proj
ect's
cons
truc
tion
prog
ram
mes
, a la
rge
num
ber
of lo
cal p
eopl
e w
ho w
ere
orig
inal
ly u
nski
lled
or u
nfam
iliar
with
mod
em to
ols
and
tech
niqu
es h
ave
now
lear
ned
man
y th
ings
and
hav
ebe
en in
dire
ctly
trai
ned.
The
pro
ject
has
pro
ven
that
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
can
wor
k.A
lthou
gh th
ere
is a
prov
isio
n fo
r co
mm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n in
man
y pr
ojec
ts, i
n pr
actic
e th
e w
hole
wor
k is
ofte
n ca
rrie
d ou
t ent
irel
y un
der
the
subs
idy.
Thi
s re
sults
in p
oor
qual
ity o
r in
com
plet
ew
ork.
The
fai
r sy
stem
of
proj
ect e
xecu
tion
in th
e Se
ti pr
ojec
t res
ults
in th
e co
mm
uniti
esha
ppily
par
ticip
atin
g. T
hey
now
mak
e a
larg
e co
ntri
butio
n in
the
prog
ram
me.
Som
e ve
ry c
oncr
ete
impa
cts
can
also
be
seen
in th
e w
ay th
e vi
llage
rs n
ow h
andl
e no
ton
ly th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
proj
ect s
choo
l, bu
t the
ir o
wn
dwel
lings
.
I 68
146
1. F
ound
atio
ns.
For
thei
r ow
n dw
ellin
gs, t
he lo
cal p
eopl
e of
ten
do n
ot d
ig a
foun
datio
n an
d in
thos
e ca
ses
whe
re th
ey d
o, it
is n
ot m
ore
than
one
foo
t dee
p. B
ydi
ggin
g th
e 2'
6° d
eep
foun
datio
n, th
ey h
ave
lear
ned
that
the
'foun
datio
n sh
ould
be
deep
eno
ugh'
.
2.D
oor/
win
dow
siz
e an
d lig
htin
g in
the
room
.T
he d
oor/
win
dow
ope
ning
inex
istin
g da
ssro
oms
wer
e to
o sm
all t
o le
t eno
ugh
light
ent
er to
per
mit
easy
rea
ding
;se
eing
the
larg
er s
ize
door
/win
dow
and
ade
quat
e na
tura
l lig
htin
g in
the
room
s in
the
proj
ect-
supp
orte
d bu
ildin
gs, t
he p
eopl
e ha
ve n
ow g
ot a
new
kno
wle
dge
abou
t doo
ran
d w
indo
w s
izes
nec
essa
ry f
or e
duca
tiona
l spa
ces
to b
e us
ed f
or th
eir
inte
nded
purp
oses
.
3.D
amp
proo
fing.
Gro
und
floo
rs in
vill
age
hous
es a
nd s
choo
ls a
re o
ften
dam
p. I
nth
e pr
ojec
t sup
port
ed b
uild
ings
, a o
ne-f
oot t
hick
laye
r of
sto
ne f
illin
g (s
olin
g) h
asbe
en s
peci
fied
. Thi
s pr
even
ts d
ampn
ess
on th
e fl
oor.
4. C
uttin
g ar
ound
the
build
ing
and
drai
nage
.T
he r
ear
wal
l of
the
exis
ting
resi
dent
ial b
uild
ings
is s
omet
imes
a p
art o
f th
e na
tura
l gro
und
slop
e. T
his
even
tual
lyca
uses
dam
pnes
s on
the
wal
l as
wel
l as
on th
e fl
oor.
In th
e pr
ojec
t sup
port
edbu
ildin
gs, a
min
imum
dis
tanc
e of
5' m
ust b
e pr
ovid
ed b
etw
een
the
hill
slop
e an
d th
ew
alls
.
5.'T
hrou
gh' s
tone
s.It
was
a tr
aditi
on, p
artic
ular
ly in
Baj
hang
, to
build
wal
ls u
sing
smal
ler
ston
es, e
ven
if th
is m
eant
bre
akin
g th
e la
rger
one
s. T
he p
roje
ct e
mph
asiz
edth
e us
e of
larg
er "
thro
ugh
ston
es"
that
go
thro
ugh
the
wal
l. T
he lo
cal,
peop
le a
rebe
ginn
ing
to a
ppre
ciat
e th
e ad
vant
ages
whi
ch a
re in
crea
sed
stab
ility
, qui
cker
cons
truc
tion
prog
ress
, and
a m
ore
attr
activ
e ap
pear
ance
.
8.T
ool k
its a
nd s
kill
trai
ning
.B
y us
ing
the
stan
dard
set
of
hand
tool
s no
w g
ener
ally
dist
ribu
ted
to e
ach
build
ing
site
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith a
dvic
e gi
ven
duri
ng v
isits
by
the
proj
ect t
echn
icia
ns, t
he p
eopl
e le
arn
the
hand
ling
of to
ols.
7.U
se o
f roo
fing
slat
es.
The
com
mun
ities
hav
e le
arne
d th
at th
e co
rrug
ated
galv
aniz
ed ir
on (
Ca)
she
ets
free
ly d
istr
ibut
ed to
the
scho
ols
thro
ugho
ut th
e K
ingd
omar
e le
ss s
uita
ble
as r
oof
cove
ring
than
is th
eir
own
trad
ition
al r
oofi
ng s
late
s w
hich
are
avai
labl
e th
roug
hout
the
hill
area
of
Seti
Zon
e.
Not
all
deve
lopm
ent p
rogr
amm
es in
Nep
al a
re a
suc
cess
.T
he S
eti p
roje
ct s
eem
s to
have
ach
ieve
d m
any
of it
s ai
ms
beca
use
the
com
mun
ities
whi
ch it
ser
ves
have
com
e to
belie
ve in
the
sinc
erity
of
the
proj
ect a
nd th
e pe
ople
who
wor
k in
it. T
hus
trus
t, in
turn
,ha
s fo
ster
ed th
e co
ncep
t of
self
-rel
ianc
e th
roug
h us
ing
loca
l res
ourc
es a
nd im
prov
ing
upon
trad
ition
al s
olut
ions
rat
her
than
rej
ectin
g th
em. O
ne d
ay, m
odem
fac
ilitie
s an
d a
mor
e ro
bust
eco
nom
y m
ay r
each
the
Seti
Zon
e, a
t whi
ch ti
me
mod
ern
idea
s an
dm
ater
ials
may
bec
ome
effe
ctiv
e an
d w
elco
me.
But
unt
il th
at th
ey c
omes
, 'ai
ded
self
-hel
p' u
sing
loca
l mat
eria
ls is
cer
tain
ly th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
al a
nd e
ffec
tive
appr
oach
.
147
Er
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Educational Resources information Center (ERIC)
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