95-00202_06_15_9363_Manual_PFC_en

Manual of Power Factor CorrectionPeter Riese

Manual of Power Factor CorrectionPeter Riese

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Contents

Basic theory 7$FWLYHSRZHU $FWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHU 5HDFWLYHSRZHU $SSDUHQWSRZHU 3RZHUIDFWRUFRVDQGWDQ :K\FRUUHFWSRZHUIDFWRU"

Correction methods 11,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ *URXSSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ &HQWUDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ +\EULGSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ

Determination of required capacitor rating 147DULIIV $SSUR[LPDWHHVWLPDWHV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJE\PHDVXUHPHQW 0HDVXUHPHQWVZLWKUHFRUGLQJRIDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHU

Applications 21,QGLYLGXDOFRUUHFWLRQRIGLVFKDUJHODPSV *URXSSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUGLVFKDUJHODPSV ,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUWUDQVIRUPHUV ,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUPRWRUV 3RZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQV\VWHPV

Performance characteristics 303RZHUFDSDFLWRUV 5HDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\V

Installation 36&XUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHU 2YHUFXUUHQWSURWHFWLRQDQGFDEOHV ,QJUHVVSURWHFWLRQ

Capacitor calculation formulas 42

Harmonics 44:KDWDUHKDUPRQLFV" +RZDUHKDUPRQLFVSURGXFHG" :KHQFDQGDQJHURXVQHWZRUNUHVRQDQFHVRFFXU" :KDWHIIHFWGRHVWKHQHWZRUNFRQJXUDWLRQKDYHRQWKHSUREOHPRIKDUPRQLFV" 9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWORDGVRQ3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWGHWXQLQJ

Designing for networks with harmonics 500HDVXUHVWRFRXQWHUDFWH[SHFWHGUHVRQDQFHV

Maximum permissible harmonic levels 53(IIHFWRI3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWGHWXQLQJ (IIHFWRIGHWXQHG3)&V\VWHPV 9HUVLRQVRIGHWXQHG3)&V\VWHPV 0RQLWRULQJ3)&V\VWHPVLQRSHUDWLRQ

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Active against harmonics 63

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Active power

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,QWKLVFDVH(-V) (-I) = (+P)

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[W] [V] [A]P V I==

Active and reactive power

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V V

Fig. 1 Voltage, current and power curve for a purely resistive load (M = 0)

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Reactive power

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Apparent power

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[W] [V] [A]P V I== cos

[var] [V] [A]Q V I== sin

V V

Fig. 2 Voltage, current and power with a resistive and an inductive load

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Fig. 3 Voltage, current and power curves XQGHUDSXUHO\UHDFWLYHORDG

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[VA] [W] [var]S P Q== ++2 2Fig. 4 Power triangle

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QC = Q1 - Q2.

Why correct power factor?

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[var] [W]Q PC == (tan tan ) 1 2

Fig. 6 Active and reactive power in the power distribution system: without PFC

Fig. 7 Active and reactive power in the power distribution system: with PFC

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Correction methods

Individual power factor correction

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Group power factor correction

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Fig. 8 Typical individual power correction

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Central power factor correction

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Fig. 9 Typical group power factor correction

Fig. 10 Typical central PFC system

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Hybrid power factor correction

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Fig. 11 Typical hybrid PFC system


Determination of required capacitor rating

Tariffs

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:LWKRWKHUWDULIIVWKHSRZHULVQRWLQYRLFHGDVN:EXWDVN9$,QWKLVFDVHWKHFRVWVIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\DUHWKHUHIRUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHSRZHUSULFH7RPLQLPL]HRSHUDWLQJFRVWVLQWKLVFDVHDSRZHUIDFWRUFRV PXVWEHDLPHGIRU,QJHQHUDOLWFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWLID3)&V\VWHPLVFRUUHFWO\GLPHQVLRQHGWKHHQWLUHFRVWVIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\FDQEHVDYHG

Approximate estimates

$FFXUDWHPHWKRGV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH UHTXLUHG UHDFWLYH FDSDFLW\ DUHJLYHQ LQD VXEVHTXHQWVHFWLRQRIWKLVPDQXDO6RPHWLPHVKRZHYHULWLVGHVLUDEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHDSSUR[LPDWHRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHTXLFNO\&DVHVPD\DOVRRFFXUZKHUHDQHQJLQHHUKDVSHUIRUPHGDQDFFXUDWHFDOFXODWLRQEXW LVWKHQXQFHUWDLQRIWKHUHVXOW LQFDVHVRPHZKHUHDPLVWDNHKDVRFFXUUHGLQKLVRUKHUUHDVRQLQJ7KLVFDQWKHQEHXVHGWRYHULI\WKDWWKHUHVXOWVFDOFXODWHGKDYHWKHULJKWPDJQLWXGH

Consumer Capacitor rating

0RWRUVZLWKLQGLYLGXDO3)& RIPRWRUUDWLQJ7UDQVIRUPHUVZLWKLQGLYLGXDO3)& RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\

IRUROGHUWUDQVIRUPHUV&HQWUDO3)& RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\ZKHQDLPLQJIRUFRV

RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\ZKHQDLPLQJIRUFRV

Table 1 $SSUR[LPDWHHVWLPDWHVIRUWKHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ

Consumer list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

Determination of required capacitor rating by measurement

Measurement of current and power factor$PPHWHUVDQGSRZHUIDFWRUPHWHUVDUHRIWHQLQVWDOOHGLQWKHPDLQORZYROWDJHGLVWULEXWLRQERDUGEXWFODPSPHWHUVDUHHTXDOO\HIIHFWLYH IRUPHDVXULQJFXUUHQW0HDVXUHPHQWVDUHPDGH LQ WKHPDLQVXSSO\OLQHHJWUDQVIRUPHURULQWKHOLQHIHHGLQJWKHHTXLSPHQWZKRVHSRZHUIDFWRULVWREHFRUUHFWHG0HDVXULQJWKHYROWDJHLQWKHSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPDWWKHVDPHWLPHLPSURYHVWKHDFFXUDF\RI WKHFDOFXODWLRQRU WKH UDWHGYROWDJH HJRU9PD\VLPSO\EHXVHGLQVWHDG

7KHDFWLYHSRZHU3LVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHPHDVXUHGYROWDJH9DSSDUHQWFXUUHQW,SDQGSRZHUIDFWRU

,IWKHWDUJHWSRZHUIDFWRUFRVKDVEHHQVSHFLHGWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD,WLVKRZHYHUVLPSOHUWRUHDGRIIWKHIDFWRUIIURP7DEOHSDJHDQGPXOWLSO\LWE\WKHFDOFXODWHGDFWLYHSRZHU

RU

([DPSOH Q 0HDVXUHGDSSDUHQWFXUUHQW,S $ Q $FWXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRVDFWXDO Q 7DUJHWSRZHUIDFWRUFRVtarget Q 9ROWDJH9 9

[W] [V] [A]P V IS== 3 10 3cos

[var] [W]Q PC actual t et== (tan tan )arg

[var] [W]Q P fC ==

)URP7DEOHZHREWDLQ)DFWRUI 5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ

P == 3 397 248 0 86 10 3.P kW 146 6.

C k== ==146 6 0 17 24 9. . . var

1RWH0HDVXUHPHQWVPDGHDVGHVFULEHGDERYHQDWXUDOO\ RQO\JLYHPRPHQWDU\ YDOXHV7KH ORDGFRQGLWLRQVFDQKRZHYHU YDU\ FRQVLGHUDEO\GHSHQGLQJRQ WKH WLPHRIGD\DQG WKHVHDVRQRI WKH\HDU0HDVXUHPHQWVVKRXOG WKHUHIRUHEHPDGHE\VRPHRQHZKR LV IDPLOLDUZLWK WKHLQVWDOODWLRQ6HYHUDOPHDVXUHPHQWVVKRXOGEHPDGHHQVXULQJWKDWWKHFRQVXPHUVZKRVHSRZHUIDFWRU LV WR EH FRUUHFWHG DUH DFWXDOO\ VZLWFKHG RQ 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWV VKRXOG DOVR EHPDGHTXLFNO\LISRVVLEOHUHDGLQJDOOLQVWUXPHQWVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VRWKDWDQ\VXGGHQFKDQJHRIORDGGRHVQRWGLVWRUWWKHUHVXOWV

Measurements with recording of active and reactive power

0RUHUHOLDEOHUHVXOWVDUHREWDLQHGZLWKUHFRUGLQJLQVWUXPHQWV7KHSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHUHFRUGHGRYHUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPHSHDNYDOXHVDOVREHLQJLQFOXGHG5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWKHQFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV

4& UHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ4L PHDVXUHGUHDFWLYHSRZHU3 PHDVXUHGDFWLYHSRZHUWDQtarget WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ YDOXH RI

WDQ DW WKH WDUJHW FRV FDQEH REWDLQHG IURP 7DEOH HJZKHQFRV WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWDQ

Measurement by reading meters7KHDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUVDUHUHDGDWWKHVWDUWRIDVKLIW(LJKWKRXUV ODWHUERWKPHWHUVDUHUHDGDJDLQ,IWKHUHKDVEHHQDEUHDNLQRSHUDWLRQGXULQJWKLVWLPHWKHHLJKWKRXUVPXVWEHH[WHQGHGE\WKHGXUDWLRQRIWKLVEUHDN

RM UHDFWLYH FXUUHQW PHWHU UHDGLQJ DWstart

RM2 UHDFWLYH FXUUHQW PHWHU UHDGLQJ DWQLVK

AM DFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJDWVWDUWAM2 DFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJDWQLVK

8VLQJWKLVFDOFXODWHGYDOXHRI WDQDQGWKHWDUJHWFRVZHFDQWKHQREWDLQWKHIDFWRUI IURP7DEOH7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQWKHQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQZKHUHNLVWKH&7UDWLRRIWKHFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHUVIRUWKHPHWHUV

[var] [var] [W]Q Q PC L== ( tan )target

RM RMAM AM

2 1

2 1

== tan

Q AM AM k fC ==

( )2 1

8

([DPSOH7KHIROORZLQJPHWHUUHDGLQJVKDYHEHHQREWDLQHG

Q $FWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJV $0 $02

Q 5HDFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJV 50 502

7KH PHWHUV ZRUN ZLWK FXUUHQW WUDQVIRUPHUVUDWHGDW$VRKHUHWKH&7UDWLRN

Uncorrected Target cos ,QGXFWLYHL &DSDFLWLYHFtan cos 0.80i 0.85i 0.90i 0.92i 0.95i 0.98i 1.00 0.98c 0.95c 0.92c 0.90c0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73

Table 2 )DFWRUI WDQDFWXDOWDQtarget

)RUD WDUJHWFRVMRI7DEOHJLYHVDIDFWRUI 7KHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWKXV

tan . .. .

. ==

==321 2 311 2124 6 115 3

1 08

Q

kC ==

==

( . . ) .

. var

124 6 115 3 308

0 65

22 67

Uncorrected Target cos ,QGXFWLYHL &DSDFLWLYHFtan cos 0.80i 0.85i 0.90i 0.92i 0.95i 0.98i 1.00 0.98c 0.95c 0.92c 0.90c0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00

Table 2 )DFWRUI WDQDFWXDOWDQtarget

Determination of required capacitor rating from the utility companys invoice

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

Kilowatt-hour tariff:LWKWKHNLORZDWWKRXUWDULII

Q 0D[SRWHQWLDOGHPDQG Q $FWLYHHQHUJ\ Q 5HDFWLYHHQHUJ\

DUHLQYRLFHGDVVHSDUDWHLWHPV

:LWKPRVWSRZHUVXSSO\FRQWUDFWVQRFKDUJH LVPDGHIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\ LI LWVPDJQLWXGH LVXSWRRI WKHDFWLYHHQHUJ\2QO\DPRXQWV WKDWH[FHHGWKLVJXUHPXVWEHSDLG IRU7KLVFRUUHVSRQGVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ WRDFRVRI ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHGKRZHYHU WRXVHDVOLJKWO\KLJKHUJXUHHJIRUFDOFXODWLRQSXUSRVHVLQRUGHUWRKDYHDVPDOOPDUJLQRIUHVHUYHLQWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ

Specimen calculationXVLQJJXUHVIURPWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\VLQYRLFH

Q $FWLYHSRZHU N: Q $FWLYHHQHUJ\UHJXODUWDULII N:K Q 5HDFWLYHWDULIIRIISHDN NYDUK

7KHDFWXDOYDOXHRIFRVFDQQRZEHREWDLQHGIURP7DEOHVLQFHWKHFDOFXODWHGWDQRIFRUUHVSRQGVWRDFRVDFWXDORI

$IDFWRUf = 0.65LVWKHQREWDLQHGIURP7DEOHFRVtarget = 0.92

7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVFDOFXODWHGIURP

$FWLYHSRZHU[IDFWRUI

,QWKLVFDVHDFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJRINYDUPXVWEHVHOHFWHG,IDSRVVLEOHIXWXUHH[SDQVLRQRIWKHIDFLOLW\LVDOVRWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWWKHQDVRPHZKDWODUJHUFDSDFLWDQFHHJNYDUFRXOGDOVREHVHOHFWHG

Demand tariff,QWKLVFDVHWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\EDVHVLWVLQYRLFHRQWKHPD[LPXPDPRXQWRISRZHUGUDZQE\WKHXVHUGXULQJ WKHJLYHQPRQWK ,I LW LVQRW WKHDFWLYHSRZHUEXW WKHDSSDUHQWSRZHU WKDW LVPHDVXUHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVHLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRVHOHFWDFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJWKDWZLOODFKLHYHDFRVRI

Specimen calculationXVLQJJXUHVIURPWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\VLQYRLFH

Q 0D[LPXPDFWLYHSRZHU N: Q FRVDFWXDO

tan ( )( )

, v

==

==

reactive power regularactive power regular

k

19 245 aar,

.hkWh17 820

1 08==

99 0 65 64 35kW k ==. . var

max.cos .

active power kW

kVA

==

==

1040 62

168

)URP7DEOHZLWKDQXQFRUUHFWHGFRVDFWXDO DQGDWDUJHWFRVtarget DIDFWRUIRILVUHDGRII

7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQWKHQEHFDOFXODWHG

$FWLYHSRZHU[IDFWRUI

)RUWKLVGXW\DUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\ZLWKDFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJRIWRNYDULVDUUDQJHGDVDVZLWFKHGYDULDEOHEDQN

104 1 27 132 08kW k ==. . var

Applications

Individual correction of discharge lamps

'LVFKDUJHODPSVPXVWEHRSHUDWHGZLWKDEDOODVW WR OLPLW WKH FXUUHQW RZLQJ WKURXJK WKHP+LJKUHDFWDQFH WUDQVIRUPHUV DUH XVHGPDLQO\IRU ORZSUHVVXUH VRGLXP YDSRXU ODPSVZKLOHDOORWKHUGLVFKDUJHODPSVDUHWWHGZLWKFKRNHVDVEDOODVW7KLVLQGXFWLYHUHDFWDQFHUHVXOWVLQDSRZHUIDFWRUFRVMRIDERXWZLWKFKRNHVDQGDERXWZLWKKLJKUHDFWDQFHWUDQVIRUPHUV7KH electronic ballast IRU XRUHVFHQW ODPSVdoes not need power factor correction

Note: 7KH QRQOLQHDU GUDZ RI WKHVH ODPSVSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQ WKHUH LV D ODUJH QXPEHU RIWKHP PHDQV WKDW SUREOHPV ZLWK KDUPRQLFVDUH WREHH[SHFWHG VHH WKH VHFWLRQRQKDUPRQLFV

6LQJOHSKDVH FDSDFLWRUV FDQ EH FRQQHFWHGLQSDUDOOHORU LQVHULHV WRFRUUHFW WKHUHGXFHGSRZHUIDFWRUFDXVHGE\LQGXFWLYHEDOODVW

In a single-lamp circuit and a series circuit ZLWKWZRODPSVLQWDQGHPWKHFDSDFLWRULVFRQQHFWHGLQparallelZLWKWKHODPSVVRWKDWWKHUDWHGFDSDFLWRUYROWDJHLVHTXDO WRWKH230 V VXSSO\YROWDJH

Note: &DSDFLWRUV DUUDQJHG LQ SDUDOOHO ZLWKWKH SRZHU VXSSO\ IRUP WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH QHWZRUN LPSHGDQFH DQ RVFLOODWLQJ FLUFXLW 7KLVFDQ DPSOLI\ DQ\ KDUPRQLFV WKDW DUH SUHVHQWDQG FDXVH LQWHUIHUHQFH LQ DXGLRIUHTXHQF\UHPRWH FRQWURO V\VWHPV GHVFULEHG ODWHU LQWKLVPDQXDO

Fig. 12 ,QGLYLGXDOFRUUHFWLRQZLWKWKHFDSDFLWRULQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHODPSHJW\SH/30VKXQWFDSDFLWRUZLWK9UDWLQJ

FDSDFLWRU

FKRNH

starter

XRUHVFHQWWXEH

Fig. 13 7ZRODPSVFRQQHFWHG LQ WDQGHPZLWKWKHFDSDFLWRULQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHPHJW\SH/30VKXQWFDSDFLWRUZLWK9rating

FDSDFLWRU

FKRNH

starter

XRUHVFHQWWXEHXRUHVFHQWWXEH

starter

22

7KH VRFDOOHG lead-lag circuit LV SDUWLFXODUO\FRVWHIIHFWLYH DQG QHHGV RQO\ RQH FDSDFLWRU IRU WZR ODPSV 2QH ODPS FLUFXLW UHPDLQVSXUHO\LQGXFWLYHZKLOHWKHVHFRQGEDOODVWLVLQVHULHVZLWKDFDSDFLWRUIRUFRPSHQVDWLRQ7KLVFDSDFLWRUPXVWEHGHVLJQHGIRUDKLJKHUUDWHGYROWDJH450 VVLQFHarranging it in series ZLWKWKHFKRNHLQFUHDVHVWKHYROWDJHDFURVVLW

'LVWXUEDQFHVGXHWRUHVRQDQFHVXFKDVH[SHULHQFHGZLWKFDSDFLWRUVDUUDQJHGLQSDUDOOHOGRQRWRFFXU,QDGGLWLRQWKHULSSOHHIIHFWRIWKHWZRLQGLYLGXDOODPSVLVLPSURYHGWKXVUHGXFLQJWKHULVN RI D GDQJHURXV VWURERVFRSLF HIIHFW RQURWDWLQJPDFKLQHU\

7KLV LV ZK\ PDQ\ SRZHU VXSSO\ FRPSDQLHVVWLSXODWHWKDWXVHUVDUUDQJHWKHFDSDFLWRUDQGEDOODVWLQVHULHVDQGWKLVPHWKRGLVJHQHUDOO\UHFRPPHQGHG

Selection table for discharge lamps7KLVWDEOHLQGLFDWHVWKHFDSDFLWRUVVXLWDEOHIRUWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRIODPSV

Note:,QWKHFDVHRIORZORVVEDOODVWVPDOOHUFDSDFLWRUVWKDQVSHFLHGLQWKHWDEOHDUHDUUDQJHGLQVHULHV7KHUHFRPPHQGHGFDSDFLWDQFHFDQYDU\IURPRQHODPSPDQXIDFWXUHUWRWKHQH[WEXWWKHFDSDFLWDQFHVWDWHGRQWKHFKRNHLVDOZD\VGHQLWLYH7KHVHDUHWKHFRPPRQHVWFDSDFLWRUVXVHGLQVHULHVZLWKORZORVVEDOODVWV

Lamp power rating[W]

Shunt cap. capacitance[F]

Series cap. capacitance[F]

P)9 P)9 P)9 P)9 P)9

Fig. 14 6SOLWSKDVH OHDGODJ FLUFXLW ZLWK WKHFDSDFLWRU LQ VHULHV ZLWK WKH ODPSVHJ W\SH/30,VHULHVFDSDFLWRUZLWK9UDWLQJ




)OXRUHVFHQWODPSV WR 9 WR 9 9 WR 9 9 WR 9 90HWDOKDOLGHODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

FDSDFLWRU

FKRNH

starter

XRUHVFHQWWXEHXRUHVFHQWWXEH

starter

FKRNH

LQGXFWLYHKDOI FDSDFLWLYHKDOI

23




+LJKSUHVVXUHPHUFXU\ODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 /RZSUHVVXUHVRGLXPODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9




+LJKSUHVVXUHVRGLXPODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Group power factor correction for discharge lamps

,I VHYHUDO GLVFKDUJH ODPSV DUH VZLWFKHG RQand off together and they are arranged symPHWULFDOO\ D FRPPRQ WKUHHSKDVH FDSDFLWRUDVVHPEO\ZLWK D UDWHG YROWDJH RI 9 FDQEHXVHG

&DSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ

ZKHUH

4F FDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLQNYDUQ QXPEHURIODPSVGLVWULEXWHGEHW

ZHHQWKHWKUHHSKDVHV& VKXQW FDSDFLWDQFH SHU ODPS LQ

)([DPSOH XRUHVFHQWODPSVHDFKUDWHGDW: 24 7 F 0.015 = 2.52 kvar

Fig. 15 *URXSFRUUHFWLRQIRUVHYHUDOGLVFKDUJHODPSV GLVWULEXWHG EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHHSKDVHV HJ ZLWK W\SH /.7 SRZHUFDSDFLWRUSOXVDFFHVVRULHV

FDSDFLWRU

star

ter

XRUHVFHQWWX

EH

FKRNHFKRNHFKRNH

star

ter

star

ter

XRUHVFHQWWX

EH

XRUHVFHQWWX

EH

Q n CC == 0 015.

Individual power factor correction for transformers

7KHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\UHJXODWLRQVIRUWKHDOORZDEOHVL]HRIFDSDFLWRUVSHUPDQHQWO\FRQQHFWHGWRDWUDQVIRUPHUYDU\DFFRUGLQJWRUHJLRQ%HIRUHLQVWDOOLQJD3)&V\VWHPRIWKLVW\SHLWLVWKHUHIRUHDGYLVDEOHWRFRQVXOWWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\FRQFHUQHG7KHPRGHUQGHVLJQRIWUDQVIRUPHUIHDWXUHVFRUHODPLQDWLRQVWKDWRQO\UHTXLUHDVPDOODPRXQWRISRZHUIRUUHYHUVDORIPDJQHWL]DWLRQ,IWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWRRKLJKRYHUYROWDJHFRQGLWLRQVPD\RFFXUGXULQJQRORDGRSHUDWLRQ

&DSDFLWRUVZLWKEXLOWLQIXVHVZLWFKGLVFRQQHFWRUVDUHZHOOVXLWHGIRUWKLVGXW\,IFDSDFLWRUVZLWKIXVH VZLWFKGLVFRQQHFWRUV DUH FRQQHFWHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH WUDQVIRUPHU WHUPLQDOV WKH GHVLJQHUVKRXOGEHDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHOLQHVWRWKHFDSDFLWRUDUHGLPHQVLRQHGIRUWKHIXOOVKRUWFLUFXLWSRZHU

Transformer nominal rating [kVA] Capacitor power rating [kvar]

WR WR WR WR

Table 3 $SSUR[LPDWHFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJVIRULQGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQRIWUDQVIRUPHUVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI(QHUJ\DQG:DWHU,QGXVWULHV%'(:

7KHFDSDFLWRUZLWKIXVHVZLWFKFDQEHGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHU7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH OLQHV WR WKH FDSDFLWRUPXVWEHGLPHQVLRQHG IRU WKH IXOOVKRUWFLUFXLWSRZHU

Note: 7KH IXVH VZLWFKHV DUH RSHUDWHG XQGHUSXUHO\ FDSDFLWLYH ORDG 7KH\ PXVW WKHUHIRUHQHYHUEHZLWKGUDZQZKHQXQGHUORDGRUGDQJHURXVDUFLQJPD\RWKHUZLVHRFFXU

,I LW LV SRVVLEOH WR GLVFRQQHFW WKH FDSDFLWRUHYHQ ZKHQ WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LV VZLWFKHG RQD SRZHU FDSDFLWRU ZLWK DQ DXWRPDWLF FLUFXLWEUHDNHUPXVWEHXVHG

Fig. 16 7\SLFDO WUDQVIRUPHU ZLWK SHUPDQHQWSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ

Individual power factor correction for motors

7KHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJVKRXOGEHVRPHRIWKHPRWRUDSSDUHQWSRZHUZKHQUXQQLQJXQGHUQRORDGFRQGLWLRQV

5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ

ZKHUH, QRORDGPRWRUFXUUHQW

7KLVSURGXFHVDSRZHUIDFWRURIDERXWXQGHUIXOOORDGDQGXQGHUQRORDGFRQGLWLRQV7KH*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI(QHUJ\DQG:DWHU,QGXVWULHV%'(:UHFRPPHQGVWKHDSSUR[LPDWHFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJVLQ7DEOHEHORZIRULQGXFWLRQPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQ7KHYDOXHVJLYHQLQWKHWDEOHVKRXOGEHLQFUHDVHGE\IRUPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQRUE\IRUPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQ

Motor nominal rating [kW] Capacitor power rating [kvar]

WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR

WR

WR

WR DSSUR[RIPRWRUSRZHU

RU DERYH DSSUR[RIPRWRUSRZHU

Table 4 $SSUR[LPDWHYDOXHVVSHFLHGE\ WKH%'(:IRU LQGLYLGXDOSRZHU IDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQof motors

Note: ,Q WKH FDVH RI HOHFWULFDO PDFKLQHV ZLWK LQGLYLGXDO SRZHU IDFWRU FRUUHFWLRQ ZKHUH WKHFDSDFLWRULVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHPRWRUWHUPLQDOVWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJPXVWRQQRDFFRXQWEHRYHUGLPHQVLRQHG7KLVDSSOLHVLQSDUWLFXODULIWKHPRWRUKDVDKLJKFHQWULIXJDOPDVVZLWK WKH WHQGHQF\ WR UXQRQDIWHU LW LV VZLWFKHGRII7KHVKXQWFDSDFLWRU FDQ WKHQH[FLWH WKHPDFKLQHWRDFWDVDJHQHUDWRUSURGXFLQJGDQJHURXVRYHUYROWDJHV7KHVHFDQFDXVHGDPDJHQRWRQO\WRWKHFDSDFLWRUEXWDOVRWRWKHPRWRU

,QWKHVLPSOHVWFDVHWKHFDSDFLWRULVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHPRWRUWHUPLQDOV7KHUHLVQRQHHGWRSURYLGHVSHFLDORYHUFXUUHQWSURWHFWLRQIRUWKHFDSDFLWRUEHFDXVHWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHPRWRUDOVRFRYHUVWKHFDSDFLWRU,IDPRWRUSURWHFWLYHVZLWFKLVLQVWDOOHGLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRUHDGMXVWWKHFXUUHQWWULSVHWWLQJWRDORZHUYDOXH

[var] [V] [A]Q V IC == 0 9 3 0.

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Individual power factor correction for elevator and hoist motors(OHYDWRU DQG KRLVW PRWRUV ZRUN ZLWK VDIHW\GHYLFHV VXFK DV WKH EUDNH UHOHDVH PDJQHWZKLFK DFWXDWHV D TXLFNDFWLQJ EUDNH LI SRZHUIDLOXUH RFFXUV ,I WKH FDSDFLWRU ZHUH GLUHFWO\LQ SDUDOOHO ZLWK WKHPRWRU LWV UHVLGXDO HQHUJ\FRXOG GHOD\ WKLV HPHUJHQF\ EUDNLQJ RU HYHQSUHYHQWLWIURPEHLQJHIIHFWLYH7KHFDSDFLWRUVPXVWWKHUHIRUHRQO\EHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHFLUFXLWbefore WKH VZLWFKJHDU $ VHSDUDWH FRQWDFWRUVKRXOG EH SURYLGHG IRU WKH FDSDFLWRU ZLWK LWVRZQUDSLGGLVFKDUJHIDFLOLW\HIIHFWHGHLWKHUE\PHDQVRIDGLVFKDUJHFKRNHFRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHFDSDFLWRURUZLWKUDSLGGLVFKDUJHUHVLVWRUVVZLWFKHGLQE\WKHFDSDFLWRUFRQWDFWRU

$QLQWHUORFNPXVWEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHFRQWUROV\VWHPWRSUHYHQWWKHFDSDFLWRUEHLQJVZLWFKHGLQDJDLQEHIRUHWKHGLVFKDUJHWLPHKDVH[SLUHG

Fig. 17 7\SLFDO SHUPDQHQWO\ LQVWDOOHG SRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUDPRWRU

I Ith N== coscos

12

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Fig. 18 Elevator motor with own capaci-tor switching contactor and rapid discharge facility

FRQWUROOHU GLVFKDUJH

FKR

NH

EUDNHUHOHDVH

mag

net

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Star-delta switch,IPDQXDOO\RSHUDWHGVWDUGHOWDVZLWFKHVDUHWREHXVHGZLWKWKUHHSKDVHSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVDYHUVLRQ GHVLJQHG WR FRQWURO PRWRUV ZLWK LQGLYLGXDOSRZHU IDFWRU FRUUHFWLRQPXVWEHVHOHFWHG 7KH FRQWDFW EULGJHV PXVW EH GHVLJQHGVR WKDWZKLOHVZLWFKLQJ IURPVWDU WRGHOWDno UDSLG UHFORVLQJRFFXUV WRVZLWFK WKHFDSDFLWRULQWR SKDVH RSSRVLWLRQ 7KLV ZRXOG LQYROYHH[FHVVLYHO\ KLJK UHFKDUJLQJ FXUUHQWV ZKLFKFRXOGGDPDJHQRWRQO\ WKHFDSDFLWRUEXWDOVRWKHVZLWFK:KHQWKHVZLWFKLVLQWKH2))SRVLWLRQ PRWRU VZLWFKHG RII WKH QHXWUDO EULGJHPXVWQRWEHFORVHGVRWKDWWKHFDSDFLWRULVQRWVKRUWFLUFXLWHG

Star-delta contactor groups:LWK VWDUGHOWD FRQWDFWRU JURXSV LW PXVW EHHQVXUHG MXVW DV ZLWK VWDUGHOWD VZLWFKHVWKDWQRUDSLGGLVFRQQHFWLRQRFFXUVGXULQJWKHFKDQJHRYHU IURP VWDU WR GHOWD LH WKH OLQHFRQWDFWRU PXVW UHPDLQ HQHUJL]HG :KHQ WKHPRWRU LV VZLWFKHGRII WKH VWDU EULGJHPXVW EHRSHQ 7KH FDSDFLWRU FDQ EH FRQQHFWHG WR WKHORDGVLGHRI WKH OLQH FRQWDFWRU RU WR WKH WHUPLQDOV89DQG:RIWKHPRWRUQRWKRZHYHUWRLWVWHUPLQDOV:8DQG9VLQFHWKHVHDUHVKRUWFLUFXLWHGE\WKHVWDUEULGJH

Note: 7KH FDSDFLWRU SRZHU UDWLQJPXVW RQ QRDFFRXQW EH RYHUGLPHQVLRQHG 7KLV DSSOLHV LQSDUWLFXODU LI WKH PRWRU KDV D KLJK FHQWULIXJDOPDVVZLWKWKHWHQGHQF\WRUXQRQDIWHULWLVVZLWFKHG RII 7KH VKXQW FDSDFLWRU FDQ WKHQ H[FLWHWKHPDFKLQH WR DFW DV D JHQHUDWRU SURGXFLQJGDQJHURXVRYHUYROWDJHV)RUWKLVUHDVRQZKHQVWDUGHOWDVWDUWLQJLVXVHGWKHVWDUEULGJHVKRXOGQRWUHPDLQFORVHGZKHQWKHVZLWFKLV2)),IWKHPDFKLQHLVH[FLWHGDVDJHQHUDWRUZLWKWKHVWDU

FRQQHFWLRQPDGHHYHQKLJKHUYROWDJHVWKDQWKRVHZLWKWKHGHOWDFRQQHFWLRQDUHWREHH[SHFWHG

Fig. 19 Manually operated star-delta switch, special version for motors with individual power factor correction

L1 L1U1

U1

V1

W1

W1

V1

V2

V2

L2 L2

U2

U2

W2

W2

L3 L3

L3

L2M3~

0 Y

L1

Fig. 20 Motor with individual power factor correction and star-delta contactor

U1

V1

W1 V2

U2

W2

L3

L2M3~

L1

L1 L2 L3

N Y

Power factor correction systems

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$ FHQWUDOL]HG 3)& V\VWHP LV HDV\ WRPRQLWRU 6WDWHRIWKHDUW UHDFWLYH SRZHU FRQWURO UHOD\VHQDEOHVZLWFKVWDWXVFRVDFWLYHFXUUHQWUHDFWRUFXUUHQWDQGWKHKDUPRQLFVSUHVHQW LQWKHQHWZRUNWREHPRQLWRUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\8VXDOO\WKHWRWDOFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQEHOHVVWKDQZLWKLQGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQVLQFHWKHFRLQFLGHQFHIDFWRUFDQEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQ GHVLJQLQJ WKH FRPSOHWH LQGXVWULDO IDFLOLW\ 2SWLPXP XVH LV WKXVPDGH RI WKH LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ

Fig. 21 Typical modular design of a PFC system

Fig. 22 Typical PFC system circuit

Voltage path

3-phase supply7RORDGFLUFXLW6XSSO\VLGH

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Performance characteristics

Power capacitors

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3RZHU FDSDFLWRUV DUH FRPSRQHQWV ZLWK D YHU\ KLJK SRZHU GHQVLW\ nowadays a reactive power of some 16 kvar being accommodated in a volume of one litre! 7KLV LVDFKLHYHGE\DWWDLQLQJDYHU\ ORZGLVVLSDWLRQIDFWRUDQGDKLJKGHJUHHRIXWLOL]DWLRQRI WKHGLHOHFWULF7RDFKLHYHD ORQJVHUYLFH OLIHGHVSLWHWKLVKLJKHQHUJ\GHQVLW\SDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHVLHQHJOLJLEOHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHVZLWKLQWKHGLHOHFWULFPDWHULDOPXVWEHVXSSUHVVHG

Current-carrying capacity,QSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPVZKHUHKDUPRQLFVDUHSUHVHQWWKHXVHUKDVWRH[SHFWRYHUYROWDJHVZKHQUHVRQDQFHVRFFXUDQGLQSDUWLFXODUKLJKHUFXUUHQWORDGV

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Q XSWRWLPHVWKHUDWHGFXUUHQWFRQWLQXRXVO\DQG Q XSWRWLPHVWKHUDWHGFXUUHQWIRUWUDQVLHQWFXUUHQWSHDNV

Overvoltage capacityFRAKOSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVKDYHWKHIROORZLQJORDGLQJFDSDFLW\DVSHU(1DQGDQG,(&DQG

Rated voltage 300 V 400 V 440 V 480 V 525 V 615 V

KGDLO\ 9 9 9 9 9 9PLQGDLO\ 9 9 9 9 9 9PLQGDLO\ 9 9 9 9 9 9PLQGDLO\ 9 9 9 9 9 9

2.00

1.00

0.00

-2.00

-1.00

FDSDFLWRUFXUUHQW

Service life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Safety characteristics at the end of the capacitors service life$QLPSRUWDQWVDIHW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQLVWRHQVXUHWKDWLQWKHHYHQWRIWKHFDSDFLWRUEHLQJRYHUORDGHGDQGDWWKHHQGRI LWVVHUYLFHOLIHQRGDQJHUWRSHUVRQQHORUGDPDJHWRRWKHUHTXLSPHQWFDQDULVH7KLVVDIHW\IHDWXUHLVRQO\RIIHUHGE\PRGHUQSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVZLWKDEXLOWLQLQWHUUXSWLQJGHYLFHWKDW

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Fig. 23 Sectional view through a FRAKO power capacitor showing the mechanical fuses under excess internal pressure

32

Reactive power control relays

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.H\IHDWXUHVLQGHWDLO Q Accurate measurement of cos M even in networks badly affected by harmonics with

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Q Adherence to the set cos M as minimum value, while at the same time avoiding over-correction under low-load conditions.7KHVH VHHPLQJO\ FRQWUDGLFWRU\ SURSHUWLHV DUH DFKLHYHG E\PHDQV RI WKH SDWHQWHG EHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFZKLFKHQVXUHVWKDWXQGHUQRUPDOQHWZRUNORDGLQJWKHSRZHUIDFWRULVFRUUHFWHGWRPDLQWDLQLWVWDUJHWYDOXHEXWZKHQWKHORDGLQJLVORZRYHUFRUUHFWLRQRIWHQDSUREOHPZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOV\VWHPVGRHVQRWRFFXU

Q Measurement and monitoring of harmonics in low voltage networksWKWKWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFV7KLVPRQLWRULQJIXQFWLRQNHHSVWKHXVHUSHUPDQHQWO\LQIRUPHGDERXWWKHQHWZRUNSRZHUTXDOLW\DQGZDUQLQJVDUHJLYHQLQJRRGWLPHZKHQHYHUFULWLFDOSDUDPHWHUVJREH\RQGVHW OLPLWV7KLVHQDEOHVGLVWRUWLRQV LQWKHSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPDQGXVHUFLUFXLWVWREHFRPEDWHGDWDQHDUO\VWDJHE\WDNLQJDSSURSULDWHPHDVXUHV

Q Overcurrent trip function for excessive r.m.s. current input of PFC systems without reactors.,QDGGLWLRQWRSURYLGLQJRYHUORDGSURWHFWLRQIRU3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWUHDFWRUVWKHIXQFWLRQDOVRSURWHFWVWKHFRPSOHWHHOHFWULFDOV\VWHPDJDLQVWKDUPRQLFUHVRQDQFH'LVFRQQHFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWLIWKHVHWOLPLWLVH[FHHGHGIRUPRUHWKDQVHFRQGV2YHUFXUUHQWGLVFRQQHFWLRQLVTXLFNHUWRDFWWKDQWKHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHDWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQERDUGZKLFKRQO\DIIRUGVSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWVKRUWFLUFXLWVEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHFDSDFLWRUV

Fig. 24 Type EMR 1100 reactive power control relay

EMR 1101Energy Management System

Reactive Power Control Relay

FRAKO Germany

Man

Set

IQ

IP

+

IS

Harm

cos phi / Power Factor

Ampere

Harmonics

Regeneration

Alarm

Manual

Ind

Cap

1

12

6

7

2 3 4 5

8 9 10 11

33

Q The speed of response is dependent on the power demand.+LJKORDGXFWXDWLRQVDUHUHVSRQGHGWRTXLFNO\ZKLOHORZORDGXFWXDWLRQVDUHFRPSHQVDWHGIRUPRUHVORZO\7KLV HQVXUHV WKDW RQO\ FRPSOHWHO\ GLVFKDUJHG FDSDFLWRU HOHPHQWV DUHVZLWFKHG LQWR WKHQHWZRUNSelective switching in relation to the power demand with the least possible number of switching operations - cyclic control for all stages of equal capacitance.

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Q No-volt and zero-current release. 7KLVVDIHW\IXQFWLRQGLVFRQQHFWVWKH3)&V\VWHPIURPWKHSRZHUVXSSO\LIWKHUHLVDEUHDNLQWKHYROWDJHRUFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWFLUFXLW7KLVSUHFDXWLRQLVWRSUHYHQWYLROHQWVXUJHVVXFKDVWKHV\VWHPZLWKLWVHQWLUHSRZHUGHPDQGEHLQJVZLWFKHGLQWRWKHLGOLQJWUDQVIRUPHUIROORZLQJDWUDQVLHQWLQWHUUXSWLRQRIYROWDJH$IWHUWKHYROWDJHLVUHHVWDEOLVKHGWKHFRQWUROUHOD\ VZLWFKHV LQ WKH DSSURSULDWH QXPEHU RI FDSDFLWRU VWDJHV DJDLQ WR VXLW WKH SRZHUGHPDQG

Q Power factor control for systems with plant generators operating in parallel with the utility companys supply network and feeding active energy into that network. 7KH FRQWURO UHOD\V XVH IRXUTXDGUDQWPHDVXUHPHQW IRU WKLV IXQFWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ YDULRXVGLIIHUHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHVFDQEHVHOHFWHGIRUWKHimport and export of active energy7KLVHQVXUHVWKDWZKHQHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\LVEHLQJGUDZQIURPWKHQHWZRUNQRRYHUFRUUHFWLRQRFFXUVDQGZKHQIHHGLQJHQHUJ\LQWRWKHQHWZRUNQRUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWLVGUDZQ2QO\ WKLVFRPELQDWLRQRIFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQHQVXUH WKDWQRFRVWVDUH LQFXUUHG IRUUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWZKHQHQHUJ\LVEHLQJIHGLQWRWKHVXSSO\QHWZRUNIRUSURORQJHGSHULRGVRIWLPH

Q Fixed amounts of capacitance for power factor correction independent of load. )L[HG QXPEHUV RI VZLWFKHGLQ FDSDFLWRU VWDJHV FDQ EH VHW WKDW DUH QRW LQWHJUDWHG LQ WKHFRQWUROSURFHVVEXWUHPDLQSHUPDQHQWO\VZLWFKHGLQIRUDVORQJDVWKHRSHUDWLQJYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWRWKHFRQWUROUHOD\$OOVDIHW\IXQFWLRQVVXFKDVWKHQRYROWDQG]HURFXUUHQWUHOHDVHSOXVWKHRYHUFXUUHQWWULSDUHDOVRHIIHFWLYHIRUWKH[HGVWDJHVWKDWKDYHEHHQSURJUDPPHG

Q Two control programs which work separately, with changeover activated by an external contact.7ZRSURJUDPVFDQEHDVVLJQHGGLIIHUHQWFRVMVHWSRLQWVDQGGLIIHUHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHV7KLVHQDEOHVFHUWDLQUHTXLUHPHQWVE\WKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\WREHFRPSOLHGZLWKVXFKDVJUHDWHUSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQGXULQJWKHGD\DQGOHVVDWQLJKW

Start-up and operation Q Automatic adjustment to the power supply network and the PFC system to be controlled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

Q Indication and messages.$OOYDULDEOHVPHDVXUHGE\WKHFRQWUROUHOD\FDQEHVKRZQLQWKHGLVSOD\:KHQLQRSHUDWLRQWKHGLVSOD\VKRZVWKHDFWXDOFRVMPHDVXUHGDWWKHORFDWLRQZKHUHWKHLQVWUXPHQWWUDQVIRUPHULVLQVWDOOHG7KHGLVSOD\FDQDOVREHVZLWFKHGRYHUWRVKRZWKHIROORZLQJPHDVXUHGYDULDEOHV

o $SSDUHQWDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWVRIWKHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUWKDWLVPRQLWRUHG o 5HODWLYHKDUPRQLFOHYHOVRIWKHWKWKWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHYROWDJHPHDVXUHGLQWKHFRQQHFWHGFLUFXLW

o 7KHSHDNVWKDWRFFXUZKHQVHWOLPLWVDUHH[FHHGHGRYHUFXUUHQWKDUPRQLFVDQGFRVMFDQDOVREHDFFHVVHGDQGGLVSOD\HG

Q Counting and display of the switching cycles of each control contact and appropriate messaging when the set limit has been reached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

Fig. 25 Control process with a classical reactive power control relay using step-by-step switching

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Fig. 26 Control process with FRAKO state-of-the-art reactive power control UHOD\V 50 (05 6 DQGEMR 1100

Indicated parameters, messages and alarms

Information Communicated via Alarm contact

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Installation

Current transformer

$ FXUUHQW WUDQVIRUPHU LV QHFHVVDU\ WR RSHUDWH3)&V\VWHPV7KLVLVnot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Power losses in copper conductorsIURPWKHFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHUZLWKDVHFRQGDU\FXUUHQWRI$

Cross section

[mm]

Losses per metre of two-wire line[VA]

Fig. 27 Correctly installed current transformer registers load current and capacitor current


Fig. 28 Incorrect! The current transformer only registers the load current: the capacitor bank is switched in but not out again. The reactive power control relay gives the message C = 0 (no capacitor current can be measured)


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Overcurrent protection and cables

:KHQLQVWDOODWLRQZRUNLVFDUULHGRXWWKHUHJXODWLRQV9'(DQG9'(RIWKH*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQIRU(OHFWULFDO(OHFWURQLF,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJLHVWKHJHQHUDOJXLGHOLQHVRIWKH%'(:*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI(QHUJ\DQG:DWHU,QGXVWULHVDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIVXSSO\RIWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\FRQFHUQHGPXVWEHFRPSOLHGZLWK9'(3DUWVWDWHVWKDWFDSDFLWRUXQLWVPXVWEHVXLWDEOHIRUDFRQWLQXRXVUPVFXUUHQWRIWLPHVWKHFXUUHQWWKDWLVGUDZQDWWKHVLQXVRLGDOUDWHGYROWDJHDQGQRPLQDOIUHTXHQF\,IWKHFDSDFLWDQFHWROHUDQFHRI[&1 is DOVRWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHFXUUHQWFDQUHDFKYDOXHVRIXSWR[,17KLVRYHUORDGFDSDELOLW\WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHKLJKLQUXVKFXUUHQWWRWKHFDSDFLWRUVPXVWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQGHVLJQLQJSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVDQGFDEOHFURVVVHFWLRQV

Note: FRAKOSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVRIIHUDFXUUHQWORDGFDSDFLW\RIXSWR[,1

400 V / 50 Hz 525 V / 50 Hz 690 V / 50 HzPower Current OCP Cross

sectionCurrent OCP Cross


section[kvar] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2]

[ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [ [ [ [

[ [ [

Table 5 2YHUFXUUHQW SURWHFWLRQ 2&3 DQG VXSSO\ FDEOH FURVV VHFWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR9'(3DUWOD\RXWPHWKRG&

Fig. 29 Incorrect! The current transformer only registers the capacitor current: the capa-citor is not switched in. The reactive power control relay gives the message I = 0 (no current in transformer circuit)!


400 V / 50 Hz 525 V / 50 Hz 690 V / 50 HzPower Current OCP Cross



section[kvar] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2]

[ [ [ [ [ [

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[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

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Conductor cross section

NYM NYY NYCY/NYCWY H05VV-F H07RN-F

[mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

Table 6 2XWHUGLDPHWHUVRIFDEOHVDQGFRQGXFWRUV

40

NYM Light plastic-sheathed cableNYY Cable with plastic sheathNYCY Cable with concentric conductor

and plastic sheathNYCWY Cable with concentric, waveconal

conductor and plastic sheathH05VV-F

cable (NLH. NMH)H07RN-F

cable (NSH)

Metric thread Pg Cable outer diameter Knockout diameter

[mm]

M 16 x 1.5 11 6.5 - 10.5 19.0

- 13.5 8.0 - 12.5 21.0

M 20 x 1.5 16 10.0 - 15.0 23.0

M 25 x 1.5 21 12.0 - 20.0 29.0

M 32 x 1.5 29 19.0 - 26.5 38.0

M 40 x 1.5 36 29.0 - 34.0 49.0

- 42 34.0 - 41.0 55.0

M 50 x 1.5 48 40.0 - 45.0 60.0

Table 7 Cable entry with cable glands

Ingress protection

numbers specify the protection against solid objects and liquids respectively. The following are the most frequently encountered combinations:

Protection Against accidental contact

Against solid objects Against liquids

IP 00 none none none

IP 10 against accidental or inadvertent contact

over 50 mm diameter none

IP 20objects up to 80 mm long


IP 30 against tools and wires thicker than 2.5 mm


IP 31 against tools and wires thicker than 2.5 mm

over 25 mm diameter drops of water falling vertically

IP 40 against wires or strips thicker than 1 mm


Table 8 Common ingress protection codes

41

Protection Against accidental contact

Against solid objects Against liquids


over 1 mm diameter drops of water falling vertically


over 1 mm diameter drops of water falling at up to 15 from the vertical


over 1 mm diameter water sprayed at up to 60 from the vertical

IP 54 complete protection dust deposits water splashed from all directions

IP 65 complete protection dust ingress water jets from all directions

Table 8 Common ingress protection codes

Capacitor calculation formulas

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Harmonics

What are harmonics?

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y h ht t t( ) ( ) ( ) ...== ++1 3

Fig. 30a Analysing a periodic signal into its component harmonics

+= ...

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o Harmonics not divisible by 3WKWKWKWKHWFRFFXUGXHWRSKDVHVRXUFHVRIKDUPRQLFVWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVIURPSXOVHFRQYHUWHUVWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVIURPSXOVHFRQYHUWHUV3UREOHP7KHKDUPRQLFVDUHWUDQVPLWWHGYLDWKHWUDQVIRUPHU

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Fig. 30b Cumulative effect of the 3rd harmonic current in the neutral conductor

Q Phase L1

Q Phase L2

Q Phase L3

o Current in the neutral conductor:

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How are harmonics produced?

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What is the level of these harmonics if no PFC system has yet been installed?D,QDIDFLOLW\VRZQORZYROWDJHV\VWHP

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Q 4% of the 5th harmonic (250 Hz) and Q 3% of the 7th harmonic (350 Hz)

Fig. 30c Network current and voltage superposed with the following har-PRQLFV RI WKH WK KDUPRQLFRI WKHWKKDUPRQLFDQGof the 11th harmonic

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Fig. 31 Line current of a converter for induction motors

Fig. 32 &XUUHQWRIDSRZHUUHFWLHU

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Q 1 1.5% of the 5th harmonic and Q 0.7 1% of the 7th harmonic.

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What effect does a PFC system have on a network with harmonics?$3)&V\VWHPZLWKQRGHWXQLQJIRUPVDQRVFLOODWRU\FLUFXLWZLWKUHDFWLYHOLQHLPSHGDQFHV7KHUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\LVJLYHQE\DVLPSOHUXOHRIWKXPE

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Fig. 33 Average and maximum levels of the WKKDUPRQLFDV

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Capacitor power rating (QC)

Resonant frequency (fr)

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When can dangerous network resonances occur?

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Q DWDUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\EHORZ+]UHVRQDQFHSHDNVRIWKHWKKDUPRQLF Q at a resonant frequency below 300 Hz - dangerous resonance peaks of the 5th harmonic +].

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Voltage and current loads on PFC systems without detuning

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Maximum value of measurement without power factor correction multiplied by the resonance factor from the network analysis.

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Measures to counteract expected resonances

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Fig. 35 $PSOLFDWLRQ RI KDUPRQLF YROWDJHVas a function of the capacitor stages switched in FRAKO - Mains Analysis

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Fig. 36 Damping of harmonic voltages as a function of the detuned capacitor sections

Detuning reduces the resonant frequency to a value below 250 Hz. All harmonics above the resonant frequency of the detuned system are attenuated.

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At an impedance factor D* QRLQWHUIHUHQFHis to be expected with remote control systems.

Effect of PFC systems without detuning

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The impedance factor D* is the ratio of the impedance of the transformer plus PFC system to the transformer's rated impe-dance.


Fig. 37 ,PSHGDQFHIDFWRUDVDIXQFWLRQRIthe switched-in capacitor stages


Fig. 38 ,PSHGDQFH IDFWRU DV D IXQF-tion of the switched-in capacitors when in series with an AF rejector circuit for +]

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Fig. 39 $PSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH KDUPRQLFVZKHQusing a PFC system without detu-ning with an AF rejector circuit for +]

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Fig. 40 Example 1 Impedance factor D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJ

Fig. 41 ([DPSOH ,PSHGDQFH IDFWRU D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJSOXV$)UHMHFWRUFLUFXLWIRU+]



Fig. 42 Example 3 Impedance factor D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJSOXV$)UHMHFWRUFLUFXLWIRU+]


Fig. 43 ([DPSOH ,PSHGDQFH IDFWRU D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJ

Versions of detuned PFC systems

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Three important disadvantages of combined detuning must, however, be taken into DFFRXQW

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Monitoring PFC systems in operation

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Contactors are subject to high stress levels when switching capacitive loads. &KDWWHULQJVZLWFKLQJFRQWDFWVUHVXOWLQKLJKFKDUJLQJDQGGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQWVLQWKHFDSDFLWRUVDQGKHDY\ZHDUDQGWHDURIWKHVZLWFKLQJFRQWDFWVWKHPVHOYHV5HSODFLQJWKHFRQWDFWRUVLQJRRGWLPHFRQVLGHUDEO\SURORQJVWKHVHUYLFHOLIHRIWKH3)&V\VWHPSwitching cycle countersKDYHEHHQLQWHJUDWHGLQWRVWDWHRIWKHDUWUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\VVXFKDVWKH50(056DQG(05LQRUGHUWRJLYHearlyLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHZHDURIWKHFRQWDFWRUV7KHUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\LQGLFDWHVWKHRSWLPXPSRLQWLQWLPHZKHQWKHFRQWDFWRUVVKRXOGEHUHSODFHGDQGWKXVKHOSVWRFXWFRVWV)RUSUHYHQWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHSXUSRVHVWKHXVHUFDQGLVSOD\WKHFXPXODWLYHWRWDORIVZLWFKLQJF\FOHVIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOVWDJH

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